ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have

contributed to the successful completion of my Class 12 Applied
Mathematics project on weather forecasting. This project has been an
enriching and insightful journey, and I am deeply indebted to the following
individuals and resources:
1. My Parents and Family: I am thankful to my parents for their
unwavering support, encouragement, and understanding throughout this
project. Their constant motivation and belief in my abilities have been my
greatest source of strength.
2. My Teachers: I extend my sincere thanks to my mathematics teacher for
guiding me through the project, providing valuable insights, and clarifying
my doubts whenever needed. Your expertise and dedication to teaching
have been instrumental in shaping my understanding of applied
mathematics.
4. Peers and Friends: My classmates and friends have provided moral
support and engaged in meaningful discussions, which have broadened my
perspective on weather forecasting. Your input and feedback were
invaluable.
5. Internet Resources: The internet has been a treasure trove of
information and resources for my project. I appreciate the various online
forums, tutorials, and websites that aided me in understanding complex
mathematical models and weather prediction algorithms.
Lastly, I want to express my gratitude to anyone else who played a role, no
matter how small, in the development and execution of this project. Your
contributions have not gone unnoticed and have significantly enriched my
learning experience.
Thank you once again to everyone mentioned above for their support,
encouragement, and guidance. Your collective efforts have helped me in
achieving my goal and completing this project on weather forecasting
successfully.
 WEATHER FORECASTING

Since ancient times, human beings have tried to

predict weather conditions locally. But the 19th
century has seen a deviation from informal
weather prediction to formal and accurate
weather prediction. Thanks to technological
advancements. Supercomputers have the
capability of quickly learning and thus getting
attention in the weather forecasting arena.
Supercomputers can process approximately 2.8
quadrillion mathematical calculations every
second, and can predict weather in the near
future. Let us go on to discuss step by step guides
on how the weather forecasting model works.
DATA COLLECTION

This is one of the most crucial parts of weather

prediction. With help of modern
communication systems, innovative devices,
compressed monitoring networks, and highly-
trained observers, data collection has become
more detailed and accurate. Billions of earthly
weather information like temperature, air
pressure, humidity, wind speed, water levels,
and many more are collected every day and
brought together by supercomputers which are
divided into the following two parts.
• Surface weather observations – these are
important data that are manually by the
retained observers. These data are used to
issue meteorological warnings and for
climatological purposes to predict weather
conditions.
• Upper-air weather observations –
Radiosondes generally obtain this data on
aircraft, satellites, weather balloons, and
radar. They collect data like humidity, wind,
and temperature.
DATA ANALYSIS

In this process, collected data is processed. Data

analysts or scientists use exploratory data
analysis to find some correlation between
collected data and weather conditions. They use
some technology like Python for data analysis.
These observations are then plugged into a
series of mathematical algorithms that predict
the weather. Mathematics concepts like linear
regression are very useful for data analysis.
LINEAR REGRESSION

The slope-intercept form of the equation of a

line is Y = MX + C. Here X is the independent
variable and Y is the dependent variable whose
value depends on the value of X. M is the slope
and C is the intercept on the Y axis.
Independent Variables like temperature,
humidity, etc can be represented using this
linear equation. Using a test data set we can
generate a linear regression and validate it with
another data set. Using this linear regression
we can forecast the rain.
MATHS CONCEPTS

Statistics: Data scientists use modelling and

forecasting particularly in the progression of
meteorological parameters as a function of time
series. For example estimation of temperature
trends for past and present. Compared to
forecasting and prediction can be seen.
Concepts of statistics are used in the prediction
and forecasting of rain in a particular area using
meteorological parameters like wind,
temperature, humidity, precipitation, etc.
Probability: Our phone notifies us that there is a
50% chance of rain this means the likelihood of
rain is 50 %. The probability forecast includes
the numerical uncertainty of the event.
This kind of near-future weather prediction is
known as numerical weather prediction.
Thanks to the technological advancement to
precisely predict the weather. Hope this article
answers how our mobile suggests carrying an
umbrella before going outside the home as well
as how essential mathematics is for weather
forecasting.
MATHS PROJECT