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CHAPTER III
FILIPINO NATIONALISM
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter the students should be able to;
1. Recall and appreciate the birth of Filipino Nationalism.
2. Demonstrate Nationalism. ways of showing Filipino
3. Create a diagram showing the development of

Filipino Nationalism.
"Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly the past, so
that we may be in complete openness with the men who made that history and in intimate
communion with their thoughts, their deeds, and their noble lives.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

The Philippines had been split into various principalities known as "barangays" in the years before
the 11th century, a name originating from Malayan ships called "balangays." Datus, rajahs or sultans
governed these tiny political units (Halili, 2004). In 1565, when Spanish explorer Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi arrived from Mexico and established the first European colonies in Cebu, European
colonization started in earnest.

Starting with only five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks and further
strengthened by two hundred soldiers in 1567, he was able to repel competing Portuguese
colonizers and lay the foundations for the Spanish colonization of the archipelago. The Spanish
occupied the kingdoms of Maynila and Tondo in 1571 and founded Manila as the capital of the
Spanish East Indies (Kurlansky, 1999). This Spanish colonization united the archipelago of the
Philippines into one political unit.

The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism

Originally, the word "Filipino" referred to the Philippines "Spanish criollos." The Spanish leaders
described the natives as Indians during their 333-year rule over the Philippines (Royeca, 2012). The
Spaniards born in the Philippines, more known as insulars, criollos, or creoles, were also called
"Filipinos" during the colonial era as well. Spanish-born Spaniards or Philippine-based continental
Spaniards were referred to as Peninsulars. Those of blended heritage have been called Mestizos.
Despite being considered inferior by the Peninsulars, the Creoles enjoyed numerous roles of state
and church, and composed most of the bureaucracy of government. The feeling of domestic
awareness originated from the Creoles, who now consider themselves "Filipino." Three significant
factors, economy, education, and parish secularization brought it to its emergence.
These factors led to the Filipino Nationalism's birth. The Philippines opening to global, or world
trade, the increase of the upper class, and the influx of Europe's liberal thoughts were just a few
instances of how the Philippines became a stable nation. "The first manifestation of Philippine
nationalism followed in the 1880s and 1890s with a reform or propaganda movement carried out
both in Spain and in the Philippines with the aim of "propagandizing" the circumstances of the
Philippines in the hopes that the social, political and inancial life of the Philippines would be changed
by peaceful means (History of the Philippine Revolution", 2015).

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OTHER CONCEPTS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Nationalism is the secular identification and engagement of our people with the Filipino nation and
domestic community, the Philippines as our country and homeland. It goes beyond our family, clan,
tribe, village, city, province, religion, local culture, and religion. First and foremost, it is being pro-
Filipino; believing that we belong to one body, mind, soul, and spirit. It's a pride to be a Filipino; self-
respect as a Filipino; pride in our national cultural heritage and manner of life, with their constraints
being realized. It involves pride in our heroes, pride in our flags, national anthem, and other symbols
of our nationhood; national pride and dignity inspired by the willingness to serve our nation alone
and with dedication, and to sacrifice for it, if necessary, with our own lives.

It is a tool of change and reform; it aims our moral and spiritual regeneration, our liberation from
ignorance, bigotry (intolerance towards those who hold distinct views of themselves), parochialism
(narrow mindedness), feudalism (a system in which higher ranking individuals gave land and
protection and worked and fought for them in exchange); colonial mentality the internalized attitude
of people's racial or cultural.
inferiority because of colonization), bribery and distorted elitism (an elite's advocacy or presence as
a dominant component in a scheme or community). In other words, as Filipinos, it has a powerful
national identity send and a high-minded intent.

FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON OUR INDIGENOUS VALUES (self-reliance)

a. Pagsasarili (self-reliance)
b. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
c. Pagkabayani (patriotism)
d. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus and discipline),
e. Pakikitungo (consideration)
f. Pakikipagkapwa- Tao (human solidarity based first of all on developing our nation)
g. Pagkakapantay - Pantay (equality and equity).

DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF NATIONALISM

Filipinos had already shown their own way of nationalism in the Spanish-colonial period. Some
fought with their pens and tongues, while others used their arms and weapons authority. Everyone
had their own way of showing our country their love and respect. Some even died and were able to
get back our country's freedom that we enjoy nowadays.
But have we ever noticed how some Filipinos demonstrate their feeling of nationalism nowadays?
You could read some thoughts in this portion about how some Filipinos show our nation their
nationalism.

To show our sense of Filipino nationalism, everyone must:

WORK ACT- PARTICIPATE RESPECT-STAND PROUD - LOVE.

Let us work on our own. Act today and participate in the government. Respect everyone including
others' raise. Stand proud for who you are. Love everyone as how you expect they would love you
back.
1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity
Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and its purpose. The history and value of this
flag are connected to the freedom we have today. Encourage our fellowmen to participate and
respect our flag and its anthem and even our different symbols. They provide us our identity as
Filipinos or citizens of the beautiful Republic of the Philippines.
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2. Be Productive
Do not rely on everything and then blame our government, but instead make yourself productive
and helpful to the nation. Because some of the Filipinos are blaming the government for any adverse
things our nation would strike. True, there are some corrupt political position holders. But they're
not all. The only issue here is that we rely too much on our government then blame them
afterwards. We should learn to stand on our own feet and be productive and helpful not only for
ourselves, but also for everyone.
3. Be Aware of the Issues in Our Country
We must be aware and updated on the significant issues happening in the country. Extend help to
the needy fellowmen, especially the victims of disasters like typhoons, flooding, and the like.

Naturally, all of us use media in our daily life. We could already demonstrate our nationalism to our
nation by using this media. Some of our fellow Filipinos used the authority of the press to extend
their assistance.
to others in the past calamities that hit our nation. They published some data about how other
individuals might be able to assist disaster-affected individuals.

4. Stand Proud for Every Achievement

Filipinos are competitive in many ways around the world. They are proud to be Philippines and to be
brought to the nation for the awards. For their accomplishments they unite every Filipino. We can be
proud of Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the Basketball Team of Gilas Pilipinas and many more.

5. Patronize and Support Our Own Products

The Philippines has rich resources to create quality goods and products. The manpower services we
provide are also globally competitive. Our economy will improve more if we ourselves patronize our
own products which characterize our creativity, resourcefulness, and industry.

Despite Filipino migration all over the globe. nationalism is also self-evident. Millions of Filipinos now
support goods and products made by the Philippines outside the Philippines. Everything is feasible
with the emergence of a world economy based on information driven by free trade, market
economy, and open capital markets. The Philippine products live up to the standard of quality in all
modesty.

6. Preserve the Filipino culture

Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural elements. They are our identity. Be proud and preserve
the culture we have for they are our treasure. We must keep them for the future generation.

Migrant Filipinos who have practically grown most of their life overseas almost always return to the
Philippines to explore our lovely beaches and the feature attractions a nation with 7,641 islands
offers. Filipinos maintain a periodic TFC (The Filipino Channel) subscription to get in contact with
every Filipino, forget about homesickness while overseas, and instill the Filipino values that we see
on their television.
7. Respect Everyone and Value Our Traditions
Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. You will acknowledge a Filipino individual everywhere
you go because he or she has always been respectful of the elders and others, using the common
but certainly classic "ho," "oho," "po" and "opo." Even in modern times, many Filipinos show and
value their noble norms and traditions. Although Filipinos overseas have held themselves as the

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peak of their interest in the prism of their domestic uniqueness with a passionate approach to
political, social, and economic liberty. Filipinos may have plurality in terms of divided islands,
language, religion, and ethnicity, but they share a common country love and vision for a better
Philippines.

8. Speak Out Our Own Language

Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our national identity. It is our unique means of
communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our language is an important tool to achieve
further unity and national development.

9. Remember and commemorate our heroes' sacrifices for our country

There were many Filipinos who died for our democracy, freedom, and independence. Some fought
using their pens and tongues, while some used the power of their arms and weapons. Each had their
own way of showing their love and respect to our country. In today's generation, let us value and
treasured our heroes sacrifices and devotion for our country. (google. com)

10. Love Our Family, Our Neighbours, and our Countrymen

The essence of life for most Filipinos is to create their family and nation a part of their enduring
engagement. They may even express their dedication to unpopular choices born to the advantage of
the majority. We are strongly committed to our obligations. Filipinos create an all-out effort to work
and make private sacrifices around the clock over the weekend hard work. These values, combined
with an abundant reservoir of patience, have been inculcated by our beloved parents to our youthful
minds.

Bravery of Filipino workers abroad is an ideal evidence of human sacrifice for family love and nation
love. Being away from home and dealing with the problems of life in a nation you knew no one and
risking yourself into many foreboding dangers are exemplary, particularly when serving a well-
formulated task of supporting our family's necessities back home by sending remittances that, in
turn, would help increase the economy of the nation and make it more financially stable through
monetary asset
PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTES A SENSE OF NATIONALISM
Symbols are very, very important to people in quite a lot of countries, especially if these symbols are
related to a sense of nationalism. The officially recognized national symbols of the Philippines are:

1. The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun representing the provinces of
the country.
2. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the yellow sun with 8 rays depicting the original
provinces in the Philippines.
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IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce
In 1834, Manila was officially part of the World Commerce after reviewing different economic
policies 1834 1873. This is the period of the development of agriculture in the country because
foreigners shared their agricultural ideas. Various ports opened in 1855 in Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo
and Zamboanga, in 1860 in Cebu and in 1873 in Tacloban.

Consequently, strong financial activity in the colony was stimulated that made the lives of the
Filipinos prosperous. Modern farming techniques were introduced, and the means of transportation
and communication were that boost financial advancement, boost tobacco, sugar and abaca
manufacturing.

How Some Filipinos Become Illustrados?

The middle class or the "Illustrados" were the educated Filipinos who, by writing essays, articles,
novels, or publication in news journal called "La Solidaridad, campaigned for reform in the colony in
a peaceful way. They were made up of the "principalia" or those belonging to the Spanish or Chinese
mestizos indigenous to Filipino or upper class. Their families were "inquilinos" who leased property
to the friars. Agricultural production evolved during Philippine's opening to world trade, which led
them to become rich. They were able to improve their social status and send their children to
European schools. They later clamored for reforms and equality, and their children became
propaganda movement members.

Influx of Liberal Ideas

Suez Canal's opening shortened the distance between the Philippines and Spain. This paved the way
for liberalism to enter the nation. Europe brought liberal concepts such as equality, freedom and
brotherhood and the establishment of the Spanish Republic; more Spaniards came to our nation and
imparted liberal thoughts to the Philippines. They carried liberal books and magazines with them.
Not only in Manila, but also in the provinces that occupied positions in municipal government, the
number of Spaniards is increasing. With only a concern to improve material wealth and gain social
prestige by gaining authority in society, more friars are increasing. Colonizers keep the Filipinos
tightly protected.

Secularization Movement
The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest from the Spanish friars was one of the effects of
Europe's spreading of liberal ideas.

There Are Two Types of Priests:

1. Regular Priests or Friar Curates - They belong to specific religious orders like Dominicans, Jesuits,
Augustinians, Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish priests could be regular priests.
2. Secular Priests or Parish Priests-These priests were not religious orders and were under the
archbishop's oversight.

1565
Religious orders took control of the parishes in the Philippines these are the Augustinian, Recollects,
Dominican, and Franciscan.
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Council of Trent
It was stated that Secular priests should control the parishes relates to deacons and priests who are
not monastics or members of a religious institute. But few secular priests are accessible because
some of them have been sent to America.

Father Pedro Pelaez (1862) - Exposes the discrimination of Filipino clergy’s and the racial and
national conflict with the friars.

19th Century Majority of the Filipino Priest were qualified as Secular Priests. Gov. General Carlos
Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada He was the one who boost and inspired the Secularization
movement and leads a Liberal Regime in Spain

Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73)

A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic who is an autocratic and oppressive ruler; replaced Gov.
Dela Torre. He boasted that he ruled with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other. He decides
to restore old order and repealed the exemption of the Filipino's from Polo y Servicio (force labor of
Filipino men in 1580) and tribute (tax) that the Cavite workers had been enjoying.

January 20, 1872

Two hundred Filipino troops and employees, led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid, who took control of
the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, mutinied against Spaniards. Gov. Izquierdo sent troops forthwith to
quench the rebellion. The ring leaders were murdered and persecuted by La Madrid, accusing the
GOMBURZA as the Rebellion's mastermind.

Francisco Zaldua- A Bicolano soldier who testified against the GOMBURZA

February 17, 1872- The day of execution of the 3 priests at Luneta (Bagumbayan)
GOMBURZA - Refers to the three martyrs:

Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavite who held the most senior position of the
three as Archbishop's Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty
calmly as though it were his penance for being pro-Filipinos.

Father Jose Burgos, was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was a parish priest of the
Manila Cathedral and had been known to be close to the liberal Governor General de la Torre. He
was 35 years old at the time and was active and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the
clergy. He wrote to defend the seculars and was known to weep like a child.

Father Jacinto Zamora, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines. He was the parish priest of
Marikina and was known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any arrogance or
authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from Spain. He once snubbed a Spanish governor who
came to visit Marikina.

Issues On the Three Priests

1. Fr. Gomez - Participated in secularization but no longer active in 1872 and he was already more
than 80 years old.
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2. Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.

3. Fr. Zamora - Victim of mistaken identity since the warrant of arrest was addressed to a certain
Jose Zamora, a known critic of Spanish Government at that time.

GomBurZa Execution
The parishes were assigned to regular priests because of the death of secular priests in the 19th
century. The Spaniards wanted the secular priests to be silenced. Thus, Father Jose Burgos, Mariano
Gomez, Jacinto Zamora- were executed on February 17, 1872, by Garrote after being implicated as
master minds in Cavite Mutiny. At the death of the three priests the crowd paid respect when they
removed their hats and knelt. The bells rang all over the City upon the order of Archbishop Melito
Martinez.

Garrote - Is an execution technique previously practiced in Spain where a tightened iron collar is
used to strangle or break a convicted person's neck. It is said to be the form of execution performed
to the three priests.

The Importance of 1872, Gomburza Execution It is considered as the beginning of Filipino

Nationalism in the Philippine history because the three priests were innocent yet accepted the
brutal punishment for the nation.

Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement

Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Solidaridad, was founded in
19th century by the illustrados, to improve the lives of low Indios thru reforms or changes
implemented in the colony. The founders were Dr. Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctor
of Law who laid the foundation of the movement in Madrid.

Propaganda refers to the systematic efforts to spread opinion and beliefs by means of pen and
tongue; literally means the propagation of a given opinion.

Propagandists or Reformists
These were the Filipino reformers who fled the country to escape persecution in 1872. They didn't
have the intention of achieving social changes through armed struggle and revolution rather they
campaign for reform or change by way of writing. They advocated reform by writing books,
pamphlet, and newspapers. They were popularly known as Illustrados (Intellectuals) in Spain,
England, and France.

The Goals of Propaganda Movement

1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain

2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative branch in Spanish government)
3. Equality between Spaniards and Filipino
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priest the right to hold parishes
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression, and assembly.

Major Causes for the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement

The following causes the creation of the Propaganda Movement:

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1. Emergence of Middle Class

2. The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
3. Execution of GOMBURZA
4. Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos

THREE LEADING REFORMISTS IN 19TH CENTURY__

1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal

2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

Regarded as the conscience of the movement and the most prolific writer among the Propagandists.
His pen names are Dimasalang and Laong laan commonly known and acclaimed as the "Father of
Philippine Nationalism due to his intellectual and idealistic support for Philippine Independence. For
him Spanish colonial system itself should be blamed for the unfortunate state of the Filipinos and
the colony.

Dr. Jose P. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba Laguna. At the age of 3, he learned his
alphabet, at the age of 8, he wrote a poem entitled" Sa Aking mga Kabata (To My Fellow children) a
poem that talks about love for one's language. At the age of 9, he was sent to private tutor Don
Justiniano Aquino Cruz. In 1872, changed his family name from Mercado to Rizal because Mercado
was closely identified to Fr. Burgos who was executed by Spanish Authorities. In 1877, he graduated
Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo, Municipa. He enrolled in University of Sto. Tomas took up medicine while
taking up agrimensura (surveying) in Ateneo. Rizal's poem A la juventud Filipina (To the Filipino
Youth) won the first prize in literacy contest sponsored by Licero Literario Artisticio.

The Councils of the God only won 2nd price after the judge learned that it was written by Filipino. In
1882, he sailed for Spain without the knowledge of his parents and finished medicine in Universidad
Central de Madrid in June 1885. Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos (The Philippine Century Hence) his
written essay, where he showed how the ancient civilization of Filipinos was ruined by the Spaniards.
Sa Mga Kababaihan ng Malolos (The Young women of Malolos) He commended the 20 women of
Malolos who bravely disobeyed their parish priest by establishing a night school where they could
learn the Spanish language.

He wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) a novel about social reality in the Philippines in 19th
century. On February 1888, he was forced to leave Manila, he went to Hongkong, Japan, Macau, US
and England causing him to learn numerous languages. On July 3, 1892, he founded the La Liga
Filipina in Tondo Manila, to foster cooperation among Filipinos, to help each other in times of needs,
to promote education and agriculture. In 1892 to 1896, Rizal spent his life as an exiled in Dapitan. He
became a teacher to little boys, he built artesian well for more effective irrigation system, and he
served as a doctor, and met Josephine Bracken. He was requested to go to Cuba to serve as military
doctor, but he was arrested for allegedly being connected with revolution which broke out in the
Philippines in 1896. He was imprisoned at Fort Santiago for sedition, rebellion, and illegal
association. On December 30, 1896, he was executed in Bagumbayan (Luneta). His last poem given
to his sister Mi Ultimo Adios, secretly hid inside the cocinilla de alcohol (cooking lamp).

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

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Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest journalist of Reform Movement. Born on August
30, 1850, in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan. He used his grandmother's surname based on Gov.
General Narciso Claverias decree in 1849- "Filipinos should adopt a Spanish Surname."
He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully obtained the degree in Bachelor of Arts at Colegio de
San Jose. He took up law at University of Sto. Tomas but unable to finish it because he was
suspended when he inquired the increase in baptismal fee. He was also imprisoned for 30 days for
this offense. He married his second Cousin Marciana del Pilar where they have 7 children but only 2
survived, Sofia and Anita. He was passionate in his campaign against frailocracy. He delivered
speeches in baptismal, fiestas and even in cockpit arenas to expose the abuses of the friars and the
injustices his family experienced from them.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a journalist who mastered the use of satire (the use of humor, irony,
exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context
of contemporary politics and other topical issues). He was shifting the co-founder of the first
bilingual newspaper in the Philippines "Diariong Tagalog" where he published his nationalistic article
including the Tagalog translation of Jose Rizal's "El Amor Patrio. His other writings were a. Caingat
Cayo - He defended here the Noli Me Tangere of Jose Rizal.
b. Dasalan at Toksohan - Collection of revised Catholic Prayers where he exposed nature of the friars.
the true
c. He change Ama Namin to Amain Namin, Aba Ginoong Maria into Aba Ginoong Barya,
d. Sampung Utos ng Diyos to Sampung Utos ng Prayle.
e. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso ng taong babasa
f. La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines)
g. La Frailocracia Filipina (The Frailocracy in the Philippines)

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the brother-in-law of Deodato Arellano, a propagandist and first president
of the Katipunan. He organized the 1st political group in the Philippines known as the "Junta de
propaganda." His pseudonyms are, Dolores Manapat, Piping dilat, V. Garcia and Plaridel.

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec 18, 1856. His parents encourage him to become a priest. However,
Graciano wanted to become a doctor. He left the seminary and enrolled in the School of Medicine in
University of Sto. Tomas but due to financial difficulties he couldn’t finish his medical degree and
forced to go back in Ilollo. The poor people of Ilollo consulted him for medical problems. He started
the campaign for freedom in 1874 by writing "Fray Botod" (La hija de fraile) means "Big - Bellied
Friar." In his work he revealed the gluttony, indolence and greediness of friars as represented by Fray
Botod.

He went to Negros Occidental to avoid arrest in 1880, and then he went to Valencia Spain and
continues his medical degree but later shifted to journalism in Madrid. Graciano was a former staff
of LOS DOS MUNDO - News organ in Iloilo and was acclaimed as the "Prince of the Filipino Orators"
and the great orator of the Reform Movement. His pen name was Diego Laura, and he founded the
La Solidaridad (Solidarity) which becomes the mouthpiece of the Propaganda. In Madrid, he wrote
articles campaigning for reforms in the Philippines. He became a member of the freemasonry and
founded masonic lodge for Filipinos in 1889.

For him and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, frailocracy or monastic supremacy was the root cause of
impoverishment of the Filipinos under Spanish colonialism. He has a habit of eating sardines straight
from the can, wiping his hands at his coat and still wear it the next day without being laundry.

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OTHER FILIPINO REFORMISTS DR. PEDRO PATERNO

A Doctor of Law who wrote the novel entitled "Ninay," the 1st Filipino Novel that shows the Filipino's
developed culture.

ANTONIO LUNA
Some of his works are Noche Buena, a biographical sketch that depicts the actual life in the
Philippines. La Maestra de mi pueblo Describe defects of the educational system for women. His pen
name was Taga-ilog.

ANDRES BONIFACIO
Known to be "Supremo of Katipunan" was one of the founders of Katipunan. He wrote poem, letters,
essays, and dialogue while his writing is:

. Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa - wherein he discussed the importance of loving motherland.

Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya.
Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog - explained how Philippines entered an era of darkness under the
Spaniards.

He explained in essay the meaning of word Tagalog - it did not only refer to ethnic group but to all
inhabitants who lived near bodies of water (taga-ilog). Everybody should be rightfully called Tagalog.

His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan. He prepared a Decalogue to serve as guide for
Katipuneros Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan" but later adopted the "Kartilla ng
Katipunan" of Emilio Jacinto.

EMILIO JACINTO
Regarded as the "Brain of the Katipunan." Born on Dec. 15, 1875, in Trozo, Manila. He took up
Bachelor of Arts from the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He took up law from University of Sto.
Tomas but he was not able to finish it because of revolution. He joined Katipunan in 1894 under the
name of Pingkian. He wrote Kartilla ng Katipunan that served as moral and ethical guide for
Katipuneros. His other works are Liwanag at Dilim and La Patria.

He became an editor in chief of Kalayaan, an official newspaper of Katipunan. He assigned to rescue

Rizal while waiting the ship going to Cuba, but Rizal refused to be rescued. He fought with cazaderos
or spanish riflemen in Maimpis, Magdalena Laguna, where he was wounded on the knee. He died
due to malaria on April 6, 1899, in Sta Cruz Laguna.

THE FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF KATIPUNAN

The reform movement's failure paves the way for a movement that advocates armed struggle to
achieve liberty.

KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan).

This was founded on July 7, 1892, same day that news about Rizal's exile to Dapitan. Deodato
Arellano was the first President of Katipunero followed by Roman-Basa then by Andres Bonifacio.
The KKK members were divided when it increased more than one hundred Katipon, Kawal, Bayani.
Each category has its own password and members undergo blood compact.

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Katipuneros refers to the sons of the people, used triangle method to recruit members, where every
member should recruit two new members who would only know each other after passing the
initiation rites.

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