Test Bank for Concepts of Genetics 11th Edition by Klug

Test Bank for Concepts of Genetics 11th Edition by

Klug

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Concepts of Genetics, 11e, Global Edition (Klug et al.)
Chapter 6 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

1) Max Delbrück presented the first evidence that bacteria are capable of spontaneous mutation. What is
the name of the test that Delbrück used to demonstrate this phenomenon?
A) fluctuation test
B) logarithmic test
C) lag test
D) prototrophic test
E) auxotrophic test
Answer: A
Section: 6.1

2) Name the general category into which double-stranded circular extrachromosomal DNA elements
such as F factors, ColE1, and R would fall.
A) capsid
B) r-determinant
C) plaque
D) partial diploid
E) plasmid
Answer: E
Section: 6.2

3) Bacteriophages engage in two interactive cycles with bacteria. What are these cycles?
A) lytic and lysogenic
B) insertion and replication
C) auxotrophic and prototrophic
D) heteroduplex and homoduplex
E) negative and positive
Answer: A
Section: 6.6

4) A bacteriophage that is capable of entering either a lytic or lysogenic cycle is called a(n) ________.
A) temperate bacteriophage
B) virulent bacteriophage
C) plasmid
D) episome
E) plaque-forming unit
Answer: A
Section: 6.6

5) The clearing made by bacteriophages in a "lawn" of bacteria on an agar plate is called a ________.
A) clear zone
B) lysogenic zone
C) prophage
D) plaque
E) host range
Answer: D
Section: 6.6
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6) Temperate phages are those that can enter either the ________ or ________ cycle.
A) lytic; lysogenic
B) virulent; avirulent
C) functional; nonfunctional
D) former; nonformer
E) complementing; competing
Answer: A
Section: 6.6

7) Transduction is a form of recombination in bacteria that involves ________.

A) 5-bromouracil
B) plasmids
C) bacteriophages
D) fertility factors
E) physical contact between the bacteria involved
Answer: C
Section: 6.7

8) Name two forms of recombination in bacteria.

A) lytic and lysogenic
B) auxotrophic and prototrophic
C) conjugation and transduction
D) mixed and generalized
E) insertion and replication
Answer: C
Section: 6.7

9) What are prototrophs?

Answer: Prototrophs are bacteria that can grow on minimal medium and are assumed to be wild type.
Section: 6.1

10) How does an auxotroph differ from a prototroph?

Answer: Auxotrophs have lost, through mutation, the ability to grow on minimal medium. Prototrophs
are capable of growth on minimal medium.
Section: 6.1

11) In general, what two methods are used to grow bacteria in the laboratory?
Answer: liquid and semisolid (agar) media
Section: 6.1

12) Name the typical phases of the bacterial growth cycle in liquid culture medium.
Answer: lag, log (exponential), and stationary
Section: 6.1

13) Explain the composition and use of minimal medium in the study of bacterial genetics.
Answer: Minimal medium consists of an organic carbon source such as glucose or lactose and a variety
of inorganic ions: Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++ and NH4+. It is useful in isolating bacterial strains (auxotrophs)
that are incapable of synthesizing more complex nutritional requirements.
Section: 6.1

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14) In what way was the interrupted mating technique used to generate a genetic map in E. coli based on
time?
Answer: The interrupted mating technique showed that genes were passed in a linear fashion from the
Hfr bacterial strain to an F- strain. By interrupting the mating tube, it could be determined when (in
minutes) genes were transferred.
Section: 6.2

15) Jacob, Wollman, and others developed a linkage map of E. coli that is based on time. What form of
recombination is involved in generating a linkage map based on time?
Answer: Conjugation: An Hfr bacterium conjugating with an F- strain allows one to generate a map that
is dependent on the passage of the donor chromosome across a conjugation tube.
Section: 6.2

16) Assume that the gene trpA in an auxotrophic strain of E. coli is located at 27 minutes, whereas the
gene pyrE is located at 81 minutes.
a) How are minutes arrived at in this context?
b) Present an experimental scheme that would allow you to convert one of the auxotrophic strains to a
prototrophic strain.
Answer:
(a) Minutes are arrived at by a Hfr × F- mating as in the Klug and Cummings text.
(b) Hfr (wild type) × F- (auxotroph)
Section: 6.2

17) Distinguish between F+ and F- bacteria.

Answer: F+ bacteria contain an F factor or plasmid that is capable of initiating conjugation.
F- bacteria contain an F plasmid that possesses a portion of the bacterial chromosome.
Section: 6.2

18) What is the role of the F factor in bacterial recombination?

Answer: The F factor confers the capacity to produce a conjugation tube, which functions in conjugation
by generating the Hfr and F′ recombinant possibilities.
Section: 6.2

19) What is a form of recombination in bacteria that involves the F plasmid?

Answer: conjugation
Section: 6.2

20) Describe how different strains of E. coli can reveal different linkage arrangements of genes in Hfr
crosses.
Answer: Different strains may have different F factors and therefore different initiation points for
chromosome transfer.
Section: 6.2

21) What is a merozygote?

Answer: A merozygote is a partially diploid cell that results when, through recombination, a portion of a
donor chromosome is introduced into a bacterium.
Section: 6.2

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22) What are the roles of the recBCD genes?
Answer: They function in bacterial recombination.
Section: 6.3

23) What experimental observation demonstrated that genes are involved in the integration of foreign
DNA into the bacterial chromosome?
Answer: Mutations allowed identification of rec genes. When such genes were mutated, integration does
not occur.
Section: 6.3

24) What is the consequence of a mutation in the recA gene in bacteria?

Answer: The wild-type product of recA is required for bacterial recombination to occur at an appreciable
level. Absence of the recA protein diminishes recombination by about 1000-fold.
Section: 6.3

25) Present the general structural features of a plasmid and give an example.
Answer: circular double-stranded DNA existing autonomously in the bacterial cytoplasm; F factor
Section: 6.4

26) Bacteria that are in a particular physiological state to become transformed are called ________.
Answer: competent
Section: 6.5

27) Explain what is meant by the term heteroduplex in the context of bacterial transformation.
Answer: If transforming DNA is derived from a genetically distinct bacterium, incoming DNA may be
different from the host DNA. During initial stages of integration into the bacterial chromosome, the
recombinant region contains one strand of DNA that may have a different base sequence than the other
strand. Because these strands are not genetically identical (complementary), this double-stranded region
is called a heteroduplex.
Section: 6.5

28) What is meant by the term cotransformation?

Answer: Cotransformation occurs when several linked genes are transformed simultaneously.
Section: 6.5

29) Lysogeny is an important phenomenon in bacteria and phages. Briefly describe lysogeny (using
labeled diagrams if helpful).
Answer: Lysogeny is the process in which a temperate bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and
subsequently integrates its chromosome into the bacterial chromosome.
Section: 6.6

30) Compare and contrast bacteriophage lysis and lysogeny.

Answer: Both lysis and lysogeny involve bacterial/phage interactions related to the production of phage
progeny. Lysis occurs when progeny phage burst from the bacterial cell; lysogeny involves the
incorporation of the phage chromosome into the bacterial chromosome.
Section: 6.6

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31) Bacteriophages that cannot undergo lysogeny but can infect bacteria are called ________.
Answer: virulent
Section: 6.6

32) Name the term used to describe the phenomenon in which a bacteriophage genome incorporates its
genome into the chromosome of the host.
Answer: lysogeny
Section: 6.6

33) When a bacteriophage genome incorporates itself into the chromosome of the host, that phage
genome is referred to as a(n) ________.
Answer: prophage
Section: 6.6

34) Name three forms of recombination in bacteria.

Answer: conjugation, transformation, and transduction
Section: 6.6

35) What is a significant difference between a lytic and a lysogenic cycle?

Answer: In a lytic cycle, the phage genome does not insert into the bacterial chromosome. In the
lysogenic cycle, the phage genome inserts into the bacterial chromosome.
Section: 6.6

36) If two different auxotrophic strains are placed in a liquid medium culture tube, prototrophic strains
can sometimes be subsequently recovered. Name several mechanisms by which this is possible.
Answer: reverse mutation, genetic suppression, genetic recombination (conjugation, transformation)
Section: 6.2, 6.5, 6.7

37) Assume that one counted 67 plaques on a bacterial plate where 0.1 ml of a 10-5 dilution of phage was
added to bacterial culture. What is the initial concentration of the undiluted phage?
Answer: 67 × 105 × 10 = 6.7 × 107 pfu/ml (pfu = plaque-forming units)
Section: 6.6

38) What is a bacteriophage?

Answer: A bacteriophage is a virus that has a bacterium as its host.
Section: 6.6

39) A form of bacterial recombination that involves a viral intermediate is called ________.
Answer: transduction
Section: 6.7

40) In a bacterial cross in which the donor (Hfr) is a+b+ and the recipient strain (F-) is a-b-, it is expected
that recombinant bacteria will all be a+b+.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 6.2

41) An Hfr cell can initiate chromosome transfer from one E. coli to another.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 6.2

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Test Bank for Concepts of Genetics 11th Edition by Klug

42) The "interrupted mating technique" provides a genetic map in Drosophila.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 6.2

43) R plasmids often contain genes for antibody production.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 6.4

44) A plaque is a substance that causes mutation in bacteria.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 6.6

45) Lysogeny is a process that occurs during transformation and conjugation.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 6.6

46) Viral mutations and variants are often categorized by changes in host range and/or plaque
morphology.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 6.6

47) A symbiotic relationship between a phage and a bacterium apparently occurs in the process of
lysogeny.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 6.6

48) Lysogeny is most likely associated with transduction.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 6.6

49) Cotransduction of genes is an indication that the genes are linked.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 6.7

50) To produce recombinants in bacteria, one crossover is better than two.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 6.8

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