IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications

Advance Publication
J-STAGE Advance published date : Nov. 4, 2022
DOI : 10.1541/ieejjia.22007172

Paper

MPPT Control Strategy Based on Athletics Running Algorithm for PV

Power Systems Under Partial Shading Effects

Sy Ngo＊a) Non-member, Chian-Song Chiu ＊＊ Non-member,

Thanh-Dong Ngo＊ Non-member, Cao-Tri Nguyen＊ Non-member

This paper presents a new simple approach based on a short distance running race in athletics to determine the maximum power
peak (MPP) of a photovoltaic (PV) power system to achieve a high speed and searching accuracy. The operating principle of this
approach is based on the division of the active area of contestants at the starting line. Each position of the contestant corresponds
to a duty ratio value to control the DC boost converter. Based on the proposed athletics running algorithm, the optimal duty ratio
value is determined for the load to receive the best electrical power from the PV system. Based on new concepts of regional division
and updated positions, the global MPP can be determined precisely with the rapid convergence of the positions to the global
maximum power region. Consequently, the proposed method demonstrates excellent tracking ability with high accuracy and zero
oscillation amplitude. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves high efficiency, particularly under partial
shading effects.

Keywords: Boost converter, maximum power point (MPP) tracking, partial shading influences (PSIs), photovoltaic (PV).

1. Introduction
The benefits of PV energy are not polluting, universal, and
inexhaustible energy source. It has become one of the most
popular alternative energy sources. To enhance PV energy
conversion efficiency, the plane of the PV panels which are in
the perpendicular direction to the solar illuminance will receive
the best solar intensity(1). Controlling a PV system in the
direction of the sun to get the best energy is an extremely difficult
task. Besides, partial shading on PV panels due to shade of trees,
buildings, or moving clouds leads different illuminance
intensities. That is the reason for the appearance of multiple
peaks on the characteristic P-V curve of PV panels, where the
highest peak is actually called the global maximum power point
(MPP)) and the remaining peaks with smaller power are called
the local MPPs(2, 3). Without a viable solution, the PV system will
operate at these local peaks. This will lead to power loss and
reduce the efficiency of the PV power system
Along with the development of science and technology, PV
panels are produced with lower cost, higher performance, MPP
tracking methods have also attracted growing attention from the
researchers. These are the main advantages to strongly develop
in terms of noise-free, pollution-free, clean energy source to
meet increasing demands of the human around the world regions.
Traditional MPP tracking methods such as perturbation and
observation (P&O) method, incremental conductance (IC)
algorithm, hill climbing (HC) technique (4, 5), etc. are very
effective in detecting MPP under uniform illuminance
influences. These MPPT algorithms show good accuracy, fast
converging speed. Among them, two methods, IC, P&O are most
This paper is based on Reference (15), which is published in the
IPEC-Himeji 2022 Conference.
a) Correspondence to: Sy Ngo. E-mail: syn@tdmu.edu.vn
＊
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Thu Dau Mot
University, Binh Duong, Vietnam
＊＊
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian
University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan 230314, R.O.C
commonly used for tracking MPP because of their simple, easy
to program, and low-cost MPPT technique. However, these
traditional methods are really effective when the PV system is
operated under uniform illuminance conditions. Partial shading
will produce different illuminance intensities on PV panels, and
multiple peaks are generated. The above traditional methods
easily fall into the local maxima traps with any local maximum
power peak, failing to achieve the available global MPP,
although the improved methods have exhibited great efforts to
obtain this global value(6, 7).
To overcome these obstacles, the metaheuristic methods have
been interested to effectively searching the global MPP of the
PV power system. Metaheuristic methods have major
advantages in terms of computational simplicity, do not require
in-depth knowledge, but they are highly effective and accurate
in the process of tracking MPP under ununiform illuminance
effects, and variant weather influences. Some typical methods
are listed as follows: particle swarm optimization (PSO), cuckoo
search (CS), bat algorithm (BA), grey wolf algorithm (GWA) (8),
flower pollination algorithm (FPA), etc. However, the BA, FPA
methods are complicated in programming due to many
parameters. An MPPT algorithm based on the PSO method was
presented(9, 10). The convergence time has been significantly
reduced, but the improved PSO algorithm is quite complex.
Although the improved PSO can track time-variant global MPP,
it still has undesirable steady-state oscillations at this global
MPP. This obstacle is also the key limitation of the SFLA
method which was censored in (11, 12). The BA, FPA methods(13,
14) not only are very efficient in terms of convergence time but
also achieve high efficiency and reliability even when dealing
with rapidly changing weather conditions.
After comprehensive consideration of the above problems, a
new approach named the athletics running algorithm (ARA) is
introduced in this paper(15). The proposed method has excellent
tracking ability with high accuracy and fast convergence time.
Besides, the implementation steps of the proposed solution are
simple and easy to implement, which are also the highlights of

© 200● The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. 1

 MPPT Control Strategy Based on Athletics Running Algorithm (Ngo et al.)
the proposed method. It exhibits high adaptability when dealing
with rapidly changing weather conditions and varying irradiance
intensity disturbances on PV panels under partial shading effects.
A typical scheme of the construction of the stand-alone PV
power conversion system is implemented to evaluate the
efficiency of the proposed method. This scheme includes a DC
load, the DC-DC boost converter, the pulse width modulation
PV panel1
DC-DC Boost
Converter
PV panel2 R1
MPPT
R2
PV panelk method &
Ipv Controller
Vpv
Fig. 1. Basic configuration for stand-alone PV system.
Fig. 2. P-V curves under uniform and non-uniform solar
illuminances.
(PWM) and MPP tracking controller, and serial PV panels as
shown in Fig. 1.
2. Characteristic of PV Energy System
2.1. Mathematical Model of the PV Array PV cell
is the smallest part of the PV panel. Therefore, to achieve a larger
voltage and power, the PV cell strings connected in series and
parallel to get the PV array. A PV cell can be equivalent by a single-
diode model. The mathematical equations representing the output
current of the PV cell is given in (14, 16, 17). The current and voltage
of one solar cell are limited, thus solar cells are connected with each
other in series and parallel to form a PV array for achieving the
suitable current and voltage. The equivalent model of PV array is
depicted as shown in (4). For simplicity in calculations, the effect of
resistors is ignored. The nonlinear equation characteristic of the
PV array is expressed as follows:
I pv = N p  I ph − I sat ( e koV pv / N s − 1) 
Ppv = N pV pv  I ph − I sat ( e koV pv / N s − 1) 
where ko = As / ( Bs * K * T ) ; K is Boltzmann constant; T is the
operating temperature; Bs is an ideal P-N junction factor of a PV
cell; As is the amount of charge of a single electron ( 1.6 10−19 c
).
2.2. P-V Curve under Partial Shading Influences When
the PV panels are connected in series to obtain a higher voltage,
partial shading on PV panels due to shade of trees, buildings, or
moving clouds leads different illuminance intensities. To prevent
the worst situations, each PV panel is connected in parallel with a
diode. When PV panels are received with the same solar intensity,
resulting in currents of the same value are emitted. If PV panels are
affected by partial shading, the output current and voltage of the
Vout shaded PV panel will decrease. In the worst situation, the output
current of the shaded PV panel drops to the threshold, so that the
parallel diode turns on. In other words, the main function of the
diode is to conduct the current of the PV system and bypass the
DC
LOAD shaded PV panel to prevent the output current from dropping to the
minimum current value of this shaded PV panel. For example,
assuming the PV panel 3 is shaded, its current is below the allowable
threshold.
Fig. 2 illustrates the cases of uniform solar radiation on three
PV panels with the same intensity of 100 mW / cm2 and the case
of non-uniform solar radiation with the intensities of 100, 70 and
30 mW / cm2 , respectively. The simulation results show that only
one peak is created for the uniform solar radiation case and three
peaks are formed for the non-uniform solar radiation case. When
a PV system has many PV panels under partial shading effects,
multiple power peaks will be created on the P-V curve. Since
multiple power peaks occur, the traditional MPPT methods
cannot find the global MPP, and the energy conversion
efficiency of the PV system is lower. It is noted that the red lines
in Fig. 2 exhibit the MPP searching response curves for the
traditional method, which is fallen into the local trap under
partial shading effect.
3. New Approach-Based MPPT Control for PV
Energy Systems
The idea to constitute this algorithm was inspired by
observing a running race in athletics to solve the problem of
finding the global MPP under partial shading effects. This
contest is organized into 3 rounds: qualifiers, quarter finals, and
finals. Depending on the size of the contest, the qualifying round
will have more or less groups, each group usually has 5-10
contestants. Contestants are numbered and arranged at the
starting line. After the end of the qualifying round, the
contestants exhibited the best time will be selected for the quarter
finals. This quarter final is also divided into sub-groups. The
ranking process is still done in this round. After the end of the
quarter finals, from 3 to 6 contestants with the highest rankings
will be chosen to participate in the final round. The winner is the
best contestant in this final round. The goal of this approach is to
find the winner in the fastest time, which means that the global
MPP is found as fast as possible. Based on this contest, the
proposed ARA method is also divided into 3 stages.
The proposed MPP tracking approach is very simple. Initially,
the ARA conducts regional division to solve the optimization
problem for searching the global power region. Contestants are
numbered and divided the area as mentioned above. This process
is expressed by (3) as follows:
 DRmin + ( j − 1) * DR 
(1) DR( j , gr1) =   (3)
 DRmin + j * DR 
(2)
DRmax − DRmin
DR = (4)
J
where DRmin and DRmax are multiples of 1000 of duty ratio
range Dmin and Dmax ; DR is defined as the divided running
2 IEEJ Trans. ●●, Vol.●●, No.●, ●●●
 MPPT Control Strategy Based on Athletics Running Algorithm (Ngo et al.)

area of each contestant. This idea is also found in(16). However, region. And the best capacity position is the winner
the contestants used in the proposed ARA method are randomly corresponding to dr (best ) .
moved in a defined range. This position will be replaced by the k +1

duty ratio to control the DC-DC boost converter. The conversion d dr ( f ) − d dr ( best )   *  DR / 1000 (8)
from position to duty ratio is done according to the following
equation: where  is adjustment coefficient, this value depends on the
number of candidates in a group ( J ), and  < 1. The
 ( DR( j , gr1) ) implementation process of the proposed ARA method is
d drk ( j , gr1) = (5)
1000
(X )
Start
where j = 1,2...J , with J is the number of contestants;
is a pseudorandom scalar integer between 1 and X ; gr1 = 1
gr1 = 1,2,...GR1 , with GR1 is the number of qualifying groups. (gr1 = 1: GR1), k=1

k = 1,2,...K , with K is the number of displacements.

Initialization and arrangement
The voltage and current values of the PV panels are measured ddr(j,gr1) using (3, 4, 5), with j = 1: J
for each of these duty ratio values. When the qualifying round is
finished, the contestants with the best power will be selected for Measure Vdr(j,gr1), Idr(j,gr1) for each ddr(j,gr1)
the quarter finals, the contestants with bad records will be Calculate Pdr(j,gr1)= Vdr(j,gr1) * Idr(j,gr1)

Qualifiers
eliminated. At that time, the number of remaining contestants
will reduce, and the area of activity will be narrowed. Selected gr1 =
candidates have a great chance to rank higher than other gr1+1 gr1 = GR1?
No
positions, this implementation will reduce samples thus reducing Yes
MPP search time. In the quarter finals, the number of contestants
Select the I best contestants
in each group may be different compared to the qualifiers. At this (ddr(1),ddr(2)...ddr(I))
stage, to find the best power, each position will be randomly and one best contestant (ddr(best))
moved to its left and right neighbors ( k = 1,2 ). This is done to
increase the efficiency of the best location search for each gr2 = 1, k =1
individual. This process is represented by the following (gr2 = 1: GR2)
equation:

( −1)
Update I runners using (6)
* k *  ( DR)
k
Measure and calculate Pdr(i,gr2);
d drk +(1i , gr 2) = d drk (i , gr 2) + (6) Pbest = max(Pdr(i,gr2)), find ddr(best)
1000

Quarter finals
where i = 1,2...I , I is the number of contestants in a quarter-
final group; gr2 = 1,2,...GR2 , with GR2 is the total number of k = k+1
Yes
k<2

quarter-final groups. Each value of duty ratio determines a No

k
corresponding power value P(ddr (i , gr2 ) ) . gr2 = gr2+1 gr2 = GR2?
k=1 No
At the conclusion of the quarter finals, some of the best
capacity positions will be selected to proceed to the final round.
In this stage, there are usually 3-6 candidates. The proposed Select the F best contestants
(ddr(1),ddr(2)...ddr(F))
method has a new solution to update the position as well as the and one best contestant (ddr(best))
conditions to complete the contest. Based on actual observations,
contestants tend to move towards the leader to reduce air Update F contestants using (7)
resistance. Besides, the leader also moves randomly from the Measure and calculate Pdr(f);
current position to find the most optimal position. Each move to Pbest = max(Pdr(f)), find ddr(best) k = k+1
a new location is measured its power value to find a new optimal
No
Finals

position. This approach aims to accurately search the global Equation (8) No
MPP and increases the convergence speed of the proposed is satisfied? k<K
method. The movement described above is specified by (7). Yes Yes
 +d r
 2 ; if d drk ( f )  d dr (best ) No Solar irradiation Yes
 changes?
 −d r
d drk +(1f ) = d drk ( f ) +  ; if d drk ( f )  d dr (best ) (7)
 2 Fig. 3. Flowchart of the proposed algorithm based MPPT method.
  ( DR )
 1000 ; otherwise exhibited in Fig. 3.

where f = 1,2,...F , with F is the number of the final 4. Simulation Results

contestants; dr = ddr (best ) − ddr ( worst ) is defined as the new
location. This value depends on the position of the fastest
contestant ( ddr (best ) ) and slowest contestant ( ddr ( worst ) ) among the
remaining contestants in the final round. The contest will finish
when it is satisfied with the condition of (8), which means, all
remaining contestants will be present in the global power search
4.1. Simulation model To verify the efficacy of
the proposed approach, a stand-alone PV power system was
deployed as illustrated in Fig. 1. A MATLAB program was
developed to track the global MPP employing the proposed ARA
method and the PSO, GWA methods. The proposed ARA MPPT
approach and conventional PSO, GWA techniques were simulated

3 IEEJ Trans. ●●, Vol.●●, No.●, ●●●

 MPPT Control Strategy Based on Athletics Running Algorithm (Ngo et al.)

and analyzed to compare the efficiency. The simulation process was

performed with three serial PV panels in term of two different
situations. The DC-DC boost converter has only one task, which is
to boost the input voltage for each duty ratio value. The operation
time for each duty ratio is 12.5 milliseconds corresponding to 250 (a)
sampling cycles. The basic parameters of the boost converter are the
capacitor C = 3.0e-4 F , the inductor L = 3.0e-3 H , the frequency
to control the boost converter is 20 kHz , and the resistant load Rload
= 40  . The typical specifications of each PV panel are Pmax = 200
W , Vmax = 26.3 V , Voc = 32.9 V , I max = 7.61 A , I sc = 8.21 A , N s (b)
= 54, and N p = 1. The initial parameters of the proposed method
were set as follows: GR1 = 3; J = 9, GR2 = 2, I = 4, F = 3, and
K = 6. The initial parameter of the PSO, GWA methods was set
with 9 members.
4.2. Configuration for Three Serial Panels (Case 1) To (c)
investigate and verify the efficiency and accuracy of the new ARA
based MPP tracking algorithm under rapidly changing solar (a) duty ratio, (b) voltage, (c) power.
irradiance influences, two illuminance scenarios with different Fig. 5. MPP tracking of the PSO method under PSIs.
intensity values are considered, where the first scenario is a partial
shading situation with 100 mW / cm2 , 70 mW / cm2 , and 40
mW / cm2 intensity respectively on the three serial PV panels, and
the second scenario is also a partial shading situation with 100
mW / cm2 , 45 mW / cm2 , and 35 mW / cm2 respectively on the
(a)
three series PV panels. Fig. 4 shows the P-V curves in two different
illumination situations, where the black and blue dashed curves are
the characteristics of the three serial PV panels for scenario 1 and
scenario 2, respectively. Each scenario occurs 3 seconds in turn, i.e.,
total simulation time is 6 seconds. The efficiency of the proposed
method is compared with conventional PSO, GWA methods (b)
through the convergence time shown in Figs. 5, 6 and 7. All methods
achieve the global MPPs of 295.4 W and 223.4. W for scenario 1
and 2. The tracking time by the conventional PSO for scenario 1 is
0.80 seconds, and 0.81 seconds for scenario 2. Similarly, the global
MPP tracking time by the GWA method for scenarios 1 and 2 are
(c)
0.81seconds and 0.82 seconds. The global MPP tracking time by
proposed method for scenario 1 is 0.55 seconds and 0.56 seconds (a) duty ratio, (b) voltage, (c) power.
for scenario 2. This result proves that the proposed ARA method Fig. 6. MPP tracking of the GWA method under PSIs.
has a faster convergence time than the PSO, GWA methods. In
addition, since each duty ratio is predefined with small step size 1st 1st
2nd & 3rd 2nd & 3rd
stage
changes ( DR ), the transient trajectories of PV voltage and power stages
stage
stages
of the proposed method will oscillate less than that of the PSO,
GWA methods, which each duty ratio value used randomly from
Dmin to Dmax .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a) duty ratio, (b) voltage, (c) power.

Fig. 4. P-V characteristics of PV panels for PSIs. Fig. 7. MPP tracking of the proposed method under PSIs.
4 IEEJ Trans. ●●, Vol.●●, No.●, ●●●
 MPPT Control Strategy Based on Athletics Running Algorithm (Ngo et al.)

4.3. Configuration for Four Serial Panels (Case 2) In this

case, two illuminance scenarios with different intensity values are
considered, where the first scenario is a partial shading situation
with 100, 80, 65, 45 mW / cm2 intensity respectively on the four
(a)
series panels, and the second scenario is also a partial shading case
but the generated peaks are roughly equal, with 100, 65, 40, 30
mW / cm2 on the four panels as shown in Fig. 8.
After applying the PSO, GWA, and proposed methods(18, 19),
the simulation results are shown in Figs. 9, 10, and 11,
respectively. In which, all three methods achieve the global MPP (b)
for both-ununiform illuminance scenarios. Fig. 8 also shows the
positions before and after the update as well as the best one,
which are differently marked in this figure. The blue circles are
marked for three best initial contestants. The pink triangles are
three best final positions, where the leading position is shown by
the red hexagon. These symbols are also used in Fig. 4. These (c)
visual images show that the proposed method has converged and
achieved the global MPP. In comparison, the proposed method (a) duty ratio, (b) voltage, (c) power.
has less convergence time as shown in Table 1. Fig. 10. MPP tracking of the GWA method under PSIs.

1st 1st
2nd & 3rd 2nd & 3rd
stage stage
stages stages

(a)

(b)

Fig. 8. P-V characteristics of PV panels for PSIs. (c)

(a) duty ratio, (b) voltage, (c) power.

Fig. 11. MPP tracking of the proposed ARA method under PSIs.
Table 1. Comparison of convergence time.
Simulation result (second)
(a) Method Scenario Case 1 Case 2

1 0.80 0.81
PSO 2 0.80 0.81

1 0.81 0.82
GWA 2 0.80 0.83
(b)
1 0.55 0.56
ARA 2 0.46 0.47

(c)
(a) duty ratio, (b) voltage, (c) power.
Fig. 9. MPP tracking of the PSO method under PSIs.
5. Conclusions
The new approach based MPP tracking strategy for PV
systems under partial shading influence has been implemented
to improve the efficiency of the PV power system. The efficacy
of the new method based MPP tracking strategy is exhibited
main merits in terms of high accuracy, fast convergence time,

5 IEEJ Trans. ●●, Vol.●●, No.●, ●●●

 MPPT Control Strategy Based on Athletics Running Algorithm (Ngo et al.)
compared with the conventional PSO, GWA methods. These
advantages are due to the new ideas of dividing the search area
at an early stage. In the next stage, selecting only the best
locations to update new locations, this practice significantly
reduces the number of samples performed as well as the time to
find the MPP. The final stage confirms once again that the global
MPP region has found through the best positions already present
in a narrow region, where the best maximum power is available.
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Sy Ngo (Non-member) received the M.S. degree in
electrical engineering from Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology and Education (HCMUTE),
Vietnam, in 2006 and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from the Chung-Yuan Christian
University (CYCU), Chung-Li, Taiwan, in 2022.
Since 2010, he has been with Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, Vietnam,
where he is currently a Lecturer. His research interests include renewable
energy, power converters, optimization and optimal control.
Chiu-Song Chiu (Non-member) received the B.S.
degree in electrical engineering and the Ph.D. degree
in electronic engineering from the Chung-Yuan
Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, in 1997 and
2001, respectively. Since 2008, he has been with the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung-Yuan
Christian University, where he is currently a
Professor. His current research interests include
fuzzy control and solar power systems.
Thanh-Dong Ngo (Non-member) received the M.S.
degree in electrical engineering from Ho Chi Minh
City University of Technology and Education
(HCMUTE), Vietnam, in 2015. He has been with
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Thu Dau
Mot University, Vietnam since 2021, where he is
currently a Lecturer. His research interests include
renewable energy, optimal control and fuzzy logic control.
Cao-Tri Nguyen (Non-member) received the M.S.
degree in electrical engineering from Ho Chi Minh
City University of Technology and Education
(HCMUTE), Vietnam, in 2012. Since 2010, he has
been with Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Thu Dau Mot University, Vietnam, where he is
currently a Lecturer. His research interests include
renewable energy, power electric, solar inverter and lighting engineering.