Grade 9

Physics
Unit 2: Electricity
Chapter 5

DC Voltage
Done by Ruslan Shallak
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Objectives
• Measure a DC voltage using a digital voltmeter.
• Measure a DC current using a digital ammeter.
• Measure a DC voltage using an oscilloscope.
• Know the laws of currents and voltage in an electric circuit.

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Sites
• Circuit Construction Kit: DC - Virtual Lab - PhET
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-dc-
virtual-lab/latest/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab_en.html

• Oscilloscope
http://www.sciences-edu.net/physique/oscillo/oscillo.html

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Periods:
• Period 1: I – Electrical components and electrical circuit
II- Voltage and Current
• Period 2: III- Grouping electrical components
IV- Using a digital voltmeter
V- Using a digital ammeter
• Period 3:VI- Using an oscilloscope
• Period 4: VII- Laws of voltages and of currents.
VIII- Law of addition of voltage
• Periods 5 & 6: CRDP Physics book, Solving exercises
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Period 1
I – Electrical components and electrical circuit
II- Voltage and Current

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I – Electrical components and electrical circuit
1 – Symbols of some electrical components

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2 – Electrical circuit
An electric circuit is a group of electric components that are
connected to each other forming one or more closed loops.

Diagram

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II- Voltage and Current
1- DC Voltage
A dry cell is characterized by its voltage.
The Voltage is denoted by U or V.
The S.I. unit of voltage is Volts “V”.

e.g.: voltage of dry cell is U = 1.5 V.

A constant electric voltage is called DC voltage. It is generated by dry cell.

DC voltage symbolized by: Note DC: Direct Current

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2- Current
 In a closed electric circuit, DC voltage sends an electric
current of constant value.
 The current flows from positive terminal of dry cell to
negative terminal.
 The current is denoted by I.
 The S.I. unit of current is Ampere A.

Note: other unit of current is mA. (1 A = 1000 mA.)

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Period 2
III- Grouping electrical components
IV- Using a digital voltmeter
V- Using a digital ammeter

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III- Grouping electrical components
A- Series circuit
Consider a circuit consists of dry cell and
two lamps connected in series.

When two lamps are connected in series, the current

coming out of one lamp enters the second lamp, or simply
when lamps are connected in series, and when one of the
lamps is removed, the circuit is open, the current will stop,
and the other lamps will stop functioning.
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B- Parallel circuit
Consider a circuit consists of dry cell and two lamps
connected in parallel.

The different branches of the lamps are connected to the dry

cell this represent the parallel branches.
The current in the main branch is divided into parallel
currents entering the different branches of the lamps at the
same time. If one of the lamps is removed the .current
continues to pass through the other lamps, and this is what
happens to the lamps and the electrical appliances at home.

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IV- Using a digital voltmeter
1- Definition: Voltmeter is an electrical device used to measure the voltage.
Voltmeter has two terminals V and COM and it is connected in parallel
to the electrical component.

2- Usage of voltmeter:
We start from the highest range then descend gradually to most convenient range that is directly greater
than measured value. Most convenient range gives more precise value.

e.g.: Given a voltmeter with ranges: 1000 V, 200 V, 50 V, 20 V, 10 V and 2V.

With what range should we start?
……………………………………………………………………………..
If the voltmeter shows 8 V. To what range can we switch down?
……………………………………………………………………………..
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3- Measurement of voltmeter:

If terminals V and COM are If terminals V and COM are

connected to P and N respectively, so connected to N and P respectively, so
the voltmeter measures: the voltmeter measures:
…………………………………… ……………………………………

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Voltage across a connecting Voltage across a closed Voltage across an open
wire is ………………. switch is ………. Since switch is
…………..... …………………………….
……………………………
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V- Using a digital ammeter
1-Definition: Ammeter is an electrical device used to measure the current.

Ammeter has two terminals A and COM and it is connected in series

in the electric circuit.

2- Usage of ammeter: we start from the highest range then descend gradually to most convenient range
that is directly greater than measured value. Most convenient range gives more precise value.
e.g.: Given an ammeter with ranges: 10 A, 5 A, 2 A and 200 mA.
With what range should we start?
……………………………………………………………………………..
If the ammeter shows 570 mA. To what range can we switch down?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Period 3
VI- Using an oscilloscope

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VI- Using an oscilloscope

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1- Definition: oscilloscope visualizes the voltage.

2- Screen: consists of 10 horizontal divisions and 8 vertical

divisions.
Each division is divided into 5 subdivision.
1 subdiv = 0.2 div.

3- Calibration screws: two of the oscilloscope’s calibration screws are:

 Horizontal sensitivity Sh or time base (Vb or tb) it gives the number of
milliseconds represented by one division on the horizontal axis "x-axis". e.g.:
Vb = 2 ms/div.
 Vertical sensitivity (Y amplitude gain) SV; it gives the number of volts represented
by one division on the vertical axis (y-axis). e.g.: SV = 5 V/div.
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4- Connections: oscilloscope has two terminals; input
channel and ground.

Initially, the horizontal luminous is in the middle.

 If channel and ground are connected to positive and

negative poles respectively (if the negative pole is
grounded»), the luminous line displace upward.

 If channel and ground are connected to negative and

positive poles respectively (if the positive pole is
grounded»), the luminous line displace downward.
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5- Measurement of voltage by oscilloscope:
The value of voltage is given by:
U = SV  y
Where:
U: is voltage S.I. unit in Volt “V”.
Sv: vertical sensitivity unit V/div
y: number of division vertically unit div

Applications:
1) Calculate the voltage if the vertical sensitivity is 5 V/div.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2) Calculate the vertical sensitivity if the voltage is 52 V.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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• Note:
In case without sweeping (no time). A spot appears instead luminous line

No voltage Positive voltage Negative voltage

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Period 4
VII- Laws of voltages and of currents.
VIII- Law of addition of voltage

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VII- Laws of voltages and of currents.
A- Series circuit
Consider a circuit consists of dry cell and two lamps connected in series.
1- Law of current in series circuit.
The currents I, I1 and I2 delivered by the dry cell and through the lamps L1 and L2 respectively.

I= I1 = I2
Law of uniqueness of current in series.

Application
Redraw the circuit with ammeters A, A1 and A2 measures currents I, I1 and I2 respectively.
Calculate the currents I1 and I2 transverse through the Lamps L1 and L2 respectively, if the
current delivered by the dry cell is 200 mA.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
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2- Law of voltage in series circuit.
The voltages U, U1 and U2 across the dry cell, lamps L1 and L2 respectively.

U= U1 + U2
Law of addition of voltage in series.

Application
Redraw the circuit with voltmeters V, V1 and V2 measures the voltages U, U1 and U2 respectively.
Calculate the voltage U1 across the Lamps L1, if the voltage across the dry cell is 5 V and across L2 is 3 V.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Conclusion:
When many components are connected in series:
 The current is the same in all the components of the series circuit.
 The voltage across these components is additive.

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B- Parallel circuit
Consider a circuit consists of dry cell and two lamps connected in parallel.

3- Law of current in parallel circuit

The current I, I1 and I2 delivered by the dry cell and through the lamps L1 and L2 respectively.
I= I1 + I2
Law of addition of current in parallel.

Application
Redraw the circuit with ammeters A, A1 and A2 measures currents I, I1 and I2 respectively.
Calculate the current I2 transverses through L2, if the current delivered by the dry cell is 200 mA and
through the lamp L1 75 mA.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4- Law of voltage in parallel circuit
The voltages U, U1 and U2 across the dry cell, lamps L1 and L2
respectively.

U= U1 =U2
Law of uniqueness of voltage in parallel.

Application
Redraw the circuit with voltmeters V, V1 and V2 measures the voltages
U, U1 and U2 respectively.
Calculate the voltages U1 and U2 across the Lamps L1 and L2
respectively, if the voltage across the dry cell is 5 V.
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
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Conclusion:

When many components are connected in parallel:

 The main current in the circuit is the sum of the branch currents
in the parallel branches.
 The voltage is the same across all these components.

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VIII- Law of addition of voltage
Apply law of addition of voltage

UPN = UPA + UAB + UBC + UCN

Application
Calculate the voltage U1 across the Lamps L1, if the voltage across the dry cell is 5 V and
across L2 is 3 V.
…………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………

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 CRDP Sample 1
Exercise 2 (6 points) Laws of voltages and laws of currents
• The circuit, shown in the document (Doc 1) below, consists of:
 A battery supplying across its terminals a constant voltage: UPN = 20 V.
 Three electric components D1, D2 and D3.
P N

1) Calculation of voltages
B
1) Show that UAC = 20 V. A D1 D2 C
2) Indicating the law used,
Calculate the voltage UAB knowing that UBC = 12 V.
D3
2) Calculation of currents (Doc 1)
• Given:
I1 is the electric current carried by the electric component D1; I3 is the electric current carried by
the electric component D3. The electric current carried by the battery is I = 10 mA. The electric
current carried by the electric component D2 is I2 = 3 mA.
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