The

Montreal
Protocol
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Ozone layer  a region of Earth's stratosphere that contains a

relatively high concentration of ozone (O3)
molecules

 absorb and block the sun's harmful

ultraviolet (UV) radiation

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Ozone
depletion
 Causes of Ozone depletion
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Halons
 Methyl Chloroform
 Carbon Tetrachloride
 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs)
 Hydrobromofluorocarbons
(HBFCs)

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Consequences
of Ozone Layer
Depletion
 Ozone Holes
 Increased UV Radiation
 Harm to Ecosystems
 Climate Change
 Stratospheric Cooling
 Reduced Crop Yields

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Discovery of the Ozone Hole

 Early Concerns about Ozone Depletion
 Potential of CFCs and other man-made chemicals to deplete the ozone layer
 Theoretical calculations and laboratory studies had raised concerns about the impact
of these chemicals on the ozone layer
 Dr. James Lovelock's Research
 developed a novel method to detect trace amounts of atmospheric chemicals
 electron capture detector (ECD)

 The Antarctic Ozone Hole Discovery

 ECD detected significantly lower levels of ozone in the Antarctic stratosphere

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Discovery of the Ozone Hole

 Confirmation by Satellite Observations
 satellite observations by NASA and other space agencies confirmed the existence
and seasonal variability of the ozone hole
 . Identifying the Role of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals
 linked to the release of human-made ozone-depleting chemicals, especially CFCs and
halons
 catalytic destruction of ozone by chlorine and bromine atoms released from these chemicals was
identified as the primary mechanism behind the ozone hole

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The Need for

International
Action
 Global Impact
 Cross-Border Effects
 Common Causes
 Global Collaboration

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The Montreal
Protocol
 an international treaty designed to protect the Earth's ozone
layer by regulating and ultimately phasing out the production
and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
 Year of establishment (1987)

 Primary Objectives:
• Reducing and ultimately eliminating the production and
consumption of ODS.
• Promoting the development and use of ozone-friendly
alternatives.

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Key Provisions

1 2 3 4
Setting specific phase-out Establishing mechanisms Encouraging research and Providing financial and
schedules for different for reporting and development of technical assistance to
categories of ODS. monitoring ODS alternative technologies developing countries to
production and and substances. help them comply with
consumption. the protocol.

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Amendments to the
Montreal Protocol
 London Amendment (1990) - marked a crucial step in
strengthening the Montreal Protocol and addressing the
urgent need to protect the ozone layer.
 Accelerated Phase-Out
 New Substances Added
 carbon tetrachloride
 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
 stricter control measures for the trade and use of
controlled ODS

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Amendments to the
Montreal Protocol
 Copenhagen Amendment (1992) - Demonstrated the
protocol's adaptability in responding to evolving
environmental challenges related to ODS
 Established regulations for the transboundary
movement of controlled ODS
 Required notification and prior informed
consent for such movements to prevent illegal
trade.

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Amendments to the
Montreal Protocol
 Montreal Amendment (1997)
 Further Accelerated Phase-Out
 New Substances Added
 hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
 Introduced regulations for the production
and consumption of these substances
 Financial Assistance
 Established financial mechanisms to support the
phase-out of ODS in developing countries.

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Amendments to the Montreal Protocol

 Kigali Amendment (2016) - marked a significant step in the evolution
of the Montreal Protocol, linking ozone protection and climate
change mitigation and underscoring the protocol's adaptability to
emerging environmental issues.
 Targeted HFC Phase-Down
 Focused on addressing hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
 Aims to gradually reduce the production and consumption
of HFCs
 Amendment Flexibility
• Allowed for different phase-down schedules based on the
economic and development status of countries.
• Provided a flexible framework for countries to transition to
more environmentally friendly alternatives.
 Climate Mitigation:
• Protecting the ozone layer by phasing down HFCs.
• Contributing to global climate change mitigation due
to the high global warming potential of HFCs.

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Monitoring and compliance mechanisms

 Country Reporting
 Each party to the Montreal Protocol is required to submit annual data on its
production and consumption of controlled ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
 quantities produced
 imported
 exported,
 consumed within the country.

 Data Verification:
• The reported data is subject to verification by technical experts and assessment
panels to ensure accuracy and consistency.

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Monitoring and compliance mechanisms

 Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP):
• The SAP is responsible for assessing and analyzing scientific and technical
information related to ODS and alternative substances and technologies.
• It evaluates the state of the ozone layer, environmental impacts, and the feasibility of
phasing out specific substances.
 Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP):
• The TEAP evaluates the technological and economic aspects of ODS phase-out and
the use of alternative technologies and substances.
• It assesses the availability, safety, and cost-effectiveness of alternatives.

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Monitoring and compliance mechanisms

 Compliance Committee:
• The Compliance Committee reviews the reports submitted by countries and assesses
their compliance with the Protocol's requirements.
• It addresses non-compliance issues and may recommend actions to bring non-
compliant countries back into compliance.
 Multilateral Fund Oversight:
• The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol provides
financial assistance to developing countries to support their phase-out of ODS.
• Oversight of fund disbursements ensures that funds are used appropriately and
effectively.

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Monitoring and compliance mechanisms

 Peer Review Process:
• The peer review process involves parties conducting reviews of one another's
implementation and compliance with the Protocol.
• This process encourages transparency and accountability among parties.
 Review and Amendment Process:
• The Protocol's provisions, including control measures and schedules, are subject to
periodic review and amendment based on scientific assessments and evolving
understanding of ozone depletion.

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Sanctions and Penalties

Trade Restrictions:
 Non-compliant countries may face restrictions on the import and export of ozone-
depleting substances (ODS) and products containing ODS.
 Parties to the Protocol may limit or prohibit trade with non-compliant countries to
prevent the illegal movement of ODS.
Financial Penalties:
 Countries that do not comply with their phase-out commitments may be subject to
financial penalties or fines.
 These penalties are intended to provide a financial disincentive for non-compliance.

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Sanctions and Penalties

 Loss of Funding:
• Non-compliant countries may lose access to financial and technical assistance from
the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol.
• This can have significant consequences for countries, particularly developing nations,
that rely on such assistance to meet their obligations.

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Challenges
 Ongoing Ozone Depletion: Despite significant progress, ozone depletion is not
yet fully reversed, particularly in certain regions and at specific altitudes. The
continued presence of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) and their breakdown
products in the atmosphere contributes to this challenge.
 Illegal Trade and Production: The illegal trade and production of ODS remain a
problem in some parts of the world. This undermines the achievements of the
Protocol and poses a threat to the recovery of the ozone layer.

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Challenges
 Replacement Substances and Climate Impact: Some of the alternatives to ODS,
such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), have high global warming potentials (GWPs).
While HFCs do not deplete the ozone layer, they contribute significantly to
climate change. This has prompted the need to address the environmental
impact of replacement substances.
 Technical and Financial Challenges: Developing countries face technical and
financial challenges in transitioning to alternative technologies and substances.
This includes the costs associated with upgrading equipment, developing
infrastructure, and training personnel to work with alternatives.

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Challenges
 Sustainability of Alternatives: The long-term sustainability and environmental
impact of alternative substances and technologies are still areas of concern.
Assessing the life cycle impacts of alternatives and ensuring their safety and
efficacy are ongoing challenges.
 Quarantine and Feedstock Uses: Specialized uses of ODS in quarantine and
feedstock applications pose challenges for phase-out, as they may lack suitable
alternatives. Balancing the need for these critical uses with environmental
protection remains a complex issue.

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Challenges
 Multilateral Fund Replenishment: The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation
of the Montreal Protocol, which provides financial assistance to developing
countries, requires periodic replenishment to continue its support. Ensuring
adequate funding to assist countries in meeting their obligations is an ongoing
challenge.
 Cooperation from Non-Parties: Encouraging non-parties to the Montreal
Protocol, including a few countries that have not ratified or acceded to the treaty,
to join the global effort is a persistent challenge.

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Challenges
 Adaptation to Emerging Challenges: The Montreal Protocol needs to
continuously adapt to emerging challenges, such as the identification of new ODS
and the need to address the unintended consequences of previous replacements.
 Synergizing with Climate Agreements: Aligning the goals and efforts of the
Montreal Protocol with broader climate agreements, such as the Paris
Agreement, presents both challenges and opportunities, as addressing ozone
depletion and climate change simultaneously requires careful coordination.

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‘Poster boy’ for global environmental

protection
 Science-Based Decision-Making:
• The Protocol's reliance on scientific assessments and expert panels has set a
precedent for evidence-based decision-making in environmental policy.
• It underscores the importance of robust scientific data and research in shaping
international agreements.
 Global Collaboration:
• The Protocol's near-universal ratification and global cooperation demonstrate the
power of collective action.
• It serves as a testament to the ability of nations to come together to address shared
environmental concerns.

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‘Poster boy’ for global environmental

protection
 Adaptability and Flexibility:
• The Protocol's adaptability to emerging challenges and its flexibility in responding to
evolving science are key features that future agreements can emulate.
• This adaptability ensures that agreements remain relevant over time.
 Public Engagement and Awareness:
• The Montreal Protocol's success in engaging the public and raising awareness about
environmental issues underscores the importance of public support in achieving
global goals.
• It demonstrates the impact of informed and engaged citizens.

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 The
Montreal
Protocol
https://www.unep.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/about-
montreal-protocol