WESLEYAN UNIVERSIT Y PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING

INTENSIVE
NURSING
PRACTICUM
C O M M U N I T Y H E A LT H N U R S I N G
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
• Strategy by the health resource development program (HRDP) III for the implementation of
primary health care delivery in depressed community

• Tool for community development and people empowerment

WHAT IS COPAR
Priority: Identification of People work on their
problem first by the community issues/problems

To work on people’s immediate

• Working with the people OF the people
needs.

Set goal to solve the issue

• Mobilizing with the people (1994
National Rural Conference) Mobilize
BY the people community resource
For the community to take
to solve problem
• Continuous and sustained process of action in their immediate and
educating people in the community long-term
FOR the people problems
(CO: A manual of experience, PCPD
 AIM TO TRANSFORM
• Apathetic • Dynamic
• Individualistic • Politically
• Voiceless poor community
community • Participatory
Approaches
• Welfare
• Modernized
• Participatory/
Transformatory
OBJECTIVES

AWARENESS OF FORMING STRUCTURES INITIATE

SOCIAL REALITIES UPHOLDING THE RESPONSIBILITIES
PEOPLE’S BASIC
• Development of local INTERESTS AS • ADDRESING
initiative DEPRIVED SECTORS HOLISTICALLY THE:
• Optimal use of human, • Various community
technical and material • INTEREST TO SERVE THE health and social
resources PEOPLE problems
 IMPORTANCE OF COPAR

M • MANAGEMENT of a development programs in the future

AUTONOMY
A • ACTIVITIES in the community
• Participation and involvement mobilizing community resources

P
DO ACTIVITIES FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
• PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT to help the community workers
PRINCIPLES OF COPAR

DEPRIVED
Based on the interest of the
EXPLOITED
poorest sector of the society
OPPRESSED Self Reliant
Community

Interest to solve
OPEN their
FORownCHANGE
issue
(Sector)
COPAR PROCESS METHODS

1.PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF ACTION – REFLECTION ACTION

2.CONSCIOUS RAISING

3.PARTICIPATORY AND MASS-BASED

4.GROUP-CENTERED AND NOT LEADER ORIENTED

 Issues must be identified

Evaluation BY THE
Done PEOPLE Goals set

Action taken
 COPAR PROCESS METHODS

1.PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF ACTION – REFLECTION ACTION

2.CONSCIOUS RAISING
Can be done through training activities to strengthen
the people in the community in facing their issues
3.PARTICIPATORY AND MASS-BASED

4.GROUP-CENTERED AND NOT LEADER ORIENTED

COPAR PROCESS METHODS

1.PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF ACTION – REFLECTION ACTION

2.CONSCIOUS RAISING

3.PARTICIPATORY AND MASS-BASED

4.GROUP-CENTERED AND NOT LEADER ORIENTED

DEPRIVED

EXPLOITED
THE ACTIVITIES ARE SOMEWHAT PEOPLE CAN RELATE TO.
OPPRESSED
COPAR PROCESS METHODS

1.PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF ACTION – REFLECTION ACTION

2.CONSCIOUS RAISING

3.PARTICIPATORY AND MASS-BASED

4.GROUP-CENTERED AND NOT LEADER ORIENTED

WORK TOGETHER AS A TEAM.

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

• The community has a direct influence on the health of the

individual, families and sub-populations.
• It is at this level that most health service provision occurs.
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
• It will become the basis for developing and implementing
community health nursing interventions and strategies.
• Types of Community Diagnosis:
1. Comprehensive Community Diagnosis
2. Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis
ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
• Demographic Variables
• Socio-Economic and Cultural Variables
• Health and Illness Patterns
• Health Resources
• Political/Leadership Patterns
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
1. Total population and geographical distribution including
urban-rural index and population density
2. Age and sex composition
3. Selected vital indicators such as growth rate, crude birth
rate, crude death rate and life expectancy at birth
4. Patterns of migration
5. Population projections
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL
VARIABLES
SOCIAL INDICATORS
1. Communication network
2. Transportation system
3. Educational level
4. Housing conditions
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL
VARIABLES
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
1. Poverty level income
2. Unemployment and underemployment rates
3. Proportion of salaried and wage earners to total
economically active population
4. Types of industry present in the community
5. Occupation common in the community
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL
VARIABLES
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
1. Physical/geographical/topographical
2. Water supply
3. Waste disposal
4. Air, water and land pollution
5. Cultural factors
HEALTH AND ILLNESS PATTERNS
1. Leading causes of mortality
2. Leading causes of morbidity
3. Leading causes of infant mortality
4. Leading causes of maternal mortality
5. Leading causes of hospital admission
HEALTH RESOURCES
1. Manpower resources
2. Material resources
POLITICAL/LEADERSHIP PATTERNS
1. Power structures in the community
2. Attitudes of the people toward authority
3. Conditions/events/issues that cause social conflict or
unification
4. Practices/approaches that are effective in settling issues
and concerns within the community
STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
1. Determining the Objectives
2. Defining the Study Population
3. Determining the Data to be Collected
4. Collecting the Data
- Records review
- Surveys and observations
- Interviews
- Participant observation
STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
5. Developing the Instrument
- Survey questionnaire
- Interview guide
- Observation checklist
6. Actual Data Gathering
STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
7. Data Collation
- Numerical data
- Descriptive data

*Mutually exclusive category (e.g. Male or Female)

*Exhaustive category (e.g. Family Planning Methods)
STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
8. Data Presentation
- Descriptive data (narrative reports)
*Geographic data
*History of a place
*Beliefs regarding illness and death
- Numerical data (table or graphs)
TYPE OF GRAPH
1. Line graph- shows trend data or changes with time or age
with respect to some other variable
2. Bar graph/pictograph- for comparisons of absolute or
relative counts and rates between categories
3. Histogram/frequency polygon- graphic presentation of
frequency distribution or measurement
4. Pie chart- shows breakdown of a group or total where the
number of categories is not too many
5. Scattered diagram- correlation data for two variables
STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
9. Data Analysis
10. Identifying the Community Health Nursing Problems
- Health status problems
- Health resources problems
- Health-related problems
How are health
problems
categorized in
the
COMMUNITY?
 DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF
INCREASED OR DECREASED
MORBIDITY, MORTALITY.

LACK OR ABSENCE OF
MANPOWER, MONEY,
MATERIALS NECESSARY TO
SOLVE PROBLEMS

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,
ENVIRONMENTAL,
POLITICAL FACTORS THAT
AGGRAVATE ILLNESS IN
COMMUNITY