SPEECH

COMMUNICATION
L E C / PROF. Vivian Buhain
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PRELIMS

OUTLINE AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

● A subconscious approach to making sense of what
I. Perception of Self and Others
we encounter
A. The Perception Process
HEURISTICS
B. Communication and Self - Perception
● Short - cut rules of thumb for understanding how to
C. Perception of Others
perceive something based on past experience with
D. Communication and Perception of
similar stimuli
Others
CONSCIOUS PROCESSING
II. References
● A slow deliberative process of examining and
reflecting about the stimuli
COMMUNICATION AND SELF - PERCEPTION
THE PERCEPTION PROCESS
SELF-PERCEPTION
PERCEPTION
● is the overall view we have of ourselves
● Perception is the process of selectively attending and
● includes our self-concept (what do we think about our
assigning meaning to information ( Gibson, 1966)
skills, abilities, knowledge, competencies, and
● Our Perceptions are important because these shape
personality
our REALITY
● can be independent or interdependent
● What person sees, hears, and interprets real and
○ independent = can be seen in individualist
considered true to that person
countries (ex. US)
○ interdependent = often evident in collectivist
A. ATTENTION AND SELECTION
cultures (ex. China and Japan)
We base on Our:
SELF ESTEEM
● how do we see our world based on our self-concept
NEEDS
● how much we think we are good or bad at something
● We choose to pay attention to information that meets
● is the evaluation we make about our personal
our biological and psychological needs.
worthiness based on our self-concept
INTEREST
SELF-CONCEPT
● We are likely to pay attention to information that
● shaped by our personal experiences
piques our interest. Our interests are piqued when we
● we take from what others say - either they validate
see its relevance to us or those we care about (
our self perception, or they give ideas about yourself
sellnow et al., 2014)
● is the perception we have of our skills, abilities,
EXPECTATIONS
knowledge, competencies, and personality (Weiten,
● We are likely to see what we expect to see and miss
Dunn, & Hammer, 2012).
what violates our expectations.
THE IMPOSTER SYNDROME
B. ORGANIZATION
We simplify and make patterns

SIMPLICITY
● If the stimuli we attend to are complex, our brains
simplify them into some commonly recognized form.
Simplifying both the nonverbal and verbal messages
we receive.

PATTERN
● The brain also makes sense of complex stimuli by
relating them to things it already recognizes.

C. INTERPRETATION
● Then we assign meaning

DUAL PROCESSING
- What about the times that I didn't even have to think?
- That’s because of DUAL PROCESSING
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
● an inaccurate perception of a skill, characteristic, or
situation that leads to behaviors that perpetuate that
false perception as true (Merton, 1968).
● may be self-created or other-imposed

1
 assumptions, and behaviors on perceptions that are
THE JOHARI WINDOW outdated. So when you encounter someone you
haven’t seen for a while, let the person’s current
behavior rather than their past actions or reputation
inform your perceptions.
5. Seek clarification respectfully by perception
checking. One way to assess the accuracy of a
perception is to verbalize it and see whether others
agree with what you see, hear and interpret.
● Perception Check - verbal statement that
reflects your understanding of another’s
behavior Consists of 3 parts: Observe in a
non-evaluative way, Offer two possible
interpretations, Ask for clarification.

III. REFERENCES
● Buhain, V,B. (2023). Perception of self and others .
STRATEGIES FOR POSITIVE SELF-PERCEPTIONS
Powerpoint Presentation .
● self-talk
● Communicate by Verderber (c&ce) ( 15th ed)
○ is the internal conversations we have with
ourselves in our thoughts (aka intrapersonal
communication)
● social construction of self
○ shares only the parts we believe are
appropriate to the situation
● self-monitoring
○ being aware how we are coming across to
others and adjusting our behavior
accordingly

PERCEPTION OF OTHERS
The UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY of Berger and
Calabrese tells us that the more we don't know about
someone, the more we are curious about them
- Explains how individuals monitor their social
environment to know more about themselves and
others

FORMING IMPRESSION - Processes we use to form

perception of others

COMMUNICATION AND PERCEPTION OF OTHERS

Because perceptions of others influence how we communicate,
improving perceptual accuracy is an important element of
component communication. The ff are guidelines to improve
your perception of others and their messages.

1. Question the accuracy of your perceptions.

Questioning accuracy begins by saying “I know what I
think I saw, heard, tasted, smelled, or felt, but I could
be wrong. What other information should I be aware
of?”
● By accepting the possibility that you have
overlooked something, you will stop
automatic processing and begin to
consciously search out information that
should increase your accuracy.
2. Choose to use conscious processing as you get
to know people. When you mindfully pay attention to
someone, you are more likely to understand the
uniqueness of him or her.
3. Seek more information to verify perceptions. If
your perception is based on only one or two pieces of
information, try to collect additional information by
talking to people.
4. Realize that your perceptions of a person will
change over time. People often base their opinions,