1- biology 2- physics

3chemistry 4- geology

Prepared By Teacher Mr . Majid Mohamed

Mobil 07506149761

Hawler Secondary School

2020- 2021
 1-Biology

Hawler secondary school

Teacher Mr.Majid Mohamed Ali
Mobil / 07506149761

Page 1
Section 1-1 Mendel And The Pea Plant
Prepared By Teacher Mr. Majid
Q1/What is heredity ?

Heredity :-the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring.

Q2/what is trait ,give seven examples about Pea plant ?

Trait is personality characteristic which is transfer from parents to off spring for
example :flower color /seed color/seed shape/ pad color/pod shape/flower position

Plant height.

Q3/who was Gregor Mendel ?

Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 ,he performed important experiments about pea plant
and lead to the discovery of the principles of heredity .

Q4/what was the big question for Mendel ?

Why traits had appeared in one generation (parents ) are disappeared in next the
generation (offspring ), then appeared again but with a ratio.?

To answer this question he selected the pea plant for his experiments .

Q5/why Mendel chose a pea plant ?

For several reasons :

1-pea plant grow quickly .

2-there are many different kinds available .

3-they are also able to self –pollinate.

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 Q6/ compare between self -pollination and cross-pollination ?
self -pollination cross-pollination
Plant has both male ( anthers ) and It has one type of pollen .
female(stigma) .
Fertilization occurs when a sperm from The breeding occur by animals or wind or
anther travels to stigma combine with water . from plant to another plant
eggs in the same plant to make a new
plant.
Q7/Explain Mendel's results from his experiments ?
1-Mendel did same experiment on each seven characteristics , which includes first
generation , then second generation .

2-He discovered that dominant traits clear because there are always present in first
generation , and also recessive traits clear because there are not visible in the first but
reappear in the second generation .

3- Mendel found the ratio of dominant to recessive is 1:3 each time.

Let your teacher explain these seven characteristic as in the below table :

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 Q8/are people believed that Mendele's theory is true ?
No one believed is true in that time , but after 30 years later Mendl's work was widely
recognized . then created(( Genetic research )) OR which today called (( heredity )).

Q9/ compare between dominant trait and recessive trait ?

N Dominant trait (controlling)
1- The trait observed in the first generation when
parents that have different traits are bred
(mate ).
2- Sampled by capital letter like R , H , P
3- it exist as either pure (true breeding)
(homozygous)or impure (not true breeding)
(heterozygous ).
Recessive trait
Trait disappears in the first generation ,but it
observe in the second generation ,when parents
with different traits are bred.
Sampled by small letter r , h , p
It exist only homozygous .

4- For example RR ( its pure) or Rr impure. Examples rr , hh , pp , tt

Section Review (1-1) Page 11 /Teacher Mr.Majid

Q1/ Heredity : the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring.

Dominant trait : The trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are
bred (mate ).

Recessive trait : Trait disappears in the first generation ,but it observe in the second generation ,when
parents with different traits are bred.

Q2/ B

Q3/ this table :

self -pollination cross-pollination

Plant has both male ( anthers ) and It has one type of pollen .
female(stigma) .
Fertilization occurs when a sperm from The breeding occur by animals or wind or
anther travels to stigma combine with water . from plant to another plant
eggs in the same plant to make a new
plant.

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Q4/ this table :

Characteristic Trait
Is a feature that has different form Type of characteristic.
.
For example hair color – length For example (black or brown ) this for hair color .
pant And ( short – long ) this for length of plant.
Q5/Mendel's first set or (first generation )it was dominant trait for all generation .

Q6/ Mendel's second set or (second generation )it was dominant trait to recessive trait as
a ratio of 3 : 1

Q7/math skills :

*What is the ratio of white to brown ? 21 / 6 or nearly 3 /1

*What is the ratio of brown to white ? 6 / 21 or nearly 1 /3

Q8/ if he had used plants not true breeding , he would not have discovered dominant and
recessive traits.

Q9/curly ear a dominant trait , because it was appeared in first generation.

Q10/ physics – chemistry – statics

Chapter 1 section 2 traits and inheritance.

Prepared by teacher Mr.Majid

Page 5
Q1/Define and give more details ?
S vocabulary Definition Details
One set of instruction for Because each parent gives one set of
an inherited trait . genes

1 gene

One of the alternative

forms of a gene that
governs a characteristic
such as hair color.
2 Allele

An organism's appearance It means describe a characteristic in

3 Phenotype or other detectable words .for example red color - long
characteristic. plant or wrinkle seed.
It means describe a characteristic in
letter of alphabet.
1-If the traits was dominant we use
capital letter for example eye color
was red so it Written R.
2- If the traits was RECESSIVE we use
small letter for example eye color was
red so it Written r .
3- when we have true breeding
The entire genetic makeup dominant .
4 Genotype of an organism . That means RR ( each R one parent)
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 4-when we have true breeding
recessive .
That means rr ( each r one parent)
5- in case RR or rr called
homozygous.
In case Rr called heterozygous .

Q2/How We Can Use Punnet Square?

Result is :

25 % BB

50 % Bb

25% bb

Page 7
More examples : look at page 13 & 15

Q3/why Mendelian Heredity was not enough ?

When scientists learned more about heredity they began to find exceptions to Mendel's
principles . these exceptions make studding heredity take a new name called :

(( Non –Mendelian Heredity))

a few of these exceptions are :

1-Incomplete 2-One Gene Many 3-Many Genes , One 4 The Importance

Dominance Traits .for example Trait . Of Environment .
one gene influences Some traits as color Environment
the color of the white of skin , hair , eye are influences how
fur , but also the result of several you grow which
influences eye color . genes acting includes may
together. Healthy diet
+pure air +water

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Section review p17/teacher Mr.MAJID
Q1/ alleles is different copies from same gene.

Q2/genotype : It means describe a characteristic in letter of alphabet.

1-If the traits was dominant we use capital letter for example eye color was red so it
Written R.

2- If the traits was RECESSIVE we use small letter for example eye color was red so it
Written r

Phenotype :
It means describe a characteristic in words .for example red color - long plant or wrinkle
seed.

Q3/ B Q4/the below table

Alleles related with genotype Genes related with phenotype

Two alleles (1 from each parent) If two parents (red – white ) and red was
Are written genotype like RR , or dominant – so all offspring in first
Rr or rr generation will be red.
Q5/1- in complete dominance .

2- one gene many traits . 3-many genes , one trait.

Q6/ math skill

Probability of rolling :

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝒙 =
𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟐𝟏𝟔

Q7/ C is a dominant trait . what result of ( C c X cc )

x C c Result are
c Cc cc
50 % Cc and 50% cc
c Cc cc

Page 9
Section 3 Meiosis Prepared By Teacher Mr Majid

Q1/ compare between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction ?

s Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

1 Only one parent cell is need It needs two parents (male + female )

2 Offspring are exact copies
of their parent's genotype .
3 This type of reproduction is
known mitosis .
4 It occurs in somatic cell in
human to :
a- Developing in size
tissue like muscle
tissue .
b- Repair tissue after
damage accidents.
2 offspring are different from both parent's
genotype.
This type of reproduction is known meiosis .
It occurs in sex cells in each type either male
human or female .
In order to increase sperms in male.
Or increase egg cell in female.
Because during teenage or adult should level of
sex cell (Gametes )be complete or ready to
marriage .

Q2/ what are the difference between somatic cell (body cell ) and sex cell ?

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10
 Somatic cell or body cell Human egg cell has 23 chromosomes.

Has 46 chromosomes or And sperm cell has 23 chromosomes .

23 pairs of homologuos The new cell that forms (zygote ) when

chromosomes . an egg cell and sperm cell join has 46
chromosomes .
Its reproduction called Mitosis
Its reproduction called Meiosis

Q3/ chromosome or chromatid ?

Centromere :is
made up DNA to
join two sisters
chromatids

Q4/what are the difference between Mitosis & Meiosis

46 for each cell 23 for each cell

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Q5/what are the difference between Mitosis & Meiosis graphically ?

Q5/What dose WALTER SUTTON discover ?

Q6/what is the relate between meiosis and Mendel ?

X R R

r Rr Rr

r Rr Rr

Its clear as in meiosis produce

4 identical cells , also in
Mendel heredity (( RR x rr ))
Page fertilization the first offspring
12 will be 4 cells type Rr

Or dominate trait clear here.

Q7/sex chromosome xx female , xy male

Q8/sex – linked Disorders // Students must memorized first two diseases .

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13
Q9/ genetic counseling and Pedigree .
If people are worried that they might pass a disease to their children , they may consult a
Genetic Counselor ,these counselors often make use of a diagram known as Pedigree

Pedigree:- a diagram that shows occurrence of a genetic trait in a several

generations of a family .

Q10/ selective breeding applications in our life ?

Careful breeding of plants and animals with (desirable ,suitable ,attractive ,preferable )-
characteristics are mated .

Section Review P 25 / Teacher Mr . Majid

Q1/at end of meiosis each sex cell will includes one sex chromosome either X or Y

NOTE: after breeding male will have two chromosome XY , and female XX.

Q2/During Meiosis , chromosomes are copied and then the nucleus divided twice .

Q3/ pedigree is used to show how inherited traits move through a family .

Q4/ During meiosis , chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Q5/ A Q6/ 7 Q7/ SEE PAGE 20+21

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14
Q8/
A half-field
circle
indicates
that the
person is
carrier
trait

But

Full –field

The person
certain
trait

Answer:

Yes , its clear the female carrier the trait disease , and male has a certain trait disease .

Q9/from smallest to largest : Gene – Chromosome – Cell.

Q10/because allele type P is dominate

Because allele p is recessive so will be either ( P OR p)

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Chapter Review Prepared By Teacher Mr Majid
Q1/ means

term mean
Sex cell Sperm or egg
Sex chromosome Chromosome carries the gene which determines type sex.
phenotype Expression by words to describe a trait.
Genotype Expression by letters to describe a trait , so capital for
dominate trait and small for recessive trait.
Alleles One of two alternative forms of a gene that governs a trait .
Meiosis Division cell when the result is 4 cell each on have half number
of chromosome .
Q/ 7- D 8- C 9- B 10- B 11- C 12 –C 13- B

Q14/ female have = XX Male have = XY

Q15/ Recessive Trait : after breeding recessive trait disappear in first generation , but it will
appear in second generation by the ratio 1 :3 according Mendes's heredity.

Q16/

Q17/sex – linked disorder :because each person have two chromosome (XX OR XY ) so if
one chromosome carrier a disease it called sex-linked disorder , like colorblind or
Hemophilia .

Q18 /concept mapping :

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16
Use the following terms to create concept map .

cell divission

meiosis mitosis
produced

sex cell

sperm eggs

x-chromosome
y- chromosome

Q19/ by testing lab for both father and mother then genetic counseling could expect that
the sex –linked disorder either will appear or not in future .

Q20/because both parents have brown hair color ,and the child has blond color that means
the blond allele is recessive trait.

Q21/ is Pp -look page 13 in student book. Q22/ T T

Q23/ Consider T : represent dominant trait tall ((plant height )) according Mendel's results

For pea plant , and t : represents recessive trait short ((plant height )).

All fathers and off springs will be tall ( T ).

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17
Q24/ 1- if breeding ( TT X TT ) the probability of TT will be 100%

2- if breeding ( T t X T t) the probability of TT will be 25 %

3- - if breeding ( T t X T T) the probability of TT will be 50 %

4-- if breeding ( T T X t t) the probability of TT will be 0%

Multiple choice section 1 & 2 teacher Mr.MAJID

1-a plant that has both male and female reproductive structures is able to:

A self –replicate B self – pollinate C change colors D none of them

2-Mendel found a………….ratio of dominate to recessive traits in the second generation.

A 1/2 B 1/3 C 1/4 D 1/10

3- Mendel chose pea plant for his experiments because :

A - pea plant grow quickly B - pea plant has trait and anti-trait

C Pea able to self –pollinate D all of them

4- cross-pollinate is happened by

A -insects B wind C ((anther –stigma)). D A & B

5-Self -pollinate is happened by

A -insects B wind C ((anther –stigma)). D A & B

6-………….. trait disappears in the first generation ,but it observe in the second generation.

A Recessive trait B Dominant trait C A&B D none of them

7-………….one set of instructions for an inherited trait .

A gene B allele C phenotype D Genotype .

8-………….one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristics.

A gen B allele C phenotype D Genotype .

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18
9-……….an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristics.

A gen B allele C phenotype D Genotype .

10-…….the entire genetic makeup of an organism .

A gen B allele C phenotype D Genotype .

11-………the combination of genes for one of more specific traits .

A gen B allele C phenotype D Genotype .

12- the symbol RR represent…………

A Dominant allele B Recessive allele C phenotype D all of them.

13- the symbol ( tt ) represent…………

A Dominant allele B Recessive allele C phenotype D all of them.

14-in pea plants ((flowers would be purple )) this called ….

A Dominant allele B Recessive allele C phenotype D all of them.

15-…..the likelihood that possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event

A Dominant allele B probability C phenotype D all of them.

16-………….shows the possible results of offspring from particular parents .

A Dominant allele B Recessive allele C phenotype D Punnett square

17- the symbol RR represent………… , ………

A Dominant allele ----true breeding(homozygous) B Recessive allele-true breeding

C phenotype - heterozygous D all of them.

18-- the symbol Rr represent………… , ………..

A Dominant - heterozygous B Recessive allele - heterozygous

C phenotype - heterozygous D all of them.

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19
20- the symbol rr represent………… , ………..

A Dominant - heterozygous B Recessive - homozygous

C phenotype - heterozygous D all of them.

21-researches have found that some times one trait is not completely dominant over another this called…

A gen B allele C phenotype D incomplete dominance.

22- Non –Mendelian Heredity is……..

A -incomplete dominance B one gene many traits & -many genes , one trait

C the importance of environment D All of them

23 -………..is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

A Pollination B self pollination C heredity D recessive trait

24 using Punnett square to determine the possible genotypes of the offspring of a BB X Bb

A all BB B - BB , Bb C BB , Bb , bb D all bb

25 this graph represents :

A – Punnett square.

B-Two parents (gg x Gg )

C- offspring (Gg – gg )

D – All of them

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26- in the opposite graph ,instate of

Question mark ( ? ) we have to put :

A Small p

B capital p

C A& B

D None of them

27-after Mendel's work , Sutton proposed something very important :

A there is no Genes B Genes are located on chromosomes.

C there are four types of chromosomes D Meiosis happen in kidney cells.

28- ……………..is sex –linked disorder.

A pedigree B colorblind C hemophilia DB&C

29-……………one of pair of chromosome that detrained the sex of an individual.

A Body cell B somatic chromosome C sex chromosome D none.

30-in ………. Organisms with desirable characteristics are mated.

A Selective breeding B pedigree C meiosis D all of them .

31-genes carry information that determines :

A Allele B ribosome C chromosome D traits.

32-the process that produces sex cell is:

A mitosis B meiosis C heredity D probability .

33- if you cross a genotype T T with genotype t t the probability of appear TT is :

A 0% B 25% C 50% D 100%

34- if you cross a genotype T T with genotype T t the probability of appear TT is :

A 0% B 25% C 50% D 100%

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35- if you cross a genotype T T with genotype TT the probability of appear TT is :

A 0% B 25% C 50% D 100%

Chapter 2 /Body Organization And Structure

Section 1/Body Organization /Mr. Majid

Q1/what is the main idea for this chapter ?

The human body is composed of major systems about 11 systems , that have different
functions , but all of the systems work together to maintain hemostasis.

Q2/define the following terms ?

s terms Define More explain
The maintenance of a constant For example :
internal state in a changing In order to be the level of
environment water in your body a
1 Homeostasis constant , a system tell
your brain to drink water
and when the urine store
in bladder , another
system tell your brain to
throw-out .

A group of similar cells that In your body there are four

perform a common function . types of tissue:
1-Epithelial Tissue:
2 Tissue 2-Nervous Tissue .
3-Muscle Tissue .
4-Connective Tissue.

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22
 A collection of tissues that carry out For example :
a special function of the body. The stomach is an organ
3 Organ collects four kinds of tissue
work together so that cary
out digestion food.
4 system A collection of organs that carry There are 11 system like
out a special function of the body. digestive system.

Q3/ create a concept map using (cell-tissue-organ-system –body )?

Cell Tissue Organ System Body

Q4 / list four kinds of tissue with their functions ?

Sends and Contract 1-joins organs.

Covers
receives /relax to 2-suports body .like
Protects electrical produce bone.
Underlying signals through movement
the body : 3-protect .provide a
tissue frame of body.
Brain /nerves
4-insulates .
Sense organs
5-cushions like
Page
cartilage .
23
6- transfer oxygen ,co2
, nitrates like .
Q5/List Organ System ?
s system
1 Integumentary System
2 Muscular system
3 Skeletal system
4 Cardiovascular system
5 Respiratory system
6 Urinary system
7 Male reproductive system
8 female reproductive system
9 Nervous system
10 Digestive system
11 Lymphatic system
12 Endocrine system
function
Skin ,hair ,nails protect the tissue that lies
beneath them .
Works with the skeletal system to help you
move.
Your bones provide a frame to support and
protect your body parts.
The heart pumps blood through all of your
blood vessels.
Your lungs absorb oxygen and release CO2
Removes wastes from the blood and regulates
your body's fluid
Produces and delivers sperm.
Produces eggs and nourishes and protects the
fetus .
Receive and sends the electrical messages
through your body.
Breaks down the food converts to nutrients .
1-returens the leaked fluids .
2-clear blood from bacteria or viruses'.
Ovaries and testes are part of this system .

Section review page 33/Mr. Majid

Q1/ homeostasis achieved by tissues and organs.

Q2/ C

Q3/see a above table.

Q4/ = =

Q5/ the nervous system tell Abdurrahman to eat because he is hungry the muscular system

Take part to grinding food in the mouth then the indigestive system makes chemical
indigestion and convert the food in to glucose ,the blood (connect system ) absorb glucose

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24
and transfer to all parts of the body in side cells CO2 will released in the blood which return
to lungs here respiratory system will provide the blood again by oxygen .

Q6/body unable to do homeostasis.

Section 2/ Integumentary System

Q1/from what integumentary system made up ?

((Skin - hair – nail)) the organ system that

forms a protective covering on the outside of
the body ..

Q2/list functions of skin ?

1- Keeping water in the body ,keep foreign particles out body.
2- Keeping in touch with the outside environment , nerve endings in skin let
you feel things around the body .
3- Regulate body temperature , when sweat evaporates , the skin cool.
4- Get rid of waste or waste chemicals (harmful ) can be removed.
5- Skin color depends on (melanin) , if melanin be a lot the color skin will be
dark , melanin can absorbs ultraviolet sun light that might cause skin
cancer.

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Q3/structures of the skin ?
Q4/describe skin?
The skin
1- Area of adult's skin 2- Skin is the largest organ of
= 2m2 the body
Epidermis
1- made of epithelial 2-its thick = 2 sheets of paper
tissue. .its thicker on the palms and on
the soles of your feet.
undersurface of foot.
Dermis
1-lies beneath the 2-it has Collagen made of
epidermis . many fiber protein , makes the
skin ( strength + flexible )
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26
3- Skin has two layers
Epidermis outermost and
Dermis is thicker.
3-most cells are dead.
These cells filled with a
protein called Keratin ,
which make the skin
tough.
3-contains many small
structures like hair follicle
,oil gland ,sweat gland ,
muscle fiber , nerve
fiber….
Q5/describe hair and nails ?

The Hair
1-made of 2-hair forms 3-hair gets its 4-keep foreign 5-filter air
living and from hair follicle color from particles dust, flow within
dead cells which contain melanin which insects out of nose and
living cells but protect from the eye and regulate air
older cells get ultraviolet light. nose.. temperature
pushed upward. ,moistly
before inter
lungs .
The Nails
1-three parts free edge + nail body +lunula 2- nail grows from nail root ,so your
fingers and toes can be soft and
sensitive.

Q6/skin injuries ?
1- Damage to the genetic material causing skin cancer.
2- Some hormones cause oil glands release too much oil.
3- May some teen age affect by acne .

Section review page 37 /Mr. Majid

Q1/Integumentary System :-preventer cover protect the body and more benefit.

Epidermis :outmost cover the body protect the body and made up keratin.

Dermis : under epidermis includes never fiber , hair follicle ,sweat gland ,blood vessel ,oil
gland , muscle fiber .made of protein called collagen .

Q2/ C

Q3/ Epidermis :outmost cover the body protect the body and made up keratin.

Dermis : under epidermis includes never fiber , hair follicle ,sweat gland ,blood vessel ,oil

Q4/Hair :when a new cells growth in hair follicle ,the old cell will pushed forward .

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27
 Nail : when a new cells growth in nail root ,the old cell will pushed forward .

Q5/describe how a cut skin heals ? by two steps:

Second step :

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28
Q6/math skill

Length of hair = 0.3 mm /day x 30 days = 9mm this in one month.

Length of hair = 0.3 mm /day x 365 days = 109.5 mm this in one year.

Q7/because you cut dead cells so no pain .

During pull the stress effects arrived living cell there are nerve fibers so you feel pain.

Q8/ these areas are more contact with outside around body.

Chapter Review Page 38/39 Teacher Mr.Majid

Q7- C Q8-A Q9- C

Q10- TWO POINTS :

A-skin cancer B- acne.

Q11/During Cool Weather a tiny muscle fiber will contract (shrink )then the hair stand up

The stand up hair trap warm air around the body thus keep heat of the body.

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Q12/concept mapping:

Conective
Tissue
Nevous
Tissue
Muscle
Cells Tissue Tissue
Epithilial
Tissue

Organs Organ System

Q13/

Elbow skin Fingertips skin

Thickness and flexible some are tough. Thick and sensitive.
Allow for elbow to bending any direction
Its important to Sense of touch.

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30
Q14/

Q14/ dermis , collagen most abundant in this layer.

Q15/sweat gland :release sweat to regulate body temperature

Q16/oil gland :1- oil keep hair flexible moistly smooth.

2-make epidermis isolates water .

Q17/ C

Q18/ F Hair follicle.

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Multiple choice prepared by Mr.MAJID CH2
1-List shows the way in the body is organized ?

A cells –organ-organ system -tissue B tissue –cell-organ-organ system

C cells- tissues – organs - organ systems D cells – tissues – organ systems - organ.

2-integumentry system :

A Helps regulate body temperature B helps the body move

C store minerals D none.

3-the two layer of skin :

A Epidermis – sweat gland B dermis - oil gland C epidermis –dermis D none

4-which of the following is not function of skin:

A regulate body temperature B keep water in body C move the body D get rid wastes.

5-one of the following not structure of skin:

A muscle fiber B oil gland C hair follicle D Lunula

6- the color of……………determined by a chemical called melanin.

A eye B Skin C hair DB&C

7- the color of the skin determined by a chemical called …………………

A collagen B keratin C enzyme D melanin

8-…………………the layer of ………below the epidermis.

A Dermis – hair B epidermis – skin C dermis – skin D dermis – scab

9-………………are important parts of the integumentary system.

A Dermis – hair B epidermis – skin C hair – nails D dermis – scab.

10- Sends and receives electrical signals through the body:

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A-Epithelial Tissue: B-Nervous Tissue . C-Muscle Tissue . D-Connective Tissue

11-Help body to move :

A-Epithelial Tissue: B-Nervous Tissue . C-Muscle Tissue . D-Connective Tissue

12- one of the following not structure of nail.

A free edge B nail body C lunula D Nerve fiber

13-keeping body temperature at 37C0 is an example of :

A home states B organ system C organ D all of them

14the human body is composed of …………systems work to…………..

A 46- maintain homeostasis B 11 – motion

C 23 – provide a frame D 11 - maintain homeostasis

15-by……………..absorb oxygen and release dioxide carbon .

A Cardiovascular system B Urinary system C Respiratory system D nervous system

16- by……………..heart pumps blood through all your body .

A Cardiovascular system B Urinary system C Respiratory system D nervous system .

17- by……………..get rid of bacteria and virus .

A Cardiovascular system B Urinary system C lymphatic system D nervous system .

18- by……………..gland send out chemical massages Ovaries and testes .

A Cardiovascular system B Urinary system C Endocrine system D nervous system .

19……………..your skin ,hair , and nails protect the tissue that lies beneath them .

A Cardiovascular system B Urinary system C integumentary system D nervous system .

20-…………….is a good example for an organ includes four types of tissues.

A Liver B stomach C gallbladder D pancreas

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21-……………..is the largest organ in your body .

A hair B skin C gallbladder D pancreas

22-…………..helps protect skin from ultraviolet sun light.

A dermis B hair C gallbladder D epidermis

23-epiderims made up by……………….., dermis made up by………………..

A keratin – collagen B collagen - keratin C keratin - keratin D collagen – collagen

Chapter 3/Section 1/ The Digestive System

Prepared by teacher Mr. Majid

Q1/what is digestive tract ?

The most obvious part of digestive
system is a series of tube like called
digestive tract which includes Mouth
–Pharynx – Esophagus – Stomach
–Small Intestine –Large Intestine
–Rectum – Anus.

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Q2/a-how long the human digestive tract ?
b-list the parts of digestive system but not in digestive tract ?

a- the long the human digestive can be more than 9m.

b- ((liver - gallbladder - pancreas - salivary gland )) are part of digestive system but
the food does not pass through these organs .

Q3/ compare mechanical digestion with chemical digestion ?

mechanical digestion
Breaking down +crushing +and mashing
of food …..also transfer food form part to
another part.
It carried out by (teeth +jaws +muscles )
chemical digestion
Large molecules are broken down in to
amino acid which can pass in to the
blood stream.
It carried out by enzymes.

Q4/ The role of Enzymes in protein Digestion ?

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Q5/digestion begins in the mouth (( chewing + teeth + saliva )) explain ?
Chewing is important because :

1-create small slippery pieces , easy to swallow.

2-small pieces are easier to digest.

Teeth with help of strong jaw muscles are very important organ for mechanical digestion .

s Body teeth /primary teeth Adult teeth /secondary teeth

1 Includes incisors = 8 , Canine = 4
premolars = 8 .
total = 20 tooth
2 The outermost layer of a tooth is
Enamel is the hardest material in the
body
3 Premolar : for mashing food
Incisors & Canine : for shredding food
tearing food .
Includes incisors= 8 , Canine = 4 ––
premolars = 8 and Molars = 12
Total = 32 tooth.
Enamel protects nerves and softer
material inside tooth.
Molar :for grinding food
Premolar : for mashing food

4 Incisors & canine have 1 root , premolar have 2 roots , molar 3 roots.

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36
 SALVIA :-as you chew the food mixes with a liquid called salvia made in slavery
gland in the mouth ,which contains enzyme that begins chemical digestion ,that is
why complex carbohydrates in to simple sugar.

Q6/food leaving the mouth ? list all steps for digestion ?

Mechanical digestion by muscular

contracts , tiny glands produced
enzyme , acid a- to kill bacteria.
B- convert the food in to chyme is (a
soupy mixture )

Small intestine: pylorus valve opens

slowly to gives chyme enough time to
mix fluids which come from lever and
pancreas. Proteins , carbohydrates , fat
in the chyme are digested by the small
intestine glands and pancreas .

Large intestine :removes water

from digested food and turns
the waste in to semisolid stool.

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37
s term Defintion
1 Digestive system The organs that breakdown food so
that it can be used by the body.
2 Esophage A long stright tubethat connect
pharynx to the stomach .
3 Stomach Saclike digestive organ between
esouphgus and the small intestine
4 Pancreas The organ that lies behind the
stomach
And that makes digestive enzymes
and hormones that regulate suger
level.
5 Small intestine The organ between the stomach and
the large intestine where most of the
breakdown of food .
6 Large intestine The wider and shorter portion of the
intestine .
7 Liver The largest organ in the body.
8 Galldblader A sac shaped organ that stores biles
produced by the liver.
9 rectum Is the last part of the large intestine .
Section review page 49/Mr.MAJID
Q1/Digestive system is a group of organs that work together to digest food ,for example
small intestine absorb the nutriens by villi in to the blood.
And large intestine remove water from chyme .
Q2/ D
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38
Function
Convert food into nutrite in
the blood.
Push the food to stomach.
Makes Chemical and
mechanical digestive by
muscles and enzyme + acid
1-protect small intestine
from acidic chyme.
2-chemical digestion.
3-is a part of the endocrine
system making hormon
amsulin regulate blood
sugar level .
2.5 cm diameter and 6m
long , includes fingerlike
projection called villi
7.5 cm diameter , 1.5 m
long , removes water from
food.
1-it makes bile to breakup
fat .
2-it stores nutrients.
3-it break down toxins.
Relase fluids in to small
intestine .
Store stool about 24 hours
(feces)pass to the outside
of the body throgh Anus .
Q3/look the above table.

Q4/the food will involve mechanical and chemical digestive to be amino acid and nutriens .

Q5/Liver : make bile + store nutrine as a glycogen + break down toxins.

Gallblader : breaks large fat droplets in to very small droplets .

Bancreas :it take part in chemical regestion .

Q6/ A - D - C - F - E - B

Q7/In mouth there are both mechanical and chemical digestive start

Q8/ if absence of slavia so the digestive will be so diffecult .

Multiple choice /digestive system /Mr. majid

1-which of the following not a function of the liver ?

A To secrete bile B to store nutrients C to detoxify chemicals D to compact wastes.

2-the breaking and grinding of food called……….

A chyme B chemical digestion C –mechanical digestion D stool

3-.the process that breaks large food molecules in to simpler molecules called …………….

A chyme B chemical digestion C –mechanical digestion D amino acid

4- in……………food mixes with acid and enzyme this soupy called chyme.

A liver B stomach C small intestine D large intestine .

5-in…………….pancreatic fluid and bile are mixed with chyme.

A liver B stomach C small intestine D large intestine

6-from …………….nutrients enter the bloodstream .

A esophagus B stomach C small intestine D large intestine .

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39
7-the……………makes bile , stores nutrients , breakdown toxins.

A liver B stomach C small intestine D large intestine

8-……………….absorbs water changing liquid waste in to semisolid feces.

A rectum B stomach C small intestine D large intestine

9-which of the following organs aids digestion by producing bile .

A liver B pancreas C small intestine D large intestine.

10- the fingerlike projection that line the small intestine are called……….

A emulsifiers B fats C amino acids D villi

11-which of the following is not part of digestive tract.

A liver B anus C small intestine D large intestine.

12- which of the following is a part of digestive tract.

A liver B anus C pancreas D gallbladder.

13- which of the following is not part of digestive tract.

A bile-gallbladder B rectum C small intestine D stomach

14-which of the following is not a function of the stomach.

A make up chyme B chemical digestion C –mechanical digestion D secretion of bile.

15-the gallbladder stores ………..

A chyme B urine C bile D amino acid.

16- the esophagus connects the:

A pharynx to the stomach B stomach to rectum C anus to liver D none of them .

17-………………..connects esophagus to small intestine .

A pharynx B liver C –large intestine D stomach

18-………………..connects small intestine to rectum in digestive tract .

A gallbladder B liver C –large intestine D stomach

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40
19-……….its length= 6m and diameter of 2.5 cm ,also ………… its length= 1.5m and diameter of 7.5 cm.

A Stomach – small intestine B liver - small intestine C small intestine - large intestine. D none.

20-one of them not type of teeth.

A Molars B premolars C saliva D canine

21- one of them not structure of teeth.

A enamel B dentine C channel root D gum.

22- one of the following is the hardest material in the body.

A bone B dentine C enamel D gum.

23…………….changes complex carbohydrates in to simple sugar .

A Molars B premolars C saliva D canine

24-yong children get a first set……….body teeth , most adults have …….….permanent teeth .

A 20 - 32 B 22 - 32 C 12 - 22 D 25 - 35

25- body teeth number………… usually fall out and are replaced by …....permanent teeth.

A 20 - 32 B 22 - 32 C 12 - 22 D 25 - 35

26…..teeth is cutter fruit in your mouth but ………..teeth grinder fruit before push it in to pharynx.

A molars - premolars B incisor - molars C incisor - canine D none.

27 A tooth is made of………….

A one type tissue B two type tissue C many kinds of tissue D NONE

The answers of section review

1D 2C 3B 4B 5C 6C 7A 8D 9A

10D 11A 12B 13A 14D 15C 16A 17D 18C

19C 20C 21D 22C 23C 24A 25A 26B 27C

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41
Section 2/The Urinary System

Q1/define and explain more about the following terms ?

s Terms Define More explain
1 Urinary system The organ that Excretion or removing
(produce + store +eliminate ) waste liquid after
Urine . filtering the blood.
2 Kidney Two in the body is an organ Kidney includes net of
that filters water in the nephrons to filter the
blood. blood from water to be
balance .

3 Nephron The unit in the kidney that Is responsible with

filters blood. hormone ADH

Q2/ How the kidneys filter blood ?

1-a large artery brings blood in to each kidney.

2-the blood arrived nephrons by blood vessels.

3- in nephron filtering blood , ((water +glucose +salts

+amino acid + urea + small substance ))…..are forced out of
the blood and stay in nephrons as a urine.

4-the cleaned blood , leaves each kidney in a large vein .to

come back to the body .

5-the urine flows down through ureter , and store in bladder.

6-when bladder be full by urine ,it flows out the body by tube
called urethra

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42
Q3/explaine the process in nephrons ?

Input blood

urine

Out put cleaned blood

Q4/ explain water balance –antidiuretic hormone- diuretics ?

Body water balance : controlled by chemical message

called Hormone

When we feel thirsty ?

When the body becomes too warm ,you lose a lot of water in sweat.at
same time when sweat evaporates leads to cooling body .

Any way , the ratio of water in your blood will be less , so that the
salivary glands produce less salvia .then you feel thirsty.

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43
 1-when you get thirsty ((Antidiuretic Hormone )) large a mount of
ADH , are released ,directly the Nephrons return the water to
bloodstream. thus the kidneys make less urine.

2-when your blood has too much water ,small amount of ADH , are
released ,so Nephrons absorb much water from bloodstream then
kidneys get rid urine from the body.

What are diuretics ?

All substance which cause the kidneys to make more urine

,thus the water in bloodstream decrease.

For example Caffeine .

Q5/Urinary system problems ?

• bacteria can get in to the urthra then blooder then ureter

causing painful infections
bacterial
• should be treated early before they spread to the kidneys
infection
• some times salts and other wastes collect inside the
kidneys and form kidney stone.
kidney • if the stone was small might pass down or if it was using
stone LASER by doctor.

• when damage to nephrones lead to kidney deseas .

• to treatment replaced kidney probably by a kidney
kidney
machine or tranplant akidney from adoner (( volenter )).
disease

Page
44
Section review /page 53 Mr.Majid
Q1/urinary system : The organ that (produce + store +eliminate ) Urine .

Q2/ B

Q3/The blood enter to kidney within nephrons water +salt + sugar + waste ….force out
,then the cleaned blood come back to the body , but the urine store in bladder.

Q4/1-bacterial infections.

2-kidney stone.

3-kidney disease .

Q5/ 1 L = 1000 Ml so 1 can = 250 ml that is why 1 L = 4 Cans

During 7 days = 4 x7 = 28 cans

Q6/blood going into the kidney contains more water.

Q7/the remain kidney will be bigger (increase the volume of kidney )so that it will works
instead of two kidneys functions..

Multiple choice /Urinary System Mr. Majid

1-Which event happen first in urinary system steps :

A water absorbed in to blood B a large artery brings blood in to the kidney

C water inters the nephrons . D the nephron separates water from wastes.

2-The part of kidney that filters the blood is the …….. :

A ureter B bladder C urethra D Nephron

3- the hormone that signals the kidneys to make less urine called …………

A GH B ACD C ADH D ATP

4- which of the following is NOT part of the Urinary system .

A pancreas B Kidneys C ureter D bladder

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45
5- one of the following not urinary system problems

A Kidney stone B kidney disease C gallbladder infection D bacterial infection

6- the hormone which balance Antidiuretic is

A GGF B RTR C ADH D KLM

7- The beverages which contain ………….. causes diuretic state.

A sugar B base C acid D caffeine

8 –which of the following contains more water

A The blood inter the muscles B the blood in put kidneys

C the blood out put kidney D none of them

9-if a teenage boy drinks 1 Liter of soda per day , how many 250 ml cans in a one week?

A 25 B 26 C 27 D 28

10 Bacterial infection can get in to bladder from …………

A Kidneys B ureter C urethra D all of them

11- usually artery ……blood in to kidney , vein ……..blood .

A get out – brings B brings – get out C removes – replace D none

12- human's blood about ………L , The kidneys filter the blood ………….times per day

A 10 - 300 B 65 – 350 C 5.6 - 350 D 8 - 300

13 – Excretion includes : A- Your integumentary system release sweat .

B Your respiratory system release co2 during exhale C urinary system. D all of them

14 -……..is the tube for transfer of urine from kidney to the bladder .

A urethra B nephron's tube C blood vessel D Ureter

15 -……………located between ureter and urethra .

A Kidneys B bladder C Artery D large vein

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46
16-…….represents the last parts in urinary system .

A ureter B bladder C urethra D Nephron

1 B 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 C 6C 7 D 8 B
9 D 10 C 11 B 12 C 13 D 14 D 15 B 16 C
Good luck ----Mr. Majid

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47
2-
PHYSICS
Includes : Six Chapters As The Following :

1-Chapter 8 (Stars And Galaxies) Page 146

2-Chapter 9 (A Family Of Planets ) Page 162

3-Chapter 10 (Work And Machines ) Page 178

4- Chapter 11 (Energy ) Page 202

5-Chapter 12 (Heat ) Page 218

6- chapter 15 (the nature of light ) page 276

Prepared By
:Teacher Mr.Majid
Page
48
07506149761
Chapter 8 Astronomy (( Stars And Galaxies ))
/ Prepared By Teacher Mr.Majid

Section 1/Stars

Q1/what is the main idea of this chapter ?

The structure and composition of universe can be learned by studying stars and galaxies .

Q2/describe how color indicates the temperature of star ?

Low Highest
temperature temperat
ure
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet

Highest Low
wave length wave
length
So that the star Betelgeuse (red color ) is cooler than the star Rigel ( blue color ).

Example : star A (yellow ) , B ( blue ) , C ( Red ) , D ( green ) organize from hottest to

coolest star.

B D A C

Page
49
Q3/Composition of stars ?
1-made up of different elements in gas state.

2-the inner layers are very dense and hot.

3-the outer layers (star's atmosphere ) are made of cool gases .

4-elements in a star's atmosphere absorb some of the light that radiates from the star.

5- astronomers can tell what elements are made up. By see Absorption Spectrum within

The device called spectrograph .look fig 3 page 150.

Self check page 150 :what does a star's absorption spectrum show?

Star's absorption spectrum show us the type of elements which the

star made up.

Q4/ What is a prism ?

A solid glass object like pyramid shape ,

it used to analyze white light in

to seven colors spectrum.

Q5/ what is visible spectrum?

Page
50
 Spectrum :- the band of color produced when light pass through a prism.

Q6/list types of spectrum ?

There are three types 0F SPECTRUM :

Contiguous sp. Absorption sp. Emission sp

Shows all colors Black lines appear in the Brightness line appear
Which is seven colors spectrum where colors in the spectrum which
start from red and are absorbed refer to type of gas
ended by violet. Because element of gas which is burned .so
which passed through . emission lines are like
fingerprints for the
elements .

Page
51
Q7/what does it means (identifying elements using dark lines)?

Because a star's atmosphere absorbs colors of light instead of

emitting them the spectrum of stars is called an absorption spectrum .

These dark lines appear in spectrograph at same time refers to the gas
elements of star's atmosphere in other words is identifying elements.

Q8/classifying stars ?
3-differences in
1- at first 2-differences brightness. temperature

Astronomers used Before Telescope is Using Telescope Stars are now

letters Discovered classified by how hot
A,B,C,…according Their eyes aid them they are ,
the type of -ve no. brightest temperature
elements which differences between
the star made brightest stars result in color
1
up….. differences that you
can see. Look table
page 151.
6
dimmest

+ ve no. dimmest t
first magnitude 1
sixth magnitude 6 Example:
Megreze = 3.3
Dubhe =1.8
So dubhe brightest
than Megrrez.

Page
52
Q8/Identify How Astronomers Measure Distance From Earth To Stars ?
1- Light year :the distance that
light travels in one year
Parallax :apparent shift in
2- position of an object when
viewed from different
locations .
3- Astronomy unit
D= speed light x time = 3 x108 x 1 year = 3 x 108 x
365 day x 24 h x 3600 s = 94608 x1011 m=9.46trilion
km
Astronomers use telescope to find distance shift the
by trigonometry (math ways).
Au = 150 million km =the distance between earth and
sun.

Measuring A Star's Parallax

Large Parallax : Is Near To Earth.

Page
Small Parallax : Is Far From Earth.53
Section review
Q1/ Spectrum :- the band of color produced when light pass through a prism.

Light year :the distance that light travels in one year.

Parallax :apparent shift in position of an object when viewed from different locations .

Q2/ B

Q3/A

Q4/Look Above Table .

Q5/hot stars are blue , cool stars are red.

Q6/its near to earth .

Section 2 /The Life Cycle Of Stars..Mr. majid .

Q1/what is nuclear fusion ?

Hydrogen changes to helium

called nuclear fusion.

In height temperature about =

106 C0

H+H He

This process begins when main

sequence star born.

During this stage an enormous

amount of energy will
release….and this stage is a
longest stage of its life cycle of
Y76
star. And continues until the
hydrogen finish for example the Page
sun may takes 10 billion years 54
before finishing its hydrogen .
Q2/ by map concept explain life cycle of stars ? same question 7 page 160

White
dwarf
If average
Red
star
giant

-star in
Dust + main
gas by sequence
gravity

Red super
giant

Supernova

Neutron star
pulsar

Black
hole

Page
55
Q3/ Define the following terms ?and more explain?
s term Define more
1 Red giant A large reddish star late in its life cycle A after fishing
hydrogen fuel gas.
2 White A small hot , dim star , that is the
dwarf leftover center of an old star.
3 Supernova A gigantic explosion which a massive Outer layer is (gas and
star collapses and throw outer layer in dust) return to become
to space. a new star again.
4 Neutron A star that has collapsed under gravity After supernova's
star to the point that the :electrons + explosion either
protons have smashed (join)together neutron star form or
to form Neutrons… black hole
-- +
Electro + proton neutron
1- as a result of
neutron star spinning
pulsar forms.
2-pulsar sends out a
A rapidly spinning neutron star emits beam of radiation that
5 Pulsar rapid pulses of radio wave and optical sweeps a cross space
energy. the beam is detected
on Earth by radio
telescopes as a rapid
clicks (pulse)

Because black hole do

not give off light so
locating them is
An object so massive and dense that difficult ….but if a star
6 Black hole even light can not scape its gravity. is nearby some gas or
dust of the star will
spiral in to the black
hole and gives x-ray
Then astronomers can
detect the location of
black hole.

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56
Section Review Page 157 Teacher /Majid
Q1/1-

White dwarf Red giant

A small hot , dim star , that is the leftover A large reddish star late in its life cycle
center of an old star.
Fourth stage cycle life star. Third stage cycle life cycle.
2-

Supernova Neutron star

A gigantic explosion which a massive star A star that has collapsed under gravity to
collapses and throw outer layer in to the point that the :electrons + protons have
space. smashed (join)together to form Neutrons
Explosion. Star
3-

Pulsar Black hole

Is a star
Emits or radiates radio and optical waves .
Detected by astronomers during its emits.
Q4/ D
Is an object.
Do not give off light.
Ducted by astronomers during x ray when
captured dust of another stars.

Q5/ map concept:

Left over center red giant

Finishing H2

Red White
Main dwarf
giant
sequence star

Page
57
Q6/yes there are more white dwarf because it forms as a result of explosion of average
stars , but black hole is a result of explosion of massive stars so its less than dwarf star.

Q7/after becomes a supernova might neutron star or pulsar or black hole.

Section Three /Galaxies Prepared By Teacher Mr

.Majid page 158

Q1/define galaxies and compare among its three types ?

Galaxy : a collection of stars , dust ,gas bound together by gravity.

Types of galaxy :according Hubble Telescope are:

s Irregular
Spiral galaxies Elliptical Galaxy Galaxy
1 About one-third of all Don’t fit in to any
It has a bulge (swelling) at the galaxies are simply class of Hobble
center of galaxy and spiral arms blobs or sphere Classification .
(which made up of gas + dust + (like ellipse shape
new stars ). )-bright center
2 It has a lot of dust It has very little dust Its shape is
irregular.
3 It contain new stars that had It contain old stars . It close to spiral
formed by dust and gas. galaxies
4 Example :Andromeda and milky Example : M87 Example :large
ways . Magilanic cloud.

This date only for

reading

Page
58
 Section Review Page 159 Mr.Majid
Q1/galaxy may includes billion stars. and its verity of sizes and shapes.

Q2/look above table. Q3/ D

Q4/ Because it Don’t fit in to any class of Hobble Classification .So no fixed
shape no fixed sizes.

Chapter Review Page 160 Mr. Majid

Q1/ elliptical galaxies Q2/ visible spectrum . Q3/ C Q4/ A

Q5/scientist classified stars according Temperature Of The Star and Brightness Degree.

Q6/blue star more frequency has higher temperature than red star which is low frequency.

Q7/ we did .look above.

Q8/look the table.

Q9/it will be closer to earth.

Q10/Interpreting Graphics :-
Q10/ distance =30 mil of L.Y

The speed = 5000 km/s

Q11/

x y
distance speed
15000 k/s
…………90….
Q12/

distance speed
90 mi L.Y 15000

Page
59
Multiple Choice Prepared By Teacher Mr .Majid

1-most stars composition :

A gas B dust C oil and material DA&B

2-White light contain ……colors can detective by…….

A 98 – prism B 7 – voltmeter C 100 – Bunsen D 7 – prism

3- making an ID for any element by its :

A absorption spectrum. B size C mass D temperature

4-the star's color refer to its..

A mass B temperature C volume D shape

5-by spectrograph device we can see:

A Emission lines B absorption lines C continues spectrum D all .

6-….the band of color produced when white light passes through a prism.

A red giant B white dwarf C spectrum D none of them.

7- Astronomers created a system to classify stars in the sky , they called the brightest
star in the sky ( first magnitude) and the dimmest is …

A 3rd –magnitude B 4 th –magnitude C 5 th –magnitude D 6-th magnitude.

8- Today
after using telescopes positive numbers represent…….stars , and negative
numbers represent ……stars.

A brighter – dimmer B dimmer –brighter C dimmer – dimmer D none.

9-By using large telescope the star 29 th magnitude …….than star – 1.4 th

magnitude.

A as a dim B same bright C as bright as D same dim

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60
 10- Big Dipper contains……. stars.

A only bright B only dim C both bright and dim D none.

11-Which of the following stars have the highest temperature.

A blue B yellow C red D orange.

12-scientists classify stars by………

A shapes. B temperature C brightness DB&C

13-Astronomers use ……and…...... to measure distance from earth to

stars.

A trigonometry (math way) B prism -km

C parallax(shift position) DA&C

14 ........... The distance that light travels in one year.

A astronomy unit B parallax C light year D all.

15.Parallx an apparent shift in the position of star when viewed from… ....... location.

A same B different C high D low

16 the stars near the earth seems ………….while stars more distant seems…………

A stay fixed - moved B move – stay in one place

C move slowly-move quickly ..... D none.

17- the distance light month ..... than the distance light year.

A greater B less C same D information not enough

18-Stars begins as a ball of gas and dust pulled together by….

A black holes B materials C gravity D none

19 ..... IS gigantic explosion in which red giant star collapse ,its outer layers into space.

A supernova B neutron star C pulsar D all of them

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61
20-……an object so massive and dense that even light cannot escape its

gravity.

A light year B black lin C black hole D pulsar

21-all of the following are shapes used to classify galaxy except.

A elliptical B irregular C spiral D triangle

22- One of them example of elliptical galaxy .

A M87 B k25 C MG 42 D GX13

23 One of the following is example of irregular galaxy.

A M87 B Milky Way C Betelgeuse D the large Magellanic cloud

24-If a neutron star is ……,it is called……

A spinning - pulsar B ellipse – black hole

C swing – laser D supernova –radio wave

25-…….is detected on earth by radio telescopes as rapid clicks.

A red giant B blue giant C x-ray D pulsar

26 –One of the following not type of stars .

A main sequence stars B red giant

C Milky way D white dwarf.

27-Astronomers detected the presence of black hole .

A give off x-ray B give off light C give off red light D none

28 Black hole is….

A massive(big mass) B high density

C it has high gravity D all of them

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62
29-When hydrogen atoms fuse into helium atoms this process called…

A nuclear fusion B nuclear fission

C supernova D none

30- When Helium atoms splitting in to Hydrogen atoms this process

called…

A nuclear fusion B nuclear fissi C supernova D none

Answers //To Chick Your Answers Look:

1-D 2-D 3-A 4-B 5-D 6-C 7-D 8-B 9- A 10- C 11-A 12-D 13-D 14
-C
15 B 16 B 17 B 18 C 19 A 20C 21D 22A 23D 25 D 26 C 27A 28 D 29
A
30 B

GOOD LUCK ........... MR.MAJID

Page
63
Chapter 9 A Family Of Planets Prepared By
Teacher Mr . Majid

Q1/give the main idea of this chapter ?

The solar system contains a variety of objects that differ in sizes , appearance and
composition and that move in predictable ways.

Section 1-The Nine Planets In Solar System

Q1/write summaries history about solar system ?

1-Planets Is Greek Word It Means ((Wanderers)).

2-The Scientists Could Predict Planet's Motion Without Telescope These 8 Bodies
Were :- 1Sun –2Earth – 3Moon –4Mercury –5Venues –6Mars – 7Jupiter -8Saturn )
3-When Galileo Used The Telescope In 17 thcentry The Scientists Began To
Explore (nine more large bodies they were moons of Jupiter and Saturn)
4- by the 18th century, the planets Uranus along with two of its moons , and two
more of Saturn's moons .
5- in 19 th century Neptune as well as moons of several other planets were
discovered .

6-finally in 20 th century ninth plant Pluto was discovered .

Q2/List The Nine Planets In The Order From The Nearest To The Sun To The Farthest
. ?

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64
Q3/more information about solar system ?
s Planet name Distance from Number Which Inner When discover ?
sun x 106 km of moons state? /outer
1 Mercury 58 Zero rocky inner Before 17thcentury
2 Venus 108 Zero rocky inner Before 17thcentury
3 Earth 150 1 is Luna rocky inner Before 17thcentury
4 Mars 228 `32 rocky inner Before 17thcentury
5 Jupiter 778 67 Gas outer Before 17thcentury
6 Saturn 1424 62 Gas outer Before 17thcentury
7 Uranus 2827 27 Gas outer In 18th century
8 Neptune 4499 14 Gas outer In 19th century
9 Pluto 5943 5 Ice planet outer In 20th century

Q4/ Measuring interplanetary distance.

Astronomical unit Light-year Light -Minute Notes
The distance between The distance which light The distance which light We can convert light
sun and earth = 150 cross it during time=1 cross it during time=1 year in to minute year.
million km or its = year. minute. also convert AU to light
8.3 light. minute minute.

Examples :

1- 1AU= 8.3 minute .

2- 1.52 AU =…………………

How convert AU to minute.

How convert AU to kilometer.

X 8.33

AU 8.33 ÷ Light minute.

Page
65
Q5/
Examples/1- if Venus is 6 light minute so is………………..AU. (answer =0.7 AU) page167

2- suppose the distance star is 5.6 AU =…………..Light minute.

3-assume a distance star = 23 light minute so its =………………AU

4- 12.6 AU=…………………..Light minute

5- 144.5 light minute = ……………………

SECTION REVIEW P167 Teacher Mr.Majid

Q1/ The distance between sun and earth = 150 million km.

Q2/B

Q3/The telescope .

Q4/Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus -Neptune -Pluto.

Q5/

Inner planets Outer planets

Mercury – Venus - Earth – Mars Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus -Neptune
-Pluto.
Terrestrial planets because their They are large and composed from
surfaces Are dense and rock like gas ,
earth. But ice plant Pluto is only the planet
is small, dense , and rocky.
Nearest from sun. Farthest from sun.
Q6/ 6 L.m ÷ 8.3 L.m = 0.7 AU

Page
66
SECTION 2 /MOONS page 168 /Mr.Majid

Q1/ define satellite ?

Satellite :-a natural or artificial body that revolves around planet.

Q2/What about Luna the (moon of earth)?

1-during Apollo mission , they brought back rocks from surface of Luna.
2-the scientist found the age of these rock it about 4.6 billion years old.
3-this results help the scientist to estimate the solar system's age which is = 4.6 billion
years old.
4-because there is no atmosphere around Luna so that it saved all impact which
happened in past on its face , like number of craters which help to estimate how old of
solar system.

Q3/ write three popular explanations for moon's formation ,there were before they
brought rock samples from the surface of Luna ?

1- the moon was separate body in space , Earth could captured it.
2-the moon formed at the same time which formed earth.
3-Earth was spinning so fast that a piece flew off and became the
moon.

Q4/ describe the current theory of the origin of Earth's moon ?

1-about 4.6 billion years ago ,when earth was mostly molten , a large body
collided earth ,(impact)

2-as a result of impact ,a lot of debris (parts of earth) ejected in to space around
earth . (ejection ) .

3-as a result ejection the material of debris in a rotation motion around earth
collected and formed the solid mass object called moon .
(formation )

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67
Q5/ what about other moons ?
The moons of the other planets may be same size of Luna or smaller
than. all of gas giants have multiple moons , some moons orbit
clockwise and the other anticlockwise . most bizarre (strange
wonderful ) .

Section review –p 170

Q1/ satellite.

Q2/understanding key ideas:

The scientists discovered that the compassion of moon was similar to that of
earth's mantle (covering ).

Q3/the current theory supposed that a large body ( Mars sized object )collided
with earth while the earth was still forming causing a part of earth (debris )
surrounding rotation motion by gravity called moon.

Q4/scientists are able to use (( number of craters ))on any body to estimate how
old the body's surface is.

Page
68
Section (3-9)small bodies in the solar system
like(Comet -Asteroid - Meteoroid )

Q1/why scientists study these small objects (comet – Asteroid -Metroid )?

To learn about compassion of the solar system .

Q2/define comets ?

Comet or dirty snowball

A body composed of ice 80% +
rock + cosmic dust.
Comet follows an elliptical orbit
around the sun.
When a comet passes close
enough to the sun ,solar radiation
heats the ice so that it gives off
gas and dust in the form of a long
tail.

1-Ion tail :made of ions (particle

charges.
2-Dust tail: made up dust Comets has two tails 1- ion tail
made of electricity charge .2- dust
3- nucleus
tail………..the solid center of comet
called nucleus can rage in size
from
Comet:
Less than 0.5km to more than
1-ion tail 2-dust tail 3-nucleus 100km in diameter

Page
69
Q3/define asteroid and where its location ?

Asteroid : a small rocky object that

orbits the sun in the asteroid belt (region
between mars – Jupiter)….

Asteroid Belts :is a wide region between

the orbits of Mars and Jupiter ,asteroids
are thought to be material left over from
the formation of solar system .

They range size from a few meters in to

more than 900 km in diameter.

Asteroids have irregular shapes.

Q4/ classify types of asteroids ?

N location COLOR One Made
name up?

1 Upper Red Hektor Organic

belt near dark material
Jupiter

2 In the Dark Ceres Carbon

middle grey

3 Lower Light Vesta Metallic

belt near grey
mars

Page
70
Q5/define Meteoroid…. Meteorite ……. Meteor ?

Meteoroid :small rocky body that travels through space.

Meteorite :is a meteoroid that reaches the earth's surface without burning up
completely .

Meteor: as a result of burning meteoroid completely when arrive Earth's atmosphere

look like a bright streak (spark).

Section review page 173 teacher Mr.MAJID

Q1/

Comet Asteroid
Small object includes ice and dust , it Small rocky object there is no ice and
becomes tail when close to sun . dust.it exist in the asteroid belt.
Q2/

Meteor Meteorite
Its Metroid burns in the atmosphere of Its Metroid reaches the earth without
earth ,it gives off an enormous amount of burring in the atmosphere .may impact the
light and thermal energy. Before it surface of earth.
reaches the surface of earth.
Q3/because it represents material left over (remains ) from the formation of the solar
system .

Q4/Metroid are similar to asteroids but much smaller than asteroid .

Q5/between Mars and Jupiter.

Q6/( 55 x 0.30 ) + 55 = 71.5 km

Q7/yes , may people take warning carefully , and reduce the dangerous of these bodies.

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71
Chapter review p 174/175 teacher Mr.MAJID

Q1/terrestrial planet the planet which belongs to inner planets , gas giant planet which
belongs to outer planets .

Q2/we did in section review p173

Q3/ we did in section review p173

Q4/Astronomical units.

Q5/meteorite

Q6/satellite.

Q7/D earth

Q8/we did.

Q9/

s Inner planet Outer planet

1 Its smaller than outer. Its biggest than inner .
2 Its rocky Its gas unless Pluto its ice.
3 Its close each other. Its far away. From each other.

Q10/ Terrestrial Planet the planet which belongs to inner planets , Gas Giant planet which
belongs to outer planets.

Q11/ Metroid are similar to asteroids but much smaller than asteroid .

Page
72
Q12/

Planet's period of rotation Planet's of revolution.

Rotate around the axis of planet. Circle motion surrounding the center of
Rotational motion. time period = 1 day point is the sun. circle motion.

This period motion produces day and This period motion produces four seasons
night. complete one year time period = 1year.

Q13/ impact theory.

Q14/ concept mapping:

Page
73
Q15/must searching for life in places where are have water and air.

Q16/

Q16/ Neptune has

More density than

Uranus .

Q17/ because the size of

Earth less so that

It has more density than them

Multiple choice chapter nine teacher Mr.MAJID

1-when was the planet Uranus discovered .

A before 17th CT B in the 18th CT C in 19th CT D in 20th CT

2-when was the planet Neptune discovered .

A before 17th CT B in the 18th CT C in 19th CT D in 20th CT

3-when was the planet Pluto discovered .

A before 17th CT B in the 18th CT C in 19th CT D in 20th CT

4-if venues is 6 light –minute from the sun its =………………..astronomical unit.

A 70 B7 C 0.7 D 0.007

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74
5-if planet X is 12 light –minute from the sun its =………………..astronomical unit.

A 1.44 B 14 C 140 D 1400

6-if Y – Planet is 2.5 AU from the sun its =………………..Light minute.

A 0.208 B 2.08 C 208 D 20.8

7-one of the following is not inner plant.

A Uranus B mercury C earth D mars

8-one of the following is inner plant.

A Uranus B Venues C Pluto D Jupiter

9- one of the following is not outer plant.

A Uranus B Mercury C Jupiter D Neptune

10- one of the following is outer plant.

A Uranus B mercury C earth D mars

11- one of the following bodies they can not seen before Galileo telescope .

A Luna B Jupiter C Neptune D Mercury

12-after invention …….the science of world space is begun .

A wheel B lens C thermometer D Telescope

13- outer planets in general are………but inner planets are………….

A liquid -rocky B gas - rocky C rocky - gas D none of them

14- Which planet is close to earth from the following ?

A Pluto B Uranus C Venues D mercury

15 Which planet some signs refer that is not planet.

A Pluto B Uranus C Venues D mercury

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75
16- Which planet doesn't have moon?

A Mercury B Uranus C Venues DA&C

17- Which planet called ice planet ?

A Pluto B Uranus C Venues D mercury

18-Which planet is the farthest from the sun .

A Pluto B Uranus C Venues D mercury

19 Which planet is the biggest one in the solar system .

A Pluto B Jupiter C Venues D mercury

20- One of the following is not stage of formation of the moon.

A impact B Ejection C Fusion D formation

21-Before scientists had rock samples from the moon there were…….….popular
explanations.

A 3 B 4 C5 D6

22-……may be some of the most bizarre and interesting places in the solar system .

A planets B stars C asteroids D moons

23- Asteroids' locate between …….and………in the solar system .

A mars –Jupiter B Jupiter- Venues C Venues - Pluto D Mercury- Venues.

24-………. A natural or artificial body that revolves around a planet.

A comet B asteroid C satellite D none

25-The current theory of the origin of the Earth's moon includes :

A Impact B Ejection C formation D all of them

26 Number of impact craters on the surface of moon help scientists to…….

A discover more stars B find mass of solar system C Estimate age of moon D all of them

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76
27- Which of the following have density nearest to density of earth 5.5 g/cm3 .

A Pluto B mercury C Neptune D Saturn.

28-Small bodies in the solar system includes.

A Comet B asteroid C Metroid D all of them .

29 -……..a small body of ice , dust , rock follows elliptical orbit around sun.

A planet B moon C comet D Metroid

30- when Comets close to sun ,then it's parts includes ……….

A ion tail B dust tail C nucleus D all of them

31- The source of Meteoroid is ……..

A meteor B Asteroid C comet D none

32-When meteoroid reaches earth without burning up completely called…….

A Meteor B meteorite C streak of light D comet

33- The average distance between the sun and earth is……

A light year B parallax C Astronomical unit D all of them.

34- A small rock in space is called …………

A meteor B satellite C mars D meteoroid

35 Which is the largest body ?

A The moon B mercury C mars D earth

CHICK YOUR ANSWERS :

1B 2C 3D 4C 5A 6D 7 A 8B 9 B 10 A
11 C 12 D 13 B 14 C 15 A 16 D 17 A 18 A 19 B 20 C
21 A 22 D 23 A 24 C 25 D 26 C 27 B 28 D 29 C 30 D
31 B 32 B 33 C 34 D 35 D
GOOD LUCK

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77
Chapter 10 Work And Machines /Teacher Mr.Majid

What are the main ideas for this chapter ?

1- you will explore the scientific meaning of work .

2-you will learn how machines make work easier.

3-the energy allows you to do work .

4-energy has many forms , how can convert from type to another
type.

5- what is the difference between heat and temperature.

Ch 10 /Section 1 /work and power p180

Q1/compare between the work in popular and in physics ?

Work in popular In physics
Any work you chive. even mental doing. Work is the transfer of energy to an object
by using a force that causes the object to
move a displacement in the direction of the
force.
1-Like push force the wall and you be tired Like you kick the ball by force 20 N to east ,
sweat release from your face but the wall then the ball moves 12 m to east.
doesn't move 1mm.
2-you be a tired when you study to exam. So that w=fxd
W = 20 N x 12 m = 240 N.m or 240 j
No rule , no conditions There is a rule of work , and two conditions for work
occur:
1- exist a force.in direction .2exist distance at same
direction of force.

Page
78
Q2/is work done every time when a force is applied to an object ?explain?
No , the force and displacement Must Be In The Same Direction , look page 181 test
whether is work or not work ?

Very important

Term Unit
mass kg

distance m
force Newton (N)

Work N.m or jule

power J /s or watt

Advantage No unit
force

efficiency No unit

Q3/How Much Work ?

Work depends on :

1- a magnitude of force. ((directly proportional)) or when force increase work increase.

2- a magnitude of distance ((directly proportional)) or when distance increase work

increase.

Examples :

Force (N) Distance (m) W=f xd (j) note

10 N to east 5 m to east 50 j Same direction
20 N to east 5 m to east 100 j Doubled force work
be doubled .
5 N to east 5 m to east 25 j Half force work be a
half
Page
79
Q4/when happen same work different force ?
In Case Increase Force And Decrease Distance or In Case Decrease Force And Increase
Distance

W = F1 X d1 = F2 X d2

w = 20 x 5 = 50 x 2 look force decrease from 20 N in to 50 N but at same

time the distance decrease from 5 m in to 2m.

More explain by figures page 182 :

Differed Path
Same Work

Q5/what is joule ? how work is calculated ?

Joule : is the work done by a force of 1 N , acting through a distance of 1m in

the same direction of force .

H.W:
Calculate the work done by a force 200.3 N acts on an object motion a distance of 2 m ?

Page
80
Q6/power (factors of power ) + calculating power +unit of power?

𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 (𝒋)

Power ( watt )= 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 ( 𝒔)

Power depends on:

1- magnitude of energy or work ( directly p.p )

2- time ( inversely p.p ) that’s why fast work is done (in short time ) means high power.

Example / which power is higher if the work constant is = 100j

a- if the work done during 2 sec ?

b- if the work done during 20 sec?

Answer/ a- = = =

b- = = = Its clear case a has power greater than case b

H.w/ complete this table

Force (N) Displacement m Work (j ) Time s Power (w)

100 2 …. 5 …..
400 ……. 800 20 ……
… 15 300 5 …
… 5 … 50 1000
500 40 …. 20 …..

Page
81
 Math break page 185

Solutions:

1- power = ? time= 10 s w= 150 j

𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝟏𝟎
= 𝟏𝟓 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕

2- power =? Time = 12 s w= 1200 j

𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝟏𝟐
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕

School To Home Page 184:

Horsepower =774 watt

Section Review Page 185/Teacher Mr. Majid

Q1/work done if a force acts on object to move at same direction of the force.

Power : the rate time of the work.

Q2/joule the unit of work - watt the unit of power.

Q3/ A

Q4/ W = F X d = 10 x 10 = 1000 j

Q5/ = = = .
Page
82
Q6/during touching the force acts on the ball , but as the ball flights through the air there
is no effect of the force.

Q7/w = f x d = 50 N x 0.5 = 25 J

Q8/

The diagram's idea is Differed Path Same Work

Section 2 p 186/what is machine?

Q1/give examples of a simple machine in our life ?

Q2/explain how a machine makes work easier ?

Because we applied a small force to overcome a big resentence force called Load .

Page
83
Q3/what a task of machine ?
Either we obtain mechanical advantage(MA) as lever. Or machine change the direction of
applied force like pulley ….. see all pictures page 186 , 187 , 188 , 189

Which one is MA and which on change direction ? discuss with your teacher.

Q4/what is work in put.? What is work out put ?what is mechanical advantage ?
1-work input :the work which we applied on a machine. Using small force. Called effort.

2 – work out : useful work the work done by a machine as a result of(work input).

So you must know: Four Express To Find MA (mechanical advantage )

1- work input(j) 2- work output (j)

3-force input (N ) 4- Force output ( N)

So we can find out mechanical advantage by this rule :-

𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑴𝑨 =
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒖𝒕

3- A if the force out put was > force in put MA > 1

3- B if the force out put was < force in put there is no advantage from machine

In this case MA < 1 may you get change direction or work done faster .

3-C IF the force out put = force input in this case MA = 1 NO loss no advantage but may
get change direction see example fixed pulley.

Example page 189

q1/if out put force = 500 N , input force = 50 N Find MA ?EXPLAIN?

MA = = =

MATH BREAK: page 189

Page
84
Q4/ what is mechanical efficiency ?
Percentage ratio of work out put to work in put.

𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒖𝒕

𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒖𝒕

Q5/why in our live there is no machine have efficiency 100% ?

Because it impossible work out be bigger than work input .

Because apart of work out put will loss ,which due to friction machine or heat.

Q6/explain ((perfect efficiency )) page 191

It means work out = work in , and efficiency of this machine is = 100%

perfect efficiency the machine called ideal machine

New technologies help increase efficiency ,for example

1- (Train Floating On Magnet )

2- lubricant engines (such oil or grease ) in order to minimizing friction.

Q6 / complete this table ?

n Work out(j) Work in.(j) Efficiency

1 80 100 ….
2 70 90 …
3 ……. 50 75%

Section Review P191 /Teacher Mr. Majid

Q1/work input represents the force applied times the distance .

Work out put represents the force produced times the distance.

Page
85
Q2/ Mechanical Advantage :refers to how many the magnitude of force is increased.

Mechanical Efficiency : refers to how much as percentage express the work produce less
than the work applied on a machine.

Q3/ B

Q4/ the conception of ramp is how can the Force Be Less but in opposite the distance be
longer at the end the work will be easier.

Q5/ for example the eleviotar machine:

Work out put

= 75 j

Work input =100j

Efficiency =75%

Q6/ Because Every Machine Has Moving Parts , Moving Parts Always Use Some Of The
Work Input To Overcome Friction.

Q7/ MA = 300 / 60 = 5

Page
86
Q8/ efficiency = = = 30%

Q9/ = = =
Out put force
Input force

D = 3m D=1m

Of course FINPUT = 1/3 F IN PUT

Q10 / Lubricants , such as oil or grease , used to reduce the friction between machine's
moving part , which makes the machines more efficiency .

Section 3-10 Types Of Machines p192

Q1/list six simple machines that we will study it ?

1-Lever 2 Inclined plane 3-wedge 4-screw 5-pulley 6-Wheel and axil

1- lever:

Page
87
Q2 / Describe Three Classes Of Levers ?
N class Location of pivot (fulcrum ) Which in the Mechanical
middle Advantage AM
1 First class Effort – Fulcrum - Load F in the middle = 1 or > or <
or
2 Second class Effort - Load – Fulcrum L in the middle Always AM > 1

3 Third class Load - Effort – Fulcrum E in the middle Always AM<1

In diagram

Q3/what's pulley ? compare between types of pulley?

Pulley: a simple machine that consists of a wheel over which a rope , chain , wire pass

Fixed pulley Movable pulley Block and tackle

MA =1 MA= 2 MA= Number of pulley.
Useful is change IF load = 100N If we have 5 pulley so
direction of load Only 50 N CAN Lift. AM = 5
Page
88
Q4/How Wheel And Axil Works?

𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒍
MA= 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒙𝒍𝒆

Look page 195 , then find AM ?

Page
89
Q5/What About Inclined Plane ?

Q6/ wedge? Like knives

Wedge : a simple machine that is made up of two inclined planes and that
moves often used for cutting.

MA wedge
=
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆
𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆

Page
90
 MA of Wedge:

MA
𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆
=
𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔

Look page 197

SCREW /a simple machine that consists of an inclined plane wrapped

in spiral around cylinder.

𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘

MA =
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘

Page
91
Section Review P 199 Teacher Mr .Majid
Q1/lever is a road which has pivot point , and load point with force applied.

Q2/both wedge and screw are special type of inclined plane.

Q3/ B

Q4/LOOK ABOVE.

Q5/ MA = = =

Q6/ M A = = =

Q7/ tweezers is example of 3red type lever

That is true no mechanical advantage but there is more movement.

Q8/

MA screw =

Q9/ 1- sharping a knife .(reducing the thickness ))

2- increase the width of the knife.

Q10/ 1- the door hinge represent second type of lever.

2- door fist (door grip ) represents the wheel and axle .

Page
92
Chapter Review Page 200-201 Mr. Majid
Q1/ Work is force multiply distance in the same direction. Its unit is joule.

Power: the rate time of work its unit is watt.

Q2/Lever is a simple machine includes fulcrum , load , force applied it has three types.

Inclined is a simple machine it has length and high. Used to be work easier .
Q3/ look above.

Q4/C Q5/A Q6/B Q7/A Q8/D Q9/C

Q10/ Two levers first type + two wedges

Q11/ 1- when you carry bag and walk the direction of force not in the direction of distance
walk , that is why no work done.

2- when you pick up to a distance equal to your length form earth to your shoulders in this
case the force up , distance up same direction so there is work done.

Q12/ Because Every Machine Has Moving Parts , Moving Parts Always Use Some Of The
Work Input To Overcome Friction.

Q13/it has three cases according to position of fulcrum :

N class Location of pivot (fulcrum ) Which in the Mechanical

middle Advantage AM
1 First class Effort – Fulcrum - Load F in the middle = 1 or > or <
or
2 Second class Effort - Load – Fulcrum L in the middle Always AM > 1

3 Third class Load - Effort – Fulcrum E in the middle Always AM<1

But more move.
Q14/A: W = F XD = 1000 X 10 = 10000 J

B: = = = =

Page
93
Q15/ = = =

Q16/

Force X

Distance
=

Work
Divided

Time =

Pwer

Q17/Because lever doesn't have more part moving so at has less friction and that is high
mechanical advantage .but other machines vice versa……………

Q18/its clear the missing energy is more , about (300 -50 = 250j ) may the friction in high
level .

Q19/in this case the longer distance but less force , so the work will be easier.

Q20/
the Friction is useful here because it prevents
vehicles from sliding in winding road.
Q21/ MA screw =

MA wedge =

Page
94
Q22/ Either the force input less than force out put or

the distance of fout greater than finput

Q23 / A - its second type lever MA = 120 N / 40N = 3

B –Its third type lever MA = 4 / 20 = 0.2 SEE MA < 1

Multiple choice 10 pr. By Mr.MAJID

1-……….is transfer energy using force to move an object in the same direction.

A power B work C motion D Force

2 we can calculate work by……..

A Force x distance B force / distance C power x force D none

3- which of the following is example of work in physic?

A throwing a ball B watch TV C reading short story D push a strong wall.

4- the unit of work is……

A Newton B kg C watt D joule.

5- power is . A rate time of work B work x mass C mass2 x time D none.

6-if the force 10 N acts on an object causes displacement 5m same direction , work=

A 2j B 20j C 50 j D 500 j

7- if the work 100 j done during 5 s so the power =……….watt

A 105 B 95 C 500 D20

8- which one reduce the efficiency .

A power B input work C output work D friction

9- to find out mechanical advantage we use this rule :

A MA = input work/out put work B out put force/input force C A &B D none

Page
95
10- which of the following machine its MA less than 1?

A third class lever B second class lever C fixed pulley D none

11-which of the following always have MA > 1

A third class lever B second class lever C fixed pulley D none

12-the MA for a fixed pulley is..

A1 B2 C3 D none

13-one of the following is example of knife?

A lever B screw C wedge D incline plane.

14-if the work input to a machine was 100 j and the out put work = 30j so efficiency is

A 130% B10% C 20% D30%

15-Find the mechanical machine of inclined plane if its length =9m the height =3m

A 3 B 12 C 27 D none

16 Find the mechanical machine of BLOCK AND TACKLE if number of pulley =5

A 2 B3 C4 D5

17 when we use movable pulley to lift a load of 400 N so we need effort force of ………N

A100 B 200 C 400 D800

18 for fixed pulley one of the following is true.

A MA= 1 B MA > 1 C change direction DA&C

19 Find the mechanical advantage machine of Wheel and axil if Raxil =5cm , Rwheel= 15 cm

A 3 B 45 C 17 D none

20- Find the mechanical machine of a wedge if its length = 12 cm and thick = 4cm

A 3 B 12 C 24 D 47

Page
96
21 which class of lever always has a mechanical advantage of greater than 1 (page199)

A First class B second class C third class D none of them

22 a ramp is 0.5 m high and has a slope that is 4m find AM =…? (page 199)

A4 B8 C 0.8 D None

23 the radius of the wheel of a wheel and axil is 4 times the radius of the axel MA=…

A4 B8 C 0.8 D None

24 Work (horizontal )is being done when

A- push a wall

B-Push a car and it does not move. C lift a book from the table

D you slide on a smooth horizontal surface.

25 which of the following is a simple machine ?

A Bicycle B a jar lid C a pair of scissors D a can opener .

26-a machine can: A- increase distance by decreasing force B increase distance by

Increasing force C increase neither distance nor force D decrease distance by decreasing force.

27-the unit of power is ……….work is………..force is…………

A watt - kg – joule B watt - joule – Newton C watt - kg – Newton D kg - joule – sec

28-@page 200 q14/applied 1000 N car's distance 10m during 1min find work, power?

A104 J – 66.6 W B102 J – 66 W C 104 J – 166.6 W D 102 J – 166.6 W

29 @PAGE200 Q15/LEVER force load =35 N , effort force = 7 N MA=…..?

A5 N B 10 C 15 D 42

Page
97
30- Calculate AM=? According
image p 201
A AM= 3

B AM= 10

C AM= 30

D AM= 13

31 Calculate AM=? According

image p 201
A AM= 0.01

B AM= 0.2

C AM= 20

D AM= 200

32 Find the mechanical machine of the movable pulley if input force is 200 N

A 1 B2 C 200 D none

All answers : NEXT PAGE

1B 2A 3A 4D 5A 6C 7D 8D
9B 10A 11B 12A 13C 14D 15A 16D
17B 18A 19A 20A 21B 22B 23A 24D
25B 26A 27B 28C 29A 30A 31B 32B

GOOD LUCK

Page
98
Chapter 11 /Energy

The main idea energy can be changed from one form to another
form , but energy cannot be created or destroyed

Section 1/what is energy ?

((the capacity to do work is energy ))

Q1/explain more information about weight ?

Weight Definition Direction Unit Of Weight Rule Of Weight Is Weight
Of Changes From
Weight Place To Other
?
A mount of force To the c Because weight Because
attraction between enter of is a force so its
W=mxg weight
g: is
earth and any mass earth. unit is newton. depends on
gravitational of
can find on the (N) the constant
earth = 9.82
surface of earth . g , so if go to
N/Kg or is 9.82
m/s2 the another
planet yes it
change .
Give examples about weight on the surface of earth , take g = 10 m/s2
Answers :
Mass (kg) W = mg 100 N
10 …………..
22.5 …………….. 225 N
……………. 200 N
20 kg
H.W

Find your weight in Erbil g = 9.8 m/s2 ?

Teacher's mass = 95 kg so his weight = ……………………….N.

Page
99
Q2/How many types of energy must grade nine study ?

Mechanical Energy Non mechanical energy

1-kinetic 2- potential energy Sound energy , electric energy
energy A- Gravitational B- Elastic Nuclear energy , thermal energy
Potential Energy Potential Chemical energy , light energy
Energy

Q3/explain more about kinetic energy ?

definition Symbol rule Depends on unit Example
The 1- mass kg A mass of 2kg
energy of moved with
an object velocity 3m/s
KE KE = Find KE?
that is
due to 2- velocity j KE =
from m/s KE =
motion. KE =

Q4/ explain more about gravitational potential energy ?

definition Symbol rule Depends on unit Example
The 1- mass kg A mass of 2kg
energy = Or weight. lift up to 5m
that an Find PE?
=
object has
because
PEG = j = 2 x 5 x 10
= 100 j
of the 2- height m
high
position A box of weight
from the 25 N is lifted up
surface of g is to 5 m find PE
earth. constant
=
= 25 X 5
= 125 J

Page
100
Q5/ explain more about mechanical energy ?
Mechanical energy = kinetic energy + gravitational potential energy .

Q6 /compare among types of energy ?

• Let m is mass in kg , and V Solve q1 /q2/q3/q4

kinetc is velosity m/s so
energy • = Page 205 math break
KE

• Let m is mass , g gravity acceleratin =9.81m/s2 , h is hieght (m) then:

Gravitional • PE = m x g x h (j) Math break 1/2/3
potential • let w = m x g is weight (N) then :
energy PE
Page 206
• PE = W x h

mechanica • let KE is kinetic energy , PE is gravitional potential

l energy • energy so the totall of them is ME mechanical energy.
• ME = KE + PE

Section Review P 208 /Teacher Mr .Majid

Q1/energy : is ability to do work ,its unit is joule.

Q2/mechanical energy may contains only kinetic energy or only potential energy or both.

Q3/ when energy increased work will increased .and vice versa .

Q4/PE depends on : 1- weight . 2- height .

Q5/because height speed ( V ) means height kinetic energy KE = ,

so a lot of energy will converts to another types of energy which casing more damage .

Q6/ = = =

Q7/ PE = w x h = 15 x 20 = 300 j

Page
101
INTERPRETING GRAPH

Q8/ look at picture :

It includes KE & PE

Section 2 /Energy Conversation page 209

-Teacher Mr .Majid

Q1 : How Kinetic Energy Converts In To Gravitational Potential Energy ?ex 1

KE in up PE in up
Zero Maximum.
up

KE in the PE in the
middle middle
50% 50%

KE in the PE in the
bottom bottom
Maximum zero

Bottom

Page
102
Q2/ How elastic PE Converts In To KE Energy ?ex 2
A rubber band can be used to show another

example of an energy conversation.

When the string released the arrow or (belt )

gets energy as a kinetic energy.

Q3/give more examples about conversation of energy ?

Name of example Describing
Chemical energy in your Your body uses chemical energy in to kinetic energy
food converts in to kinetic when you active and in to thermal energy to maintain
energy and heat . body temperature .
Alarm clock From electrical energy to sound energy.
battery From chemical energy into electrical energy
Light bulb From electrical energy in to light energy and thermal
energy
blender From electrical energy into KE + sound energy .
Hair dryer From electrical energy into KE + thermal + sound

Q4/ why energy conversations are important ?what is harness energy?

Why Energy Conversations Are Important ? (harenss energy)

Because in our life we need different types of energy , for example Electrical energy
by its self will not dry our hair , but you can use a Hair dryer to change electrical
energy in to the thermal energy that will help you dry your hair.

Page
103
Section Review P 211 –Teacher Mr .Majid
Q1/energy conversation is covert the energy from type to another type.

Q2/may in Heater ( when on ) the electrical energy will converts to thermal energy.

Q3/our body get the energy from chemical energy in the food.

Q4/

In up PE max KE =Zero

In down PE = Zero KE max

Q5/the sound is type of energy

But with this screeching is harmful for environment.

Q6/ Q17 /PAGE 217

A-( PE)at point A = Weight x h

PE = 500 x 10 = 5000 j.

B -( P E) b = 500 x 5 = 2500 j.

C - (KE )b = ME - PE =

= 5000 – 2500

= 2500 J

Page
104
Section 3 /Conservation Of Energy./ Mr. Majid.

Q1/ describe energy conversation in a Roller Coaster ?

There Is Missing
Energy Must Be
Used To
Overcome
Friction ,Heat ,
Sound .

Because the
system is
opened.

Q2/is energy is conserved within a closed system ?

Yes , energy is conserved within a closed system . according to the law of conservation of
energy , energy cannot be created or destroyed .

Q3/why we don’t have an ideal machine ?

Because no conversation energy without (missing ) a part of it as a thermal energy?

So that there is no or impossible perpetual ((permanent )) machine in our life.

Q4/how can calculate the efficiency of a machine ?

By dividing the amount of useful energy after conservation which called out put energy to
the amount of energy before conversation called input energy.
𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

Page
105
Q5/how can increasing efficiency (( efficient ))? Give examples from your book?
example explain
New car(aerodynamic car) If it consumes a less amount of fuel in one kilometer .
Because the shape of the car reduces friction between
the body car and the air.
Your home If its well-insulated.
Drinking bird Uses thermal energy from air to evaporate the water
from its head -.
Electric generator If it consumes a less fuel and produces more electric
energy

Q6/self- check –why is ((parental motion )) impossible ?

Because conversation energy always incudes missing energy as heat or other types of
energy.

Section review p215

Q1/according the law of conservation of energy , the energy doesn't destroyed but may
apart of kinetic energy converts to thermal energy as a result of friction .

Q2/ D

Q3/ A- PE is greater at the top , KE =zero , B-- KE is greater at the bottom , PE =zero.

Q4/math skill.

Missing energy (lost energy)= thermal energy = 80 j -60 j = 20 j

Q5/ according the law of conservation of energy , the energy had not gone but may apart
of kinetic energy converts to thermal energy as a result of friction. and sound energy.

Page
106
Chapter Revew P216/217 Teacher Mr. Majid
Q1/look above .we did.

Q2/D Q3/B Q4/D Q5/C

Q6/ Thermal energy depends on the kinetic energy of molecules of substance .

Another example is chemical energy depends on the strong band among molecules which is
a type of potential energy .

Q7/

device From to benefit

Alarm Electrical energy to sound energy To wake up
clock
Battery Chemical energy to electrical energy To turn on device
Light bulb Electrical energy to ( light + thermal ) To use in dark place
blender Electrical energy to ( K E + SOUND ) To prepare juice

Q8/in closed system there is no exchange energy between inside system with outside
system.

Q9/A = 400 J

B- high = 400 / 10 = 4 m.

Page
107
Q10/concept mapping :

Energy

Energy
Conversatio
ns

Participate
Machines

Like
Hair Dryer
Converts

Electrical
Energy
In To

Sound thermal
KE
energy energy

Q11/when you blow up a balloon you compress air molecules inside the balloon as
potential energy , then when you relapse it the balloon will fly moving by kinetic energy

Because potential energy converts in to kinetic energy .

Q12/ Because conversation energy always incudes missing energy as heat or other types of
energy.

Q13/all energy sources will implement .(execute )-finish.

Q14/pole- vaulter player.

1- breakfast food represents chemical energy in
the body .

2- chemical energy converts in to kinetic energy.

3- kinetic energy will converts in to potential

energy during jumping .

Page
108
Q15/ 1- aerodynamic car.so it reduce friction air.

2- good type engine less fuel to cross one kilometer.

Q16/we can test both hypotheses whether effect on efficiency of a car or not.

Q17/we answered this question in section review.

Multiple Choice Prepared By Mr. Majid

1- kinetic energy depends on :

A mass & volume B speed & weight C weight & height D peed and mass

2- one of the following the form of kinetic energy ?

A 3/2 (m .v2 ) B (1/2) m v C ( 1/2 ) (m .v2 ) D 2mv2

3- if m= 2 kg , v= 4 m/s so KE =…………….J

A 16 B 8 C 2 D NONE

4 **- IF KE = 16 J , m = 2kg so the velocity =……………..

A 2 m/s B 4 m/s C 8 m/s D NONE

5*** - IF KE = 16 J , v = 4 m/s so the mass=……………..

A 2 kg B 4 kg C 8 kg D NONE

6-the gravitational potential energy depends on :

A mass and speed B Weight and height C mass and weight D height and distance

7**- if mass = 5 kg , raised up to 8 m so the gravitational potential energy =……..

A 400 j B 4j C 800 j D 40 j

8 *- a box weight of 200 N is raised up to 30 m so the gravitational potential energy =……..

A 4000 j B 6000 j C 800 j D 230 j

Page
109
9 *- an object appointed at 15 m above the surface of earth PE = 150 J so the weight of the
object is …………….

A 10 N B 15 N C 165 N D 135 N

10* –A swimmier stood on the stage jump height of 12m , PE was 7200 j so the his mass=…

A 50 kg B 60 kg C 72 kg D NONE

11- item (10) find the PE at a half height of the stage jump ?

A 4000 j B 6000 j C 3600 j D 720 j

12- item (10) find the PE at 6 m under the stage jump ?

A 4000 j B 6000 j C 3600 j D 720 j

13- item (10) find the PE at 3m under the stage jump ?

A 1800 j B 6000 j C 3600 j D 720 j

14- item (10) the PE on the top of the stage jump is……..and kinetic energy is……. ?

A zero – maximum B ZERO - 7200 J C maximum - zero D zero - zero

15 item (10) find the PE …. & KE …… at a half height of the stage jump ?

A 4000 j – 3600 J B 6000 j – 3600 J C 3600 j - 3600 J D NONE

16 - item (10) find the M E at a half height of the stage jump ?

A 7200 j B 6000 j C 3600 j D 720 j

17-- item (10) find the M E on the top of the stage jump ?

A 7200 j B 6000 j C 3600 j D 720 j

18 on of the following represent equation of ME ?

A ME = KE / PE B ME = KE + PE C ME = PE - KE D ME = KE + PE + 10

19- on of the following represent equation of PE ?

A PE = KE / ME B PE = ME - KE C PE = KE - ME D PE = ME2 -KE

Page
110
20- a box has 400j of gravitational potential energy , how much work had to be done to
give the box that energy ?

A 100 J B 200 J C 300J D 400 j

21- item ( 21 ) if the weight of the box = 100 N , how far above the ground is it ?

A4m B 22 m C 24 m D 21 m

22 – which of the following includes chemical energy converts in to thermal energy ?

A food is digested to keep body's temperature . B charcoal is burned in a barbecue .

C coal is burned to produce steam . D all of them .

23- which of the following includes chemical energy converts in to electrical energy ?

A fan B hair dray C battery D bulb

24- which of the following includes chemical energy converts in to kinetic energy ?

A student's running B use battery to turn on fan C bulb D- A & B

25-when energy changes from one from to another some of the energy always changes in to

A kinetic energy B potential energy C thermal energy D mechanical energy

26- the unit of work is …………….and PE is…….., KE is……., weight is……. Mass is …….

A J-J-J -kg -N B J-J-J –m-Kg C J-J-J –N - kg D N –N-N-N -N

27*** kinetic energy's rule can written as:

A = B KE = ME – PE C KE = ME – mgh D all of them is true .

28 there are …………..of potential energy .

A two B three C four D only one type .

29 the velocity can be written as shown :

A v = 2 m . KE B = √ C = √ D = √

Page
111
30- The blender converts electrical energy into:

A chemical energy in juice B kinetic energy C sound energy DB&C

Check your answers

1/D 2/C 3/A 4/B 5/A 6/B 7/D 8/B 9/A 10 / B

11/ C 12 / C 13 / A 14 /C 15 /C 16 /A 17 /A 18 /B 19 /B 20 /D
21 /A 22 /D 23 / C 24 /D 25/C 26/C 27 /D 28/ A 29/ D 30 / D

CHAPTER 12 - Heat Teacher /Mr.Majid

Main idea : heat is energy that moves from an object which is at a higher
temperature to another object at a lower temperature .

Section 1- Temperature .

Q1/describe how temperature relates to kinetic energy ?

All matter is made of atoms or molecules that are always moving , because these molecules
has mass and velocity so that it has kinetic energy ,then temperature depends on average
kinetic energy of particles (molecules ).

Page
112
Q2/compare between temperature and heat ?
s Temperature
1 Is state of a substance
whether is cool or hot.
2 It depends on KE of a
particles of the substance .
3 The units are C0 & Kelvin &
Fahrenheit
4 Can measured by
thermometers
Heat(thermal)
Is amount of energy which exists inside the
substance .
It depends on 1- mass of substance.
2- specific of substance. 3- change temperature
of the substance .
The units are j or kj or calorie.
Can calculate by physic rule:
Heat = specific heat x mass x change in
tempreture

Q3/Compare three types of thermometers ?

Page
113
Q4/many thermometers filled with mercury or alcohol , why ?
Because mercury and alcohol remain in liquid state over a large range temperatures.

Thermometers can measure temperature because of a property called

Thermal Expansion.

Self check page 222(( what property make thermometer work ? Thermal Expansion.

Q5/ write the important rules to converting temperature from scale to another.?

Look page 223

table

Page
114
Math break :p 223

The answers of math break//

Look how your teacher solve it :

Q1/ is 100 C0

Q2/
K C F
0K - 273 C - 459 F

Q3/ 200 K is cooler than 0F0

Q5/define thermal expansions ?list its applications ?

Thermal expansion : an increase in the size of a substance in response to an increase in the
temperature of the substance.

Page
115
 1-Expanding joints on highways or bridges

Expansion joints , if weather is very hot , the bridge can heat up enough
to expand as it expand there is a danger of the bridge breaking .

Expansion joints keep segments of the bridge a part to expand easily

without collapse .

Page
116
 2-Bimetalic strips in thermostat .
Thermostat is a device that controls the heater in home which
contains bimetallic strip , it two different metals expand at
different rate .
A- When has coiling state :close electric circuit turnon.
B- When has uncoiling state :open electric circuit turn off.

3-Thermal expansion in hot –air Balloons

Hot air rises

because it has low
density.. .why?
because of the
particles of gas will
gain more kinetic
energy by heating
……so that the gas
will expand..

Page
117
Section Review P225 /Teacher Mr.Majid
Q1/temperature: is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.

Q2/thermal expansion cause the mercury in thermometer to expand and refer to

temperature.

Absolute zero :is the temperature which the substance's particles have not any kinetic
energy.

Q3/A

Q4/ No , because temperature: is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles
of a substance.

Q5/ Thermal expansion : an increase in the size of a substance in response to an increase in

the temperature of the substance.

Q6/ F = = =

= = =

Q7/ = ( )

= ( )= = =

Q8/ K = C +273 = 0 + 273 = 273 K

Q9/ C = K - 273

C = 100 – 273

C = - 173 C0

Q10/ Soup overflows because thermal expansion.

Q11/because the mass of substance is constant so when thermal expansion cause increase
in the volume then the density will be less.

Q12/ thermal energy had transferred from the table to glass water.

Page
118
Section two /what is heat ?

Heat is the energy transferred between two objects that are at different temperature
.

Q1/why when the doctors stethoscope touches your back ,you feel its cold?
Because metal stethoscope has 20 C0 although your body at 37 C0 , so the thermal energy
transfer from your body to metal stethoscope.

Q2/when the transfer thermal happen ? in which direction will happen?

When two objects touch each other and they are at different temperatures , that means
one of them has high temperature and the other has low temperature .

The Direction Transfer Thermal Energy From High Temperature(the

warmer object ) To Low(cooler object )….

Self –check ;p 227 what will happen if two objects at different temperatures come in to
contact ?

Page
119
Q3/explain steps transfer thermal energy when you put juice bottle in ice at 0c0 ?

Q4/ways of heat transfer? conduction /convection / radiation

Page
120
Q5/radiation and the greenhouse effect?

The atmosphere traps the sun's energy because of greenhouse gases such as water
vapor , carbon dioxide and methane make earth increase its temperature……

Page
121
Q6/specific heat and temperature change?

Specific heat: the quantity of heat required to raise a unit mass 1kg of homogenous
material 1 C0 at a given constant pressure.

Heat = Specific Heat X Mass X Change In Temperature

Q7/compare between thermal conductions and thermal insulators ?

Conductors Insulators
A material through which energy can be A material that reduced or prevents the
transferred as a heat. transfer of heat.
Curling iron –cookie sheet-iron skillet Flannel shirt-oven mitt –plastic-wood

Section Review P233 /Teacher Mr.Majid

Q1/ Thermal Conductor : material through which energy can be transferred as a heat.

Thermal insulator : material that reduced or prevents the transfer of heat.

Q2/Convection :the transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of liquid or

gas .

Radiation :the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves.

Q3/ C

Q4/ Heat is the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperature.

Q5/solution :- Heat = Specific Heat X Mass X Change In Temperature

Heat = 128 x 0.015 x 10 =19.2 j

Q6/No , they are at different temperatures because of they have different mass.

Page
122
Q7 / Interpreting graphics :

A Conduction.

B Convection.

C Radiation

Chapter Review P234-235 Teacher Mr .Majid

Q1/ Temperature :represents the average of particle's kinetic energy.

Thermal energy is the total energy which exist in the object.

Q2/conduction :transfer thermal energy from object to another when they are contact.

Heat : is the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperature.

Q3/ Conductor : material through which energy can be transferred as a heat.

insulator : material that reduced or prevents the transfer of heat.

Multiple choice :

Q4/ C Q5/C Q6/B

Q7/ Temperature :represents the average of particle's kinetic energy. So that when kinetic
energy of particles increased the temperature also increased and vice versa.

Q8/look above table .

Page
123
Q9/Student must use appropriate rule .

84 F 29 C0 302 K
Q10/ Student must use appropriate rule

100 C0 373 K0

Q11/ Student must use appropriate rule

solution :- Heat = Specific Heat X Mass X Change In Temperature

Heat = 1.3 x 4184 x ( 100 – 20 ) =435116 j

Q12/

Heat is ;

Thermal Energy
Transfer By Three Ways:-

Because Of Different
Tempretures

1-
2-convection . 3-radiation .
Counduction

Page
124
Q13/
When we running hot water
over the lid metal , the
metal cup will expand by
thermal energy , then size
will increased eventually it
will be easy to take out the
glass cup.

Q14/ ski jacket prevents body's thermal energy leave out , so that keep the body warmer.

Q15/ its true undercondition the small bowl has hight tempreture to the point both bowls
have same thermal energy .

Q16/because of thermal expansion of the air inside the balloon , then the dinsity will be
less , the balloon is coming up (go up).

Q17/bimetallic means two different type of metal stick together , but they have different
thermal expanding .

Q18/ radiation may transfer in an empty space (there is no material) - but to occur both (
couduction , convection ) must be material exist .

Q19Fddsssb
Q19/

a- test tube which has 6 C0

b- at 30 C0

Because both at end have

same tempreature.

Page
125
Multiple Choice Ch 12 Prepared By Mr .Majid
1- which of the following temperature is the lowest ?

A100 C0 B100 F0 C 100 K D They are all the same.

2- which of the following temperature is the greatest ?

A100 C0 B100 F0 C 100 K D They are all the same.

3-which of the following temperature is the lowest ?

A100 C0 B100 F0 C0K D They are all the same.

4-which of the following materials would not be a good insulator ?

A wood B cloth C metal D Rubber

5-compared with the Indian ocean , a cup of hot chocolate has ……………..thermal energy
and …………….temperature .

A more – higher B less - higher C more - lower D less - lower.

6- which of the following materials would be a good conductor ?

A wood B cloth C metal D Rubber.

7-……………….is the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

A heat B specific heat energy C thermal expansion D Temperature.

8-……………………increase in the size of substance due to thermal energy .

A heat B specific heat energy C thermal expansion D Temperature.

9-……………..the temperature at which molecular energy is at minimum.

A 0K B -273 C0 C Absolute zero D all of them.

10-which of the following is equivalent to 373 K0 ?

A 100 C0 B 212 F0 C 373 C0 DA&B

Page
126
11-Applications of thermal expansion includes :

A Expansion bridge's joints B bimetallic C hot iron balloon D all of them.

12- convert 34 F0 to Celsius.

A 20C B25C C 35C D NONE

13- Convert 0C0 to kelvins .

A 373 K B 273 K C 173 K D None

14-Convert 100 k to degree Celsius .

A – 173 C B -273 C C -373 C D None

15-………….the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperature.

A heat B specific heat energy C thermal expansion D Temperature.

16-heat depends on :

A mass B specific heat C change temperature D all of them.

17-what will happen if two objects (object A , object B ) at different temperatures come
into contact.

A object A > object B B object B > object A C object B = object D none of them.

18-one of the following is not way to heat transfer :

A conduction B convection C radiation D collision .

19- is a way to heat transfer :

A conduction B evaporation C collision D A& B

20- one of the following is a way to heat transfer :

A vibration B specific heat C radiation D collision.

21-during convection of water , warmer water ………….through the cooler water …..it.

A down - above B rises - above C rises - down D none .

Page
127
22-…………………..makes the earth be too warm.

A red house effect B greenhouse effect C global warmer D B&C

23-……………. Trap heat energy causing greenhouse effect.

A water vapor B carbon dioxide C methane D all of them

Answers /

1C 2A 3C 4C 5B 6C 7D 8C 9A 10D
11D 12D 13B 14A 15A 16D 17C 18D 19A 20C
21 B 22 D 23 D

Page
128
Chapter 15/ Light …Prepared By Mr.Majid.278

Q1/define electromagnetic wave?

Wave that consists of electric and magnetic

fields that vibrate at right angle to each other

Page
129
 Radiation :-transfer of energy as electromagnetic wave

Q2/ describe light as an electromagnetic wave ?

1- Light is type of energy that travels as a wave.
2- Light is type of electromagnetic wave that’s why can travels through transparent
medium like air , water , glass.
3- Also light can travels through empty space , that’s why light travels from sun to
earth even there is empty space.
4- In other words , all electromagnetic a waves does not required to matter through
which to travel…
5- Light as a electromagnetic wave has electric field perpendiculars to the magnetic
Field .and both are perpendicular to direction of travel.
6- Light firstly had particle model because they explained many properties of light
according this model like reflection , then they used second model called
wave model because other properties like refraction – interference - diffraction
…first model can not explained.

Q3/compare btween mechanical wave and electromamgntic wave ?

n Mechanical Wave
1 It needs to matter
meduim to travelling.
2 Like sound wave , water
wave.
Mechanical waves has
3 various speed for
example sound wave
about 340 m/s .
Electromamgntic Wave
Does not need to matter meduim to
travelling
Like visible light , radiow wave….
It has constant speed or all
electromagnitic spectrum have one
speed is 3 x 108 m/s .

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130
Q4/where can electric field be found ?

Around any charge look these graphs :

Q5/How Electromagnitic Waves Are Produce ?

produced by the vibration of an electrical charge , when particle
charge vibrates ( moves forth and back )the electric field around
charge also vibrate creating the magnetic field .during this operation
electromagnetic wave will have produced at same time the energy
will have transferred then called Radiation .

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131
Q6/the hair on the girl's head stands up ? because electric field
and the iron filings arcs around magnet because magnetic field

Q7 /how does the speed of light comper with the speed of sound ?
Light can travel about 880,000 times faster than sound .

Math breakp280

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = , 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 = ,
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅

distance = speed x time

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132
Q1/ if the distance between the sun and earth = 150 million km , when the light
sun reaches Eearth ?

Given: speed = 300, 000 km /s is constant for all electromagnet spectrum .

Distance = 150 , 000,000 km

, = = = = 500 s

Converts sec in to minute divide by 60 s = 1 minute

= = its reach the earth during 500 s or 8.3 min

Now it's your turn :

The Distance From The Sun To Venus Is 108,000,000 Km .Calculate The Time It
Takes For Light To Travel That Distance?

Given: speed = 300, 000 km /s is constant for all electromagnet spectrum .

Distance = 108 , 000,000 km

, = = = = 360 s

Converts sec in to minute divide by 60 s = 1 minute

= = its reach the Venus during 360 s or 6 min

Math skill page 281 : the distance from the sun to Jupiter is
778,000,000 km .how long does it take for light from the sun to
reach Jupiter ?
Given: speed = 300, 000 km /s is constant for all electromagnet spectrum .

Distance = 778 , 000,000 km

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133
, = = = = 2593.3 s

Converts sec in to minute divide by 60 s = 1 minute time =

Math skill page :calculate the time it takes for light from the sun to reach Mercury which is
about 54,900,000 km away from the sun ?

Given: speed = 300, 000 km /s is constant for all electromagnet spectrum .

Distance = 54 , 900,000 km

, = = = = 183 s

Converts sec in to minute divide by 60 s = 1 minute time =

Section review p281 teacher Mr.Majid

Q1/The Radiation Is An Electromagnetic Wave.

Q2/ C

Q3/Light Is An Electromagnetic Wave.

Q4/When a particle charged vibrated due to an electric field vibrated causing magnetic
field both electric field and magnetic field perpendicular each other .

Q5/Math Skill We Did.

Q6/By Travelling Electromagnetic Wave Through The Empty Space ,The Radiation From Sun
Can Arrive The Earth.

Q7/Amount Of Energy Sun >> Amount Energy Reaches The Earth .

Q8/Because Plant By Photosynthesis Can Store Energy In The Plant As A Wood Then During
Burning The Wood The Energy Can Released As A Heat And Light Or As A Radiation.

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134
Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Q1/Compare Among Types Electromagnetic Waves

Page
135
s Type Of EM Wave Explain
1-The lowest frequency of all EM
2-Wavelength longer than 30 cm.
3-uesd for broadcasting radio and television signals.
4- there are two type of modulations amplitude modulation
1 Radio wave AM which can travel through atmosphere to farther distance
in earth but it has noise.
And frequency modulation FM which can travels a short
distance but it is clear without noise so that it better than AM
for music sound.
5-Television signals (includes sound and pictures ),so that
Sound signal carried by FM waves.
Picture signal carried by AM waves.
1-Have shorter wave length than radio wave (1mm – 30 cm)
Have higher frequency than radio wave.
2 Microwaves 2-the microwave radiation used in microwave oven.
3-also microwave are used to send signals of mobile.
4-the microwave are used to send messages and received from
earth in to artificial satellites in space .
5-in a microwave oven a device called magnetron which
produce microwave radiation.
6-microwaves are also used in RADAR. To observe speed of
cars in the streets , and watch the movement of air plane , and
to help ships navigates .
1-Have shorter wave length than microwave wave
-9
(1mm – 10 m)nm
3 Infrared waves Have higher frequency than microwave wave.
2-sources of infrared sun –all objects depends temperature like
buildings - trees -.
3-the Binoculars ((like telescope use at night ) to see animals.
It has very narrow range wavelengths
nm= 10-9m 1-Have shorter wave length than infrared wave
(400 nm – 700 nm )
4 Visible light Have higher frequency than infrared wave .
2 -it is formed of seven colors red , orange ,yellow , green ,
blue , indigo , and violet.
5 Ultraviolet 1-Have shorter wave length than visible light wave
(60nm – 400 nm )

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136
 Have higher frequency than radio wave.
3-bad effects :case painful sunburn – damage to the eye .
4-good side :kill bacteria + to sterilization surgical tools.
Small amount of ultraviolet it good to get vitamin D.
1-Has wavelength (0.001 nm - 60 nm ).
2-can pass through many materials that is way it used to
6 X-ray detect broken bones + detect damages in living cells. +in
security officers to see inside bags.

1-it has wavelengths shorter than 0.1 nm.

7 Gamma rays 2-it can penetrate most material very easily.
3-to sterilization meat , fresh fruits and kill harmful bacteria .
4-uses in medicine to treating cancer diseases.

Wave equation:
lambda (wave length ) unit m

f : frequency HZ or S-1
V : velocity ( m/s )
V =𝝀𝒙𝒇

Q1/ Find The Velocity Of Wave Frequency = 200 HZ And Wave Length = 3m
GIVEN : F = 200HZ , =
V = = =

Q2/ = Find The Velocity If The Frequency = 1000 HZ ?

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137
Section review p289
Q1/Electromagnetic Spectrum Consists All Wave Lengths.

Q2/ D

Q3/They Different In : 1- Wave Length And 2- Frequency.

Q4/Transmission Can Happen By :

1- Frequency Modulation ( FM ). 2- Amplitude modulation (AM )

Q5/

Ultraviolet x-ray Gamma ray

Useful to kill bacteria.
Useful when human get
Vitamin-D
Harmful may cause skin
cancer.
Useful by x ray detect
broken bone.
Useful capture image for
chest.
Harmful a lot of dose is
dangerous.
Useful To kill bacteria.
Useful as treatment
from cancer disease.
Harmful a lot of dose is
dangerous.

Q6/ Two Common Use For MW is :

1- In Microwave Oven . 2- in RADAR.

Q7/Visible spectrum is white light includes seven colors (red – violet )the main source is sun
or bulb (lamp )

Q8/All Colors Of Visible Light.

Q9/1- Light Help Us To Seen.

2- Microwave Oven.

3- X- Ray In Medicine.

Q10/ infrared – visible light – ultraviolet (from large to small )

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138
Q11/

A- Wave A has longer

Wave length .

B- Wave B represents

Microwave .

Section 3 /Interactions Of Light Waves /290

Q1/Describe How Reflection Allows You To See Things ?

Reflection : allows you to see

things……..

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139
Q2/Describe Interaction Of Light With Matter ?

light

1-reflected 2-absorbed 3-transmitted

Q3/write three properties of light ?

1-Reflection 2- Refraction. 3-Scattering

Q4/What Is The Law Of Reflection ?

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

Page
140
Example 1/ if the angle of incidence = 300 what about angle of reflection ? 300

Example 2/ if the angle of reflection = 530 what about angle of incidence ? 530

Q5/what are the types of reflection ?

I = R Example mirror I ≠ R example the wall

+Q6/ describe the moonlight ? as an example of reflection .

Q7/ explain absorption and scattering ?

Absorption In optics , the transfer of light energy to particles of matter .
Scattering An interaction of light with matter that causes light to change its energy
or direction or both .

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141
Q8/ example of absorption of light is photosynthesis .

Q9/light is start brightness then step by step becomes dim, explain?

When a beam of light shines through

the air , particles in the air absorb some
of the energy from the light , then step
by step the light becomes dim….

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142
Q10/scattering is an interaction of light with matter causes :
1- change energy .
2- change the direction of light . give examples ?

Scattering Makes
The Sky Blue.

Light With Shorter

Wavelength (Blue)
Is Scattered More
Than Red.

Q11/compare among speed of light in different substance ?

Its clear the speed of light becomes slowdown in more density

substance ……

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143
 Refraction :the bending of a wave as the wave passes between two substance in
which the speed of the wave differ .

Examples of refraction :

Optical
illusion

Refraction and color

separation. The colors with
short wavelength bend
more than colors with long
wavelength.

Condition of refraction:

1- exist two difference substance .

2- the incident ray must be inclined form. Or the incidence ray at an angle
with normal , that is why if light wave enters a new substance perpendicular
to the surface it completes undeviated .

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144
Section review p295
Q1/ A-

S Reflection
1 It happen in one optical medium.
2 Incident ray bounce off then returns
to the same optical medium.
3 Reflection depends on smooth level
of the surface object .
4 The mirror is good example.
B-
Refraction
It needs two different optical medium.
Incident ray inters in to second optical
medium .
Refraction depends type of two optical
medium.
The lens is good example.

Absorption Scattering
Is transfer the energy from into the Is an interaction of light with matter
particles of the matter. that causes light to change direction.
Q2/B.

Q3/May both absorption and scattering make the bright like becomes dim ,

1-when light penetrate the air , the particles of air absorbs a part of energy light causing
the light becomes dim.

2-when light affected by scattering also causing lost its energy then the light becomes dim.

Q4/because the refracted ray bent away the normal , this phenomena called optical
illusion.

Optical
illusion

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145
Q5/because different colors has different wavelength like from 400 nm into 700nm that’s
why the color which has short wave length affects by more bending than longer.

Q6/because surface of water makes regular reflection , but surface of cloth makes diffuse
reflection.

Q7/because the surface of Mares can reflects the beam light which coming from the sun.

Q8/

A- because
the angle of
incidence not
inclined
instead its 00

b- beam 4
internal total
reflected.

Page
146
Section 4/ light and color p 296

Q1/describe the three ways light interacts with matter ?

1-Reflected 2- Absorption. 3-Transmision

,light bounces off an
matter , it Allows you to
see things…..
Transfer energy light into
particles of matter , make
matter warmer.
Is the passing of light
through matter…you see
transmission of light all the
time, because all of the
light that reaches your eyes
is transmitted through air.

Q2/Name and describe three types optical matter?

Transparent Matter that allows light to pass Like air – water - glass
through it
Translucent Matter that transmits light but Frosted glass (not
(semitransparent ) that does not transmit an details smooth), wax paper.
image.
Opaque An object that not allowed light to Wall – rock – iron - wood
( nontransparent ) pass through it or(not transparent
nor translucent .

Q3/ explain how the color of an object is determined ?

First : colors of opaque objects .

We recognize the color of things , by reflecting the type of wavelength color which from the
surface of the substance .for example:

1-when white light shines on a strawberry ,only red light is reflected ,other colors of light
are absorbed , therefore the strawberry looks red to you.

2- Anything Looks White Color To You That Means It Reflected All Spectrum Colors .

3- Anything Looks Black Color To You That Means It Absorbed All Spectrum Colors There Is
No Reflected Color.
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147
 Second : colors of transparent and translucent objects .
1-ordinary window glass colorless in white light because it transmits all the colors that
strike it

2-green plastic bottle , works as a filter of color , because it allows only green color
transmits through it , that is why it looks green to you. The other colors are absorbed.

Section review p299

Q1/ glass is transparent because the light can pass through by transmission .

Q2/Translucent Matter : allows light to pass through it but makes the light affected by
scattering so no clear image.

Opaque Matter : does not allow to pass light.

Q3/ C

Q4/

1-Reflected 2- Absorption. 3-Transmision

,light bounces off an matter , it Transfer energy light into Is the passing of light through
Allows you to see things….. particles of matter , make matter matter…you see transmission of
warmer. light all the time, because all of
the light that reaches your eyes
is transmitted through air.

Q5/By the colors which reflected from its surface.

Q6/By the color which transmits through the transparent matter.

Q7/only violet color will reflects and the other colors will absoerbs.

Q8/1- the green leaves appear black because the incidence color is red so it absorbed by
leave nor reflecting any color so it looks black.

2- the (red petals ) appeared red , because the incidence color was red , so reflected same
color.

Page
148
Chapter review /p300-301
Q1/ 1-Radiation :is the transfer of energy by EM waves.

2- the book is an Obaque object.

3- light is a kind of Electromagnetic Waves can travels throgh matter and space.

4-during Transmision ,light trvels through an object.

Q2/ D Q3/ C Q4/ C Q5/ C Q6/ D Q7/ C

Q8 /1- to sterilization meat , fresh fruits and kill harmful bacteria .

2-uses in medicine to treating cancer diseases.

Q9/ Brodcost signal & TV signals.

Q10/because frost glass makes scattering .

Q11/ = = = =

Q12/

light
reacts with

matter

reflection scattering absorptin

Page
149
Q13/because of optical illusions .

Q14/because of the sunshades reflects the light out of the car.

Q15/a- refraction b-absorption or scatternig. C reflection .

Multiple Choice Prepared By Teacher Mr .Majid

1- electromagnetic wave transmit ………..

A charges B matter C fields D Energy

2- the light can penetrating during

A transparent matter B glass C water D all of them

3- which kind of electromagnetic wave travels faster in vacuum ?

A radio wave B visible light C gamma ray D they all travel at the same speed.

4- the electromagnetic waves are made of :

A vibrating particles B vibrating charged particles

C vibrating electric and magnetic fields D all of them

5-……………is transfer of energy by electromagnetic wave .

A opaque B scattering C potential energy D Radiation

6- light reach the earth from sun during

A 83 min B 0. 83 min C 8.3 min D 3.8 min

7- the distance from sun to earth is

A 150 million km B 150 x 106 km C 150 x 109 m D all of them

Page
150
8- to calculate the time interval for sunlight to reach any planet we must use this rule:

A = B =

C = D =

9-electromagnitic wave consists :

A electric field B magnetic field C beta particle D A& B

10 the angle between electric field and magnetic field is =

A 00 B 900 C 1800 D 3600

11- One of the following not electromagnetic wave :

A sound wave B infrared C gamma ray D x-ray

12- WHICH of the following not electromagnetic wave :

A sound wave B infrared C mechanic wave D A & C

13- One of the following not Mechanical wave :

A sound wave B infrared C water wave D windy wave

14- WHICH of the following does not need to matter medium :

A sound wave B infrared C light D B & C

15- One of the following needs to matter medium :

A sound wave B infrared C light D radio wave

16- which of the following has speed = 300,000 Km / s

A sound wave B infrared C light D B & C

17- which of the following DOES NOT has speed = 300,000 Km / s

A sound wave B infrared C light D Gamma ray

18- which of the following DOES NOT has speed = 300,000 Km / s

A x-ray B infrared C radio wave D alpha particle

Page
151
19- electromagnetic wave are different from mechanical waves because they can travels.

A- Through air B- Through Glass C Through Space D Through Steel

20-How can electromagnetic wave be produce ?

A charge vibrating B an object moving C alpha particle D all of them

21-the energy produce by burning wood in a campfire is energy from the :

A- Earth B- Sun C Space D sea

22- the speed of light in a vacuum is about …………………….

A 300 , 000 , 000 m /s B150 million Km /h C 300 ,000 Km /s DA &C

23- light …

A a mechanical wave B electromagnetic wave

C could travels around earth 7.5 times in 1 s . DB & C

24-lightning and thunder are happened in the same time with…..

A Different speed B same speed C lightning faster than thunder D (A & C)

25 - light …

A IS not a mechanical wave B is electromagnetic wave

C its velocity about 3 x 108 m /s D all of them

26- one of the following NOT true :

A Light is a mechanical wave B light is not mechanical wave

C light can pass through vacuum , air , water ,glass ,transmission matters D has
refraction.

27 -one of the following is true :

A Light is a mechanical wave B light is slower than thunder

C light needs to transparent matter to passing. D light needs to opaque matter to

passing.
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152
28-according of …………………..Newton and others said the light consists …………

A Pythagoras theory - wave B Particle model - photon

C gravity rules - wave D thermodynamics - photon

29 – if you could run at the speed of light you converts in to……….

A mass B energy C planet D giant man

30- the unit of speed of light is

A m /s B km/ h C km/s D all of them

1 /D 2/D 3 /D 4 /C 5 /D 6/C 7 /D 8 /B 9 /D 10 /B
11 / A 12 / D 13 /B 14 / D 15 /A 16 /D 17 / A 18 /D 19 / C 20 /A
21 / B 22 /D 23/ D 24 /D 25 /D 26 / A 27 / C 28 /B 29 / B 30 /D

Page
153
3- Chemistry
Includes :
Ch 13 +Ch 14
Prepared by
Mr.majid
Page
154
Chapter 13- Chemical Componds / Mr.Majid
Main idea :chemical compounds are classified in to groups in grade nine it three groups
according their bonds and their properties .

Basic Of Chemistry :
Prepare Your Self To High School

Q1/in page 316 there is periodic table of elements :

A- Write and memorize 20 elements (chemical symbol +element name +atomic
number )
B- Ask your teacher to review Atom's structure .

H1 He2
Li3 Be4 B5 C6 N7 O8 F9 Ne10
Na11 Mg12 AL13 Si14 P15 S16 Cl17 Ar18
K19 Ca20
Be aware :

Back ground Chemical symbol

Metals solid
Metalloids gas
Nonmetals liquid

Q2/compare between atom and ion ?

Page
155
 Lost on electron

Ions is atom either lost or gain one electron or

more .

Atomic mass = number of protons + number of neutrons

Number of neutrons = Atomic mass - number of protons

Atomic number = number of proton

Fill The Following Table :

element Num. protons Numb. Neutrons Atomic mass

4
Be 9
C612

Page
156
Section 1/Ionic And Covalent Compound p240
The force that bonds two or more atoms to form
Chemical bond compounds .

Ionic compound A compound made of oppositely charge ions .

A chemical compound formed by the sharing of valence

Covalent compound electron .

Ionic Compounds And Their Properties

Ionic compound can be formed by the reaction of metal with a nonmetal
1 For example :
Na + Cl NaCl
2 Ionic compounds tend to be brittle solids at room temperature
Because of crystal lattice .

3 Ionic compounds have high melting point :

For example MgO is 2800C0 AND NaCl is 801 C0
4- Many ionic compounds have a high solubility ((they dissolve easily in water))

A crystal lattice solid state ( undissolved )doesn't conduct an electric current.

5 But when an ionic compound dissolves in water can conducts an electric
current.

Page
157
Covalent Compounds And Their Properties
1 Most compounds are covalent compounds .
Covalent compounds are compounds that from when two atoms or more
2 share their valance electrons .this sharing of electrons forms a covalent
bond .
The group of atoms that make up a covalent compound is called a molecule
3 , for example :
H + H H2
C + O2 CO2
Many covalent compounds do not dissolve well in water ((low solubility)).
4 That is why oil which is covalent compound and water don’t mix.
5 Covalent compounds have low melting point. and low boiling point.
Sugar is covalent compound can dissolve in water but the solution of sugar
6 does not conduct an electric current.
At the same time acids also covalent compound when dissolve in water can
conduct an electrical current.

Page
158
Sction review p243
Q1/we did above.

Q2/ C

Q3/We did.

Q4/ percentage of potassium = ( 0.381 + 0.3937 ) - 1 = 0.2253 = %22.53

Q5/justify :

Because the solution of ionic compound includes ions are charged and are able to move
freely .

Q6/covalent compound.

Section 2 /Acids And Bases P244

Acid :any compound that increase the number of hydronium
ions H3O+ when dissolved in water .

Acids And Their Properties

1 Any compound that increase the number of hydronium ion H2O+3 When
dissolved in water.
2 Acids have sour flavor(taste).

3
Indicator :a compound that can change color depending on the PH
number .which from ( 1 – 14 )if less than 7 its ACID , and if PH
greater than 7 its BASE .

Acids changes colors of indicators. Like:

1- litmus paper . 2 bromthymol

Page
159
 Acids reacts with metal to produce hydrogen gas:
4
2HCl + Zn H2 (gas) + ZnCl2
This reaction happened because zinc is active metal.
5 Acids conduct electric current.

Uses Of Acids
1 Sulfuric Acid is the most widely made industrial chemical in the world like
Product paper , paint , detergents (cleaners ), fertilizers.
2 Nitric Acid is used to make fertilizers , rubber and plastics .
3 Hydrochloric Acid is used to extract metals ores (source of metal)
Hydrochloric Acid also used in swimming pools to kill algae.
Hydrochloric Acid is found in stomach make digestion food.

4 Hydrofluoric Acid used to etch glass (engrave )dig in glass.

5 Citric Acid And Vitamin C are found in orange juice.
6 Carbonic And Phosphoric acid give soft drink acid taste.
Base :any compound that increases the number of hydroxide
ions OH- when dissolved in water.
Page
160
Bases And Their Properties
1 Base is any compound that increase the number of hydroxide ions OH- when
dissolved in water for example sodium hydrochloride
2 OH- give bases their properties , NaOH Na+ + OH-
3 Base have a bitter flavor and slippery feel. soapy
4 Base change color of indicators for example base can change the red litmus
paper in to blue color
5 Base conduct electrical current.

Uses Of Bases
1 Sodium Hydroxide used to make soap ,paper ,oven cleaners .
2 Calcium Hydroxide used to make cement , plaster
3 Ammonia used to make fertilizations.

Magnesium Hydroxide + Aluminum Hydroxide

used to make (( antacids- drug))
to treat heartburn (a form of indigestion felt as
4 a burning sensation in the chest.

Page
161
Section review p249 /Mr.Majid
Q1/we did above.

Q2/base is a substance that:

A Feels slippery base

B Tastes sour acid
C React with metal to produce hydrogen acid
D Turns blue litmus paper to red. acid
Q2/extra from Mr.Majid

One of the fowling not property of acid.

A Feels slippery base

B Tastes sour acid
C React with metal to produce hydrogen acid
D Turns blue litmus paper to red. acid
Q2/ extra from Mr.Majid

which of the fowling is property of acid.

A Turns blue litmus paper to red. acid

B Tastes sour acid
C React with metal to produce hydrogen acid
D All of them
Q2/ extra from Mr.Majid

which of the fowling is property of base.

A Turns blue litmus paper to red. acid

B Tastes sour acid
C React with metal to produce hydrogen acid
D None of them
Q3/acids are important in: C

Q4/ Red litmus paper will change to blue color if dipped in basic solution.

Page
162
Q5/ compare between acid and base :

Compare about In acid In base

Flavor (taste) Sour Bitter
Color of litmus paper Change from blue to red Change from red to blue
Reacts with active metal happen Does not.
Electrical conductivity conductor Conductor
Q6/we have two types of test:

1- by using litmus paper as we know acid (Change from blue to red) , and

Base (Change from red to blue)

2- also by react with a plate of zinc (if react this is acid ) if no react this base.

Section 3/ Solutions Of Acids And Base

Q1/what is the difference between( concentration & strength )for acid or base ?
Concentration Acid Or Base Strength Of Acid Or Base
Is the Amount Of Acid Or Base which Depends on Number Of Molecules
dissolved in water. that break apart when acid or base is
For example 70% dissolved so concentration dissolved in water
is 70%

Q2/what are the difference between strong acids and a weak acid ?
Strong Acid Weak Acid
when acid dissolves in water All when acid dissolves in water a few
molecules break apart ,and produce a lot molecules break apart ,and produce a few
of (H+ ) of ( H+ )
hydrogen ion hydrogen ion
PH near 1 PH near 7
Like sulfuric acid H2SO4 , nitric acid HNO3 Like lemons or citric acid carbonic acid(soft
, hydrochloric acid drink )
HCL

Page
163
Q3/ what are the difference between strong base and a weak base ?
Strong BASE Weak BASE
when base dissolves in water All when BASE dissolves in water a few
molecules break apart ,and produce molecules break apart ,and produce a
a lot of OH- few of OH-
PH is near to 7 PH is near to 14
Like sodium hydroxide, calcium Like ammonium hydroxide , aluminum
hydroxide , potassium hydroxide hydroxide

Page
164
Q4/ define neutralization ?

Neutralization :The Reaction Of An Acid And Base To Produce Water And Salt.

Q5/ The PH scale ?

PH :-A Value That Is Used To Express The Acidity Or Basicity (Alkalinity )Of A System

Page
165
 How calculate PH ?

1-Using indicators .

2- PH meters device

PH and the Enviroment

1- living things depends on a steady PH in their enviroment for
example : 1-Human blood PH = 7.38 - 7.42
2- pin tree : prefer acid soil PH = 4 - 6
3-Lettuce : needs basic soil PH = 8 - 9
4-blue flowers plant growth in soil that has a low PH.
5- pink flowers growth in soil that has a high PH.
6-Most rain has PH between 5.5 - 6 But Acid Rain PH= 4 - 4.5
Page
166
 Salt :an ionic compound that forms when a metal atom replaces the hydrogen
of acid

Uses of salts
Sodium Chloride Nacl is used in food.
1
Sodium Chloride Nacl is used to make other compounds like sodium
hydroxide , soap , sodium hydrogen carbonate.

2 Ammonium Nitrate : is used to make fertilizers .

3 Calcium Sulfate :is used to make wallboard .
4 Salts help keep roads free of ice by decreasing freezing point of the water and salt
mixture.

Section review p253 /teacher Mr .Majid

Q1/during neutralization reaction for both ( acid + base ) the salt is produced.

Q2/ D

Q3/ We did above .

Q4/ Note: when PH decreases (lower) ion H+ will increases and vice versa .

for (each point of PH ) LOWER the ion H+ INCREASES by 10 times .

PH H+ Given or unknown ?
1 Point scale 10 Given in question
From 6 in to 3 is (6-3 =3) so is 10 x 10 x 10 =1000 Given in question
3points
If from ( 4 –to –2) 4-2 = 2 10 X 10 = 100 He asked about it .
So its 2 points of PH This is the answer 100

Page
167
Q4/extra to more understand , if PH down from 5 into 1 ?

5 - 1 = 4 times

That means 10 x10 x 10 x 10 = 10000

Q5/

State H+ Concentration of PH
IF hydrochloride acid Increases Decrease in to less than 7
is added to water PH < 7

Q6/ No , the fish will die if the PH of water was low PH , because the fish prefer water
which has PH near to 7 .

Q7/because of the soap made up base compound so that we expect the PH of soap is
greater than 7.

Chapter review Ch. 13 page 254

Q4 /B Q5/ B

Q6/The compound should be acid to make neutralization .

Q7/because the PH of the mixture (base + acid ) is near to 7

Q8/

Acid dissolver H+ Hydrogen ion will be increase PH DECREASE (LOW PH)

Base OH- hydroxide ion will be increase . PH INCREASE (HIGH PH)
dissolved
Q9/MATH SKILL

The size of a citric acid in one bottle = 0.005 x 250 ml = 12.5 ml

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Q10/ concept mapping

Q11/PH will increase becaue you added base , now to modify you have to adde acid.

Q12/must use base compound to treate the bite of anut.

Q13/

1- low melting point 2-low Solubility 3 Non electric

conductivity

Q14/ put 100 g of soil in 100 ml of water ,

after well mix can mesured its PH BY PH device

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Multiple choice ch 13 /teacher MR. Majid
1-Which of the following describes an ionic compound ?

A It has a low melting point. B it consists of sheared electrons.

C it conducts electric current in water solutions. D it consists of two non-metals.

2- Which of the following describes an ionic compound?

A It has a high melting point. B it consists of sheared valance electrons.

C solid state conducts electric current. D it consists of two non-metals

3-Which of the following describes an ionic compound?

A It has a low melting point. B it consists of sheared electrons.

C solid state conducts electric current. D it consists of metal - non metals

4-Which of the following describes a covalent compound ?

A It has a high melting point. B it consists of sheared electrons.

C it conducts electric current in water solutions. D it consists of metal - nonmetals.

5-Which of the following describes covalent compound?

A It has a high melting point. B it consists of oppositely charged ions.

C formed by the sharing of valence electrons. D it consists of two metal - non metals

6- Which of the following NOT describes covalent compound?

A Low solubility B several acids conduct electricity

C low melting point D brittleness.

7- ……An ionic compound that forms when a metal atom replaces the hydrogen of an acid .

A Salt B base C acid D PH

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8 ……………A value that is used to express the acidity or basicity of a system .

A Salt B base C acid D PH

9-………The reaction of an acid and a base to produce water and salt.

A Salt B base C acid D none of them

10- In neutralization reaction …….+Base ……..+ …….

A acid – water - salt B base –water - PH C acid –base-water D None

11-…..the force that attract two or more atoms to form compound. (2012 )

A Valence force B ionic compound C Chemical bond D gravity attract

12 ………….its a compound formed by two different charges .

A PH compound B metallic compound C covalent compound D ionic compound

13 ………….its a compound formed by sharing valance electron .( 2013 )

A PH compound B metallic compound C covalent compound D ionic compound

14- Almost covalent compounds are ………….

A high solubility B Low solubility C dissolves in to positive charge D brittleness

15- Which of the following is example of ionic compounds?

A Sodium chloride B water C sugar D oil olive

IMPORTANT
16-(2013) A neutralization reaction :
A includes an acid & base B produce a salt C forms water D all of them

17- Soap is made from a strong base and oil so that its PH will be .

A equal to 7 B Less than 7 C greater than 7 D none

18- Citric acid (lemons) its PH will be :

A- PH = 7 B PH > 7 C PH < 7 D PH =14

19- Organic compounds are………….

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A PH compound B covalent compound C metallic compound D ionic compound

20- ONE of the following not ionic compound (( 2013 IMPORTANT ))

A nickel oxide B potassium dichromate C Sugar D magnesium oxide

21- Ionic bond is created between ……..((2011 ))

A Both positive ions B both negative ions C positive & negative ions D none

22- Each ion in lattice is surrounded by ions of the ……….charge.

A Same type B opposite type C zero D center .

23- Distilled water's PH will be (( 2013 important ))

A- PH = 7 B PH > 7 C PH < 7 D PH =14

24 each of sodium chloride , Ammonium nitrate , and Calcium sulfate are ….((2012 ))

A indicates B bases C salts D acids

25 –one of the following is a weak acid . (2013 )

A hydrochloric acid B acetic acid C nitric acid D Sulfuric acid

26- one of the following is a weak base . (2013 )

A sodium hydroxide B Calcium hydroxide

C Ammonium hydroxide D potassium hydroxide

27 -one of the following is NOT strong base .

A sodium hydroxide B Calcium hydroxide

C Ammonium hydroxide D potassium hydroxide

28- one of the following is a strong base . (2013 )

A sodium chloride B Calcium hydroxide

C Ammonium hydroxide D aluminum hydroxide.

29-……………..used to make Soap.

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A Water B sodium hydroxide C acids D all of them

30- a salt is an ………produced in a………………salts have many industrial and domestic uses .

A ionic compound – chemical reaction B ionic compound – neutralization reaction

C-covalent compound – chemical reaction D covalent compound – neutralization reaction

1/ C 2/A 3/D 4/B 5/ C 6/ D 7/A 8/ D 9/ D 10/A

11/ C 12 /D 13 / C 14 /B 15 /A 16 /D 17 / C 18 / C 19 / B 20 /C
21 / C 22 / B 23 / A 24 / C 25 / B 26 / C 27 /C 28 /B 29 /B 30 /B

Chapter 14 Atomic Energy /Teacher Mr. Majid

Ask your teacher about photo page 257

The Main Idea :radioactivity decay , nuclear fission , nuclear fusion

are changes that release energy from the nuclei of atoms.

Section 1/radioactivity page 258

Q1/when radioactivity was discovered ?and who is discovered it ?

In 1896 , French scientist named Henry Becquerel , he found new area of science called
radioactivity and nuclear physics .

Q2/Defined Radioactivity?
The process by which an unstable nucleus give off ( release ) nuclear radiation?

Nuclear radiation : 1- alpha particle . 2-beta particle (both + , -) 3 Gamma ray.

Unstable nucleus give off nuclear radiation(nuclear energy ) in order to be stable

nucleuses.

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173
 Nuclear radiation symbol Which type
Is particle because it has atomic mass = 4 so
1-Alpha particle that called nucleus of helium .

and Two type of beta sometimes called beta

2-Beta particle decay

3-Gamma Ray Its electromagnetic wave not particle.

Q2/describe alpha particle , explain an example from your book ?

1-Alpha Decay:
1 It's a particle made up of 2P , 2 n so mass number = 2+2= 4
2 It's also called nuclear of helium or =
3 Mass number = 2 p + 2n = 4
4 Represents the largest nuclear particle.
5 Usually it releases when a big atom like radium -226 converts to radon -222
6 When released be aware that both mass number and total charges are
conserved.

Self check 1) mass number of reactions = mass number of productions

– page
259/ (2) total charges reaction = total charges of productions

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Page
175
2- Beta Decay are particles
1
produced when one neutron BREAKS in to proton according this nuclear
equation :
( )
For example carbon (( 6 proton and 8 neutron )) convert in to nitrogen (( 7 p , 7 n ))
your book page260
2
produced when proton BREAKS in to neutron

( )

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176
3- Gamma Decay :not particle its electromagnetic radiation
wave…during as particles ( p , n )in nucleus shift place.
It released as invisible light or heat energy or both shapes.
* Gamma Decay alone does not cause a change in the kind of element because have
no mass or charge ( only type of electromagnetic photons )).

The Penetrating Power Of Radiation

Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma ray

Travels about 7 cm Travels about 1m More penetrating ..

through air ,are stopped through air but are May stopped by thick
by paper or clothing stopped by 3 mm of materials like a few
aluminum . centimeters of lead

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177
 Effects Of Radiations On Matter
When nuclear radiation hits the mater the following two effects:

1-atoms of matter can give up electrons

2-chemical bonds between atoms can break down.

These Two Effects Can Cause Damage To Living

And Nonliving Matter. As This Table
Damage to living Damage to nonliving Damage at
matter/damage cells matter different depths
Radiation sickness: 1-when metal atoms lose 1-Gamma ray can
symptoms :- electrons the metal can damage deep
1-fatigue . (exhaustion ) weakened. within matter.

2- loss of appetite. 2-damage metal of 2-Beta particles

3-hair loss. building. cause damage
4-Destruction (so much closer to the
damage ) of blood cells. 3-can damage space surface.
aircraft. Props.
5--risk of cancer. 3-Alpha particles
cause damage
6- Death can result. very near the
surface.

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 What is Dosimeter ? p 261
It a device includes a film to recorded amount
of nuclear radiation this device is worn as badge
by people working on nuclear energy ,
refers to the level of nuclear radiation.

Finding The Age By Decay.

The Decay Of Radioactive Carbon Was The Key!!

Hikers in the Italian Alps found the

remains of iceman in 1991.

Scientists estimated time of death about

5300 y ago BUT HOW did the scientists

Do this !!!!!

Carbon -14 radioactivity exists in side any

Matter ……..

Half –life for carbon-14 radioactivity is

5730 y.

So decay C14 Was the solution !!!

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179
Radioctivity decay and half-life p 263

Half –Life : the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive

substance to undergo radioactive decay ………….. that's mean :

A steady rate of decay

Examples of half –lives :

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180
Math break page /how old is it
1- Age of antler is 1/4 so 2 times H.L

= 2 times of half life = 2 x 5730 =

= 11460 years
antler-

2-Wooden spear :

Age of wood spear = 1/8 so 3 times H.L

= 3 X 5730 = 17190 Years .

Uses Of Radioactivity
1- Used to determine the age of objects.
2- Used in smoke detector.
3- Used as Tracers is radioactivity elements whose paths can be followed by
process or reaction.

Radioactivity In Healthcare
1- Doctors use tracers (which have short half life )to diagnose the disease .
2- Used to treat illnesses. Or prevent illnesses like cancer disease.
3- Used to sterilized many foods , and healthcare products.

Radioactivity In Industry
1- Used to detect defects in structures , like detect leaks in pipes.
2- Used to test the thickness of metal sheets.
3- Some space props(aircraft propeller ) have been powered by radioactive
materials
4 The nuclei decay can convert to electrical energy.

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Section Review P 265 Teacher Mr. Majid
Q1/after half life the radioactivity of substance will reduced in amount of half original
mass.

Q2/ A

Q3/Becquerel put his materials ( in a drawer ), after a few days he developed ,he saw a
strong image even without light.

Q4/

useful harmful
Used to determine the age of objects. Damage living thing.
Doctors use tracers (which have short Damage matter.
half life )to diagnose the disease
Q5/ Math skill
100% full=1 1/2 1/4
Age time =number of 1 H.L 2 H.L IS = 2H.L = 2 x 1.3bilion.
decays = 2.6 b .years

Q6//

Full = 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16

Number 1 H.L 2 H.L 3 H.L 4 H.L
of decays
Q7/

Alpha particle can stopped by paper or clothing.

Beta particles can stopped by 3mm of aluminum .

Gamma ray can stopped by a few centimeters or a few meters of concrete.

Q8/because spear not incudes uranium 238

Q9/as we know alpha particle's structure made up by two protons and two neutrons ,in
this example we found hydrogen ( one proton )so that not alpha particle.

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Section Two /Energy From The Nucleus - P266

Q1/describe nuclear fission ?

Nuclear Fission :The Splitting Of The Nucleus Of Large Atom Into

Two Or More Fragments Releases Additional Neutrons And Energy .

Nuclear chain reaction : a continuous series of nuclear fission

reactions.

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183
Page
184
 Result of nuclear fission
:mass of matter converts in
2
to energy……mc

Example :( extra information )

Mass of reactants (100 g ) mass of products (80g) + energy(mc2)

That means (20 g) mass convert in to energy according :

E = m c2 = 20 g x 10-3 x ( 3 x108 )2 = 1.28 x 1016 j

Energy from uncontrolled chain reaction is huge amounts , given off very quickly..
The Atomic Bomb is the result of an uncontrolled chain reaction.

How nuclear fission has advantage to generate electrical energy p 268

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185
Accidents
1 Bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki in japan by us in
1945.
2 Explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power in the Ukraine
1986
Nuclear wastes are big problem
1 A fuel rods
2 Chemical materials
3 The scientist continue to look for better idea for nuclear
wastes .

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186
 Nuclear Fuel Fossil Fuel
Cost more. Cost low than nuclear station.
Running nuclear station cost less than Its running cost more.
fossil station.
Its clean for air and atmosphere. It releases carbon dioxide.
It has high energy. It has energy less than nuclear.

Describe Nuclear Fusion ?Explain Example P 270 In Student Book ?

Nuclear Fusion :The Combination Of The Nuclei Of Small Atoms

To Form A Larger Nucleus ,It Releases Energy.

To Make Nuclear Fusion Should Prepare Plasma Environment .

Plasma :Is State Matter Very High Temperature More Than 10 5
C0 .

Plasma: The Matter In Plasma State Is Made Up Of Ions And Electrons .

Good example of Plasmais the core of sun because it has more than one million C 0

That is why nuclear fusion of hydrogen happen in the core of sun . as the below figure :

Advantage of
nuclear fusion

1- less accident.

2-less waste.

Till electricity can

not be generated
by fusion because
plasma.

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Section Review P 271 Teacher Mr. Majid
Q1/A- During( nuclear fusion )small nuclei combine.

B-During (nuclear fission ) nuclei spilt one after another.

Q2/ D

Q3/today the use Nuclear Fission (controlled reaction ).

Q4/Nuclear Fusion .

Q5/neutron .

Q6/the matter converts into energy.

Q7/ 1 3 9 27

So during stage 4 number of nuclei = 27

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188
Q8/

Chapter Review Ch 14 Page 272-273

Q1/A- Nuclear Fission .

B-half –life

C –Nuclear fusion .

Q2/ D Q3/ B Q4/ A Q5/ 1/8 IS C Q6/ D Q7/ C

Q8/ 1- May accident happen . 2- separate waste radioactivity to around environment.

Q9/ 1- plasma condition is difficult.

2- it cost a lot of fuel greater than we gain .

Q10/ according this equation :

Mass (high) mass ( low ) + energy

Apart of mass is converted in to energy.

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189
Q11/

10 g 5g From 5 g to 2.5 g
14 days 28 days this is the answer

Q12/ concept mapping

nuclear
radiation

it has three
also it relase
types

radioactive
1-alpha 2-beta 3-gamma decay
particle particle ray

Q 13/ Expressing opinion :

Yes I think its safe in home because alpha particle cannot arrive the people in the home
because its penetrating just about 7 cm in air.

Q14/ may radiation damage the DNA in the cell , then the cell convert in to cancer cell.

Q15/ because the plasma state provide nuclear fusion reaction by enough temperature

To make hydrogen combine to create helium then lithium then step by step bigger atoms
like carbon – oxygen – iron…in star.

Q16/because : 1- our body still expose to sunlight whatever.

2- our food includes carbon , so our body still store carbon.

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190
Q17/
Conclusion about image :

1- there are three objects ( key – metal , coin meta ,

cloth ) appear in the image.

2-because radioactivity has more penetrating with

cloth than with metal , so that key and coin appeared
in the image obviously than cloth

Q18/use graph :

Answer :

A- 2.6 Hours.

B- 5.3 Hours .

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Multiple choice prepared by teacher Mr.Majid
1-which of the following statements describes the changes that happen in a radioactive
decay.

A-Alpha decay changes the atomic number and mass number of a nucleus.

B- Gamma decay changes the atomic number but not the mass number of a nucleus.

C- Gamma decay changes the mass number but not the atomic number of a nucleus.

D- Beta decay changes the mass number but not the atomic number of a nucleus.

2- what is tracers ?

A- smoke detector B- Time needed to finish a sample

C-It's liquid junction helps to diagnose medical problem . D- Fire alarm .

3-……….discovered radioactivity while studying X-ray.

A Newton B Tesla C Becquerel D Max blank

4-The unit of half life is

A sec B minute C year D all of them

5- Nuclear radiation can change ………

A Kinetic energy B living matter C nonliving matter D B & C

6- The amount of time it takes for one half of the nuclei of radiation isotope decay.

A All time B half time C decay D all of them

7……………………is composed of two protons and two neutrons .

A Alpha particle B Beta particle C gamma ray D laser

8-………………can be electron or positron .

A- Half time B Beta particle C gamma ray D laser

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9-One of the following not particle

A Alpha particle B Beta particle C gamma ray D neutron.

10- one of the following is a form of invisible light with very high energy .

A Alpha particle B Beta particle C gamma ray D neutron.

11-…………..penetrate matter better than………….

A Alpha particle-gamma ray B Beta particle - gamma C gamma ray- alpha D none.

12- Determine the age of stone that contains one –eight Hydrogen -3 H.L =12.3 Years

A 8 X 12.3 Y B 36.9 Y C( 1/8) X12.3 Y D NONE

13- Determine the age of stone that contains one –four Nitrogen- 13 H.L =10 Min.

A 20 min B 36.9 min C 130 min D NONE.

14- A rock contains 1/16 of its original of Polonium -210 find rock's age if H.L = 138 DAYS ?

A 525 DAY B 210 DAY C 238 DAY D 552 DAY

15- IN item 14 /how many half lives have passed ?

A 3 B4 C5 D6

16-Radioctivity is ……..

A only useful B harmful C A & B D DENGEROUS

17-Rate of decay doesn't depends on

A Temperature B pressure C dray place D all of them

18- what're symptoms of radiation sickness ?

A loss hair B fatigue C loos of appetite . D all of them.

19- The process by which an unstable nucleus gives off nuclear radiation called…….

A radioactivity B mass number C atomic process D chemical reaction

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193
20- The sum of the number of the number of protons and neutrons called……………

A radioactivity B mass number C atomic process D chemical reaction

21 The element is thorium atomic number=…….., mass number =……….neutron=…

A 232 -142 - 90 B 90 - 232 - 142 C 90 – 144 - 232 D 232 – 90 -141

22- The element is Uranium it has number of neutron =………….

A 46 B 92 C 138 D NONE

23- What two things are conserved in a radioactive decay ?

A Charge – atomic number B atomic number – mass number

C mass number - charge D none

24 alpha particle is a nuclear of …….

A Hydrogen B Helium C calcium D sodium

25- when one neutron breaks in to a proton noticed ………………decay.

A B C D

26 when one proton breaks in to a neutron noticed ………………decay.

A B C D

27-Which of the following is a use of radiation material ?

A- Detecting smoke B-Locating defects in material

C generating electricity D all of them

28-Which nuclear radiation can be stopped by paper ?

A Alpha B beta C gamma ray D none

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29-The half life of X is two months .if you start with 1g
how much will remain after 6 months.
A 1 /2 B 1 /4 C 1/8 D 1 / 16

1 /A 2 /C 3 /C 4/D 5/D 6 /B 7/A 8/B 9/C 10 / C

11 / C 12/ / B 13 / C 14/ D 15 /B 16 / C 17 /D 18 / D 19/ A 20 / B
21 / B 22 / A 23 / C 24 /B 25 /B 26 / A 27/ D 28/ A 29 / C

GOOD LUCK ….TEACHER …MR. MAJID

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