Test Bank For Research Methods A Process of Inquiry Plus Mysearchlab With Etext Access Card Package 8 e 8th Edition

Test Bank For Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry Plus MySearchLab with eText — Acc
Test Bank For Research Methods: A Process of

Inquiry Plus MySearchLab with eText — Access Card
Package, 8/E 8th Edition
To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/test-bank-for-research-methods-a-process-of-inqui
ry-plus-mysearchlab-with-etext-access-card-package-8-e-8th-edition/
Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Graziano and Raulin Research Methods Test Bank
Chapter 6 Field Research: Naturalistic and Case Study Research

6.1 The Challenge of Low-Constraint Research
1) Most studies of primates have found that dominance hierarchies are based on
A) lineage (i.e., the dominance of the primate’s parents).
B) intelligence.
C) age.
D) size and strength.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
2) In contrast to most studies of primates, Dr. Shirley Strum’s study of the Pumphous Gang (a group of
baboon in Kenya) found that dominance was based on
A) the dominance of the individual’s mother.
B) the intelligence of the individual.
C) how successful the individual has been in hunting.
D) the age of the individual.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Factual
3) What was surprising about the observations of Shirley Strum of a group of baboons in Kenya is that
A) females were often the more aggressive and dominant members of the group
B) males and females had separate dominance hierarchies based on the same criteria.
C) the dominance hierarchy was based on the network of relationships rather than strength of
aggressiveness.
D) dominance hierarchies were more stable than had been previously found and based more on intellect.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
4) The term field research refers to

A) a very specific method of research.
B) a variety of research methods.
C) a rarely-used laboratory methodology.
D) a non-statistical way to gather data.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Factual
5) Archival research is an example of

A) single-subject designs.
B) an ANOVA.
C) low-constraint field research.
D) high-constraint laboratory research.
Answer: C
178
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
6) Observing chimpanzees in their wild habitat

A) is an example of laboratory research.
B) is an example of naturalistic research.
C) can provide little information.
D) has yet to be done.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Applied
7) Naturalistic observation, archival studies, and case studies are examples of types of ________
constraint field research.
A) lower
B) higher
C) maximal
D) Both A and C
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
8) In the field work context, archival research would involve

A) direct observation of participants in natural settings.
B) looking at records made in natural settings.
C) searching out previous research in libraries.
D) talking to participants about the past.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
9) What is the principle advantage(s) of low-constraint research?

A) It is much easier to conduct than high-constraint research.
B) You can maintain tighter controls on extraneous variables.
C) You have the flexibility to adjust your focus depending on what you find.
D) Your conclusions will be much stronger.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
10) Low-constraint field work is ________ than high-constraint laboratory research.

A) more flexible
B) less flexible
C) less valuable
D) more valuable
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
179
11) A researcher wants to look at birth rates in different parts of the United States. The quickest and
easiest way to do this would be to use
A) case-study methodology.
B) naturalistic research methodology.
C) archival research methodology.
D) longitudinal design methodology.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Applied
12) Which of the following is NOT considered field research?

A) observation of natural behavior.
B) archival research.
C) case studies.
D) laboratory manipulation of independent variables.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
13) At the lowest constraint levels, the researcher looks for

A) the effects of one variable on another.
B) predictability of variable A from knowing variable B.
C) causal relationships.
D) the natural flow of behavior.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
14) When a researcher asks standardized questions of a sample of participants, it is termed a(n)
A) ethnograph.
B) parametric observation.
C) survey.
D) tabulation.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
15) Low-constraint research is

A) easier because of lack of constraint.
B) sometimes more burdensome.
C) almost always more difficult and time consuming.
D) generally much more expensive.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
16) In naturalistic and case study research,

A) no controls are needed.
B) the controls are primarily on the observer.
C) the controls are primarily on the participant in order to specify and delimit their behavior.
D) the highest level of control possible is imposed on both the participant and the observer.
180
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
17) Naturalistic and case-study methods

A) apply few constraints on the participants.
B) apply extensive controls, especially on the participants.
C) are commonly used in the laboratory.
D) should always be analyzed using ANOVA procedures.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Interpretive
18) If a researcher were interested in observing mating behavior in polar bears, what kind of research
would be most appropriate?
A) experimental research
B) case-study research
C) naturalistic observation
D) high-constraint research
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Applied
19) A researcher decides to study the dating patterns of college students. To do this, she goes to a
college party and observes the students. This is an example of
A) archival research methodology.
B) naturalistic observation methodology.
C) field experimentation methodology.
D) case-study methodology.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Applied
20) The work of Charles Darwin is an example of

A) naturalistic observation.
B) archival investigation.
C) program research.
D) field experimentation.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Applied
21) Naturalistic research is most likely to reveal

A) the strength of relationships among two or more variables.
B) individual personal adjustment.
C) laboratory controlled behavior.
D) the natural flow of behavior.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117-118
Skill: Interpretive
181
22) Which of the following is a good example of naturalistic research?
A) Charles Darwin's observations of plants and animals.
B) Jane Goodall's study of the chimpanzee in Tanzania.
C) Adeline Levine's study of the residents of the Love Canal.
D) Darley and Latané’s manipulation of variables that influence helping behavior.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117-118 (SG)
Skill: Applied
23) Research showing that children with autism uttered a lot of spontaneous verbalizations during social
conflict situations would be conducted using
A) naturalistic observation.
B) archival investigation.
C) program research.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Applied
24) Of the following, which is NOT an example of naturalistic research?

A) Charles Darwin's work on natural selection
B) Jane Goodall's work on chimpanzees
C) Sigmund Freud's clinical work
D) Rosenhan's study of mental hospital admissions.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Applied
25) Naturalistic methods have been used primarily by

A) ethologists.
B) psychoanalysts.
C) cognitive psychologists.
D) laboratory scientists.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117-118
Skill: Applied
26) Jane Goodall studied

A) natural vegetation.
B) dolphins.
C) chimpanzees.
D) the African elephant.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Factual
27) Jane Goodall's study of chimpanzees in the wild is representative of

A) naturalistic research.
B) experimental research.
C) cross-sectional research.
182
D) laboratory research.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Interpretive
28) Ethologists study the behavior of animals in their natural environment. Which of the following
constraint levels would be used most frequently by ethologists?
A) naturalistic
B) correlational
C) differential
D) experimental
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117 (SG)
Skill: Applied
29) A scientific contemporary of Darwin was

A) Wallace.
B) Einstein.
C) Krik.
D) Skinner.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Factual
30) Darwin's great discovery was also made by his contemporary,

A) Einstein.
B) Skinner.
C) Wallace.
D) Bandura.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Factual
31) Both Darwin and Wallace found that species

A) show little or no change over time.
B) occur randomly.
C) do not occur randomly.
D) change significantly from one generation to another.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Interpretive
32) Over 150 years of research studies based on the Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution
A) have failed to support the theory.
B) have upheld the predictions from the theory in the vast majority of the studies.
C) have supported few of the predictions from the theory.
D) have led scientists to become increasingly skeptical of the theory.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Interpretive
183
33) The Darwin-Wallace evolutionary theory has been
A) only weakly supported by research.
B) subjected to very little scientific testing.
C) scientifically tested more thoroughly than any other scientific theory.
D) lacking in scientific support.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Interpretive
34) Ethologists and comparative psychologists studying animals in natural habitats are most likely to
engage in which type of research?
A) case-study research
B) naturalistic research
C) experimental research
D) correlational research
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117-118
Skill: Interpretive
35) When Darwin and Wallace asked what kinds of processes would account for their observations, they
were using
A) deductive reasoning.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) the method of authority.
D) the intuitive method.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Interpretive
36) Ethologists, who study animal behavior, often employ

A) naturalistic methods.
B) survey research.
C) archival investigations.
D) experimental methods.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117-118
Skill: Interpretive
37) Which of the following researchers did NOT employ case study methodology?
A) Witmer
B) Piaget
C) Freud
D) Boesch and Boesch-Ackerman
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Interpretive
38) In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Adeline Levine studied
A) the use and misuse of psychiatric diagnoses.
B) the sociological effects of discovering that your neighborhood was built over a toxic waste dump.
184
C) elephant behavior in Tanzania.
D) the cultural behavior of primates.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117-118
Skill: Factual
39) Adeline Levine's study of Love Canal residents

A) could only have used naturalistic methodology.
B) was an example of a program evaluation methodology.
C) was an example of experimentation.
D) primarily used archival research.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117-118
Skill: Applied
40) Adeline Levine's (1982) study of the Love Canal disaster provided an example of
A) biological sociology.
B) naturalistic methods used in sociological research.
C) experimental research in sociology.
D) a controlled longitudinal research design.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 125
Skill: Applied
41) Phillip Davis (1997) used naturalistic observation of children being hit in shopping malls because
A) surveys asking "how often and how severely do you hit your children" are not answered accurately.
B) parents hit their children more often in shopping malls.
C) mall managers encouraged him to observe parent and non-parent caregivers
D) asking participants to come into the lab was too expensive.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Applied
42) In the early 1970s, David Rosenhan studied

A) the social and psychological effects of a disaster.
B) the abuse of animals in experiments.
C) ethical issues in psychological research.
D) the use of psychiatric diagnosis.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118-119
Skill: Factual
43) David Rosenhan's study was a good example of

A) unethical behavior.
B) an anthropological study.
C) a naturalistic study.
D) basic research.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118-119
Skill: Applied
185
44) Rosenhan investigated the experiences of psychiatric patients in mental hospitals by
A) asking patients to describe their experiences.
B) unobtrusively observing the behavior of patients on psychiatric hospital wards.
C) asking normal people to admit themselves to mental hospitals by feigning symptoms.
D) asking psychiatrists to describe the environment of a typical mental hospital.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
45) Rosenhan's (1973) study of the experiences of mental "pseudopatients" is an interesting example of
A) pseudoscience.
B) experimental research.
C) correlational research.
D) naturalistic research.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118-119
Skill: Applied
46) Rosenhan conducted

A) naturalistic research in mental hospitals.
B) case study research in mental hospitals.
C) participant-observer research in college classes.
D) correlational research on the mentally ill.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118-119
Skill: Applied
47) A case study is

A) an example of a highly constrained method.
B) naturalistic, but more constrained than simple naturalistic observation.
C) basic research.
D) carried out in natural environments using high technology equipment.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119
Skill: Interpretive
48) Jean Piaget

A) studied abnormal behavior in children.
B) used high-constraint experimentation in his research.
C) studied cognitive development in children.
D) studied the aging process in the elderly.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 120
Skill: Factual
49) In both case study and naturalistic research, the investigator

A) does not manipulate independent variables.
B) does not care about dependent variables.
C) manipulates independent variables.
D) manipulates dependent variables.
186
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117-120
Skill: Interpretive
50) Case study research is ________ research with more constraint imposed on the procedures.
A) experimental
B) naturalistic
C) high-constraint
D) inflexible
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119
Skill: Interpretive
51) A researcher decides she wants to study the families of adolescents. To do this she extensively
studies one family that has an adolescent. This is an example of
A) archival research.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) a case study.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119
Skill: Applied
52) Freud used ________ in his research on psychoanalytic concepts.

A) tightly constrained interviews
B) the methodology of Socrates
C) patient interviews
D) focused questionnaires
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119
Skill: Applied
53) One of the most famous examples of case study research was conducted by
A) Alfred Russel Wallace.
B) Lowell Thomas.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Charles Darwin.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119
Skill: Applied
54) Compared with naturalistic research, case study research is

A) more constrained.
B) less constrained.
C) equally constrained.
D) not at all constrained.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117-119
Skill: Interpretive
187
55) E. L. Witmer was an early proponent of
A) euthanasia.
B) gerontological research.
C) biofeedback.
D) the case study method.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119-120
Skill: Interpretive
56) Which of the following employed case-study methodology solely for research, as opposed to
treatment?
A) E. L. Witmer
B) Jean Piaget
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119-120
Skill: Applied
57) Jean Piaget's research efforts primarily employed

A) case study methods.
B) electrophysiological measures.
C) cognitive experiments.
D) laboratory experiments.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 120
Skill: Interpretive
58) Piaget's case study methods were used to

A) solve practical problems.
B) conduct research on development.
C) conduct research to find solutions to practical problems.
D) study abnormal emotional development.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 120
Skill: Interpretive
59) Piaget's major contribution to research with children has been in the area of
A) dysfunctional children.
B) functional children in dysfunctional families.
C) cognitive development in children.
D) play techniques in children.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 120
Skill: Interpretive
60) Case study research looks at

A) the total context and natural flow of behaviors.
B) highly constrained naturalistic behaviors.
C) limited classes of behavior, rather than the total context and natural flow of behavior.
D) all classes of behavior.
188
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119-120
Skill: Interpretive
61) Case study research methods would most likely be used to study
A) the social order of elephants.
B) individual personal adjustment.
C) the relationship between watching TV and aggression.
D) performance on a memory task.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119-120
Skill: Applied
62) The research of Jean Piaget on the cognitive development of children is an example of
B) case study research.
C) differential research.
D) experimental research.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 120 (SG)
Skill: Applied
63) Case studies focus typically on

A) groups.
B) individuals.
C) environments.
D) collective environments.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119-120
Skill: Factual
64) Which of the following people did NOT carry out case study research?
A) Freud
B) Piaget
C) Witmer
D) Darwin
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119-120
Skill: Applied
65) Katherine Phillips' descriptions of individuals with body dysmorphic disorder is an example of
B) case study research.
D) experimental research.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 120
Skill: Interpretive
189
66) Case studies are
A) no longer used in psychology.
B) limited to clinical questions.
C) used only in sociology.
D) useful in learning about a phenomenon that is relatively unknown.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119-120
Skill: Interpretive
6.2 The Value of Low-Constraint Methods

1) The case-study level of constraint is used to study
A) differences between psychopathological populations.
B) the effects of treatment on psychological problems.
C) any behavior of any kind of participant in a relatively unconstrained setting.
D) either A or B
Answer: C
Type: MC
Skill: Interpretive
2) Low-constraint research is appropriate in

A) the initial stages of research in a new area.
B) established areas of study.
C) all areas of research at all levels of scientific inquiry.
D) differential studies.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 120-121
Skill: Interpretive
3) When a new research area is first studied,

A) it is critically important to use the highest constraint research procedures in order to maximize control
over the unknown confounding variables.
B) the researcher should specify exactly what causal relationships he/she is expecting to observe.
C) the research variables should all be clearly specified before any observations are made.
D) the researcher should use low-constraint procedures because of the greater flexibility they offer.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Skill: Interpretive
4) When is low-constraint research appropriate?

A) At the beginning stages of a new area of research.
B) At the later stages of testing a new drug.
C) At the beginning stages of any experiment.
D) During replication studies, even if the original study was conducted at a high-constraint level.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 120-121
Skill: Interpretive
190
5) A researcher wants to study bonding behavior in chimpanzees. Unfortunately, the researcher has no
real knowledge about chimpanzees, and there is no information on bonding in the literature. Which of the
following would be the most appropriate way to begin to study the topic?
A) archival research
B) ex post facto methodology
C) experimental research
D) naturalistic observation
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 121
Skill: Applied
6) For which of the following conditions would low-constraint research techniques NOT be appropriate?
A) When the research area is new, and the researcher has little idea what to expect.
B) When the researcher is interested in the behavior of a single participant and is not interested in
generalizing the findings beyond that single participant.
C) When the researcher wants to demonstrate the feasibility of a new research or treatment procedure.
D) When the researcher is focused on a causal question.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Skill: Interpretive
7) An area of concern that is more problematic in laboratory research than in low-constraint field work in
psychology is
A) scientific validity.
B) generalizability of findings.
C) that lab experiments are unethical.
D) that most human behavior can only be evaluated in naturalistic environments.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 121
Skill: Interpretive
8) A researcher wants to look at the effects of stress on ability to function in college students. He brings
students into his laboratory, induces stress in some students, and then measures ability to perform a task.
A problem with this study is
A) it lacks scientific validity.
B) that stress is induced in some students and not others.
C) it is unethical.
D) the findings may not generalize.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 121
Skill: Applied
9) Case-study research with individuals

A) is generally applicable to the wider society.
B) is similar to high-constraint research.
C) can be used to predict future results with a high degree of accuracy.
D) may not predict behavior in the wider society.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 120-121
Skill: Interpretive
191
10) The most useful laws of behavior are those that
A) predict behavior in the real world.
B) can be replicated in laboratory conditions.
C) are statistically accurate.
D) aid basic research.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 121
Skill: Interpretive
11) Researchers who conduct all their research in highly constrained laboratory settings often overlook
the potential contributions to ________ made by case-study and naturalistic research.
A) posterity
B) generalizability
C) internal validity
D) charity
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 121
Skill: Interpretive
12) In the research process used by therapists, the analysis phase relies
A) less on statistics, and more on logic.
B) more on statistics, and less on logic.
C) on statistics and logic in equal proportion.
D) on the suspension of disbelief.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 122
Skill: Interpretive
13) The most widely accepted model for the training of clinical psychologists is the
A) clinical-therapy model.
B) psychiatric-research model.
C) scientist-practitioner model.
D) scientific-research model.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 122
Skill: Factual
14) Low-constraint research procedures can contribute to the generalizability of findings if

A) the researcher begins his/her research with extensive low-constraint observations.
B) high-constraint findings from the laboratory are tested by making observations in naturalistic settings.
C) the sample sizes are kept small so that careful observation of all participants is possible.
D) the sample consists of a single subject who is studied over time.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 121 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
15) Graziano and Kean's relaxation training program for autistic children
A) established that autistic children were too high-strung to be taught to relax.
B) yielded equivocal results.
C) established a general proposition that relaxation training is effective for children.
D) successfully negated the general proposition that relaxation training cannot be taught to children.
192
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Applied
16) Graziano and Kean studied

A) emotional disturbance in children.
B) autistic children.
C) the aftermath of the Niagara Falls disaster.
D) emotional disturbance in adults.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Factual
17) Graziano and Kean studied ________ in autistic children.

A) relaxation as a behavior therapy
B) electric shock therapy
C) institutionalization
D) memory
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Factual
18) Low-constraint research can

A) negate a general proposition but cannot establish a general proposition.
B) establish a general proposition but cannot negate a general proposition.
C) only establish causal relationships.
D) overcome problems with confounding.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
19) Jane Goodall observed chimpanzees fighting and killing each other. Which of the following
methodologies would be most useful in telling us what caused the chimpanzees' behavior?
A) case study research
B) naturalistic research
C) quasi-experimental research
D) higher-constraint research
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Applied
20) "If X occurs, Y will probably occur" is an example of a(n)

A) contingency.
B) hypothetical scientific probability.
C) observation.
D) hypothesis.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Interpretive
193
21) The type of relationship that is best described by the phrase, "If X occurs, then Y is very likely to
occur," is a
A) causal relationship.
B) probability relationship.
C) contingency.
D) linear relationship.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
22) A probability statement such as "given that event X occurred, then the probability of event Y occurring
is high" is referred to as
A) an event notation.
B) a corollary.
C) a certainty statement.
D) a contingency.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Interpretive
23) A baby chimpanzee grunts a specific way, shortly after its mother provides food. This is an example of
a
A) contingent relationship.
B) noncontingent relationship.
C) semi-contingent relationship.
D) nonexistent relationship.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Applied
24) An example of a contingency from naturalistic research is provided in the textbook by

A) Tinbergen's observation of the feeding behavior of herring gulls.
B) Graziano and Kean's research on disruptive behavior in autistic children.
C) Darwin's research on natural selection.
D) Margaret Mead's work on marriage rituals in the Trobriand Islands.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Applied
25) Low-constraint research can

A) negate a general proposition.
B) establish a general proposition.
C) establish a specific proposition.
D) prove a theory correct.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Interpretive
26) A researcher uses naturalistic methodology to study dating behavior in college students. He/she finds
the behavior on dates is strongly affected by alcohol (i.e., the more students drink alcohol, the more
uninhibited they become during dates). With this information he/she can
194
A) establish a specific proposition that alcohol affects dating behavior.
B) establish a general proposition that alcohol affects dating behavior.
C) state that the behavior of college students on dates is related to how much alcohol they drink.
D) negate a general proposition that alcohol affects dating behavior.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Applied
27) Low-constraint research enables us to obtain useful information about

A) techniques for manipulating variables.
B) causality.
C) relationships among variables.
D) making and testing predictions.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Interpretive
28) One use of low-constraint research is in

A) experimentation.
B) high-constraint research designs.
C) qualitative research.
D) the experimental level of constraint.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 122-123
Skill: Applied
29) We rely on formalized procedures in

A) high-constraint research.
B) low-constraint research.
C) qualitative research
D) all research.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Interpretive
30) We rely on formalized control procedures

A) in qualitative research.
B) in low-constraint research.
C) to decrease reliability.
D) to increase validity.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Interpretive
31) In lower-constraint research, validity depends more upon

A) reliability.
B) statistical analyses.
C) the researcher's clarity of thought.
D) internal validity
Answer: C
Type: MC
195
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Interpretive
32) In which of the following areas are low-constraint research methods rarely used?
A) education.
B) ethology.
C) business management.
D) biological psychology
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 122-123
Skill: Applied
33) The major goal of ________ is to describe and analyze functioning in everyday settings.
A) experimentation
B) modern psychology
C) qualitative research
D) biology
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 122-123
Skill: Interpretive
34) In qualitative research projects, ________ quantitative research.

A) the goals are precisely the same as in
B) there are no goals as in
C) the goals are unspecified as in
D) the goals are different from
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Interpretive
35) Much of the research discussed in Chapter 6 (Naturalistic and Case Study Research) is
A) qualitative research.
B) highly experimental.
D) high-constraint research.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 123
Skill: Interpretive
36) The primary goal of qualitative research is to

A) use statistical methods to uncover the qualities that make people behave as they do.
B) analyze functioning in everyday settings.
C) illustrate why certain behaviors occur in groups.
D) find qualitative differences between groups.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 124
Skill: Interpretive
37) The difference between qualitative research and traditional quantitative research is that
A) quantitative research focuses on the qualities on which groups differ.
B) qualitative research deemphasizes the role of theories.
196
C) qualitative research traditionally gives its findings in the form of a narrative explanation.
D) qualitiative research emphasizes the role of theories.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 124
Skill: Interpretive
6.3 Using Low-Constraint Methods

1) At the naturalistic and case-study levels of constraint, problem statements are primarily focused on
A) determining the strength and direction of relationships between two or more variables.
B) identifying contingencies.
C) questions of causality.
D) determining differences between groups.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 124-125
Skill: Interpretive
2) Low-constraint research
A) must rigidly adhere to only one area of research.
B) can flexibly move from one research area to another.
C) does not allow changes in procedures.
D) is used only in sociology.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 124-125
Skill: Interpretive
3) Problem statements at the naturalistic and case study levels of constraint are focused on
A) identifying contingencies.
B) quantifying the direction and strength of a relationship between two or more variables.
C) issues of causality.
D) determining differences between groups.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Skill: Interpretive
4) Which level of constraint allows us to draw causal inferences with confidence?

A) differential
B) naturalistic
C) case-study
D) experimental
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 125 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
5) Which of the following would NOT be found in low-constraint research?

A) sophisticated measurement instruments
B) observation of more than one participant
C) random assignment of participants to conditions
D) any sort of statistical analysis
Answer: C
197
Type: MC
Skill: Interpretive
6) Which of the following studies used a participant observer approach?

A) Darwin's study of natural selection
B) Levine's study of the Love Canal Home Owner's Association
C) Goodall's study of chimpanzees
D) Darley and Latané’s research on bystander apathy
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126 (SG)
Skill: Applied
7) Low-constraint research tends to

A) focus on experimentation.
B) start with refined operational definitions.
C) start with general questions.
D) emphasize statistical analyses.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 125-126
Skill: Interpretive
8) In low-constraint research, problem statements

A) are developed only at the conclusion of the study.
B) are not necessary.
C) should begin at a highly defined level.
D) can gradually evolve into specific hypotheses.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 125
Skill: Interpretive
9) Problem statements in low-constraint research

A) can change readily.
B) are not needed.
C) cannot be altered
D) focus on causality.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 125
Skill: Interpretive
10) The two ways of making observations in naturalistic research are by becoming either
A) an obtrusive observer or a participant observer.
B) a scientist-practitioner or an unobtrusive observer.
C) an unobtrusive observer or a participant observer.
D) an observational listener or a scientist-practitioner.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 125-126
Skill: Interpretive
11) The central phase of any research project is

A) statistical analyses.
198
B) report writing.
C) interpretation.
D) observation.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 125-126
Skill: Interpretive
12) To determine causality, the researcher needs to

A) use qualitative research methods.
B) develop high-constraint hypotheses.
C) use correlations.
D) always use t-tests.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 125
Skill: Interpretive
13) The researcher who is part of the situation being observed

A) has lost all objectivity.
B) should not interpret the data obtained.
C) is a participant observer.
D) should rely on high-constraint statistical procedures.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 125-126
Skill: Interpretive
14) Measuring the wear on the floor around a museum exhibit to determine how interesting people find
the exhibit is an example of
A) unethical research.
B) inaccurate measurement.
C) reactive measurement.
D) unobtrusive measurement.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126-127
Skill: Applied
15) Measuring the degree of wear on floor tiles as an index of interest in an art exhibit is a clever example
of
A) an unobtrusive measure.
B) an independent variable.
C) a reactive measure.
D) an obtrusive measure.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126-127
Skill: Applied
16) One of the advantages of being a participant observer is that

A) you can test hypotheses by creating situations that may not occur naturally.
B) it is more scientifically valid if you can contribute more directly to your own research.
C) participating reduces bias.
D) it allows greater controls to be placed on participants, which is highly desirable.
Answer: A
199
Type: MC
Page Ref: 125-126
Skill: Interpretive
17) A researcher wants to examine flirting behavior in young adults. To do this she goes to a bar and
observes participants from behind a one-way mirror. This is an example of
A) unobtrusive participant observation.
B) unobtrusive observation.
C) semi-obtrusive observation.
D) participant observation.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126
Skill: Applied
18) A researcher wants to examine jealousy in mating behavior in young couples who are dating. To do
this, he goes to a bar to observe participants. After no jealousy behavior spontaneously appears he
begins talking to the girlfriends of men that have left for certain amounts of time. This is an example of
A) obtrusive observation.
B) unobtrusive observation.
C) asking for trouble.
D) participant observation.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126
Skill: Applied
19) Measurement reactivity refers to

A) reactions of participants to the experimenter's lab coat.
B) the reaction of the experimenters to the obtained data.
C) participant observer bias.
D) participants responding differently because they are being observed.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126
Skill: Factual
20) A researcher wants to study the effects of attention on ability to perform a task. The participant's
attention is recorded by a research assistant that the participant knows is watching. A problem with this
design is
A) measurement reactivity.
B) participant observer bias.
C) unobtrusive measurement.
D) obtrusive participant measurement.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126
Skill: Applied
21) Which of the following procedures would help to control measurement reactivity?
A) using an unobtrusive observational procedure
B) using an observer who is obvious to the people being observed
C) emphasizing the observation procedure
D) having the subjects make their own observations
Answer: A
Type: MC
200
Page Ref: 126 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
22) When participants who are aware of being observed behave differently than they might normally, they
are demonstrating the phenomenon of
B) paranoia.
C) archival reactivity.
D) observational phobia.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126
Skill: Interpretive
23) Measures that are prone to distortions because of participants' awareness of being observed are
termed
A) obtrusive measures.
B) unobtrusive measures.
C) reactive measures.
D) nonreactive measures.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126
Skill: Interpretive
24) Measuring and observing tile wear as an index of interest level of museum exhibits can be described
as an
A) unobtrusive measure.
B) obtrusive measure.
C) example of obtrusive measurement in highly-constrained research.
D) example of highly-constrained research.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126-127
Skill: Applied
25) Behavioral measures that are not obvious to the person being measured are termed
A) two-way mirrors.
B) unobstructive measures.
C) unobtrusive measures.
D) biased measures.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126-127
Skill: Interpretive
26) Obtaining "nose prints" on glass in an art exhibit was a clever and ________ way to measure
________.
A) obtrusive; interest in the display
B) unobtrusive; interest in the display
C) archival; patrons' height
D) unobtrusive; patrons' height
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126-127
Skill: Applied
201
27) Information about phenomena that have already occurred can be obtained by consulting
A) unobtrusive measures.
B) the index of leading economic indicators.
C) a parapsychologist.
D) archival records.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 126-127
Skill: Interpretive
28) Such things as historical documents, newspaper reports, TV and radio broadcasts, when used in
research, represent the use of
A) unscientific methods.
B) case-study methods.
C) archival methods.
D) unreliable sources.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 127-128
Skill: Applied
29) ________ records have allowed government officials to track down and identify new diseases like
AIDS or Toxic Shock Syndrome.
A) Archival
B) Unobtrusive
C) Missing
D) Archetypal
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 127-128
Skill: Applied
30) In low-constraint studies,

A) analysis is only possible if we use complex statistical software.
B) coding of data is generally necessary before analysis.
C) direct analysis can always be undertaken.
D) there is often no data to analyze.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 127-128
Skill: Interpretive
31) In low-constraint studies, statistical analysis usually takes place

A) after interpreting the data.
B) after coding of the data.
C) before observation has begun.
D) immediately after the first participants have been run.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 128-129
Skill: Interpretive
32) Wender, Kety, Rosenthal, Schulsinger, Ortmann, and Lunde (1986) used primarily ________ in the
study of genetic influences in psychopathology.
A) naturalistic methods
202
B) participant observation
C) archival material
D) people's own experiences
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 129
Skill: Applied
33) Sampling refers to the

A) testing of hypotheses.
B) selection of analyses.
C) recording of observations.
D) selection of participants.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 129-130
Skill: Factual
34) A sample of clients going for therapy is likely to

A) be representative of the general population.
B) be unrepresentative of the general population.
C) include only rich people due to the cost of therapy.
D) be representative of the amount of pathology in society.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 129-130
Skill: Applied
35) In doing low-constraint research, we must address the issue of the sample's
A) validity.
B) representativeness.
C) randomness.
D) generalizability.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 129-130
Skill: Interpretive
36) When the sample is ________, the findings are ________.

A) generalizable; representative
B) large; valid
C) random; replicable
D) representative; generalizable
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 129-130
Skill: Interpretive
37) To the extent that there are differences between the sample and the general population, the sample is
said to be
A) unbiased.
B) unusable.
C) unrepresentative of the population.
D) generalizable to the population.
Answer: C
Type: MC
203
Page Ref: 129-130
Skill: Interpretive
38) Generalization of research findings can only occur if

A) the research has been done using a large sample size.
B) the sample is truly representative of the population of interest.
C) the research has been performed in a well-equipped laboratory.
D) the data have been analyzed using sophisticated statistical methods.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 130
Skill: Interpretive
39) Researchers do NOT usually have the opportunity to select their own samples in
A) experimental research.
B) correlational research.
C) case-study and naturalistic research.
D) differential research.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 130
Skill: Interpretive
40) The results of a study on nightmares in a sample of psychotherapy patients can be

A) generalized to all medical patients.
B) generalized to the general population.
C) generalized only to other psychotherapy clients.
D) generalized only to psychotherapists.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 129-130
Skill: Applied
41) Generalization of research findings can occur only when

A) what is observed in the research sample would also be observed in any other sample from the
population.
B) the research is published.
C) the phenomenon of interest is important enough for a research team to undertake its measurement.
D) replication studies have verified the original findings on a similar group of participants.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 130
Skill: Interpretive
42) The selection of appropriate research participants is termed

A) random sampling.
B) generalization.
C) subjectivity.
D) sampling.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 129-130
Skill: Interpretive
43) In selecting a sample of participants for a study, our main goal of the research is to
A) keep observations limited in order to insure accuracy of the data in at least one setting.
204
B) make sure observations are always representative.
C) allow confident generalization of findings.
D) rule out any behavior that was different from expected patterns.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 129-130
Skill: Interpretive
44) In low-constraint research, we should be concerned with all of the following EXCEPT
A) sampling of participants.
B) sampling of behaviors.
C) sampling of situations.
D) sampling of statistical procedures.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Skill: Interpretive
45) Generalizability of research findings can be affected by

A) how well the study is received by the scientific establishment.
B) the sophistication of the instruments.
C) the type of journal in which the study is published.
D) the sampling of situations.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 130
Skill: Interpretive
46) Three research phenomena that can affect generalizability of results are
A) the sampling of participants, the sampling of situations, and the sampling of behaviors.
B) the sampling of participants, the sampling of situations, and the sampling of instruments.
C) measurement error, the sampling of situations, and the sample size.
D) the sampling of participants, the sampling of behaviors, and measurement error.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 130
Skill: Interpretive
47) By taking measures of attention from children at various times of the day during different activities, we
would be
A) sampling a truncated range of behaviors.
B) skewing our sample.
C) decreasing generalizability by the sampling of situations.
D) increasing generalizability by the sampling of situations.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 129-130
Skill: Applied
48) Sampling of behaviors refers to

A) sampling the same situation repeatedly to observe the range of behaviors shown.
B) sampling at various times of day.
C) increasing one's behavioral repertoire.
D) the teaching of more effective coping behaviors to troubled adolescents.
Answer: A
Type: MC
205
Page Ref: 130
Skill: Factual
49) The limitations of low-constraint research usually restrict our conclusions. These limitations
A) involve the lack of highly technological measurement devices.
B) can be corrected by using more complex statistical analyses.
C) cannot be corrected by using more complex statistical analyses.
D) are not generally a problem in the field of psychology.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 130-131
Skill: Interpretive
50) The purpose of control is to

A) make it possible to draw several conclusions from the data.
B) encourage a variety of explanations.
C) eliminate alternative explanations for results.
D) make the research less expensive to conduct.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 130-131
Skill: Interpretive
51) Which of the following statements is accurate?

A) We need not be cautious when interpreting data from a low-constraint study.
B) No statistical analysis will create the controls that were not part of the original study.
C) One of the important uses of statistical analyses is to create controls that were missing from the
original study.
D) The purpose of control is to uncover alternative explanations for results.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 130-131
Skill: Interpretive
6.4 Limitations of Low-Constraint Methods

1) One of the major weaknesses of low-constraint methods is their
A) flexibility.
B) costliness.
C) difficulty in getting participants.
D) poor representativeness.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 131
Skill: Interpretive
2) One of the problems with replicating low-constraint research is that

A) researchers often don't clearly state all details of their procedures.
B) researchers fear that their theories will be stolen if they give too many details.
C) there is not enough money available for replications.
D) replication studies are viewed as low-prestige research.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 131-132
Skill: Interpretive
206
3) Ex post facto reasoning refers most directly to
A) reasoning "after the fact."
B) begging the question.
C) refuting arguments on the basis of who makes them.
D) smuggling premises.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 132
Skill: Interpretive
4) In case-study research, we can

A) have confidence in causal inferences drawn.
B) draw causal inferences, which can be applied to the general population.
C) speculate on causal connections that could be tested with higher-constraint research.
D) rule out the effect of extraneous variables.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 131-133
Skill: Interpretive
5) If we draw causal inferences from case-study research and we claim to have confidence in that
relationship, we are
A) interpreting high-constraint research as if it were low-constraint research.
B) establishing a scientific fact.
C) interpreting low-constraint research as if it were high-constraint research.
D) contributing valuable scientifically proven material for higher-constraint research.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 132
Skill: Interpretive
6) Case studies are by their nature

A) quid pro quo approaches.
B) ad hoc approaches.
C) ex post facto approaches.
D) post hoc approaches.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 132
Skill: Interpretive
7) Which of the following is an example of an ex post facto fallacy?

A) Since A and B are related, you assume that A caused B.
B) Since the manipulation of the independent variable A results in a consistent change in the dependent
variable B, you assume that the change in A causes the change in B.
C) Since no correlation between A and B is found, you assume that there is no causal relationship
between A and B.
D) Since only a contingency between A and B is established, you assume that there is no causal
connection between A and B.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 132 (SG)
Skill: Applied
207
8) Aggressive children watch a great deal of television. Therefore, watching a great deal of television
leads to aggressive behavior in children. This statement is an example of
A) a logical statement, which the researcher could test with confidence.
B) an ex post facto fallacy, which could lead to misinterpretation of data.
C) a hypothesis, which has been tested with mixed results.
D) a true and verifiable statement of a predictive relationship.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 132
Skill: Applied
9) Which of the following research approaches most frequently uses ex post facto approaches?
A) field experimentation
B) differential research
C) experimental designs
D) case study research
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 132-133
Skill: Interpretive
10) An example of an ex post facto fallacy is

A) "If we let this defendant off easy, then we'll have to let everybody else off, too."
B) "This statement is untrue, because it was made by a man who is a mental patient."
C) "All psychologists drive Volvos; therefore, every time I see a Volvo, it must be driven by a
psychologist."
D) "Juvenile delinquents carry knives; therefore, carrying a knife leads to juvenile delinquency."
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 132-133
Skill: Applied
11) If a researcher was studying the effect of TV violence on children's behavior and wanted to infer
causality implied by previous case-study research, he should
A) use higher constraint research procedures.
B) use multiple case study research techniques.
C) take inferences at face value; no further research is necessary.
D) disregard previous case-study research.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 132-133
Skill: Applied
12) When participants respond to cues from the experimenter, the study is affected by
B) unobtrusive measurement reactivity.
C) participant reactivity.
D) experimenter reactivity.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 133
Skill: Interpretive
13) If a researcher emits uncontrolled verbalizations during research, it is likely to lead to

A) the ex post facto fallacy.
B) the quid pro quo fallacy.
208
C) experimenter reactivity.
D) a recording contract.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 133
Skill: Interpretive
14) Rosenhan, who studied people who gained admission to a psychiatric hospital, may have made the
error of
A) drawing high-constraint conclusions from low-constraint research.
B) inferring causality from high-constraint research.
C) using a nonrepresentative sample.
D) using inappropriate statistical tests.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 133-134
Skill: Applied
15) Rosenhan (1973) concluded that in order to gain admission to a psychiatric hospital, a person has
only to
A) show proof of adequate insurance.
B) report hearing voices.
C) refuse to speak to intake personnel.
D) request admission stating "I don't feel right."
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 133-134
Skill: Applied
16) Most of the pseudopatients in Rosenhan's (1973) classic study were diagnosed with schizophrenia.
This diagnosis was
A) inconsistent with the symptoms presented by the pseudopatients.
B) given to 90% of patients admitted to that hospital.
C) consistent with the symptoms presented by the pseudopatients.
D) inconsistent with the treatment (e.g., psychopharmacology) given to the pseudopatients.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 133-134
Skill: Applied
17) Rosenhan's (1973) conclusions based on his study of pseudopatients may have been
A) too strong for the constraint level of the study.
B) too weak for the constraint level of the study.
C) based on data collected in the lab, not in a natural setting.
D) the result of improperly used statistical tests.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 133-134
Skill: Applied
6.5 Ethical Principles: Confidentiality and Informed Consent

1) In which of the following research areas would naturalistic observation be difficult?
A) school children's behavior on playgrounds
B) marital conversation during intercourse
209
C) visitor behavior at football games
D) basketball court usage at hospitals
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Applied
2) Why is there less concern about the nature of the manipulation in low-constraint research than there
would be in experimental research?
A) Because the informal low-constraint research does not require approval from the IRB.
B) Because the participants in low-constraint research have to right to withdraw.
C) Because the researcher controls the environment in low-constraint research.
D) Because there is no manipulation in low-constraint research.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Applied
3) What is the primary ethical concern in low-constraint research?

A) an ineffective manipulation
B) whether one should use inferential statistics
C) getting informed consent
D) sampling sufficiently from the population
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Interpretive
4) Why is informed consent sometimes a problem in naturalistic research?

A) The participants may not even know they are part of a study because the study uses archival data or
unobtrusive measures.
B) Many of the people who are part of naturalistic studies cannot read the informed consent form.
C) Naturalistic research requires deception, and therefore the participants are not given the information
necessary for informed consent.
D) Getting informed consent in naturalistic studies would often violate local ordinances.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Interpretive
5) In order to justify the use of unobtrusive measures in a study, a researcher must show that
A) the participants have waived their rights.
B) nondeceptive measures would not work.
C) the research is of potential benefit to humanity.
D) the participants will be paid for their efforts.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Interpretive
6) In order to justify the use of unobtrusive measures in a study, the researcher must show that
A) no one will ever find out that an unobtrusive measure has been used.
B) deceptive measures just won't work.
C) no significant harm to the participant will result from the use of the measure and that nondeceptive
measures would not work.
D) the participants will be paid for their service.
210
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Interpretive
7) One of the drawbacks of using unobtrusive measurement techniques in a study could be

A) unreliable data.
B) participant bias.
C) measurement reactivity.
D) ethical difficulties.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Interpretive
8) Which of the following issues complicate the use of unobtrusive measures?

A) There is no way to establish clearly the reliability of such measures.
B) There is no way to establish clearly the validity of such measures.
C) A person's behavior will be distorted by the use of unobtrusive measures, making generalizability to
other settings impossible.
D) There is a potential ethical problem in measuring a person's behavior without their knowledge or
permission.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Skill: Interpretive
9) Who gives informed consent in naturalistic research?

A) The researcher must always get the participant's informed consent.
B) The Institutional Review Board gives the consent.
C) Consent must be obtained from the parents of the participants.
D) It depends on the nature of the research.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Interpretive
10) To justify the use of unobtrusive measures, the research must show that
A) there is no harm associated with using the unobtrusive measure.
B) that non-deceptive measures have also been included in the study.
C) non-deceptive measures would not work.
D) Both A and C
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Interpretive
11) When might a researcher legitimately avoid the process of getting informed consent in a naturalistic
study?
A) When they have gotten permission from their department chair in advance of the study.
B) When the study focuses on public behavior that could be observed by anyone, so that participants
would have no expectation of privacy.
C) When past research has shown that almost everyone agrees to participate.
D) When the researcher will only be using visual observation and no recording device.
Answer: B
Type: MC
211
Test Bank For Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry Plus MySearchLab with eText — Acc
Page Ref: 134-135

Skill: Interpretive
12) Davis studied the use of corporal punishment by parents in shopping malls. What type of informed
consent would he have needed for that study?
A) He would have to get the consent of each parent before beginning his observations.
B) He would have to get the consent of each parent after his observations or he would have to exclude
those observations from the data set.
C) He did not need informed consent because he was observing public behavior in a public place in
which there was no expectation of privacy.
D) He would have to get informed consent from the mall manager, who has the legal right to act on behalf
of the shoppers.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Applied
13) A therapist who believes that a particular case is particularly informative and wants to publish the
case study needs to
A) get blanket permission from an IRB to publish clinical cases.
B) wait until the client dies to publish
C) get the permission of client to publish the case.
D) get permission from the department chair to publish the case.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Interpretive
14) When publishing a clinical case study, the therapist should

A) not use the name of the client and distort the background of the client sufficiently so that the client is
not identifiable.
B) include a copy of the informed consent form in the published article.
C) get the permission of family members as well as the client.
D) publish the results under the name of a colleague instead of under their own name.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 134-135
Skill: Applied
212
Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Test Bank For Research Methods A Process of Inquiry Plus Mysearchlab With Etext Access Card Package 8 e 8th Edition

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank For Research Methods A Process of Inquiry Plus Mysearchlab With Etext Access Card Package 8 e 8th Edition

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Test Bank For Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry Plus MySearchLab with eText &#8212; Acc

Test Bank For Research Methods: A Process of

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Chapter 6 Field Research: Naturalistic and Case Study Research

4) The term field research refers to

5) Archival research is an example of

6) Observing chimpanzees in their wild habitat

8) In the field work context, archival research would involve

9) What is the principle advantage(s) of low-constraint research?

10) Low-constraint field work is ________ than high-constraint laboratory research.

12) Which of the following is NOT considered field research?

13) At the lowest constraint levels, the researcher looks for

15) Low-constraint research is

16) In naturalistic and case study research,

17) Naturalistic and case-study methods

20) The work of Charles Darwin is an example of

21) Naturalistic research is most likely to reveal

24) Of the following, which is NOT an example of naturalistic research?

25) Naturalistic methods have been used primarily by

26) Jane Goodall studied

27) Jane Goodall's study of chimpanzees in the wild is representative of

29) A scientific contemporary of Darwin was

30) Darwin's great discovery was also made by his contemporary,

31) Both Darwin and Wallace found that species

36) Ethologists, who study animal behavior, often employ

39) Adeline Levine's study of Love Canal residents

42) In the early 1970s, David Rosenhan studied

43) David Rosenhan's study was a good example of

46) Rosenhan conducted

47) A case study is

48) Jean Piaget

49) In both case study and naturalistic research, the investigator

52) Freud used ________ in his research on psychoanalytic concepts.

54) Compared with naturalistic research, case study research is

57) Jean Piaget's research efforts primarily employed

58) Piaget's case study methods were used to

60) Case study research looks at

63) Case studies focus typically on

6.2 The Value of Low-Constraint Methods

2) Low-constraint research is appropriate in

3) When a new research area is first studied,

4) When is low-constraint research appropriate?

9) Case-study research with individuals

14) Low-constraint research procedures can contribute to the generalizability of findings if

16) Graziano and Kean studied

17) Graziano and Kean studied ________ in autistic children.

18) Low-constraint research can

20) "If X occurs, Y will probably occur" is an example of a(n)

24) An example of a contingency from naturalistic research is provided in the textbook by

25) Low-constraint research can

27) Low-constraint research enables us to obtain useful information about

28) One use of low-constraint research is in

29) We rely on formalized procedures in

30) We rely on formalized control procedures

31) In lower-constraint research, validity depends more upon

34) In qualitative research projects, ________ quantitative research.

36) The primary goal of qualitative research is to

6.3 Using Low-Constraint Methods

4) Which level of constraint allows us to draw causal inferences with confidence?

5) Which of the following would NOT be found in low-constraint research?

6) Which of the following studies used a participant observer approach?

7) Low-constraint research tends to

Test Bank For Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry Plus MySearchLab with eText — Acc

36) When the sample is , the findings are .