Abstract:

Extraction of maximum power from the PV panels, especially during the

partial shading condition (PSC), is the one of the issue associated with the
operation of a photovoltaic system. While the conventional maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) controllers are not able to capture the global
maximum power point (GMPP). There are several optimization methods to
track the GMPP, but these approaches cannot able to distinguish uniform
shading from PSCs. The proposed methodology utilizes a combination of a
new method of tracking the USCs and recently evolved modi ied rat swarm
optimization (MRSO) algorithm for PSCs. By using this method we can
distinguish USCs from PSCs, and the MRSO implement only if partial
shading is detected. The proposed technique is simple to implement and
fast tracking speed for PSCs.

Objective:
❖ To introduce a novel methodology for detecting partial shading
conditions (PSC) in photovoltaic (PV) systems, as well as develop and
implement an algorithm for tracking global maximum power point
(GMPPT).
➢ Key idea:-initially, a novel method for monitoring the MPPT under
USC (uniform shade conditions) will be developed. Afterwards, a
modi ied rat swarm optimizer method will be used to track the
GMPP during PSCs with high ef iciency and rapid convergence speed.

Problem statements:-
• Partial shading means conditions under which the cells of PV system
receive different levels of irradiance due to the non-uniform shading
caused by the shadows of passing clouds, trees, or nearby buildings
etc.
• Under uniform operating conditions or USCs, the non-linear
electrical characteristics of PV arrays have only one peak, called
maximum power point (MPP). However, under non-uniform
operating conditions such as partial shading, the cells of a PV array
have distinct electrical characteristics, and as result, multiple peak
can exist on the electrical characteristics of the whole array. Among
these peaks, only one represents true maximum power. This point, is
called Global MPP.
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• Partial shading make solar cells reverse biased and act as an external
load consuming the power produced by unshaded cells. The
operating current of the overall series string approaches the short
circuit current of the shaded cell, the overall current becomes
limited by the shaded cell. The extra current produced by the
unshaded cells then forward biases the good (unshaded) solar cells.
If the series string is short circuited, then the forward bias across all
of these cells revers biases the shaded cell. Hot-spot heating occurs
When there is a large number of series connected cells cause a large
reverse bias across the shaded cell, leading to large dissipation of
power in the shaded cell. The entire generating capacity of all the
good cells is dissipated in the shaded cell. This power dissipation in
small area results in overheating, or “hot-spots”, which in turns leads
to destructive effect, such as cell cracking, degradation of solar cell
etc.
• The bypass diode technique has been used to avoid the effect of
shaded PV cells over the unshaded ones. The bypass diodes that are
connected in parallel across each module in the string. The bypass
diode offers high resisting path under the normal operating
condition (reverse bias) and in the shading condition, it offers a low
resistance path than the PV cell, which avoids the isolate the shaded
PV cell. This technique reduces the effect of the partial shading. But
the major drawback is the current generation from the shaded PV
cell is completely unavailable in the output power, and also which
creates multiple peaks in PV cell.
1. PV cell with bypass diode