Name: Tuan Nguyen Student ID: 88-331-5066 Monday, February 13, 2017

Exercise 4.4 – Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition

I.

# Given Statement Truth Operation New Statement Truth

Value Value
1 No A are non-B. T Conversion No Non-B are A. T
2 Some A are B. T Contraposition Some non-B are non-A. LU
3 All A are non-B. F Obversion No A are B. F
4 All non-A are B. F Contraposition All non-B are A. F
5 Some non-A are not B. T Conversion Some B are not non-A. LU
6 Some non-A are non-B. T Obversion Some non-A are not B. T
7 No non-A are non-B. F Contraposition No B are A. LU
8 Some A are not non-B. T Obversion Some A are B. T
9 All A are non-B. F Conversion All non-B are A. LU
1 No non-A are B. F Obversion All non-A are non-B. F
0
1 Some non-A are not B. T Contraposition Some non-B are not A. T
1
1 Some A are non-B. F Conversion Some non-B are A. F
2

II.
1. Convert the following propositions and state whether the converse is logically equivalent or not logically
equivalent to the given proposition.

a. All homes contaminated by radon gas are potential causes of lung cancer. (A statement)
 All potential causes of lung cancer are homes contaminated by radon gas. (not LE)

b. No sex-change operations are completely successful procedures. (E statement)

 No completely successful procedures are sex-change operations. (LE)

c. Some murals by Diego Rivera are works that celebrate the revolutionary spirit. (I statement)
 Some works that celebrate the revolutionary spirit are murals by Diego Rivera. (LE)

d. Some forms of carbon are not substances with a crystalline structure. (O statement)
 Some substances with a crystalline structure are not forms of carbon. (not LE)

2. Obvert the following propositions and state whether the obverse is logically equivalent or not logically
equivalent to the given proposition.

a. All radically egalitarian societies are societies that do not preserve individual liberty. (A statement)
 No radically egalitarian societies are societies that preserve individual liberty. (LE)

b. No cult leaders are people who fail to brainwash their followers. (E statement)
 All cult leaders are people who brainwash their followers. (LE)

c. Some college football coaches are persons who do not slip money to their players. (I statement)
 Some college football coaches are not persons who slip money to their players. (LE)

d. Some budgetary cutbacks are not actions fair to the poor. (O statement)

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 Some budgetary cutbacks are actions unfair to the poor. (LE)

3. Contrapose the following propositions and state whether the contrapositive is logically equivalent or not
logically equivalent to the given proposition.

a. All physicians whose licenses have been revoked are physicians ineligible to practice. (A statement)
 All physicians eligible to practice are physicians whose licenses have been unrevoked. (LE)

b. No gases are incompressible substances. (E statement)

 No compressible substances are non-gas. (not LE)

c. Some politicians who do not defend Social Security are politicians who do not want to increase taxes. (I
statement)
 Some politicians who want to increase taxes are politicians who defend Social Security . (not LE)

d. Some people who decline to support mandatory busing are not those who fail to advocate integrated schools. (O statement)
 Some people who advocate integrated schools are those who support mandatory busing. (LE)

III. Use conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid
or invalid. For those that are invalid, name the fallacy committed.

1. All commodity traders are gamblers who risk sudden disaster. Therefore, all gamblers who risk sudden
disaster are commodity traders.
 Conversion of an A statement > Not Logically equivalent > Invalid > Illicit conversion

2. No child abusers are persons who belong in day-care centers. Therefore all child abusers are persons who
do not belong in-day-care centers.
 Obversion of an E statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

3. Some states having limited powers are not slave states.Therefore, some free states are not states having
unlimited powers.
 Contraposition of an O statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

4. Some insane people are illogical people. Therefore, some logical people are sane people.
 Contraposition of an I statement > Not logically equivalent > Invalid > Illicit contraposition

5. Some organ transplants are not sensible operations, Therefore, some organ transplants are senseless
operations.
 Obversion of an O statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

6. No individuals who laugh all the time are persons with a true sense of humor. Therefore, no persons with a
true sense of humor are individuals who laugh all the time.
 Conversion of an E statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

7. All periods when interest rates are high are times when businesses tend not to expand. Therefore, all times
when businesses tend to expand are periods when interest rates are low.
 Obversion of an A statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

8. Some swimsuits are not garments intended for the water. Therefore, some garments intended for the
water are not swimsuits.

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 Conversion of an O statement > Not Logically equivalent > Invalid > Illicit conversion

9. No promises made under duress are enforceable contracts.Therefore, no unenforceable contracts are
promises made in the absence of duress.
 Contraposition of an E statement > Not logically equivalent > Invalid > Illicit contraposition

10. All ladies of the night are individuals with low self-esteem. Therefore, no ladies of the night are individuals
with high self-esteem.
 Obversion of an A statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

11. Some graffiti writers are artists relieving pent-up frustrations. Therefore, some artists relieving pent-up
frustrations are graffiti writers.
 Conversion of an I statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

12. Some peaceful revolutions are episodes that erupt in violence.Therefore, some episodes that do not erupt
in violence are non-peaceful revolutions.
 Contraposition of an I statement > Not logically equivalent > Invalid > Illicit contraposition

13. Some insurance companies are not humanitarian organizations. Therefore, some humanitarian
organizations are not insurance companies.
 Conversion of an O statement > Not Logically equivalent > Invalid > Illicit conversion

14. Some fire-breathing dragons are lizards that languish in soggy climates.Therefore, some fire-breathing
dragons are not lizards that flourish in soggy climates.
 Obversion of an I statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

15. All hired killers are criminals who deserve the death penalty. Therefore, all criminals who deserve the
death penalty are hired killers.
 Conversion of an A statement > Not Logically equivalent > Invalid > Illicit conversion

16. No nonprescription drugs are medicines without adverse effects. Therefore, no medicines with adverse
effects are prescription drugs.
 Contraposition of an E statement > Not logically equivalent > Invalid > Illicit contraposition

17. All fossil fuels are unrenewable energy sources. Therefore, no fossil fuels are renewable energy.
 Obversion of an A statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

18. Some distant galaxies are not spiral-shaped arrangements. Therefore, some spiral-shaped arrangements
are not distant galaxies.
 Conversion of an O statement > Not Logically equivalent > Invalid > Illicit conversion

19. All unpleasant experiences are things we do not like to remember. Therefore, all things we like to
remember are pleasant experiences.
 Contraposition of an A statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

20. Some pro-lifers are not people concerned with child welfare. Therefore, some pro-lifers are people
unconcerned with child welfare.
 Obversion of an O statement > Logically equivalent > Valid

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