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Second Law of Thermodynamics - Spring 2020
Second Law of Thermodynamics - Spring 2020
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020
• Asserts that processes occur in a certain direction
and that energy has quality as well as quantity.
Q Infinitesimal (small)
T 0 temperature difference
mcv
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 3
• Thermal energy SOURCE
• Thermal energy SINK
Examples:
Oceans, lakes, rivers, etc.
Atmospheric air
Two-phase systems (constant Temp.)
Heat sources (Furnaces) -- supply heat
Heat sinks (Condensers) -- absorb heat
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 4
• This term is often used for devices which
produce work and do not undergo a complete
thermodynamic cycle (e.g., gas turbines).
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 5
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 6
Hot reservoir at TH
𝑄𝐻
System 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝐿
Cold reservoir at TL
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 7
• Receive heat from a source.
• Convert part of heat into work.
• Reject the remainder waste heat into a
sink.
• Operate on a cycle.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 8
NO !!!
Waste energy (QL) is rejected from the
condensers or cooling towers to rivers, lakes,
oceans, atmosphere, etc.
Without heat rejection process, the cycle
cannot be completed -- the working fluid
cannot return to its initial state without heat
rejection.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 9
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill
Wnet , out Wout Win (kJ)
Companies, Inc.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 10
• The four basic components are treated as
open systems. However, the whole cycle is
treated as a closed system, if leakage is
terminated.
• Recall, E=0 for a closed system undergoing
a cycle. Thus,
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 11
• Heat engines operate on a repeating cycle
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 13
Heat Source TH
th 1
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 14
Gasoline Diesel Industrial Frame Power Plant
Engines Engines Gas Turbine
25-28% 34-38% 35% 40-60%
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 15
It is impossible for any device that
operates on a cycle that receives heat
from a single reservoir and produce a net
amount of work, i.e.,
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 16
Fuel’s Heating Value: The amount of heat
released when a specific amount of fuel (unit mass)
at room temperature is completely burned; and the
combustion product are cooled to the room
temperature.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 17
LHV: Lower Heating Value
combustion product in vapor form
HHV: Higher Heating Value
combustion product in liquid form
𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅
𝑯𝑯𝑽 = 𝑳𝑯𝑽 + 𝒉𝒇𝒈,𝑯𝟐 𝑶 @ 𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝑪
𝒌𝒈 𝑭𝒖𝒆𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒆𝒅
See full
table in
book
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 18
Q
Automobiles : combustion
m fuel .LHV
Q
Furnaces : combustion
m fuel .HHV
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 19
Fuel
heat transfer output QH
combustion Combustion
rate of fuel energy input m fuel .HHV
QH
net shaft work output of turbine Wout ,net
thermal Heat Engine
heat input of working fluid QH
Cycle
Wnet,out
electrical power output Wel
generator
mechanical power input Wout ,net
Electric
Welec Generator
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof.
S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 20
2020
Fuel
The overall efficiency for a
power plant is defined as: Combustion
QH
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐
𝜂𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜂comb 𝜂𝑡ℎ 𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐻𝐻𝑉
Heat Engine
Cycle
Wnet,out
Electric
Welec Generator
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof.
S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 21
2020
• This term is often used for work-consuming
cyclic devices that transfer heat from a low-
temperature reservoir medium to a high-
temperature reservoir.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 22
Hot reservoir
𝑄𝐻 Clausius says
we can’t have
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 System the system as
drawn:
We need to have some work
input to make it happen.
𝑄𝐿
Cold reservoir
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 23
Related to Refrigerators
and Heat Pumps
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 24
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 25
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The objective of a
refrigerator is to
remove QL from the
cooled space.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 26
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The objective of a
heat pump is to
supply heat QH into
the warmer space.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 27
Desired output
COP
Required input
QL QL 1
COPR (compare it with th )
W net , in Q H Q L Q H / Q L 1
QH QH 1
COPHP (compare it with th )
Wnet , in QH QL 1 QL / QH
• COPHP COPR 1 ( 1)
for similar values of QH &QL
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 28
Heat
Solution: Removal
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑖𝑛 Power
𝑄ሶ 𝐿 750 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = = = 2.08
𝑊 ሶ 𝑘𝐽
6
𝑠
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 29
(b) Heat Rejected to the atmosphere:
Air Conditioning
cycle
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 31
• Easy to analyze.
• Set the theoretical limits for the corresponding
irreversible process.
Second law efficiency for actual processes:
Defined as the degree of approximation to the
corresponding reversible process:
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐼𝐼 = 𝑂𝑅
𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 32
• Friction.
• Non-quasi-equilibrium
expansion & compression.
• Mixing processes.
• Heat transfer.
• Electric resistance.
• Chemical reaction.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 33
• An internally reversible process is where no
irreversibilites occur within the boundaries of
the system during the process.
• An externally reversible process is where no
irreversibilites occur outside the system
boundaries of the system during the process.
• A totally reversible process is both internally
and externally reversible during the process.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 34
• Proposed by Sadi Carnot in 1824.
• It is the best known reversible (theoretical) cycle,
which is based on reversible processes.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 35
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Reversible Isothermal
Execution of Carnot cycle in a closed
Expansion
Reversible Adiabatic
Expansion
Quasi-equilibrium
system.
& frictionless
Reversible Isothermal
Compression
Reversible Adiabatic
Compression
36
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
39
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020
1. The efficiency of an irreversible heat
engine is always less than the efficiency
of a reversible one operating between the
same two reservoirs.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 40
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 41
• For a reversible engine operating between two
reservoirs, we write:
QH (TH )
QL (TL )
• Kelvin proposed the Kelvin scale by setting
(T)=T:
QH TH
Q L rev TL
where T is in absolute temperature.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 42
• The thermal efficiency for any
QL
heat engine (rev. or Irrev.) is th 1
defined as: QH
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 43
Desired output
• COP
Required input
1 1
• Carnot refrigerator: COPR, rev
QH / QL 1 TH / TL 1
1 1
• Carnot heat pump: COPHP,rev
1 QL / QH 1 TL / TH
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 44
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 45
Solution: calculated efficiency is
higher than reversible
𝑊 160 𝐵𝑡𝑢 efficiency this
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟑 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟑 %
𝑄𝐻 300 𝐵𝑡𝑢 process is not possible
𝑊 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐿 540 𝑅
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = = =1− =1− =1−
𝑄𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑄𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑄𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑇𝐻 900 𝑅
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎%
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 46
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 47
𝑄ሶ 𝐿 = 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 × 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = 540 𝑊
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = 1.2 𝑸ሶ 𝑳
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑹 =
𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 450 𝑊 𝑾ሶ 𝒊𝒏 𝑸ሶ 𝑯 = 𝑸ሶ 𝑳 + 𝑾ሶ 𝒊𝒏
= 𝟓𝟒𝟎 + 𝟒𝟓𝟎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟎 𝑾
Assumptions:
• Steady state, steady flow
• No work
• Negligible KE & PE
• Single input, single output
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 48
Energy Balance Equation:
𝑽𝟐𝒊 𝑽𝟐𝒆
𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ + 𝒎ሶ 𝒊 𝒉𝒊 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒊 − 𝒎ሶ 𝒆 𝒉𝒆 + + 𝒈𝒛𝒆 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔
𝟐 𝟐
−1
𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = = = 1−
𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐻
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 51
Reversible COP:
−1 −1 −1
𝑄𝐿 TL 283
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 1− = 1− = 1− = 19.87
𝑄𝐻 rev
TH 298
𝑘𝐽
ℎ3 = 95.47
𝑘𝑔 Compare ℎ3 to ℎ𝑓 and ℎ𝑔 at 120 kPa
stream 3 is a saturated liquid-vapor mixture
𝑻𝟑 = 𝑻𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 = −𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 ℃
ℎ3 − ℎ𝑓 95.47 − 22.49
𝑥3 = = = 0.340
ℎ𝑓𝑔 214.48
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 54
Energy Balance on the Evaporator:
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 55
𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = 257.11 @ 120 kPa
𝑘𝑔
Three Interpolations:
1. @ 𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 → 𝑇 = 1.86 ℃
2. @ 𝑃 = 140 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑇 = 3.01 ℃
3. Interpolating between (1 and 2) for 𝑃 =
120 𝑘𝑃𝑎 → 𝑇4 = 2.44 ℃
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 56
T-v and P-v Diagrams:
T (°C)
P (kPa)
31.31
800
2.44
-22.32
120
v v
CHME 212 – Ch. Eng. Thermo. I, Prof. S. Al-Muhtaseb/ A. Benamor @ QU, 2020 57