Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A., & Chyatte, M. R. (2015).

A unique view on male infertility

around the globe. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1
Agarwal, A., & Prabakaran, S. A. (2005). Mechanism , measurement , and prevention of oxidative
stress in male reproductive physiology. 43(November), 963–974.
Albert, M., & Auger, J. (2009). Exploration de la fonction de la reproduction versant masculin. Cahier
de Formation Biologie médicale. 42.
Benksim, A., Ph, D., Elkhoudri, N., Ph, D., Addi, R. A., Baali, A., & Ph, D. (2018). Difference between
Primary and Secondary Infertility in Morocco : Frequencies and Associated Factors. 12(2), 142–
146. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2018.5188.Introduction
Butt, F., & Akram, N. (2013). Semen analysis parameters : Experiences and insight into male infertility
at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. 558–562.
Dalvie, M. A., Myers, Ã. J. E., Thompson, L., Robins, T. G., Dyer, S., Riebow, J., Molekwa, J., Jeebhay,
M., Millar, R., & Kruger, P. (2004). The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen , fertility ,
and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province , South Africa $. 96,
1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2003.09.002
Elbardisi, H., Majzoub, A., Al, S., Al, K., El, W., Alattar, A., & Arafa, M. (2018). Geographical differences
in semen characteristics of 13 892 infertile men. Arab Journal of Urology, 16(1), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.018
Frikh, M., Benaissa, M., Kasouati, J., Benlahlou, Y., Chokairi, O., & Barkiyou, M. (2021). Prévalence de l
´infertilité masculine dans un hôpital universitaire au Maroc. 38(46).
Ho, K. L., Tsu, J. H. L., Tam, P. C., & Yiu, M. K. (2015). Disease spectrum and treatment patterns in a
local male infertility clinic. 21(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj144376
Iwamoto, T., Nozawa, S., & Yoshiike, M. (2007). Semen quality of Asian men. July, 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00184.x
Khandwala, A. Y. S., Zhang, C. A., Li, S., Behr, B., Guo, D., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2017). Racial Variation in
Semen Quality at Fertility Evaluation. Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.03.064
Martin-Odoom, A., Brown, C. A., & Adjei, D. N. (2015). Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of
Tema Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of Tema. 3615(November).
https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1009876
Matumo, P., Bunduki, G., Kamwira, I. S., Sihalikyolo, J., & Bosunga, K. (2020). Article Case series
Anomalies du spermogramme en consultations prénuptiales et dans les couples infertiles à
Butembo , République Démocratique du Congo. 37(155), 1–10.
Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, I. L. (2012). Prevalence, Clinical Pattern and Major Causes of Male Infertility
in Nnewi, South East Nigeria: A Five YearReview. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(2), 16–19.
Owolabi, A. T., Fasubaa, O. B., & Ogunniyi, S. O. (2013). Semen quality of male partners of infertile
couples in Ile-Ife , Nigeria. 16(1), 37–40.
Pr, P. (2013). Abnormal Semen Parameters among Men in Infertile Couples. 8(1), 53–55.
SAKANDÉ, J., KABRÉ, E., EKUE-LIGAN, A., OUÉDRAOGO, H. A., & SAWADOGO, M. (2012). Relation
entre les anomalies du spermogramme et les constituants biochimiques du liquide séminal de
sujets consultant pour hypofertilité masculine à Ouagadougou Jean SAKANDÉ *, Elie KABRÉ ,
Axelle EKUE-LIGAN , Hugues Aristide OUÉDRAOGO et Mamadou SAWADOGO. 6(June), 1167–
1178.
Sharma, R., Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Esteves, S. C., & Gratzke, C. (2016). Cigarette Smoking and Semen
Quality : A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization
Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen. European Urology, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.010
Ugwuja, E., NC, U., & BN, E. (2008). Prevalence of Low Sperm Count and Abnormal Semen Parameters
in Male Partners of Women Consulting at Infertility Clinic in Abakaliki , Nigeria.
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking. (2015).
(Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, 2012)

(Agarwal et al., 2015)

(Butt & Akram, 2013)

(Ugwuja et al., 2008)

Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A., & Chyatte, M. R. (2015). A unique view on male infertility
around the globe. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1
Agarwal, A., & Prabakaran, S. A. (2005). Mechanism , measurement , and prevention of oxidative
stress in male reproductive physiology. 43(November), 963–974.
Albert, M., & Auger, J. (2009). Exploration de la fonction de la reproduction versant masculin. Cahier
de Formation Biologie médicale. 42.
Benksim, A., Ph, D., Elkhoudri, N., Ph, D., Addi, R. A., Baali, A., & Ph, D. (2018). Difference between
Primary and Secondary Infertility in Morocco : Frequencies and Associated Factors. 12(2), 142–
146. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2018.5188.Introduction
Butt, F., & Akram, N. (2013). Semen analysis parameters : Experiences and insight into male infertility
at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. 558–562.
Dalvie, M. A., Myers, Ã. J. E., Thompson, L., Robins, T. G., Dyer, S., Riebow, J., Molekwa, J., Jeebhay,
M., Millar, R., & Kruger, P. (2004). The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen , fertility ,
and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province , South Africa $. 96,
1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2003.09.002
Elbardisi, H., Majzoub, A., Al, S., Al, K., El, W., Alattar, A., & Arafa, M. (2018). Geographical differences
in semen characteristics of 13 892 infertile men. Arab Journal of Urology, 16(1), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.018
Frikh, M., Benaissa, M., Kasouati, J., Benlahlou, Y., Chokairi, O., & Barkiyou, M. (2021). Prévalence de l
´infertilité masculine dans un hôpital universitaire au Maroc. 38(46).
Ho, K. L., Tsu, J. H. L., Tam, P. C., & Yiu, M. K. (2015). Disease spectrum and treatment patterns in a
local male infertility clinic. 21(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj144376
Iwamoto, T., Nozawa, S., & Yoshiike, M. (2007). Semen quality of Asian men. July, 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00184.x
Khandwala, A. Y. S., Zhang, C. A., Li, S., Behr, B., Guo, D., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2017). Racial Variation in
Semen Quality at Fertility Evaluation. Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.03.064
Martin-Odoom, A., Brown, C. A., & Adjei, D. N. (2015). Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of
Tema Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of Tema. 3615(November).
 https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1009876
Matumo, P., Bunduki, G., Kamwira, I. S., Sihalikyolo, J., & Bosunga, K. (2020). Article Case series
Anomalies du spermogramme en consultations prénuptiales et dans les couples infertiles à
Butembo , République Démocratique du Congo. 37(155), 1–10.
Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, I. L. (2012). Prevalence, Clinical Pattern and Major Causes of Male Infertility
in Nnewi, South East Nigeria: A Five YearReview. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(2), 16–19.
Owolabi, A. T., Fasubaa, O. B., & Ogunniyi, S. O. (2013). Semen quality of male partners of infertile
couples in Ile-Ife , Nigeria. 16(1), 37–40.
Pr, P. (2013). Abnormal Semen Parameters among Men in Infertile Couples. 8(1), 53–55.
SAKANDÉ, J., KABRÉ, E., EKUE-LIGAN, A., OUÉDRAOGO, H. A., & SAWADOGO, M. (2012). Relation
entre les anomalies du spermogramme et les constituants biochimiques du liquide séminal de
sujets consultant pour hypofertilité masculine à Ouagadougou Jean SAKANDÉ *, Elie KABRÉ ,
Axelle EKUE-LIGAN , Hugues Aristide OUÉDRAOGO et Mamadou SAWADOGO. 6(June), 1167–
1178.
Sharma, R., Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Esteves, S. C., & Gratzke, C. (2016). Cigarette Smoking and Semen
Quality : A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization
Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen. European Urology, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.010
Ugwuja, E., NC, U., & BN, E. (2008). Prevalence of Low Sperm Count and Abnormal Semen Parameters
in Male Partners of Women Consulting at Infertility Clinic in Abakaliki , Nigeria.
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking. (2015).
(Ugwuja et al., 2008)
Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A., & Chyatte, M. R. (2015). A unique view on male infertility
around the globe. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1
Agarwal, A., & Prabakaran, S. A. (2005). Mechanism , measurement , and prevention of oxidative
stress in male reproductive physiology. 43(November), 963–974.
Albert, M., & Auger, J. (2009). Exploration de la fonction de la reproduction versant masculin. Cahier
de Formation Biologie médicale. 42.
Benksim, A., Ph, D., Elkhoudri, N., Ph, D., Addi, R. A., Baali, A., & Ph, D. (2018). Difference between
Primary and Secondary Infertility in Morocco : Frequencies and Associated Factors. 12(2), 142–
146. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2018.5188.Introduction
Butt, F., & Akram, N. (2013). Semen analysis parameters : Experiences and insight into male infertility
at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. 558–562.
Dalvie, M. A., Myers, Ã. J. E., Thompson, L., Robins, T. G., Dyer, S., Riebow, J., Molekwa, J., Jeebhay,
M., Millar, R., & Kruger, P. (2004). The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen , fertility ,
and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province , South Africa $. 96,
1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2003.09.002
Elbardisi, H., Majzoub, A., Al, S., Al, K., El, W., Alattar, A., & Arafa, M. (2018). Geographical differences
in semen characteristics of 13 892 infertile men. Arab Journal of Urology, 16(1), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.018
Frikh, M., Benaissa, M., Kasouati, J., Benlahlou, Y., Chokairi, O., & Barkiyou, M. (2021). Prévalence de l
 ´infertilité masculine dans un hôpital universitaire au Maroc. 38(46).
Ho, K. L., Tsu, J. H. L., Tam, P. C., & Yiu, M. K. (2015). Disease spectrum and treatment patterns in a
local male infertility clinic. 21(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj144376
Iwamoto, T., Nozawa, S., & Yoshiike, M. (2007). Semen quality of Asian men. July, 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00184.x
Khandwala, A. Y. S., Zhang, C. A., Li, S., Behr, B., Guo, D., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2017). Racial Variation in
Semen Quality at Fertility Evaluation. Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.03.064
Martin-Odoom, A., Brown, C. A., & Adjei, D. N. (2015). Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of
Tema Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of Tema. 3615(November).
https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1009876
Matumo, P., Bunduki, G., Kamwira, I. S., Sihalikyolo, J., & Bosunga, K. (2020). Article Case series
Anomalies du spermogramme en consultations prénuptiales et dans les couples infertiles à
Butembo , République Démocratique du Congo. 37(155), 1–10.
Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, I. L. (2012). Prevalence, Clinical Pattern and Major Causes of Male Infertility
in Nnewi, South East Nigeria: A Five YearReview. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(2), 16–19.
Owolabi, A. T., Fasubaa, O. B., & Ogunniyi, S. O. (2013). Semen quality of male partners of infertile
couples in Ile-Ife , Nigeria. 16(1), 37–40.
Pr, P. (2013). Abnormal Semen Parameters among Men in Infertile Couples. 8(1), 53–55.
SAKANDÉ, J., KABRÉ, E., EKUE-LIGAN, A., OUÉDRAOGO, H. A., & SAWADOGO, M. (2012). Relation
entre les anomalies du spermogramme et les constituants biochimiques du liquide séminal de
sujets consultant pour hypofertilité masculine à Ouagadougou Jean SAKANDÉ *, Elie KABRÉ ,
Axelle EKUE-LIGAN , Hugues Aristide OUÉDRAOGO et Mamadou SAWADOGO. 6(June), 1167–
1178.
Sharma, R., Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Esteves, S. C., & Gratzke, C. (2016). Cigarette Smoking and Semen
Quality : A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization
Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen. European Urology, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.010
Ugwuja, E., NC, U., & BN, E. (2008). Prevalence of Low Sperm Count and Abnormal Semen Parameters
in Male Partners of Women Consulting at Infertility Clinic in Abakaliki , Nigeria.
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking. (2015).

(Ugwuja et al., 2008)

Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A., & Chyatte, M. R. (2015). A unique view on male infertility
around the globe. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1
Agarwal, A., & Prabakaran, S. A. (2005). Mechanism , measurement , and prevention of oxidative
stress in male reproductive physiology. 43(November), 963–974.
Albert, M., & Auger, J. (2009). Exploration de la fonction de la reproduction versant masculin. Cahier
de Formation Biologie médicale. 42.
Benksim, A., Ph, D., Elkhoudri, N., Ph, D., Addi, R. A., Baali, A., & Ph, D. (2018). Difference between
 Primary and Secondary Infertility in Morocco : Frequencies and Associated Factors. 12(2), 142–
146. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2018.5188.Introduction
Butt, F., & Akram, N. (2013). Semen analysis parameters : Experiences and insight into male infertility
at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. 558–562.
Dalvie, M. A., Myers, Ã. J. E., Thompson, L., Robins, T. G., Dyer, S., Riebow, J., Molekwa, J., Jeebhay,
M., Millar, R., & Kruger, P. (2004). The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen , fertility ,
and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province , South Africa $. 96,
1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2003.09.002
Elbardisi, H., Majzoub, A., Al, S., Al, K., El, W., Alattar, A., & Arafa, M. (2018). Geographical differences
in semen characteristics of 13 892 infertile men. Arab Journal of Urology, 16(1), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.018
Frikh, M., Benaissa, M., Kasouati, J., Benlahlou, Y., Chokairi, O., & Barkiyou, M. (2021). Prévalence de l
´infertilité masculine dans un hôpital universitaire au Maroc. 38(46).
Ho, K. L., Tsu, J. H. L., Tam, P. C., & Yiu, M. K. (2015). Disease spectrum and treatment patterns in a
local male infertility clinic. 21(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj144376
Iwamoto, T., Nozawa, S., & Yoshiike, M. (2007). Semen quality of Asian men. July, 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00184.x
Khandwala, A. Y. S., Zhang, C. A., Li, S., Behr, B., Guo, D., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2017). Racial Variation in
Semen Quality at Fertility Evaluation. Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.03.064
Martin-Odoom, A., Brown, C. A., & Adjei, D. N. (2015). Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of
Tema Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of Tema. 3615(November).
https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1009876
Matumo, P., Bunduki, G., Kamwira, I. S., Sihalikyolo, J., & Bosunga, K. (2020). Article Case series
Anomalies du spermogramme en consultations prénuptiales et dans les couples infertiles à
Butembo , République Démocratique du Congo. 37(155), 1–10.
Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, I. L. (2012). Prevalence, Clinical Pattern and Major Causes of Male Infertility
in Nnewi, South East Nigeria: A Five YearReview. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(2), 16–19.
Owolabi, A. T., Fasubaa, O. B., & Ogunniyi, S. O. (2013). Semen quality of male partners of infertile
couples in Ile-Ife , Nigeria. 16(1), 37–40.
Pr, P. (2013). Abnormal Semen Parameters among Men in Infertile Couples. 8(1), 53–55.
SAKANDÉ, J., KABRÉ, E., EKUE-LIGAN, A., OUÉDRAOGO, H. A., & SAWADOGO, M. (2012). Relation
entre les anomalies du spermogramme et les constituants biochimiques du liquide séminal de
sujets consultant pour hypofertilité masculine à Ouagadougou Jean SAKANDÉ *, Elie KABRÉ ,
Axelle EKUE-LIGAN , Hugues Aristide OUÉDRAOGO et Mamadou SAWADOGO. 6(June), 1167–
1178.
Sharma, R., Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Esteves, S. C., & Gratzke, C. (2016). Cigarette Smoking and Semen
Quality : A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization
Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen. European Urology, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.010
Ugwuja, E., NC, U., & BN, E. (2008). Prevalence of Low Sperm Count and Abnormal Semen Parameters
in Male Partners of Women Consulting at Infertility Clinic in Abakaliki , Nigeria.
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking. (2015).
(Owolabi et al., 2013)

(Pr, 2013)

(Matumo et al., 2020)

(Albert & Auger, 2009)

(Iwamoto et al., 2007) Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A., & Chyatte, M. R. (2015). A unique view
on male infertility around the globe. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1
Agarwal, A., & Prabakaran, S. A. (2005). Mechanism , measurement , and prevention of oxidative
stress in male reproductive physiology. 43(November), 963–974.
Albert, M., & Auger, J. (2009). Exploration de la fonction de la reproduction versant masculin. Cahier
de Formation Biologie médicale. 42.
Benksim, A., Ph, D., Elkhoudri, N., Ph, D., Addi, R. A., Baali, A., & Ph, D. (2018). Difference between
Primary and Secondary Infertility in Morocco : Frequencies and Associated Factors. 12(2), 142–
146. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2018.5188.Introduction
Butt, F., & Akram, N. (2013). Semen analysis parameters : Experiences and insight into male infertility
at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. 558–562.
Dalvie, M. A., Myers, Ã. J. E., Thompson, L., Robins, T. G., Dyer, S., Riebow, J., Molekwa, J., Jeebhay,
M., Millar, R., & Kruger, P. (2004). The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen , fertility ,
and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province , South Africa $. 96,
1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2003.09.002
Elbardisi, H., Majzoub, A., Al, S., Al, K., El, W., Alattar, A., & Arafa, M. (2018). Geographical differences
in semen characteristics of 13 892 infertile men. Arab Journal of Urology, 16(1), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.018
Frikh, M., Benaissa, M., Kasouati, J., Benlahlou, Y., Chokairi, O., & Barkiyou, M. (2021). Prévalence de l
´infertilité masculine dans un hôpital universitaire au Maroc. 38(46).
Ho, K. L., Tsu, J. H. L., Tam, P. C., & Yiu, M. K. (2015). Disease spectrum and treatment patterns in a
local male infertility clinic. 21(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj144376
Iwamoto, T., Nozawa, S., & Yoshiike, M. (2007). Semen quality of Asian men. July, 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00184.x
Khandwala, A. Y. S., Zhang, C. A., Li, S., Behr, B., Guo, D., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2017). Racial Variation in
Semen Quality at Fertility Evaluation. Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.03.064
Martin-Odoom, A., Brown, C. A., & Adjei, D. N. (2015). Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of
Tema Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of Tema. 3615(November).
https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1009876
Matumo, P., Bunduki, G., Kamwira, I. S., Sihalikyolo, J., & Bosunga, K. (2020). Article Case series
Anomalies du spermogramme en consultations prénuptiales et dans les couples infertiles à
 Butembo , République Démocratique du Congo. 37(155), 1–10.
Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, I. L. (2012). Prevalence, Clinical Pattern and Major Causes of Male Infertility
in Nnewi, South East Nigeria: A Five YearReview. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(2), 16–19.
Owolabi, A. T., Fasubaa, O. B., & Ogunniyi, S. O. (2013). Semen quality of male partners of infertile
couples in Ile-Ife , Nigeria. 16(1), 37–40.
Pr, P. (2013). Abnormal Semen Parameters among Men in Infertile Couples. 8(1), 53–55.
SAKANDÉ, J., KABRÉ, E., EKUE-LIGAN, A., OUÉDRAOGO, H. A., & SAWADOGO, M. (2012). Relation
entre les anomalies du spermogramme et les constituants biochimiques du liquide séminal de
sujets consultant pour hypofertilité masculine à Ouagadougou Jean SAKANDÉ *, Elie KABRÉ ,
Axelle EKUE-LIGAN , Hugues Aristide OUÉDRAOGO et Mamadou SAWADOGO. 6(June), 1167–
1178.
Sharma, R., Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Esteves, S. C., & Gratzke, C. (2016). Cigarette Smoking and Semen
Quality : A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization
Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen. European Urology, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.010
Ugwuja, E., NC, U., & BN, E. (2008). Prevalence of Low Sperm Count and Abnormal Semen Parameters
in Male Partners of Women Consulting at Infertility Clinic in Abakaliki , Nigeria.
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking. (2015).

(Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, 2012)

Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A., & Chyatte, M. R. (2015). A unique view on male infertility
around the globe. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1
Agarwal, A., & Prabakaran, S. A. (2005). Mechanism , measurement , and prevention of oxidative
stress in male reproductive physiology. 43(November), 963–974.
Albert, M., & Auger, J. (2009). Exploration de la fonction de la reproduction versant masculin. Cahier
de Formation Biologie médicale. 42.
Benksim, A., Ph, D., Elkhoudri, N., Ph, D., Addi, R. A., Baali, A., & Ph, D. (2018). Difference between
Primary and Secondary Infertility in Morocco : Frequencies and Associated Factors. 12(2), 142–
146. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2018.5188.Introduction
Butt, F., & Akram, N. (2013). Semen analysis parameters : Experiences and insight into male infertility
at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. 558–562.
Dalvie, M. A., Myers, Ã. J. E., Thompson, L., Robins, T. G., Dyer, S., Riebow, J., Molekwa, J., Jeebhay,
M., Millar, R., & Kruger, P. (2004). The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen , fertility ,
and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province , South Africa $. 96,
1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2003.09.002
Elbardisi, H., Majzoub, A., Al, S., Al, K., El, W., Alattar, A., & Arafa, M. (2018). Geographical differences
in semen characteristics of 13 892 infertile men. Arab Journal of Urology, 16(1), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.018
Frikh, M., Benaissa, M., Kasouati, J., Benlahlou, Y., Chokairi, O., & Barkiyou, M. (2021). Prévalence de l
´infertilité masculine dans un hôpital universitaire au Maroc. 38(46).
Ho, K. L., Tsu, J. H. L., Tam, P. C., & Yiu, M. K. (2015). Disease spectrum and treatment patterns in a
 local male infertility clinic. 21(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj144376
Iwamoto, T., Nozawa, S., & Yoshiike, M. (2007). Semen quality of Asian men. July, 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00184.x
Khandwala, A. Y. S., Zhang, C. A., Li, S., Behr, B., Guo, D., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2017). Racial Variation in
Semen Quality at Fertility Evaluation. Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.03.064
Martin-Odoom, A., Brown, C. A., & Adjei, D. N. (2015). Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of
Tema Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of Tema. 3615(November).
https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1009876
Matumo, P., Bunduki, G., Kamwira, I. S., Sihalikyolo, J., & Bosunga, K. (2020). Article Case series
Anomalies du spermogramme en consultations prénuptiales et dans les couples infertiles à
Butembo , République Démocratique du Congo. 37(155), 1–10.
Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, I. L. (2012). Prevalence, Clinical Pattern and Major Causes of Male Infertility
in Nnewi, South East Nigeria: A Five YearReview. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(2), 16–19.
Owolabi, A. T., Fasubaa, O. B., & Ogunniyi, S. O. (2013). Semen quality of male partners of infertile
couples in Ile-Ife , Nigeria. 16(1), 37–40.
Pr, P. (2013). Abnormal Semen Parameters among Men in Infertile Couples. 8(1), 53–55.
SAKANDÉ, J., KABRÉ, E., EKUE-LIGAN, A., OUÉDRAOGO, H. A., & SAWADOGO, M. (2012). Relation
entre les anomalies du spermogramme et les constituants biochimiques du liquide séminal de
sujets consultant pour hypofertilité masculine à Ouagadougou Jean SAKANDÉ *, Elie KABRÉ ,
Axelle EKUE-LIGAN , Hugues Aristide OUÉDRAOGO et Mamadou SAWADOGO. 6(June), 1167–
1178.
Sharma, R., Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Esteves, S. C., & Gratzke, C. (2016). Cigarette Smoking and Semen
Quality : A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization
Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen. European Urology, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.010
Ugwuja, E., NC, U., & BN, E. (2008). Prevalence of Low Sperm Count and Abnormal Semen Parameters
in Male Partners of Women Consulting at Infertility Clinic in Abakaliki , Nigeria.
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking. (2015).
(Martin-Odoom et al., 2015)Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A., & Chyatte, M. R. (2015). A unique
view on male infertility around the globe. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1
Agarwal, A., & Prabakaran, S. A. (2005). Mechanism , measurement , and prevention of oxidative
stress in male reproductive physiology. 43(November), 963–974.
Albert, M., & Auger, J. (2009). Exploration de la fonction de la reproduction versant masculin. Cahier
de Formation Biologie médicale. 42.
Benksim, A., Ph, D., Elkhoudri, N., Ph, D., Addi, R. A., Baali, A., & Ph, D. (2018). Difference between
Primary and Secondary Infertility in Morocco : Frequencies and Associated Factors. 12(2), 142–
146. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2018.5188.Introduction
Butt, F., & Akram, N. (2013). Semen analysis parameters : Experiences and insight into male infertility
at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. 558–562.
Dalvie, M. A., Myers, Ã. J. E., Thompson, L., Robins, T. G., Dyer, S., Riebow, J., Molekwa, J., Jeebhay,
M., Millar, R., & Kruger, P. (2004). The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen , fertility ,
 and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province , South Africa $. 96,
1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2003.09.002
Elbardisi, H., Majzoub, A., Al, S., Al, K., El, W., Alattar, A., & Arafa, M. (2018). Geographical differences
in semen characteristics of 13 892 infertile men. Arab Journal of Urology, 16(1), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.018
Frikh, M., Benaissa, M., Kasouati, J., Benlahlou, Y., Chokairi, O., & Barkiyou, M. (2021). Prévalence de l
´infertilité masculine dans un hôpital universitaire au Maroc. 38(46).
Ho, K. L., Tsu, J. H. L., Tam, P. C., & Yiu, M. K. (2015). Disease spectrum and treatment patterns in a
local male infertility clinic. 21(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj144376
Iwamoto, T., Nozawa, S., & Yoshiike, M. (2007). Semen quality of Asian men. July, 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00184.x
Khandwala, A. Y. S., Zhang, C. A., Li, S., Behr, B., Guo, D., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2017). Racial Variation in
Semen Quality at Fertility Evaluation. Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.03.064
Martin-Odoom, A., Brown, C. A., & Adjei, D. N. (2015). Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of
Tema Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of Tema. 3615(November).
https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1009876
Matumo, P., Bunduki, G., Kamwira, I. S., Sihalikyolo, J., & Bosunga, K. (2020). Article Case series
Anomalies du spermogramme en consultations prénuptiales et dans les couples infertiles à
Butembo , République Démocratique du Congo. 37(155), 1–10.
Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, I. L. (2012). Prevalence, Clinical Pattern and Major Causes of Male Infertility
in Nnewi, South East Nigeria: A Five YearReview. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(2), 16–19.
Owolabi, A. T., Fasubaa, O. B., & Ogunniyi, S. O. (2013). Semen quality of male partners of infertile
couples in Ile-Ife , Nigeria. 16(1), 37–40.
Pr, P. (2013). Abnormal Semen Parameters among Men in Infertile Couples. 8(1), 53–55.
SAKANDÉ, J., KABRÉ, E., EKUE-LIGAN, A., OUÉDRAOGO, H. A., & SAWADOGO, M. (2012). Relation
entre les anomalies du spermogramme et les constituants biochimiques du liquide séminal de
sujets consultant pour hypofertilité masculine à Ouagadougou Jean SAKANDÉ *, Elie KABRÉ ,
Axelle EKUE-LIGAN , Hugues Aristide OUÉDRAOGO et Mamadou SAWADOGO. 6(June), 1167–
1178.
Sharma, R., Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Esteves, S. C., & Gratzke, C. (2016). Cigarette Smoking and Semen
Quality : A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization
Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen. European Urology, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.010
Ugwuja, E., NC, U., & BN, E. (2008). Prevalence of Low Sperm Count and Abnormal Semen Parameters
in Male Partners of Women Consulting at Infertility Clinic in Abakaliki , Nigeria.
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking. (2015).

(Elbardisi et al., 2018)

(Ho et al., 2015)

(Frikh et al., 2021)

(Frikh et al., 2021) Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A., & Chyatte, M. R. (2015). A unique view on
male infertility around the globe. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1
Agarwal, A., & Prabakaran, S. A. (2005). Mechanism , measurement , and prevention of oxidative
stress in male reproductive physiology. 43(November), 963–974.
Albert, M., & Auger, J. (2009). Exploration de la fonction de la reproduction versant masculin. Cahier
de Formation Biologie médicale. 42.
Benksim, A., Ph, D., Elkhoudri, N., Ph, D., Addi, R. A., Baali, A., & Ph, D. (2018). Difference between
Primary and Secondary Infertility in Morocco : Frequencies and Associated Factors. 12(2), 142–
146. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2018.5188.Introduction
Butt, F., & Akram, N. (2013). Semen analysis parameters : Experiences and insight into male infertility
at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. 558–562.
Dalvie, M. A., Myers, Ã. J. E., Thompson, L., Robins, T. G., Dyer, S., Riebow, J., Molekwa, J., Jeebhay,
M., Millar, R., & Kruger, P. (2004). The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen , fertility ,
and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province , South Africa $. 96,
1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2003.09.002
Elbardisi, H., Majzoub, A., Al, S., Al, K., El, W., Alattar, A., & Arafa, M. (2018). Geographical differences
in semen characteristics of 13 892 infertile men. Arab Journal of Urology, 16(1), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.018
Frikh, M., Benaissa, M., Kasouati, J., Benlahlou, Y., Chokairi, O., & Barkiyou, M. (2021). Prévalence de l
´infertilité masculine dans un hôpital universitaire au Maroc. 38(46).
Ho, K. L., Tsu, J. H. L., Tam, P. C., & Yiu, M. K. (2015). Disease spectrum and treatment patterns in a
local male infertility clinic. 21(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj144376
Iwamoto, T., Nozawa, S., & Yoshiike, M. (2007). Semen quality of Asian men. July, 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00184.x
Khandwala, A. Y. S., Zhang, C. A., Li, S., Behr, B., Guo, D., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2017). Racial Variation in
Semen Quality at Fertility Evaluation. Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.03.064
Martin-Odoom, A., Brown, C. A., & Adjei, D. N. (2015). Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of
Tema Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of Tema. 3615(November).
https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1009876
Matumo, P., Bunduki, G., Kamwira, I. S., Sihalikyolo, J., & Bosunga, K. (2020). Article Case series
Anomalies du spermogramme en consultations prénuptiales et dans les couples infertiles à
Butembo , République Démocratique du Congo. 37(155), 1–10.
Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, I. L. (2012). Prevalence, Clinical Pattern and Major Causes of Male Infertility
in Nnewi, South East Nigeria: A Five YearReview. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(2), 16–19.
Owolabi, A. T., Fasubaa, O. B., & Ogunniyi, S. O. (2013). Semen quality of male partners of infertile
couples in Ile-Ife , Nigeria. 16(1), 37–40.
Pr, P. (2013). Abnormal Semen Parameters among Men in Infertile Couples. 8(1), 53–55.
SAKANDÉ, J., KABRÉ, E., EKUE-LIGAN, A., OUÉDRAOGO, H. A., & SAWADOGO, M. (2012). Relation
entre les anomalies du spermogramme et les constituants biochimiques du liquide séminal de
sujets consultant pour hypofertilité masculine à Ouagadougou Jean SAKANDÉ *, Elie KABRÉ ,
 Axelle EKUE-LIGAN , Hugues Aristide OUÉDRAOGO et Mamadou SAWADOGO. 6(June), 1167–
1178.
Sharma, R., Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Esteves, S. C., & Gratzke, C. (2016). Cigarette Smoking and Semen
Quality : A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization
Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen. European Urology, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.010
Ugwuja, E., NC, U., & BN, E. (2008). Prevalence of Low Sperm Count and Abnormal Semen Parameters
in Male Partners of Women Consulting at Infertility Clinic in Abakaliki , Nigeria.
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking. (2015).

(SAKANDÉ et al., 2012)(Benksim et al., 2018)

(Dalvie et al., 2004)

(Khandwala et al., 2017)

(Sharma et al., 2016)

Au cours des dernières décennies, la qualité du sperme humain a considérablement diminué. On

s'inquiète de plus en plus des effets néfastes possibles des facteurs environnementaux sur la qualité
du sperme. Ces dernières années, de nombreuses études ont été menées sur le tabagisme et la
qualité du sperme. Malheureusement, les résultats n'ont pas été concluants.

Le but de cette étude était donc d'examiner la relation entre le tabagisme et la qualité du sperme, en
particulier en ce qui concerne une relation dose-réponse. (Pour intro)

(WHO , 2015) Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A., & Chyatte, M. R. (2015). A unique view on male
infertility around the globe. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1
Agarwal, A., & Prabakaran, S. A. (2005). Mechanism , measurement , and prevention of oxidative
stress in male reproductive physiology. 43(November), 963–974.
Albert, M., & Auger, J. (2009). Exploration de la fonction de la reproduction versant masculin. Cahier
de Formation Biologie médicale. 42.
Benksim, A., Ph, D., Elkhoudri, N., Ph, D., Addi, R. A., Baali, A., & Ph, D. (2018). Difference between
Primary and Secondary Infertility in Morocco : Frequencies and Associated Factors. 12(2), 142–
146. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2018.5188.Introduction
Butt, F., & Akram, N. (2013). Semen analysis parameters : Experiences and insight into male infertility
at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. 558–562.
Dalvie, M. A., Myers, Ã. J. E., Thompson, L., Robins, T. G., Dyer, S., Riebow, J., Molekwa, J., Jeebhay,
M., Millar, R., & Kruger, P. (2004). The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen , fertility ,
and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province , South Africa $. 96,
 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2003.09.002
Elbardisi, H., Majzoub, A., Al, S., Al, K., El, W., Alattar, A., & Arafa, M. (2018). Geographical differences
in semen characteristics of 13 892 infertile men. Arab Journal of Urology, 16(1), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2017.11.018
Frikh, M., Benaissa, M., Kasouati, J., Benlahlou, Y., Chokairi, O., & Barkiyou, M. (2021). Prévalence de l
´infertilité masculine dans un hôpital universitaire au Maroc. 38(46).
Ho, K. L., Tsu, J. H. L., Tam, P. C., & Yiu, M. K. (2015). Disease spectrum and treatment patterns in a
local male infertility clinic. 21(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj144376
Iwamoto, T., Nozawa, S., & Yoshiike, M. (2007). Semen quality of Asian men. July, 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00184.x
Khandwala, A. Y. S., Zhang, C. A., Li, S., Behr, B., Guo, D., & Eisenberg, M. L. (2017). Racial Variation in
Semen Quality at Fertility Evaluation. Urology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.03.064
Martin-Odoom, A., Brown, C. A., & Adjei, D. N. (2015). Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of
Tema Level of male infertility in the Ghanaian city of Tema. 3615(November).
https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1009876
Matumo, P., Bunduki, G., Kamwira, I. S., Sihalikyolo, J., & Bosunga, K. (2020). Article Case series
Anomalies du spermogramme en consultations prénuptiales et dans les couples infertiles à
Butembo , République Démocratique du Congo. 37(155), 1–10.
Nwajiaku L.A, Mbachu I.I, I. L. (2012). Prevalence, Clinical Pattern and Major Causes of Male Infertility
in Nnewi, South East Nigeria: A Five YearReview. AFRIMEDIC Journal, 3(2), 16–19.
Owolabi, A. T., Fasubaa, O. B., & Ogunniyi, S. O. (2013). Semen quality of male partners of infertile
couples in Ile-Ife , Nigeria. 16(1), 37–40.
Pr, P. (2013). Abnormal Semen Parameters among Men in Infertile Couples. 8(1), 53–55.
SAKANDÉ, J., KABRÉ, E., EKUE-LIGAN, A., OUÉDRAOGO, H. A., & SAWADOGO, M. (2012). Relation
entre les anomalies du spermogramme et les constituants biochimiques du liquide séminal de
sujets consultant pour hypofertilité masculine à Ouagadougou Jean SAKANDÉ *, Elie KABRÉ ,
Axelle EKUE-LIGAN , Hugues Aristide OUÉDRAOGO et Mamadou SAWADOGO. 6(June), 1167–
1178.
Sharma, R., Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Esteves, S. C., & Gratzke, C. (2016). Cigarette Smoking and Semen
Quality : A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization
Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen. European Urology, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.010
Ugwuja, E., NC, U., & BN, E. (2008). Prevalence of Low Sperm Count and Abnormal Semen Parameters
in Male Partners of Women Consulting at Infertility Clinic in Abakaliki , Nigeria.
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking. (2015).

(Agarwal & Prabakaran, 2005)