Cognition

● Is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and

comprehension. Some of the many different cognitive processes include thinking,
knowing, remembering, judging and problem solving.

Cognitive Processes
Perception
● A cognitive process that allows people to take information through their senses
and then utilize this information to respond and interact with the world.

Attention
● Is a cognitive process that allows people to focus on a specific stimulus in the
environment

Language
● And language dev’t are cognitive processes that involve the ability to understand
and express thoughts through spoken and written words. This allows uc to
communicate with others and plays as an important role in thought

Problem-solving
● This is the ability to apply knowledge in search of solutions

Memory
● Memory is an important cognitive process that allows people to encode, to store
and retrieve information. It is a critical component in the learning process and
allows people to retain knowledge about the world and their personal histories.

Three Main Stages of Memory

● Encoding
○ Refers to the process through which information is learned. That is, how
information is taken in, understood and altered to better support storage.
Information is usually encoded through one or more.
■ Visual encoding (how something looks)
■ Acoustic encoding (how something sounds)
■ Semantic encoding (what something means)
■ Tactile encoding (texture)

● Storage
○ How, where, how much and how long encoded information is retained within the
memory system.
■ Long-term memory
■ Short-tem memory
 ● Retrieval
○ This refers to getting information out of storage. If we can’t remember something,
it may be because we are unable to retrieve it. When we are asked to retrieve
something from memory, the difference between STM and LTM becomes very
clear.

Intelligence
Refers to an individual’s capacity for understanding, learning, planning, and problem-solving
with logic, creativity and self-awareness. It is characterized by knowledge to vbe able to adjust
to the environment. The process of applying knowledge to the proper context when the need
arises.

What is “Learning”
➔ Gaining knowledge/ideas
➔ Understanding
➔ Utilizing Concepts
➔ Brain Development

- The relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior as a result

of experience.
- Acquisition of information, behaviors, or the abilities after practice, observation, or
other experiences , as evidenced by change in behavior, knowledge, or brain
function.

This implies:
● The relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior as a result of
experience
● Change is attributed to the personal experience of the learner in his/her environment
● The change is long-term

Social Cognitive Theory

- Emphasizez the value of the social environment in one’s learning process that is built on
observational learning.
- It started as the Social Learning Theory (SLT) in the 1960s by psychologist Albert
Bandura
- Developed into the SCT (Social Cognitive Theory) in 1986 and posists that learning
occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person,
environment, and behavior.
Observational Learning is a process on which learning occurs through observing and imitating
otters. As demonstrated in the classic Bobo Doll experiment, people will imitate the action of
others without direct reinforcement.

Bobo Doll Experiment

● 1960s by Albert Bandura

Stages of Observation Learning:

● Attention when an individual focuses on information that he/she perceives to be
interesting and useful
○ Must pay attention to the model

● Retention stores and gives a mental representation of the information

○ Able to remember the behavior

● Motor Reproduction recalls and rehearses the information given

○ Able to replicate the behavior

● Motivation repeats the entire process constantly and consistently

○ Must want to demonstrate (get better at it)

Self- Efficacy & Human Agency

Efficacy - the ability to produce a desired or intended result
● The extent which people believe that they can confidently learn and
master a particular skill

○ Mastery Experience - accomplishing simple tasks that lead to

more complex tasks

○ Social Modelling - observing an identifiable model who

accomplishes the task

○ Improving physical & mental states - relaxed and caalm before

pursuing a challenging task

○ Verbal persuasion - providing encouragement and feedback

during the accomplishment of a challenging task
Agency - the ability to…
● The capability of individuals to make choices and to act on those choices
to make a difference in their lives.

SAYING “YES” & FOLLOWING THROUGH IT

 ○ Intentionality - making an active decision to engage in particular
activities

○ Forethought - anticipating outcomes and consequences at

particular actions

○ Self-reactiveness - constructing and regulating behavior

appropriately

○ Self-reflectiveness - reflecting an regulating one’s thoughts and

behavior

Learning Strategies
● Surface Learning - students simply accept information presented to them and
memorize them in an isolated and unlinked manner

● Deep Learning - deeper understanding of info by creating significant meaningful links

across different concepts and how it can be applied in practical ways
Learning Habits
● Take down notes
● Ask questions
● Create concept map
● Engage in collaborative activities
● Go beyond course requirements