Name: D.O.

E
Section: D.O.S
Class Roll No: Stream:
University Roll No:

DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

OF SUGAR SOLUTION FROM VISCOSITY
THEORY: The coefficient of viscosity (η) of a liquid is defined as the tangential
force per unit area required maintaining unit velocity gradient between two successive
layers of a liquid, which are unit distance apart from each other .The unit of co-
efficient of viscosity is dyne-sec\cm2 (poise). The co-efficient of viscosity of liquid
can be determined by comparing its coefficient of viscosity with the known
coefficient of viscosity of a liquid. Generally water is taken as the known liquid for
comparison. As this method requires the comparison with another liquid, it is a
relative method.

In relative method for determination of coefficient of viscosity (η) of a liquid,

Poiseuille’s equation can be used. Poiseuille’s equation

η =πPr4t\8vl…………. (1)

Where v=volume of the liquid following through a capillary tube of length (l) in‘t’
sec. The radius of the tube is ‘r’ cm and ‘P’ is the driving pressure in dyne\cm2. P can
be replaced by hρg, where h= difference in height between the levels of the liquid in
the two limbs, g= acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the density of the liquid. Now if
the same capillary and the same volume of liquids are used, then for the two liquids
the following equation can be deduced.

η1\η2=ρ1t1\ρ2t2 …………….. (2)

Where, ρ1 and ρ2 are the densities and t1 and t2 are time of flow for the two liquids. So
if η2 is known, then by determining t1and t2 ,ρ1 and ρ2 , η1 can be calculated.

η1=η2 x ρ1t1\ρ2t2 ……………… (3)

In the present study we are measuring the relative viscosity in comparison of viscosity
of water. So as η2 the viscosity of water and it’s density (ρ2) is known (from the
chart), then by measuring t2 it’s time of flow and ρ1, t1 the density and time of flow of
other liquids, viscosity can be calculated. Times of flow of the liquids are determined
using Oswald’s viscometer and stopwatch. Densities are determined using specific
gravity bottle.

The density of water varies from 0.99987 to 0.98807 gm/c.c in the temperature range
00C to 500C and can be taken as 1 gm/c.c , the equation then becomes

η1 = η2 x ρ1t1\ t2 centipoise ……………(4).

PROCEDURE:

1. Determination of density of liquid using specific gravity bottle:

The specific gravity bottle is cleaned, dried and weighed empty. Then it is filled with
water and weighed. Then the bottle is filled with stock solution and then unknown
solution and weighed. The densities of other solutions are then determined by
calculations.

2. The time of flow of same volume of each liquid is determined using an Ostwald’s
Viscometer. The time of flow of same volume of water is determined using same
Viscometer. The data thus collected is put into the equation (4) which is the working
formula.

3. Preparation of solution:

Stock solution: 10% sugar solution is prepared at first. Then 6% and 3%solution are
prepared from the stock solution in the following way.

% of solution Volume of stock Volume of Water Total volume

solution of solution

6% 18c.c 12c.c 30c.c

3% 9c.c 21c.c 30c.c

4. Graph:
Coefficient of viscosity of each solution is plotted against conc. of each solution.
From the graph, conc. of unknown solution can be determined
Coefficient
of viscosity(η)
unknown

conc. of sugar solution (%)

RESULT:
1. Recording of temperature:

Initial temperature(0C) Final temperature(0C) Mean temperature(0C)

2. Preparation of solution:

% of solution Volume of stock Volume of Water Total volume

solution (ml) of solution
(ml) (ml)

3. Recording of weight for determination of densities:

Wt. of bottle with lid

Wt. of empty Wt. of unknown Wt. of 10% solution+
+
bottle with lid solution + Wt. of wt. of bottle with lid
Wt. of water
(gm) x bottle with lid (gm) z
(gm) y
(gm) p

4. Recording of time flow

% of solution Time of flow Mean time

(sec) (sec)
Water i)
ii)
3% i)
ii)
6% i)
ii)
Unknown i)
ii)
10% i)
ii)

5. Determination of coefficient of viscosity of each solution using equation (4)

% of solution Density (gm/c.c.) Coefficient of viscosity(centipoises)

Water

10%

6%

3%

Unknown
Calculation:
Wt. of water=(y-x) gm=……………………gm
Wt. of 10% solution= (z-x) =…………………gm
Wt. of unknown solution= (p-x) =…………………gm
Density of 10% solution (q) = (z-x)\(y-x) x Dw=…………….. gm\ml
Density of unknown solution(r) = (p-x)\(y-x)xDw=……………….. gm\ml
Density of 6% solution= (18xq+12xDw)\30=s gm\ml=………………… gm\ml
Density of 3% solution= (9xq+21xDw)\30=t gm\ml=………………… gm\ml
10%=w x (q\Dw) x (time of flow of 10% solution\time of flow of water)=a Centipoises
=…………….. centipoises
6%=w x (s\Dw) x (time of flow of 6% solution\time of flow of water) =b centipoises
=……………… centipoises
3%=w x (t/Dw) x (time of flow of 3% solution\time of flow of water) =c centipoises
=……………… centipoises
unknown=w x (r/Dw)x (time of flow of unknown solution\time of flow of water)=d
centipoises=……......... centipoises

DISCUSSION:
The viscosity of a solution depends on the concentration of the solute present in it and also on
the temperature of the solution. So prior to the experiment all the apparatus were well cleaned
with distilled water so that no impurities be present in it. If the temperatures of measurement
are not fixed, the viscosity of the solutions at different temperature will be different. So all
the viscosity measurement of the solutions are performed under same temperature. The
measurement of time flow was done correctly. The viscometer was cleaned after every single
measurement. Exactly same volume of solvent / solution were used in the viscometer, neither
the relative viscosity measured will be erratic. For measurement of densities, the specific
gravity bottle was dried well, filled fully with fluid and lid were introduced. Any error in
measuring weight, the overall experiment will be erratic. So; proper care was taken while
measuring the fluid flow as well as density measurement.
CONCLUSION:
From the graph the concentration of sugar in the supplied unknown sugar solution is found to
be ( ………… ) % at ………………0C.
 CHART
Density, viscosity datas of water at different temperature

Temperature( 0C) Density (gm/c.c) Coefficient of

viscosity(centipoise)

0 0.99987 1.787

10 0.99973 1.307

15 0.99913 1.139

20 0.99823 1.002

25 0.99707 0.8904

30 0.99567 0.7974

35 0.99406 0.7194

40 0.99224 0.6529

45 0.99024 0.5960

50 0.98807 0.5468