2.

) Two – Point Form

COE0003 Formulas 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1
=
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 𝑦 −𝑦
y - y1 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 ( x – x1 )
2 1
- deals w/ the properties and equations of
the locus of point. 3.) Point Slope Form

Locus – the graph or curve traced by a moving y – y1 = m( x – x1 )

point 4.) Slope Intercept
y = mx + b

Distance between 2 points in 5.) Intercept Form

𝑥 𝑦
plane 2D and 3D 𝑎
+𝑏=1

6.) Normal Form

If given is general form Ax+By+C=0

by Pythagorean Theorem
then the Normal Form is
d = P1P2 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶
=0
in 3D ±√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
P1 = ( x1, y1, z1 ) Note: the sign of radical is opposite the sign of C
or same as B if C=0
P2 = ( x2, y2, z2 )
Properties:
d = P1P2 =
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2 1.) Slope, m
𝑦2 −𝑦1
Midpoint, M( xm , ym ) i.) m = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
1
Xm = ( x2 + x1 ) ii.) inclination
2
1
ym = 2 ( y 2 + y 1 )

if 3D
1
Zm = 2 ( Z2 + Z1 )

Line
- locus of point w/ infinite distance from a
fixed point m = positive , inclines to right

1.) General Form m = negative , inclines to left

Ax + By + C = 0 m = 0, Horizontal Line
m = ∞, Vertical Line
2.) Parallel Lines
Parabola
L1 : Ax + By + C1 = 0
- a second degree section
L2 : kAx + kBy + C2 = 0 - a locus of point w. equal distances from
a fixed point(F, Focus) and a fixed line
Slopes of L1 and L2 are equal. Hence m1 = m2
(directrix).
3.) Coincident Line
L1 : Ax + By + C = 0
L2 : kAx + kBy + kC = 0
4.) Perpendicular Lines
L1 : Ax + By + C1 = 0
L2 : Bx - Ay + C2 = 0
Slopes of L1 and L2 are negative reciprocal.
1
Hence, m1 = −
𝑚2

5.) Angle Between Two Lines

a.) General Form

Ax2 + Bx + Cy + D = 0
Ay2 + By + Cx + D = 0
b.) Standard From by CTS →
𝑚2 −𝑚1 i.) V @ ( h,k )
Tan ϕ =
1+𝑚2 𝑚1
( x - h )2 = ± 4a ( y - k ) →
𝑚2 −𝑚1
ϕ = Tan -1
| 1+𝑚 |
2 𝑚1 ( y - k )2 = ± 4a ( x - h ) →
6.) Distance from a point to the line ii.) V @ (0,0)
𝐴𝑋0 +𝐵𝑌𝑜 +𝐶 x2 = ± 4ay →
d=
√𝐴2 +𝐵2
y2 = ± 4ax →
7.) Distance between parallel lines
c.) Properties
L1 : Ax + By + C1 = 0
eccentrity = 1
L2 : Ax + By + C2 = 0
LR = 4a
𝐶2 − 𝐶1
d=| |
√𝐴2 +𝐵2
Square Property of Parabola
Circle
Model Equation
1.) General Equation
x2 + y2 Ax + By + C = 0
2.) Standard Form
i.) C@(h,k)
(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2
ii.) C@(0,0)
x2 + y2 = r2
Properties
1.) e = 0
𝑥12 𝑥22
= 2.) diameter(d) = 2r
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝜋
3.) A = πr2 or A=4 d2

4.) C = 2πr or C = πd
Parabolic Segment
5.) tangent distance from a point (Xo , Yo)

dT = √𝑥𝑜2 + 𝑦𝑜2 + 𝐴𝑋𝑜 + 𝐵𝑦𝑜 + 𝐶

6.) nearest distance from a point
dn = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝑃0 – r
7.) Equation of Radical Axis (ERA)
ERA→eq. of C1 – eq. of C2 = 0
Note: a circle can be determined by 3 points

2
Area, A = 3 𝑏ℎ
Ellipse

1.) Model Equation

Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0
where A ≠ B
if A = B circle
2.) Standard Form
i.) C@(h,k), a > b
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
+ = 1 (MA Horizontal)
𝑎2 𝑏2

ii.) C@(h,k), b > a

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
= 1 (MA Vertical)

iii.) C@( 0,0 ), b > a

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1(MA Horizontal)

𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1 (MA Vertical)

Properties
1.) e < 1.0
𝑐 𝑐
2.) e = 𝑎 ,e=𝑏

3.) a2 = b2 + c2
2𝑏2
4.) LR =
𝑎
𝑎
5.) d = 𝑒

6.) A = πab

𝑎 2 +𝑏2
7.) P = 2π √ (approximate perimeter)
2

Focal Radius,

= a ± ex

max (positive)

min (negative)
 Replace 1 in std. form by zero then solve y in
terms of x
Hyperbola Note: Point of intersection between asymptote is
the center of hyperbola

Polar Coordinates and

Rectangular Coordinates
Systems

Transverse Axis (VVl) = 2a

Conjugate Axis (BBl) = 2b
1.) General Form:
Ax2 - By2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0 Relations
2.) Standard Form 1.) x = rcosӨ
i.) C@(h,k) 2.) y = rsinӨ
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
𝑎2
- 𝑏2
= 1 (TA Horizontal) 3.) r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 𝑦
- = 1 (TA Vertical) 4.) Ө = tan-1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑥

ii.) C@(0,0) Radius vector ( r )

𝑥2 𝑦2 - distance of a point in PCS from the pole
𝑎2
- 𝑏2 = 1(TA Horizontal)
or origin
𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑎2
- 𝑏2 = 1 (TA Vertical) Vectorial Angle ( Ө )

3.) Properties - direction of the radius vector

a.) e > 1
𝑐
b.) e = 𝑎

c.) c2 = a2 + b2
2𝑏2
d.) LR = 𝑎
𝑎
e.) d =
𝑒

f.) Angle between Asymptote

𝜙 𝑏
tan =
2 𝑎
𝑏
ϕ = 2tan -1 ( 𝑎 )

g.) Equation of Asymptotes

Model Equation of Common
Polar Curves
1.) Circle
C @ ( 0,0 ) w/ radius “a”
r=a
A = πa2 , C = 2πa 𝜋
A = 2 ( 2a2 + b2 )
C at x-axis and tangent to y-axis
If a<b there is an inner loop
r = ± acosӨ ; d=a
r = a ± b cosӨ a<b

C at y-axis and tangent to x-axis

3.) Cardiod
r = ± asinӨ ; d=a
If a=b in Limacon
r = a ( 1 ± cosӨ )

r = a ( 1 ± sinӨ )

2.) Limacon
r = a ± b cosӨ a>b

3
A = 8 πa2 P = 8a

4.) Lemniscate → (Infinity)

r = a ± b sinӨ a>b r2 = ± a2 cos2Ө

r2 = ± a2 sin2Ө
 A = a2 6.) Spiral
r = aӨ
𝑎
r=Ө (Reciprocal or Hyperbolic Spiral)

Special Case
r2 = a2 cosӨ A = 2a2
Parametric Equation
Model
x=f(t) time (t) → parameter
y=f(t)
t must be eliminated

5.) Rose
r = acos nӨ n = 1,2,3,4, …
r = asin nӨ if n=1 → Circle
n = represents # of petals/leaves
if n is odd, there are n leaves
𝜋
A = 4 a2

If n is even, there are 2n leaves

𝜋
A = a2
2
 ii.) Triangle
PLANE GEOMETRY
1.) Area
- area and perimeter calculation
a.)
Circles & Triangles
i.) Circle & its parts

1
A = 2bh

b.)
Formulas:
1.) Area, A=πr2
2.) Diameter, d=2r
3.) Circumference, C = 2πr = πd
Parts of a Circle:
1
A = 2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛Ө
1.) Sector
c.)

Arc Length, s = rӨ (Ө = rad)

Heron’s or Hero’s Formula
1 1 2
Area of a Sector, As = 2 𝑟𝑠 = 2
𝑟Ө (Ө = rad
P=a+b+c

A = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

2.) Small Segment 1 1
s = 2P = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) →(semi-perimeter)

d.) Triangle Circumscribed by a circle

Ass = As – AA
1 1
Ass = 2r2Ө - 2r2sinӨ
1
Ass = r2( Ө – sinӨ ) (Ө = rad) A∆ =
𝑎𝑏𝑐
2
4𝑟
e.) Circle inscribed in a Triangle h.) Median Line
- a line connecting a vertex to the midpoint of
the opposite side

A∆ = rs
1
s = 2(a+b+c)

f.) Circle escribed in a triangle

1
ma = 2 √2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
1
mb = 2 √2𝑎2 + 2𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2
1
mc = 2 √2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2

i.) Angle Bisector

A∆ = R(s-a)
1
s = 2(a+b+c)

g.) Equilateral Triangle

2
ta = 𝑏+𝑐 √𝑏𝑐𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)
√3 2
A∆ = a 2
4 tb = 𝑏+𝑐 √𝑎𝑐𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑏)
2
tc = 𝑏+𝑐 √𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑐)

Incenter – center of the inscribed circle in the

triangle.
Note: distance of incenter to any side is the
radius of the inscribed circle
j.) Altitude or height of triangle Figure:
- the perpendicular distance of a vertex to the
opposite side.

2𝐴𝑇
ha = 𝑎
AT – area of triangle 1.) Area, A=nAt
2𝐴𝑇
hb = n - # of sides
𝑏
2𝐴𝑇 At – Area of Typical triangle
hc = 𝑐
2.) Derived Formula
Regular Polygon & n-Pointed Star
a.) in terms of radius R
Name 𝑛
A= 2 R2 sin Ө
Pentagon – 5
Ө
Hexagon – 6 A = nR2 tan
2

Heptagon – 7 b.) in terms of side ‘s’

Octagon – 8 𝑛 Ө
A= 4 a2 cot 2
Nonagon – 9
c.) Perimeter, P = ns
Decagon – 10
d.) Interior Angle ( I )
Hendecagon – 11 180(𝑛−2)
I= 𝑛
Dodecagon – 12
e.) Sum of Interior Angles (SIA)
Quindecagon or pentadecagon-15
SIA = 180 (n-2)
Icosagon – 20
f.) Exterior Angle ( E )
Chillagon – 1000
360𝑜
Myriagon - 10,000 E= 𝑛

--- etc --- g.) # of Diagonals ( D )

D = C(n,2) – n
𝑛
D= 2 (n-3)
Area covered by a regular n-pointed star

1
A = 2 d1d2

ii.) Square

Formulas:
1.) in terms of radius , R
Ө A = a2
A = nR2tan 2 cos Ө
D = a√2
360
Ө=
𝑛
P = 4a
2.) in terms of side ‘a’ of the central polygon
iii.) Rectangle
𝑛 2 Ө
A= a ( cot + tan Ө )
4 2

5- pointed star or “pentagram”

A = 1.123R2
6-pointed star or “Star of David” or Hexagram

A = √3R2

A = bh

D = √𝑏 2 + ℎ2
2.) Trapezoid
Parallelogram & Trapezoid

1
A = 2 (b1 + b2) h
A = bh
1 𝑏2 −𝑏2
A = 2 d1d2 sin Ө A = 2(cot 2𝐴 + 1𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵)

Angles

A=C,B=D

Special Cases

i.) Rhombus – parallelogram w/ equal sides &

perpendicular diagonals
Cyclic Quadrilateral

1.) Area
1
a.) A = 2 d1d2 sinӨ

b.) Bramaguptha’s Formula

A=√(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 Ө

1
s = 2 (a+b+c+d)

3.) Ptolemy’s Theorem

ac+bd=d1d2
4.) Radius, R
√(𝑎𝑏+𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐)
R= 4𝐴
SOLID GEOMETRY
A. Prism, Cylinder and Cube
- a solid w/ constant cross section and
parallel end area w/c is named after its base
Formulas:
1.) Volume(V) = bh
b → base area
h → height or length
2.) Lateral Surface Area
“area of the surface along the length” Formulas:
S = PB x h D = √3𝑠
PB → Perimeter of Base Area V = s3
S → Lateral Surface Area TA = 6s2
D → Diagonal
Right Circular “ Cylinder “ TA → Total Area
S → side length

B. Pyramid and Cone

Pyramid

𝜋
V = πr2h = 4 d2h

SA = 2πrh

B → regular plane figure (sides are equal)

G → centroid
Formula:
1
CUBE 1.) V = 3 𝑏ℎ
1
2.) SA = 2 PB

→ slant height
Right Circular Cone
 C. Frustum of Pyramid/Cone
- part of pyramid/cone after cutting its
vertex by a plane parallel to the base
Frustum of Pyramid

= √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
1
B = πr2 ; V = 3 πr2h

S = πr = πr√𝑟 2 + ℎ2
Formulas:
S → Lateral Surface Area 1
1.) V = 3 h ( B1 + B2 + √𝐵1 𝐵2 )
Regular Polyhedron
1
2.) S = 2 ( PB1 + PB2 )
1.) Tetrahedron → w/ 4 faces which are all
equilateral triangle
2.) Hexahedron or Cube → w/ 6faces which
are all square. Frustum of Cone
3.) Octahedron → 8 faces which are all
equilateral triangle
4.) Dodecahedron → w/ 12 faces which are
all equilateral triangle
5.) Icosahedron → w/ 20 faces which are all
equilateral triangle
Tetrahedron

2
H = √3 𝑎

√2
V = 12 a3

ST = 4 (area of equilateral triangle) = √3 a2

Formulas:
a → edge of tetrahedron
= √(𝑅 − 𝑟)2 + ℎ2
1
V = 3 πh ( 𝑅 2 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑅𝑟)

S = π (R+r) √(𝑅 − 𝑟)2 + ℎ2

E. Sphere and Parts of Sphere b.) w/ 2 bases

1
V = 6 πh(3a2+3b2+h2)

Formulas:
4 4 3.) Spherical Wedge
V= 𝜋r3 = 𝜋d 3
3 6

S = 4πr2 = πd2
Parts of Sphere
1.) Hemisphere → one-half of sphere

𝜋𝑟 2 Ө
AL = 900
(Area of Lune)

1 𝜋𝑟 3 Ө
VW = 3 AL r = 2700
(Volume of Spherical Wedge)

Ө = wedge angle

2
4.) Spherical Pyramid and Polygon
V = 3 πr3

S = 2πr2
ST = S + B = 3πr2
2.) Spherical Segment
- part of sphere between 2 parallel
cutting planes
a.) w/ one base (Zone) 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐸
Asp = 180

E = (sum of angles of spherical polygon) – (n-2)(180)

E → Spherical Excess

n → number of sides
(n-2)(180) → sum of interior angle of plane
polygon

A = 2πrh
1
V = 3 πh2(3r-h)
5.) Spherical Sector/Cone G. Paraboloid
- a solid generated by revolving a parabolic
segment w/ respect to its axis

a2 + (r-h)2 = r2
1 2
V= 3 zr = 3 𝜋r2h

where ‘z’ is area of zone

F. Ellipsoid or Spheroid 1
4
V = 2 πr2h
V= πabc
3

Cases:
Prepared by:
Engr. Kurt Ryan D. Velasco

1.) Oblate – spheroid generated by revolving an

ellipse w/ respect to minor axis
4
V= 3 πa2b

2.) Prolate – spheroid generated by revolving an

ellipse w/ respect to major axis.
Example. “rugby ball”
4
V= 3 πab2