4 Integrals (JGGD)

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA
Antidifferentiation

Illustration
•If F(x) = 10x, then F’(x) = 10.

F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) = 10
•If F(x) = F’(x) = 2x.2

x,
•F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) = 2x

Antidifferentiation

Illustration
• F(x) = x2 is an antiderivative of f(x) = 2x because
F’(x)=f(x)
• But so are G(x) = x2 + 2 and H(x) = x2 – 7. Note

that F, G and H differ only by a constant.
• For any constant real number, C, the function

F(x)=x2 + C is an antiderivative of f(x).
Family of Antiderivatives
Since the functions:

G(x) = x2 F(x) = x2 + 2 H(x) = x2 – 7
differ only by a constant, the slope
of the tangent line remains the
same
The family of antiderivatives can be represented by F(x) + C

The Indefinite Integral
The family of all antiderivaties of f(x) is indicated by

This is called the It is the most general
indefinite integral. antiderivative of f(x).
f(x)dx
Integral sign
Integrand

The Indefinite Integral

Sample
Since d 5 4
x  5x
dx
 4 5
5x dx  x  C

With the introduction of the new
symbols, antidifferentiation
becomes the same as getting the
indefinite integral, that is,
INTEGRATION.

If we write
 2ax da  a2x  C  xa2  C x gets
treated as the constant.
If we write
 2ax dx  a(2x)dx  ax2  C a gets
treated as a constant and x as the variable.

n 1
x 1
     x  
n
x dx C ( n 1) dx ln | x | C
n 1
x
a
     
x x x
e dx e C a dx C
ln a

 sin x dx   cos x  C  cos x dx  sin x  C
      
2 2
sec dx tan x C csc dx cot x C
 sec x tan x dx  sec x  C  csc x cot x dx   csc x  C

 sinh x dx  cosh x  C  cosh x dx  sinh x  C
 tan x dx  ln | sec x |  C  cot x dx  ln | sin x |  C
1 1 1  x  1 x
 x2  a 2 dx  a tan  a   C 
1
dx  sin    C
a x
2 2
a
Example
 3z  4z  5 dz z 3  2z 2  5z  C
2

Example
x 1 2
 x2 1 
 x  
 x
  dx
x 
x2 1  3 1
   dx  x 2  x 2  dx

 21
 1
   

x x2 
5 1
5 1
x2
x 2 2
   C  x 2  2x 2  C
5 1 5
2 2

Chain Rule for Integration
d
F ( g ( x))  F ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)  f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)
dx
Where F’(x) =f(x) or F is the antiderivative of f
 f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx  F ( g ( x)) C

If u = g(x), then du = g’(x)dx and
 f (u )du  F (u ) C
Example
u  x 1
2
  2 4
2 x ( x 1) dx
 f (u )du  F (u ) C du  2 xdx
1 5
F (u )  u f (u )  u 4
5
1 2
    
2 4 5
2 x ( x 1) dx ( x 1) C
5
Example
 3x x  1dx u  x 1
2 3 3
du  3 x dx

2
f (u )du  F (u ) C
3 1
2
F (u )  u 2
f (u )  u 2
3
3
2 3
 3x x  1dx  ( x  1)  C
2 3 2
3
Example
 
2
sec x (tan x 3) d x u  tan x  3
 f (u )du  F (u ) C du  sec x dx
2
1 2
F (u )  u f (u )  u
2
1
    
2 2
sec x (tan x 3) d x (tan x 3) C
2
Continuation
  2
(4 x 5) dx
1 1 1
     
2 3
4(4 x 5) dx (4 x 5) +C
4 4 3

Let’s make it clear
 2x e dx substitute u  x .
x2 2
To compute
Then du  2xdx and
 2x e dx   e du  e  C
x2 u u
x2
 e C

Another One!
Substitute u  x  1. Then x  1  u 2,
x 1
Compute  x
dx. and du 
dx
2 x 1
 dx  2udu.
x 1 u  1 
 x
dx  
1 u 2
2udu  2  1  2 
 1 u 
du  2u  2arctan(u )  C
x 1
Hence  x
dx  2 x  1  2arctan( x  1)  C

Here's more
  x  2 dx Let u  x  2
5
du  dx
  u du
5
The variable of integration must match
the variable in the expression.
1 6
 u c
6
Don’t forget to substitute the value for u back
( x  6) 6 into the problem!
 c
6

Let’s practice more One of the clues that we look for is

if we can find a function and its
1  x 2  2 x dx derivative in the integral.
The derivative of 1  x2 is 2 x dx .
1
u 2
du Let u  1  x2
3 du  2 x dx
2
u C
2
3
Note that this only worked because
3 of the 2x in the original.
2
3

1  x2  2 C Many integrals can not be done by
substitution.
Practice makes perfect!
 4 x  1 dx Let u  4 x 1
du  4 dx
1
1
u 2
 du
4
1
du  dx
Solve for dx.
3
4
2 1
u  C
2
3 4
3
1
u C2
6
3
1
 4 x  1 2  C
6
Again practice makes perfect!
 x  cos x dx
4
sin
 sin x 
4
cos x dx Let u  sin x
du  cos x dx
u
4
du
1 5
u C
5
1 5
sin x  C
5
IBP
d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g '( x)  g ( x) f '( x)
dx
  f ( x) g '( x)  g ( x) f '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)

 f ( x) g '( x) dx   g ( x) f '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)
 f ( x) g '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f '( x) dx
IBP
 f ( x) g '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f '( x) dx
 u dv  uv   v du
A clear picture!
Using Formula 1, we have:
Find ∫ x sin x dx  f ( x) g '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f '( x) dx
 x sin x dx  f ( x ) g ( x )   g ( x ) f '( x ) dx
 x( cos x)   ( cos x) dx
  x cos x   cos x dx
  x cos x  sin x  C
Illustration
Let ux dv  sin x dx
Then, du  dx v   cos x
Using Formula 2, we have:

u dv u v v du
 x sin x dx   x sin x dx  x ( cos x)   ( cos x) dx

  x cos x   cos x dx
  x cos x  sin x  C
Be careful
If we had instead chosen u = sin x and
dv = x dx , then du = cos x dx and v = x2/2.
So, integration by parts gives:
2
x 1 2
 x sin x dx  (sin x) 2  2  x cos dx
Although this is true, ∫ x2cos x dx is a more
difficult integral than the one we started with.
Let’s try!
Evaluate ∫ ln x dx
dx
Let u  ln x dv  dx
 ln x dx  x ln x   x
x
1
Then, du  dx
x
vx  x ln x   dx
 x ln x  x  C
 u dv  uv   v du

A Tricky One!
Use integration by parts?
 1 3
 2x  4 2  dx
x x
NO! Just multiply and simplify.
10 4
 6  2 dx
x x
Here’s one!
9 x 2
Evaluate  x 2
dx
Let x = 3 sin θ,
where –π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.
Then, dx = 3 cos θ dθ and
9  x2  9  9sin 2   9cos2   3 cos   3cos 
Note that cos θ ≥ 0 because –π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.

Here’s how: 9  x2  9  9sin 2   9cos2   3 cos   3cos 
9  x2 3cos 
 x 2
dx  
9sin 2
3cos  d Let x  3 sin 

cos 2 
d dx  3 cos  d
sin 
2
  cot 2 d
  (csc 2   1) d
  cot     C 9  x2
cot  
x
9  x2 9  x2 1  x 
 x 2
dx  
x 2
 sin    C
3
Another
Let x = 2 tan θ, –π/2 < θ < π/2.
Then, dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ and
1
x 2
x 4
2
dx
x 2  4  4(tan 2   1)
 4sec 2 
 2 sec 
dx 2sec  d
2
x 2
x 4
2

4 tan   2sec 
2
 2sec 
1 sec 
  d
4 tan  2

Continue…
dx 1 cos  sec 1 cos 2  cos 
  2 
x 2
  2 d
x  4 4 sin 
2 tan  cos  sin  sin 2 
2
1 du
  2
4 u
1 1
  C
4 u  csc  x 2  4 / x
1 csc 
 C   C
4sin  4
dx x 4 2
x 2
x2  4

4x
C

That’s enough
Use trigonometric substitution?
x
 x 4
2
dx
x 1 du
 dx  
NO! Because…
x 4
2 2 u
 u C
 x 4 C
2
Look for a simpler method first.

Do you remember this?

A good one!
3
Compute  x 3  1dx.
Observe x 3  1  ( x  1)( x 2  x  1). Hence

3 A Bx  C
  for some numbers A, B and C.
x 1 x 1 x  x 1
3 2
To compute these numbers A, B and C we get

3 A( x 2  x  1) (Bx  C )( x  1)
 
x 3  1 ( x  1)( x 2  x  1) ( x 2  x  1)( x  1)
 AB 0  A 1
3 ( A  B )x 2  ( A  B  C )x  A  C  
 3    A  B  C  0   B  1.
x 1 x3  1  C  2
 A C  3 
Hence
3 1 x2
  2
x 1 x 1 x  x 1
3

Much better
3
 x 3  1dx.
Compute
By the previous computations we now have

3 1 x2
 x3  1  x  1  x 2  x  1dx
dx  dx 
Substitute u=x2+x+1
in the first remaining
1 2x  1 3 1
 ln x  1  
2 x  x 1
2
dx  
2 x  x 1
2
dx integral and rewrite
the last integral.
1
 3
 ln x  1  ln x 2  x  1  
2
 1
2  x  1/ 2   3 / 4
2
dx
 2x  1
1
 
 ln x  1  ln x 2  x  1  3 arctan  K
2  3 
This expression is the required substitution to finish the computation.

Do you understand now!
5 x  10
 x 2  3x  4 dx
5x  10 A B
 
(x  4)(x  2) x  4 x 1
5x – 10 = A(x + 1) +B(x – 4)
2 3
  dx
x  4 x 1

sin m
x  cos x dx
n
 tan m
x  sec x dx
n
 cot m
x  csc x dx
n

Integrals Involving Sines and Cosines
 sin m ( x) cos n ( x)dx
convert to cosine save for du

odd
 sin 2 k 1
  k
x cos xdx  sin x cos x sin xdx
n 2 n
  1  cos x  cos
2 k n
x sin xdx

Illustration
 sin 3 x cos 4 xdx   sin 2 x cos 4 xsin x dx
  
1  cos x2
 cos 4
x sin xdx
  
cos 4 x sin xdx  cos 6 x sin xdx
cos 5 x cos 7 x
  C
5 7

Integrals Involving Secants and Tangents
 tan m ( x) sec n ( x)dx
odd
convert to secants save for du
 tan 2 k 1
x sec xdx 
n
 tan x sec x sec x tan xdx
2 k n 1
  sec x  1 sec x sec x tan xdx

2 k n 1

convert to tangents save for du

even

m
tan x sec 2k

xdx  tan x sec x
m
 2

k 1 2
sec xdx

 tan x 1  tan x
m
 2
k 1 2
sec xdx

convert to secants
 tan m
xdx  tan
m2

x tan x dx  tan
2
 
m2

x sec x  1 dx
2

  tan m2
x sec 2
x dx   tan m2
xdx

If the integral is of the form  sec xdx ,

n
where n is odd and positive, possibly

use integration by parts.
If none of the first four cases apply, try
converting to sines and cosines.

Illustration
tan 3 x
  sec x 
1 / 2
dx  tan 3 xdx
sec x
 sec x 
 3 / 2
tan x sec x tan x dx
2
  sec x  3 / 2
sec x  1sec x tan x dx
2
  sec x  1/ 2
 sec x  3 / 2
sec x tan x dx
 sec x 3 / 2  2sec x 1 / 2  C
2
3

Illustration

4
sec 3 x tan 3 3 xdx    
sec 2 3 x tan 3 3 x sec 2 3 x dx
 
1  tan 3 x  2
tan 3 x  2
sec 3 x  2
dx
  tan 3 x  tan 3 x 3 sec 3 x dx

1 3 5 2
3
1 tan 3 x tan 3 x 
 4 6
   C
3  4 6 

Illustration
2
 1  cos x 

sec x
dx      dx   sin x 
2
cos x dx
2
tan x  cos x  sin x 
 sin x   C   csc x  C
1

Integrals Involving Cotangents and Cosecants
The guidelines for integrals involving

cotangent and cosecant would be
similar to that of integrals involving
tangent and secant.

Illustration

4 4

csc x cot xdx  csc x cot x csc x dx
2 4
  2
  1  cot x cot x csc x dx

2 4 2
   cot x  cot x  csc x dx

4 6 2
5 7
cot x cot x
  C
5 7

Other Trigonometric Integrals
cos mx cos nx  cos( m  n) x  cos( m  n) x 
1
2
sin mx sin nx  cos( m  n) x  cos( m  n) x 
1
2
sin mx cos nx  sin(m  n) x  sin(m  n) x 
1
2
 sin 5 x cos 4 xdx 

1
sin 9 x  sin x dx

2
1  cos 9 x 
   cos x   C
2 9 
cos 9 x cos x
  C
18 2

Still awake?

The Definite Integral
b

a
f ( x)dx

Parts
Upper limit b
Integral sign
 f  x  dx
Lower limit a Variable of Integration
Integrand

Riemann sum
The definite integral can be defined to be the
limit of a Riemann sum,
n
lim  f (ck )x
n 
k 1

Therefore:
n b
lim  f  ck xk   f  x  dx
n 
k 1 a

Review of Definitions

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b].
x
1. If A( x)   f (t )dt , then A( x)  f ( x).
a
2. If F is any continuous antiderivative of

f and is defined on [a, b], then
b
a f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)

THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS OF

CALCULUS tell us how the definite
integral is related to the indefinite
integral which we already know how to
handle.




Illustration
x
If A( x)   t  5tdt , find A( x).
3 4
A( x)  x  5x 3 4

Illustration
5  1 
1  2 x  x  1 dx
 1 

5 5
1  2 x  x  1 dx  x  ln x  x 1
2
   
 5  ln 5  5  1  ln1  1
2 2
 28  ln 5  26.39056

Remember this

Properties of the Definite Integral

Example
d x

dx 
cos tdt  cos x
d x 1 1

dx 0 1  t 2
dt 
1  x2
d x2
dx 1
cos tdt  cos x 2
(2 x )  2 x cos x 2

Example
x2 1 0 1 x2 1
2x 2e t
dt  
2x 2  e t
dt  
0 2e t
dt
2x 1 x2 1
 dt   dt = 
1
(2) 
1
2 (2 x)
0 2e t 0 2e t
2e 2x
2e x
2x 2
= 2 
2e x
2e 2x

Here it goes

 4 2
tan x sec x dx
0
new limit Let u  tan x
1

0
u du du  sec x dx
2
We can find
u  0   tan 0  0
new limit
new limits,
1
1 2    
and then we
 u  u    tan  1
don’t have
 2 0 4 4 to substitute
back.
1
 We could have substituted back and
2 used the original limits.

I hope you understand Using the original limits:
0
4
tan x sec2 x dx
Let u  tan x

du  sec2 x dx
 0
4
u du
Leave the
 u du limits out until

you substitute 1
Wrong!  1
2
  tan    tan 0 
2
back.
The
2  limits
4 don’t
2 match!
1 2
 u
2 This is
 1 usually
1 2 1 2 
1 2
4  1   0 more work
  (tan x)  2 2 2 than finding
2 0 new limits
Example
 2x  x 
1 1/ 2
Calculate 2
3 dx
0
let u  x  3x 2
du
then  dx Notice limits change
2x
 2x  x 
1 4
dx   u du
1/ 2
2
 3x 1/ 2
0 0
4
2 3/ 2 16
 u 
3 0 3

Area under a curve
y  f ( x)
a b
f continuous, nonnegative on [a, b]. The area is
n 1
Area  lim
n

k 0
f  xk x
b
 a f ( x)dx

The real significance
y  f ( x)
R1 R3
a R2 b
b
a f ( x)dx  Area of R1 – Area of R2 + Area of R3

The real significance

Sources:
LFB
Internet

4 Integrals (JGGD)

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AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

•If F(x) = 10x, then F’(x) = 10.

•If F(x) = F’(x) = 2x.2

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

• But so are G(x) = x2 + 2 and H(x) = x2 – 7. Note

• For any constant real number, C, the function

Since the functions:

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

 sec x tan x dx  sec x  C  csc x cot x dx   csc x  C

 tan x dx  ln | sec x |  C  cot x dx  ln | sin x |  C

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

 f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx  F ( g ( x)) C

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

Then du  2xdx and

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

  f ( x) g '( x)  g ( x) f '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)

Using Formula 2, we have:

 x sin x dx   x sin x dx  x ( cos x)   ( cos x) dx

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

Note that cos θ ≥ 0 because –π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

Look for a simpler method first.

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

Observe x 3  1  ( x  1)( x 2  x  1). Hence

To compute these numbers A, B and C we get

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

By the previous computations we now have

This expression is the required substitution to finish the computation.

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

 sin m ( x) cos n ( x)dx

convert to cosine save for du

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

 sin 3 x cos 4 xdx   sin 2 x cos 4 xsin x dx

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

  sec x  1 sec x sec x tan xdx

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

convert to tangents save for du

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

If the integral is of the form  sec xdx ,

where n is odd and positive, possibly

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

  tan 3 x  tan 3 x 3 sec 3 x dx

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

The guidelines for integrals involving

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 CALCULUS JGG DECENA

  1  cot x cot x csc x dx

   cot x  cot x  csc x dx