Test Bank for Social Psychology: The Science of Everyday Life First Edition

Test Bank for Social Psychology: The Science of

Everyday Life First Edition

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1. The definition of social influence is:
A) the influence of society on culture.
B) the effects of other people on an individual's level of sociality.
C) the effects of other people on an individual's beliefs, attitudes, values, or behavior.
D) the influence of public settings on an individual's perception.

2. What is a primary reason why social psychologists are interested in the topic of social
influence?
A) People with different personality types show varying susceptibility to social
influence.
B) Social influence has different effects across the lifespan.
C) Social influence is one of the primary ways in which people's thoughts and
attitudes about others influence their own attitudes and behavior.
D) Social influence is more prominent in some cultures than others.

3. Which of these is NOT a form of social influence?

A) creative thinking
B) compliance techniques
C) conformity to norms
D) commands from authorities

4. Which of these is NOT an example of social learning?

A) An octopus opens a jar more quickly after watching another octopus opens a jar.
B) A baby learns the alphabet.
C) A dog learns how to behave faster in the presence of other trained dogs.
D) An early human accidentally discovers how to light a fire.

5. When a person mentally simulates picking up a baseball while watching someone else
pick up a baseball, _____ are involved.
A) the empathetic neurons
B) mirror neurons
C) rehearsal cells
D) the social reflexes

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 6. What would be one way to effectively test the ideas of social learning theory?
A) Prime participants with pictures of faces or with numbers before they are asked to
complete a math test.
B) Create a novel task for participants to learn, then have them learn the task either
with the assistance of experienced others or on their own.
C) Ask a group of inventors and scientists how they came up with their most
groundbreaking ideas.
D) Randomly assign participants to complete a task in which they either learn about
famous people or learn about famous places, and assess how well they perform on
each type of task.

7. Social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura based primarily on which
seminal study?
A) the Stanford prison experiment
B) the Bobo doll study
C) the Good Samaritan study
D) the “cloth mother” study

8. In the Bobo doll studies, children were more likely to imitate the behavior they observed
if:
A) parents were present in the room.
B) the model showed remorse after his/her behavior.
C) the model was rewarded for his/her behavior.
D) the environment encouraged exploration.

9. What is the chameleon effect?

A) the fact that mood changes match the surrounding environment
B) the common inclination to attribute one's arousal to salient situational factors
C) the fact that attitudes become more extreme when individuals from opposing
viewpoints have a conversation
D) the tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behaviors of a conversation
partner

10. Shi does not really like William, and does not want to be talking with him. William is
wearing a shirt suggesting that he is a fan of Star Trek. Research suggests that after they
finish their conversation, if Shi turns on the TV and starts flipping through the channels,
what will she likely do?
A) be more likely to watch Star Trek if it's on
B) not be any more likely to watch Star Trek if it's on
C) be especially aggressive if Star Trek is on
D) take a long time to decide what to watch

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11. According to the research by sociologist David Phillips, an increase in media coverage
of suicides in a particular region is associated with:
A) more petty crime in that region.
B) hotter average temperatures in that region.
C) fewer suicide attempts in that region.
D) more suicide attempts in that region.

12. The fact that watching someone behave aggressively increases the accessibility of
aggression-related concepts is BEST considered an example of:
A) social priming.
B) hysterical contagion.
C) deindividuation.
D) conformity to norms.

13. A marketing researcher hypothesizes that injunctive norms are more likely to convince
people to buy organic food than descriptive norms. How might the researcher BEST test
this hypothesis?
A) by presenting participants facts about the number of people who buy organic foods
in five different countries, and then assessing participants' interest in learning more
about organic foods
B) by randomly assigning participants to remember a time either when they did
something moral or when they did something immoral, and then measuring their
willingness to buy organic foods
C) by measuring the extent to which participants' tend to make decisions based on the
behavior of others, and then measuring how often participants buy organic foods
D) by randomly assigning participants to read a pamphlet claiming either that organic
foods are more environmentally sustainable or that they are eaten by the majority
of consumers, and then measuring participants' willingness to buy organic foods

14. According to the focus theory of normative conduct, _____ are beliefs about what the
majority of people typically do, while _____ are beliefs about what is considered right
and wrong in the culture.
A) majority focus; moral focus
B) moral focus; majority focus
C) descriptive norms; injunctive norms
D) injunctive norms; descriptive norms

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15. A hotel manager is trying to convince guests to reuse their bathroom towels. She places
signs in all the bathrooms which read, “Discarding your towel to be cleaned after only
one use wastes water, and should not be done. Many guests discard their towel after just
one use, leading to a massive drain on our local water resources.” What has the manager
done, and what will likely happen?
A) She has activated an injunctive norm only, which should lead to less of the desired
behavior.
B) She has activated an injunctive norm only, which should lead to more of the
desired behavior.
C) She has activated a descriptive norm only, which should lead to less of the desired
behavior.
D) She has activated both a descriptive and an injunctive norm, which will not be very
effective at increasing the desired behavior.

16. The finding that if a person becomes obese, the likelihood that a friend of his or hers
will become obese significantly increases is an example of what phenomenon?
A) social contagion
B) injunctive norms
C) informational influence
D) the reference group effect

17. What is the term for the phenomenon where feelings, ideas, and behaviors spread
rapidly through a group of people?
A) hysteria
B) social contagion
C) deindividuation
D) crowdsourcing

18. Which of the following cases is the BEST example of an instance of social contagion?
A) A teacher in a school smells gasoline and begins to feel nauseous; soon most of the
school's population is also feeling nauseous. Later, it is discovered that there was
never a gas leak.
B) A politician gives a very moving speech in which he argues that the nation is
superior to all other nations. The crowd cheers very loudly.
C) A person is suffering from a severe injury on the side of the road. However, people
driving by fail to stop to help even though they notice the injured person.
D) A shopper notices a sign in the electronics store saying that supplies of a certain
tablet are limited. The shopper decides to buy the tablet based on this information.

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19. Which of the following could be considered an example of social contagion?
A) One person pretends to believe what everyone else in the room is saying.
B) Humans contract an illness from a chimpanzee.
C) One person in a building begins to experience imaginary physical symptoms, and
soon everyone is experiencing them.
D) A person refuses to leave his or her house because he or she is afraid that contact
with others will give them a virus.

20. According to research on cultural definitions of social situations, if Michael is expecting

to go to a hospital soon, then:
A) concepts of loudness will be more accessible to him.
B) concepts of cleanliness will be more accessible to him.
C) he will be more likely to experience social contagion.
D) he will be especially persuaded by reciprocity tactics.

21. Which of the following experiments was never actually completed?

A) the Asch conformity study
B) the Sherif autokinetic effect study
C) the Milgram study on obedience
D) the Stanford prison study

22. What was one of the primary implications of the Stanford prison experiment?
A) Cultural expectations about how to behave in social roles can have a major
influence on behavior.
B) Injunctive norms are particularly strong guides to behavior in strange situations.
C) Personality is a stronger determinant of behavior than situational factors.
D) Only disturbed individuals are likely to abuse power when they are granted it.

23. When an individual alters his or her beliefs, attitudes, or behavior to bring him or her in
line with others, this is called:
A) conversion theory.
B) reciprocity.
C) conformity.
D) obedience to authority.

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24. Classic research on the autokinetic effect showed that judgments of the distance a point
of light moves can be affected by others' suggestions. This research demonstrates that:
A) only explicit attitudes can be modified through social influence.
B) even perception can be influenced by processes of conformity.
C) commands from authority figures are a key source of influence.
D) informational influence is not as important as normative influence.

25. What is the meaning of private acceptance?

A) conforming only outwardly without changing one's inner beliefs
B) privately believing in something that the rest of one's group does not believe in
C) conforming by altering personal beliefs as well as outward behavior
D) accepting the norm for social commitment

26. In a study building on the original autokinetic effect research, psychologists found that
one year after participating in group judgments about the distance a light moves,
participants when asked to judge the distance on their own still followed the group
norm. This study BEST demonstrated:
A) public compliance.
B) the foot-in-the-door effect.
C) private acceptance.
D) the power of reference groups.

27. When we rely on others to find out what is true or appropriate, this is _____; when we
rely on others to determine what to do to be accepted, this is _____.
A) public compliance; private acceptance
B) private acceptance; public compliance
C) informational influence; normative influence
D) normative influence; informational influence

28. Based on the foundational studies of Sherif and Asch, which form of social influence is
MOST likely to lead to private acceptance in most situations?
A) normative influence
B) informational influence
C) commands from an authority
D) compliance tactics

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29. What does the Asch studies on line-judgments in group settings tell us?
A) Social roles are one of the most important sources of situational influence.
B) People can become very aggressive when they are asked to conform.
C) People are very unlikely to publically comply with normative influence.
D) People will often conform to a group opinion, even if it goes against their own
perception.

30. Whereas studies on the autokinetic effect primarily speak to the power of informational
influence, Asch's studies on line-judgments speak to the power of:
A) social roles.
B) normative influence.
C) injunctive norms.
D) compliance tactics.

31. Kimin's English class is having a discussion about whether they should spend more time
focusing on writing exercises instead of analyzing texts. Kimin does not believe they
should focus more on writing exercises, but everyone else in the class is saying that they
support this option. If Kimin is now asked to write down his preference and hand it to
the instructor, what will he likely do?
A) Kimin will stick to his original opinion and express support for analyzing texts.
B) Even though he doesn't really agree, Kimin will conform to the group and express
support for more writing exercises.
C) Kimin will express support for the group opinion (to focus more on writing
exercises) and will actually have convinced himself that this is what he wants.
D) Research cannot tell us anything about what Kimin will do.

32. The fact that people from collectivist cultures are more likely to conform to social
pressure suggests that:
A) conformity almost never occurs in individualist cultures.
B) conformity is often a sign of a timid personality.
C) people only conform with great reluctance.
D) people sometimes conform in order to promote group cohesion.

33. Research indicates that men are more likely to conform to group opinion regarding
_____, whereas women are more likely to conform to group opinion regarding _____.
A) masculine topics; feminine topics
B) feminine topics; masculine topics
C) moral ambiguity; informational ambiguity
D) informational ambiguity; moral ambiguity

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34. People with high self-awareness and self-esteem are:
A) less likely to conform
B) more likely to conform
C) less likely to conform if their self-esteem is based on what others value
D) more likely to conform in public situations

35. Conformity research conducted by Milgram demonstrated that people are likely to look
up to the sky if they see someone else doing so. Furthermore, this research demonstrated
that:
A) people will follow the other person's gaze if they already know what the person is
looking at.
B) the greater the number of people looking up, the less likely it is that the participant
will look up.
C) the likelihood of the participant looking up increases dramatically if five people are
looking up instead of one.
D) the likelihood of the participant looking up increases dramatically if 15 people are
looking up instead of five.

36. Luka is with a group of six friends who all want to stay out dancing instead of studying
for their test the next day. Luka actually thinks she should study for the test, but doesn't
want to be rejected by the group. One of her friends, Jennifer, says that she thinks they
should study for the test. Based on research, what is likely to happen?
A) Luka will stay out with the rest of her friends and dance.
B) Luka will decide to go home and study.
C) Luka will join with the rest of her friends and try to convince Jennifer to go
dancing.
D) Luka will be unable to decide what to do and will end up choosing neither option.

37. Emanuel's reference group is his family. What does this mean?
A) Emanuel sees his personal identity as largely separate from his family.
B) Emanuel's main goal in life is to support his family.
C) Emanuel will follow his work colleagues in their behavior, even if it conflicts with
his family's standards.
D) Emanuel looks to his family for normative and informational influence.

38. What is a reference group?

A) a group with which an individual strongly identifies
B) a group of people who has known the individual since birth
C) a set of pieces of information about a particular topic
D) the sum total of other people who have a normative influence on the person's life

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39. What does neuroscience research tell us about the nature of judgments made to conform
with a group?
A) Neuroscience results in this area are mixed and have not yielded a cohesive picture.
B) Since the appropriate areas of the brain are not active when making
conformity-based judgments, there is no private acceptance of the judgment.
C) Brain activation suggests that our actual perception of objects is influenced by the
opinions of other people.
D) Brain activation suggests that our actual perception of objects is influenced by
opinions given by computers as well as by other people.

40. Neuroscience research suggests some possible reasons why people are motivated to
conform, including:
A) fear of social rejection.
B) the desire not to make mistakes in judgment.
C) the desire not to make mistakes in judgment and to impress others.
D) fear of social rejection and the desire not to make mistakes in judgment.

41. The process through which dissenters produce attitude change in a group is called:
A) proselytization.
B) public compliance.
C) minority influence.
D) the foot-in-the-door tactic.

42. Which of the following processes is most likely to lead to radical social change?
A) minority influence
B) descriptive norms
C) informational influence
D) conformity

43. In Moscovici's early study on color judgments in a group, the data revealed that group
members were most likely to be influenced by a minority judgment if:
A) judgments were made publically.
B) judgments were made privately.
C) the minority was inconsistent in their opinion.
D) the minority was consistent in their opinion.

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44. According to Moscovici's conversion theory, what is it about minority opinions that
sometimes allow them to sway the majority?
A) Minority opinions exert informational, rather than normative, influence.
B) Minority opinions can be more persuasive because they are more distinctive.
C) Minority group members are better at employing compliance tactics.
D) Minority opinions are generally more accurate.

45. Persuasion by the majority opinion is typically _____, while persuasion by the minority
opinion is typically _____.
A) an automatic process; a controlled process
B) a controlled process; an automatic process
C) through public compliance; through private acceptance
D) through private acceptance; through public compliance

46. Simone is in a group of friends trying to decide where to eat lunch. Four of her five
friends want to go to a local Italian restaurant; however, one friend says they should go
to his favorite Chinese place. Based on research, if Simone is persuaded by her friend to
go to the Chinese restaurant, she will most likely:
A) not be very committed to the decision and will only visit the Chinese restaurant to
please her friend.
B) have been convinced via an automatic process.
C) have a very strong positive attitude towards the Chinese restaurant and will visit it
often.
D) regret her decision.

47. Which of these statements is accurate according to research on minority influence?

A) Minority influence is an agent for conservation of tradition.
B) Minority opinions are expressed more slowly than majority opinions.
C) Minority opinions tend not to be distinctive.
D) Minority opinions tend to be less elaborately processed.

48. _____ tends to encourage creative problem solving, while _____ tends to encourage
more conventional approaches to problems.
A) Normative influence; informational influence
B) Informational influence; normative influence
C) Majority influence; minority influence
D) Minority influence; majority influence

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49. Under what circumstances are minorities more likely to be influential?
A) in matters of opinion
B) in matters of fact
C) during times of prosperity
D) when the person to be influenced is tired or under stress

50. All of these are ways for a person expressing a minority opinion to increase their
likelihood of influence, EXCEPT:
A) being self-confident.
B) appearing willing to compromise.
C) seeming to belong to a different in-group from the person being persuaded.
D) getting a member of the majority to defect to the minority position.

51. What is the minority slowness effect?

A) It usually takes longer for a person to accept the same arguments from a minority
group member than from a majority group member.
B) Social change among minority group members is faster than it is among majority
group members.
C) Members of minority groups tend to react more slowly to persuasive influence.
D) People holding the minority position take more time to express their opinions.

52. Jake is the only one of his six friends who wants to go see the new superhero movie.
Based on research, what would be the ideal set of circumstances to give Jake the chance
to convince his friends that he's right?
A) His friends are too tired to pay much attention to his arguments, they see
themselves as very similar to Jake, and Jake seems willing to compromise.
B) His friends are ready to pay close attention to his arguments, they see themselves
as very similar to Jake, and Jake seems willing to compromise.
C) His friends are ready to pay close attention to his arguments, they see themselves
as very different from Jake, and Jake seems willing to compromise.
D) His friends are ready to pay close attention to his arguments, they see themselves
as very different from Jake, and Jake doesn't seem willing to compromise.

53. In the case of _____, the pressure to change someone's opinion or behavior is usually
implicit; in the case of _____, the pressure to change someone's opinion or behavior is
usually explicitly acknowledged as a goal.
A) lowballing; reciprocity
B) reciprocity; lowballing
C) compliance and obedience; conformity
D) conformity; compliance and obedience

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54. Which of the following compliance techniques MOST involves self-perception
processes, i.e., people inferring that they have attitudes consistent with their own
behavior?
A) lowballing
B) foot-in-the-door
C) obedience to authority
D) social proof

55. Violeta asks her friend to loan her 50 cents. After her friend gets out her wallet, Violeta
changes her request and asks if she could actually have 5 dollars. Violeta has used:
A) the foot-in-the-door technique.
B) the door-in-the-face technique.
C) informational influence.
D) the norm of reciprocity.

56. In the study by Burger and Caldwell on the foot-in-the-door effect, participants in which
condition showed the highest rates of compliance with a request to volunteer to help the
homeless?
A) those who signed a petition to help the homeless earlier in the study
B) those who signed a petition to help the homeless and were complimented on their
charity
C) those who received 1 dollar to sign a petition for the homeless earlier in the study
D) those who completed surveys with no other prompting prior to the request

57. The belief that we should honor a public agreement, even if the circumstances
surrounding the agreement change, is:
A) the norm for social commitment.
B) the descriptive norm.
C) the belief of public compliance.
D) the process of self-perception.

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58. A researcher believes that the foot-in-the-door effect, rather than the lowballing tactic, is
what primarily gets a person to agree to donate money to a charity after initially only
agreeing to sign a petition in support of the charity's cause. How might the researcher
definitively test between these two theoretical accounts?
A) by asking participants why they felt like it was a good idea to donate money to the
charity
B) by comparing a condition in which participants first sign a petition and then are
asked to donate money to a condition in which the order of these procedures is
reversed
C) by asking participants to complete a self-related attitudes scale after they sign the
petition and before they are asked to donate money
D) by randomly assigning participants to either sign the petition or donate money, and
assessing which approach leads to greater support for the cause

59. _____ is a technique that works based on the norm for social commitment, whereas
_____ is a technique that works based on people's self-related attitudes shifting in a
situation.
A) Social proof; door-in-the-face
B) Door-in-the-face; social proof
C) Lowballing; foot-in-the-door
D) Foot-in-the-door; lowballing

60. What was the major finding in Cialdini's (1978) classic study on the lowballing
technique?
A) Participants who were asked to sign up for a study, and then asked if they could
come at 7 a.m., were more likely to attend than participants who were first told the
study started at 7 a.m.
B) Participants who were first told that a study started at 7 a.m. were more likely to
attend than participants who were asked to sign up before they knew the time of the
study.
C) Participants were more likely to attend a later study if they first agreed to sign a
form for the experimenter.
D) Participants were more likely to sign a form for an experimenter if they had first
been asked to participate in a later study.

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61. Joaquin is at a car lot. A salesperson named Lucy has offered him a car he wants at a
price that he agrees to accept. Lucy goes inside the staff room and a few minutes later a
new salesperson—Sahana—comes out. Sahana tells Joaquin that there was actually a
miscommunication and the price of the car is somewhat higher. What does research on
compliance techniques suggest Joaquin will do?
A) Joaquin will pay the new, higher price for the car.
B) Joaquin will likely refuse to pay the new price and walk away.
C) Joaquin will pay the higher price only if his self-perception has not changed.
D) Joaquin will pay the new, higher price, but will later be dissatisfied with the car.

62. The norm of reciprocity refers to the belief that:

A) the opinion of someone you respect must be correct.
B) people should honor agreements once they have been publically made.
C) society changes by minorities and majorities working together.
D) one should return a favor to someone who has done a favor for them.

63. In a study determining the most likely cause for reciprocity effects, participants in which
condition(s) were MOST likely to help a confederate who asked them to purchase
lottery tickets at the end of the study?
A) those who had not received a soda during the study
B) those who were given a soda by the confederate during the study
C) those who were given a soda by the experimenter during the study
D) those who were given a soda by either the experimenter or the confederate during
the study

64. Octavius's friend Tong gives him a ride to the movie theater. After the movie, Tong asks
Octavius—who is a very dedicated student—to help him cheat on their calculus test the
next day. What does research suggest Octavius will do?
A) help Tong cheat on the test because of the favor
B) decline to help Tong cheat
C) help Tong cheat only if Tong agrees to do another favor for him
D) help Tong cheat because Tong's favor has changed Octavius's self-concept

65. In the _____ technique, a person is presented with a larger request before being
presented with the real request; in the _____ technique, a person is presented with a
smaller request before being presented with the real request.
A) reciprocity; lowballing
B) lowballing; reciprocity
C) foot-in-the-door; door-in-the-face
D) door-in-the-face; foot-in-the-door

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66. In Cialdini's (1975) study on the door-in-the-face effect, participants were much more
likely to volunteer to chaperone juvenile delinquents on a trip when they were:
A) simply asked to chaperone.
B) asked to sign a petition prior to being asked to chaperone.
C) asked to volunteer for 2 years to help delinquents before being asked to chaperone.
D) asked a second time to chaperone after having been asked once.

67. Zoltan is trying to decide where to go on his lunch break. He remembers that yesterday
three of his coworkers—whom he especially admires—went to a Thai food restaurant.
Research suggests he will likely go to the Thai restaurant because of _____.
A) normative influence
B) the norm for social commitment
C) reciprocity
D) social proof

68. People from _____ cultures are more likely to comply with a request based on their own
past behavior, whereas people from _____ cultures are more likely to comply based on
the number of their peers who are engaging in the same behavior.
A) individualist; collectivist
B) collectivist; individualist
C) authoritarian; democratic
D) democratic; authoritarian

69. What is NOT a reason that researchers have suggested for the influence of scarcity on
compliance?
A) reactance (people feel that the scarcity of an item threatens their freedom of choice)
B) people experience less dissonance after choosing a scarce item
C) scarce items attract closer scrutiny, so people pay more attention to arguments
about them
D) scarcity is a heuristic which tells people that an item is valuable

70. Shivani likes to shop online. Yesterday she put some items in her online shopping cart,
but didn't buy them. Today some of the items are gone because, according to the
website, they have sold out. This convinces Shivani to quickly buy the rest of the items
in her cart. Shivani was affected by:
A) reciprocity.
B) the norm for social commitment.
C) a door-in-the-face effect.
D) scarcity.

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71. In Ellen Langer's research on mindless compliance, in which condition(s) were
participants most likely to allow another person to cut in front of them to use the copier?
A) when the person didn't give a reason for needing to use the machine
B) when the person explained that they were in a rush
C) when the person said they needed to make some copies
D) There was no difference in compliance rates as long as the person gave a reason for
needing to use the machine.

72. In a field experiment, which request for change was most likely to elicit compliance?
A) “Can you spare any change?”
B) “Can you spare 37 cents?”
C) “Can you spare a quarter?”
D) “Can you spare some money?”

73. Why are people more likely to comply with a request for an unusual amount of money
(like $1.77)?
A) Unusual requests activate descriptive norms.
B) Such a request interrupts people's automatic routine and makes them pay more
attention out of curiosity.
C) People often have change in their pockets that they want to get rid of.
D) A person's self-related attitudes can be temporarily altered by an unusual request.

74. Which of these statements is most likely to elicit compliance?

A) “This only costs $2.”
B) “This only costs $2, and that's a great deal.”
C) “This only costs 8 quarters.”
D) “This only costs 8 quarters, and that's a great deal.”

75. What is a prominent reason why obedience to authority is so widespread in our society?
A) because individualist cultures emphasize conformity
B) because power in our society is hierarchically structured by social roles
C) because authoritarian parenting is the most common style of parenting in our
society
D) because our institutions do not sufficiently protect individual freedoms

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76. What historical event primarily inspired Stanley Milgram and other social psychologists
to begin studying obedience processes?
A) World War I
B) the Great Depression
C) the Nazi Holocaust
D) the social revolutions of the 1960s

77. The most accurate methodological description of Stanley Milgram's infamous work on
obedience is to say that he carried out a series of:
A) studies.
B) experiments.
C) correlational studies.
D) theoretical analyses.

78. How was level of obedience measured in Milgram's research?

A) The way in which participants played out their role (“prisoner” or “guard”).
B) The extent to which participants continued to be willing to administer electric
shocks to the learner.
C) The extent to which participants asked the experimenter questions about how to
proceed.
D) Whether or not participants were assigned to be the “learner” or the “teacher.”

79. When Milgram asked psychology professionals to estimate the extent to which
participants would follow the experimenter's commands in his research, how did their
estimates compare to the actual observed rates?
A) They underestimated the extent of obedience.
B) They overestimated the extent of obedience.
C) The professionals were approximately accurate in their estimates.
D) Most professionals refused to provide an estimate.

80. What are two factors that seemed to play a major role in varying the rate of obedience in
Milgram's research?
A) distance and legitimacy
B) compensation and legitimacy
C) distance and personality
D) personality and compensation

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81. Based on Milgram's research, what was one major reason why participants obeyed the
experimenter's commands to shock the learner in the original study?
A) Participants were worried about whether they would receive credit for the study.
B) The experimenter was an especially likeable person.
C) Participants had an unconscious desire to punish the learner.
D) The experimenter seemed to be a legitimate authority figure.

82. According to Milgram's conclusions, which of these reasons is the most likely
explanation for why the Nazis were able to carry out the Holocaust?
A) People in Germany were raised in an authoritarian culture.
B) Hitler was a mentally disturbed dictator.
C) People in all cultures and times are often willing to obey authority figures.
D) Germany had a fascist, as opposed to a democratic, political system.

83. In which variation of the Milgram research were participants LEAST likely to obey the
experimenter's commands?
A) when the learner was in another room and the experimenter was in the room with
the participant
B) when two other participants refused to comply with the commands
C) when the learner was in the same room as the participant
D) when the experimenter wasn't in the room but gave instructions by phone

84. In which of these situations is a soldier going to be most willing to kill enemy
combatants or civilians?
A) when they are alone in the same room with the enemy
B) when they are trying to make their own decision whether to detonate a set of
explosives that will kill enemies in another town
C) when they are in a plane over an enemy target and their superior is commanding
them to drop a bomb
D) when they are being ordered to execute an enemy figure who is standing in front of
them

85. Jolanda has been told she needs to fire one of her employees in order to keep the
company financially viable. Based on research concerning obedience to authority, under
what circumstances will she be most psychologically willing to obey this command?
A) when she needs to sit the employee down and tell him he's fired
B) when she can have another employee confront the employee to tell him he is fired
C) when she knows that the consequences on the employee's life by being fired will be
severe
D) when the command to fire her employee has come from the corporate headquarters
in another country

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86. According to recent research on obedience to authority in the Netherlands, participants
are especially likely to obey commands that are harmful for another person when:
A) the harm is not physical and the person appears innocent.
B) there are norms in the culture that encourage doing harm to others.
C) the person appears innocent and the participant will be financially compensated.
D) the harm is not physical and won't occur until after the participant is out of the
situation.

87. Which of these statements is true of Milgram's research?

A) Women were less likely to obey the experimenter than men.
B) Only people in certain cultures are likely to obey the experimenter.
C) The experimenter never made it clear what the penalty to the participant would be
for disobedience.
D) Research suggests that rates of disobedience have gone down in recent decades.

88. Which of the following statements is NOT an ethical concern that could be raised about
the Milgram research?
A) Participants were not aware that they were part of a psychological study.
B) Many of the participants learned that they were potentially capable of doing harm
to another person simply because they were told to do so.
C) It was stressful for participants to be in a situation where they were being ordered
to do harm to another person.
D) Participants probably felt more negative emotion during the study than they would
during their everyday lives.

89. Which of the following was NOT a step taken by Milgram and his research team to
insure the ethicality of the research?
A) Participants met the learner after the study and were able to see that he was
completely unharmed.
B) Participants were made repeatedly aware that they could stop the study at any time.
C) Participants were extensively debriefed.
D) Participants were examined by a psychiatrist one year after the study.

90. Based on research, if a nurse receives a call from a doctor whom he doesn't recognize,
and is asked to administer an excessive dose of a drug to a patient, what is the nurse
likely to do?
A) give the dose to the patient without hesitation
B) ask the doctor to come in person to confirm the order
C) call another superior to question the identity of the doctor
D) refuse to give the dose to the patient

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91. An explanation based on self-perception theory would suggest that a soldier might obey
an order from a commanding officer to kill a civilian because the soldier:
A) has engaged in several violent behaviors previously, and has come to see
him/herself as a violent person.
B) has invested so much effort into a military career that he/she needs to believe that
being a soldier is a worthy activity.
C) is afraid of being punished by the commanding officer for disobedience.
D) has entered into an implicit contract with the commanding officer that the soldier
feels compelled to honor.

92. Which of the following reasons was NOT given by Milgram for why the participants
obeyed in his studies?
A) People in all cultures are socialized to obey authority figures.
B) People have inherited a natural instinct to obey a person who appears to be a leader
in a situation.
C) At the time the study was conducted, most U.S. adults had been raised in
authoritarian families.
D) In the paradigm, participants only gradually administer increasingly harmful doses
of electricity to the learner.

93. In which of the following historical circumstances are people likely to elevate a
charismatic leader to power?
A) a period of stable economic growth
B) a time of economic depression when many people are out of work and don't feel
proud of their cultural identity
C) a renaissance period when a country experiences a rapid boost in the creativity of
artists and scientists
D) when the middle class is expanding in a country

94. Which of the following leaders would probably NOT be considered charismatic
according to the existential perspective?
A) Adolf Hitler
B) Mao Zedong
C) Barack Obama
D) Winston Churchill

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95. A(n) _____ leader is a person who makes swift, confident decisions and conveys the
sense that the group's worldview is sacred and superior.
A) existential
B) normative
C) authoritative
D) charismatic

96. For a long time, Jarvis has felt depressed and frustrated. He doesn't feel like his life his
going anywhere, or that his job is worthwhile. He feels like his country used to be great,
but now the nation—and the lives of everyone in it—is in decline. When Jarvis goes
into the voting booth today, research suggests he is most likely to vote for a candidate
who:
A) considers decisions very carefully and sometimes makes contradictory decisions.
B) is oriented towards solving practical problems in politics.
C) emphasizes reaching out and maintaining good relationships between people from
different backgrounds.
D) expresses a clear vision of the country's greatness and what it can become.

97. Based on our understanding of charismatic leadership, which of the following was
probably NOT a factor that contributed to Hitler's rise to power?
A) the German defeat in World War I
B) Hitler's emphasis on an us-versus-them philosophy (the “pure” Germans versus the
impure Jews, homosexuals, and other “deviants”)
C) the fact that Hitler did not have the physical appearance of a typical German
figurehead
D) the economic crisis of the 1930s

98. What does research suggest as a LIKELY reason why President George W. Bush's
approval rating soared by almost 50 percent between September 10 and September 13,
2001?
A) Informational influence is more prominent in the wake of a national disaster.
B) The September 11 attacks were a source of collective mortality salience, and Bush
was a charismatic leader.
C) Statistically, leaders typically become more charismatic during the fall season.
D) The national economy showed a slight improvement following the September 11
attacks.

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 99. What was the central finding of the studies conducted by Landau et al. concerning the
role of terror management in support for George W. Bush?
A) Participants who were reminded of either their death or the September 11 attacks
showed greater support for Bush.
B) Republican participants reminded of their death showed greater support for Bush.
C) Participants became more afraid of their mortality when they thought about the
September 11 attacks.
D) Participants were less likely to perceive Bush as a charismatic leader after being
reminded of their own death.

100. In research by Cohen and colleagues, participants were more likely to endorse a
hypothetical candidate with a charismatic leadership style when:
A) the thought of an upcoming exam was salient.
B) the thought of their own mortality was salient.
C) they had recently experienced a threat to their self-esteem.
D) the candidate also had elements of a task-oriented style.

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Answer Key
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. B
11. D
12. A
13. D
14. C
15. D
16. A
17. B
18. A
19. C
20. B
21. D
22. A
23. C
24. B
25. C
26. C
27. C
28. B
29. D
30. B
31. A
32. D
33. B
34. A
35. C
36. B
37. D
38. A
39. C
40. D
41. C
42. A
43. D
44. B

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45. A
46. C
47. B
48. D
49. A
50. C
51. D
52. B
53. D
54. B
55. A
56. B
57. A
58. C
59. C
60. A
61. B
62. D
63. B
64. B
65. D
66. C
67. D
68. A
69. B
70. D
71. D
72. B
73. B
74. D
75. B
76. C
77. A
78. B
79. A
80. A
81. D
82. C
83. B
84. C
85. B
86. D
87. C
88. A
89. B
90. A

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Test Bank for Social Psychology: The Science of Everyday Life First Edition

91. A
92. C
93. B
94. C
95. D
96. D
97. C
98. B
99. A
100. B

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