PERCEPTION

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
2A-PSYCH | PROF. Karen | SEM 1 2022

○ perceptions occur in
PERCEPTION conjunction with actions
● It is possible that true human
● process that allows us to make
perceptual processes are unique
meaning out of our senses
to humans
PERCEPTUAL SET
● Attempts to create artificial form
● the psychological factors that
of perception have been met
determine how you perceive your
with limited success and each
environment
time have problems that could
○ Context
not be solved
○ Culture
○ Emotion and motivation
FORM PERCEPTION INVERSE PROJECTION PROBLEM
● Figure-ground relationship ● refers to the task of determining
○ the organization of the the object responsible for a
visual field into objects that particular image on the retina
stand out from their ● Involves starting with the retinal
surroundings image and then extending outward
DEPTH PERCEPTION to the source of that image
● the ability to see objects in three
dimensions although images that APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND
strike the retina are PERCEPTION
two-dimensional DIRECT PERCEPTION THEORIES
BINOCULAR CUES ● Bottom-Up Processing
● depth cues such as retinal disparity ○ perception comes from the
that depend on the use of two eyes stimuli in the environment
○ Retinal Disparity - binocular ○ Perception may start with
cue for perceiving depth the senses
MONOCULAR CUES ○ Incoming raw data
● depth cues such as interposition ○ Energy registering on
and linear perspective, available to receptors
either eye alone CONSTRUCTIVE PERCEPTION
MOVEMENT PERCEPTION THEORIES
● to infer speed and direction of a ● Top-down processing
moving object ○ people actively construct
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY perception using
● is what allows us to continue to information based on
recognize an regardless of its expectations
distance, viewing angle, motion, or ○ perception may start with
illumination the brain
○ person’s knowledge,
PERCEPTION IS: experience, and
expectations
● experience resulting from SPEECH SEGMENTATION
stimulation of the senses ● the ability to tell when one word
● Basic concepts: ends and another begins
○ perceptions can change TRANSITIONAL PROBABILITIES
based on added ● knowing which sound will likely
information follow another in a word
○ involves a process LIKELIHOOD PRINCIPLE
similar to reasoning or ● we perceive the world in the way
problem solving that is “most likely” based on our
past experiences

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PERCEPTION
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
2A-PSYCH | PROF. Karen | SEM 1 2022

● Also called the how pathway\

PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
MIRROR NEURONS
● Old view ● these neurons respond while a
○ structuralism subject watches an action being
○ perception involves adding performed in the same way as if
up sensations the subject was performing the
action
● New view
○ gestalt principles
○ the mind groups patterns
according to intrinsic laws
of perceptual organization

GESTALT PRINCIPLES

PRINCIPLE OF GOOD CONTINUATION

● lines tend to be seen as following
the smoothest path
LAW OF PRAGNANZ
● principle of simplicity of good figure
● every stimulus pattern is seen so
the resulting structure is as simple
as possible
PRINCIPLE OF SIMILARITY
● similar things appear grouped
together

REGULARITIES OF THE ENVIRONMENT

● common physical properties of the

environment
OBLIQUE EFFECT
● we perceive verticals and
horizontals more easily than other
orientations
LIGHT-FROM-ABOVE ASSUMPTION
● we assume light comes from
above because this is common in
our environment
SCENE SCHEMA
● It is knowledge of what a given
scene ordinarily contains
BAYESIAN INFERENCE
● the prior probability
● likelihood of a given outcome
PERCEPTION PATHWAY
● from visual cortex to temporal lobe
● corresponds to the what pathway
ACTION PATHWAY
● from visual cortex to parietal lobe
● corresponds to the where pathway