NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BY

APPLICATION OF “SPLINE" INTERPOLATION

A Case Analysis
Presented to the Faculty of
College of Mechanical Engineering
Visayas State University
Baybay City

In Partial Fulfillment of
the requirements for the Course
MEng 124n- Advance Mathematics

Submitted by:
Justine Mae D. Pepito

Submitted to:
Engr. Ayrton John V. Bantay
 I. INTRODUCTION
The water supply system is a planned and meaningfully connected set of facilities and activities
aimed at ensuring sufficient quantity of water in the most economical way. Defining the
functional dependence of the hydraulic parameters of the water supply system is crucial
because it enables the calculation of unknown values based on the appropriate available or
measurable values. “Spline“ interpolation is one of the methods by which it is possible
approximately, but with sufficient accuracy, to define the functional dependence of hydraulic
parameters if we have known values at certain characteristic intervals that can be measured or
calculated by one of the numerical methods. "Spline" interpolation is a mathematical technique
that can be used to estimate the values of a function between known data points. In the context
of a water supply system, spline interpolation can be used to analyze the hydraulic parameters
of the system, such as pressure, flow rate, and pipe diameter. This can be useful for identifying
potential issues or inefficiencies in the system and for designing and optimizing the system. It is
important to note that the accuracy of the results obtained using spline interpolation will depend
on the quality and quantity of the data used. The specific application of this method will be
shown on the example in this paper.
II. PROBLEM
The research and analysis in this study is focused on a section of the pressure pipeline of a
water supply system in a settlement with a population of approximately 3,000 inhabitants. The
water supply system in this settlement is newly constructed and designed to draw water from a
500 m³ tank that is already a part of the water supply system of a neighboring settlement. Water
is pumped through several pumping stations at various angles using a three-stage pumping
process, which then allows for the gravity-fed distribution of the water through the distribution
lines.
- population that is planned to supply water is 3000 or 750 households
- planning period is 30 years
- rate of population growth is 1%
- specific consumption of the thresholds is between 150-180 l / inh / day
- coefficient of daily unevenness: kd = 1.50
- coefficient hour unevenness: kh = 2.00
III. METHODOLOGY
Spline consists of three different types which are linear, quadratic, and cubic
interpolation. In this paper the cubic spline interpolation will be used to determine the numerical
analysis of hydraulic parameters of water supply system. Formula is already given to solve for
the number of inhabitants at the end of the planning period, the average daily water
consumption, the maximum daily water consumption, the maximum hourly consumption, the
total loss of pressure, and the total manometric height is also given.
For the number of inhabitants at the end of the planning period:
Sb =S p ¿
S p = number of inhabitants at the beginning of the planning period
Kp - population growth rate (in our case 1.0%)
n - number of years of the planning period
For the average daily water consumption:

Qsr =q sp (S b )
q sp– specific water consumption (1/inh/day)
For the average hourly water consumption:

Qmax ,dn=Q sr (K d )
K d - coefficient of daily non-singularity

K h- coefficient of hourly non-singularity

For the total loss of pressure:

( )
2 2
L v L Q L 2
∆ H =λ ∙ ∙ = λ∙ ∙ =0.0826 λ ∙ 5 ∙Q
D 2g D 2 gA D
For the total manometric height:
H=H g + Δ H

H g= geodetic height

Δ H = all losses of the considered section

Hence;
H= 66.10+ 0.00124 D-5
Since cubic spline interpolation will be used in this case study the formula would be:
3 2
f ( x )=a1 x +b 1 x + c 1 x +d 1
3 2
f ( x )=a2 x +b 2 x +c 2 x +d 2
3 2
f ( x )=an x +b n x +c 2 x + d n

IV. SOLUTION AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS

Rated pipe diameter Internal pipe diameter Manometric heigh

DN D(mm) H(m)
110 96.8 212.44
160 141.0 88.41
200 176.2 73.42
 240 220.4 68.49
Table 1: Dependence of the manometric height and pipe diameter
SOLUTIONS:
Step 1:
(96.8, 212.44) 1st cubic spline only

2 n=2 ( 3 ) =6 equations
3 2
212.44=a 1 ( 96.8 ) + b1 ( 96.8 ) + c 1 ( 96.8 )+ d 1
¿ 907039.232 a1 +9370.24 b1 +96.8 c 1 +d 1=212.44 → eq .1

(141, 88.41) 1st and 2nd cubic spline

3 2
88.41=a1 (141) + b1 (141) + c1 (141)+d 1
¿ 2803221 a1 +19881 b1 +141 c1 + d1 =88.41→ eq .2

3 2
88.41=a2 (141) + b2 (141) + c 2(141)+d 2
¿ 2803221 a2 +19881 b2 +141 c 2+ d 2=88.41 →eq .3

(176.2, 73.42) 2nd and 3rd cubic spline

3 2
73.42=a2 (176.2) + b2 (176.2) + c2 (176.2)+d 2
¿ 5470382 a2 +31056.44 b 2+176.2 c 2 +d 2=73.42 → eq . 4

3 2
73.42=a3 (176.2) + b3 (176.2) + c3 ( 176.2)+d 3
¿ 5470382 a3 +31056.44 b 3+ 176.2 c3 +d 3 =73.42→ eq . 5

(220.4, 68.49) 3rd cubic spline only

3 2
68.49=a3 (220.4 ) + b3 (220.5) + c 3 (220.4)+d 3
¿ 10706158.66 a3 + 48576.1 b3 +220.4 c 3 +d 3=68.49→ eq .6

Step 2:
d
1st
dx
( a1 x +b1 x + c 1 x +d 1 )=3 a1 x +2 b1 x +c 1
3 2 2

d
2nd ( a x 3 +b 2 x 2+ c 2 x +d 2 )=3 a2 x 2 +2 b2 x+ c2
dx 2
d
3rd ( a x 3 +b 3 x 2 +c 3 x +d 3 )=3 a3 x 2+2 b 3 x +c 3
dx 3
2 2
3 a1 x +2 b 1 x +c 1=3 a2 x +2 b 2 x−c 2
2 2
3 a1 x +2 b 1 x +c 1−3 a2 x −2 b2 x −c 2=0

Substitute first interior point (141, 88.41) and the 1st & 2nd cubic spline
2 2
3 a1 (141) +2 b1 (141)+ c1 −3 a2 (141) −2 b2 (141)−c 2=0
59643 a1 +282 b1 +c 1−59643 a 2−282 b2−c2=0→ eq .7
2 2
Other interior point (176.2, 74.42) 3 a2 x + 2b 2 x +c 2=3 a3 x + 2b 3 x +c 3
2 2
3 a2 (176.2) +2 b2 (176.2)+ c 2−3 a3 (176.2) −2 b3 (176.2)−c 3=0
93139.32 a2 +352.4 b2 +c 2−93139.32 a3 −352.4 b3 −c 3=0 → eq .8
Step 3;
The 2nd derivatives of two splines sharing an intermediate point are equal
d d
1st
dx
( a1 x +b1 x + c 1 x +d 1 )= 3 a 1 x +2 b1 x +c 1=6 a1 x +2 b1
3 2
dx
2

d d
2nd
dx
( a2 x +b 2 x + c 2 x +d 2 )= 3 a2 x +2 b2 x + c2=6 a2 x+2 b 2
3 2
dx
2

d d
3rd ( a x 3 +b 3 x 2 +c 3 x +d 3 )= dx 3 a3 x2 +2 b3 x +c 3=6 a 3+ 2b 3
dx 3
1st interior point (141, 88.41)
6 a 1 x +2 b1=6 a2 x +2 b2

6 a 1 x +2 b1−6 a2 x−2 b 2=0

6 a 1(141)+2 b1−6 a2 (141)−2 b2=0

84 6 a1 +2 b1−846 a2−2 b2=0→ eq 9
Other interior point (176.2, 73.42)
6 a 2 x +2 b2=6 a3 x +2 b3

6 a 2 x +2 b2−6 a3 x−2b 3=0

6 a 2 (176.2)+2 b2 −6 a3 (176.2)−2 b3 =0
1057.2 a2 +2 b2−1057.2 a 3−2 b3=0 → eq 10
Step 4:
The 2nd derivative of the 1st and last spline function is assumed to be zero [zeqn.] for the 1st
endpoint (96.8, 212.44); Equating the 2nd derivative of the last cubic spline into zero.
6 a 1 x +2 b1=0

6 a 1(96.8)+ 2b 1=0
580 a1 +2 b1=0→ eq .11

(220.4, 68.49)
6 a 3 x +2 b3=0

6 a 3 (220.4)+2 b3=0
1322.4 a3+ 2 b3=0 → eq . 12

MATRIX:
Figure 1: Representation of matrices

a1= 0.000337823 a2= -0.000425524 a3=3.6287 X 10-8

b1=-0.097968807 b2= 0.224927317 b3=-2.40292 X 10-5

c1=5.998233272 c2= -39.53012023 c3=-0.106306914

d1=243.3831135 d2= 23283.215728 d3= 92.69879704

 [
No . of equations a1 b1 c1 d1 a2 b2 c2 d2 a3 b
1 907039.232 9370.24 96.8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 280331 19881 141 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 o 0 0 0 2803221 19881 141 1 0 0
4 o 0 0 0 5470382.728 31046.44 176.2 1 0 0
5 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5470382.782 3104
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10706185.66 3104
7 59643 282 1 0 −59463 −282 −1 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 93139.32 352.4 1 0 −93139.32 −35
9 846 2 0 0 −846 −2 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 1057.2 2 0 0 −1057.2 −
11 580 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1324.4 2

GRAPH:

Figure 2: The explicit and interpolated function H= f(CD)

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
By using the information and formulas provided in this paper, two curves were obtained. One is
the explicit dependence of the above-mentioned parameters, and the other is the curve
obtained through the application of spline interpolation, which serves as an approximate
solution. By overlaying and comparing these two curves, as illustrated in Figure 2, it can be
seen that the "spline" function closely resembles the actual behavior and principles of
hydraulics, and the differences between the spline function and the real function are minimal.
This demonstrates the effectiveness of the spline interpolation specifically the cubic spline
interpolation in approximating the relationship between pressure and pipe diameter in water
supply systems.
This paper presents the functional dependence of the overall manometric height and pipe
diameter for the pressurized pipeline section, as well as a calculation and construction of a
spline function that approximates the relationship between pressure and pipe diameter, based
on data presented in Table 1. An important aspect to consider is the diameter of the pipes in the
pressure pipeline. It is well known that reducing the diameter of the pipe increases the water
flow rate, but also increases pressure loss, resulting in higher pumping costs. Additionally, the
values of total pressure are calculated for different pipe diameters. It is important to consider all
the factors to find the best solution that meets technical and other requirements.

VI. REFERENCES
Hrnjadović, J. (2019). [PDF] NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BY APPLICATION OF “SPLINE” INTERPOLATION | Semantic
Scholar. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/NUMERICAL-ANALYSIS-OF-
HYDRAULIC-PARAMETERS-OF-WATER-Hrnjadovi%C4%87-Galamic%CC
%81/98c843d9b0cd90e791d885a22a6412e13e30f9e7
Hrnjadović, J.: „Optimization of the pipeline under high hydrostatic pressures in pressure and
gravity pipeline in water suply sistem - master thesis“, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Civil
Engineering, University of Tuzla, Tuzla 2014.
The Math Guy. (2017, October 30). Interpolation - Cubic Splines - example [Video file].
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gT7F3TWihvk
(2015, March 16). Numerical Methods for Engineers 6th - Chapra, Raymond. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/11472041/Numerical_Methods_for_Engineers_6th_Chapra_Raymon
d