Essentials of Genetics 9th Edition Klug Test Bank

Essentials of Genetics 9th Edition Klug Test Bank

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Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Name the general category into which double- stranded circular extrachromosomal DNA 1)
elements such as F factors, ColE1, and R would fall.
A) capsid
B) plaque
C) partial diploid
D) r - determinant
E) plasmid
Answer: E

2) Bacteriophages engage in two interactive cycles with bacteria. What are these cycles? 2)
A) lytic and lysogenic
B) heteroduplex and homoduplex
C) negative and positive
D) lytic and prototrophic
E) auxotrophic and prototrophic
Answer: A

3) A bacteriophage that is capable of entering either a lytic or lysogenic cycle is called a(n) 3)
________.
A) virulent bacteriophage
B) episome
C) plaque- forming unit
D) temperate bacteriophage
E) plasmid
Answer: D

4) The clearing made by bacteriophages in a "lawn" of bacteria on an agar plate is called a 4)

________.
A) phage zone
B) plaque
C) host range
D) prophage
E) lysogenic zone
Answer: B

5) Temperate phages are those that can enter either the ________ or ________ cycle. 5)
A) lytic; phagocytic
B) complementing; competing
C) virulent; avirulent
D) functional; nonfunctional
E) lytic; lysogenic
Answer: E

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 6) Name two forms of recombination in bacteria. 6)
A) conjugation and transduction
B) mixed and generalized
C) lytic and lysogenic
D) auxotrophic and prototrophic
E) insertion and replication
Answer: A

7) Transduction is a form of recombination in bacteria that involves ________. 7)

A) fertility factors
B) plasmids
C) physical contact between the bacteria involved
D) bacteriophages
E) 5 - bromouracil
Answer: D

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

8) How does an auxotroph differ from a prototroph? 8)

Answer: Auxotrophs have lost, through mutation, the ability to grow on minimal
medium. Prototrophs are capable of growth on minimal medium.

9) What are prototrophs? 9)

Answer: Prototrophs are bacteria that can grow on minimal medium and are assumed to
be wild type.

10) In general, what two methods are used to grow bacteria in the laboratory? 10)
Answer: liquid and semisolid (agar) media

11) Name the typical phases of the bacterial growth cycle in liquid culture medium. 11)
Answer: lag, log (exponential), and stationary

12) Explain the composition and use of minimal medium in the study of bacterial genetics. 12)
Answer: Minimal medium consists of an organic carbon source such as glucose or lactose
and a variety of inorganic ions: Na+ , K+ , Mg++, Ca++, and NH4 + . It is useful in
isolating bacterial strains (auxotrophs) that are incapable of synthesizing more
complex nutritional requirements.

13) In what way was the interrupted mating technique used to generate a genetic map in 13)
E. coli based on time?
Answer: The interrupted mating technique showed that genes were passed in a linear
fashion from the Hfr bacterial strain to an F- strain. By interrupting the mating
tube, it could be determined when (in minutes) genes were transferred.

14) What is a merozygote? 14)

Answer: A merozygote is a partially diploid cell that results when, through
recombination, a portion of a donor chromosome is introduced into a bacterium.

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15) Jacob, Wollman, and others developed a linkage map of E. coli that is based on time. 15)
What form of recombination is involved in generating a linkage map based on time?
Answer: Conjugation; an Hfr bacterium conjugating with an F- strain allows the
generation of a map that is dependent on the passage of the donor chromosome
across a conjugation tube.

16) Assume that the gene trpA in an auxotrophic strain of E. coli is located at 27 minutes, 16)
whereas the gene pyrE is located at 81 minutes. How are minutes arrived at in the
context of gene mapping in bacteria?
Answer: (a) Minutes are arrived at by an Hfr X F- mating as in the Klug and Cummings
text.
(b) Hfr (wild type) X F- (auxotroph)

17) Distinguish between F+ and F- bacteria. 17)

Answer: F+ bacteria contain an F factor or plasmid that is capable of initiating
conjugation. F- bacteria contain an F plasmid that possesses a portion of the
bacterial chromosome.

18) What is a form of recombination in bacteria that involves the F plasmid? 18)
Answer: conjugation

19) What is the role of the F factor in bacterial recombination? 19)

Answer: The F factor confers the capacity to produce a conjugation tube, which functions
in conjugation by generating the Hfr and F' recombinant possibilities.

20) Describe how different strains of E. coli can reveal different linkage arrangements of 20)
genes in Hfr crosses.
Answer: Different strains may have different F factors and therefore different initiation
points for chromosome transfer.

21) What are the roles of the recBCD genes? 21)

Answer: They function in bacterial recombination.

22) What experimental observation demonstrated that genes are involved in the 22)
integration of foreign DNA into the bacterial chromosome?
Answer: Mutations allowed identification of rec genes. When such genes were mutated,
integration does not occur.

23) What is the consequence of a mutation in the recA gene in bacteria? 23)
Answer: The wild- type product of recA is required for bacterial recombination to occur at
an appreciable level. Absence of the recA protein diminishes recombination by
about 1000-fold.

24) Present the general structural features of a plasmid and give an example. 24)
Answer: circular double- stranded DNA existing autonomously in the bacterial
cytoplasm; F factor

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25) Bacteria that are in a particular physiological state to become transformed are called 25)
________.
Answer: competent

26) What is meant by the term cotransformation ? 26)

Answer: Cotransformation occurs when several linked genes are transformed
simultaneously.

27) Explain what is meant by the term heteroduplex in the context of bacterial 27)
transformation.
Answer: If transforming DNA is derived from a genetically distinct bacterium, incoming
DNA may be different from the host DNA. During initial stages of integration
into the bacterial chromosome, the recombinant region contains one strand of
DNA that may have a different base sequence than the other strand. Because
these strands are not genetically identical (complementary), this
double- stranded region is called a heteroduplex.

28) Assume that one counted 67 plaques on a bacterial plate where 0.1 ml of a 10 - 5 28)
dilution of phage was added to bacterial culture. What is the initial concentration of
the undiluted phage?
Answer: 67 × 105 × 10 = 6.7 × 107 pfu/ml (pfu = plaque- forming units)

29) Lysogeny is an important phenomenon in bacteria and phages. Briefly describe 29)
lysogeny.
Answer: Lysogeny is the process in which a temperate bacteriophage infects a bacterial
cell and subsequently integrates its chromosome into the bacterial chromosome.

30) Compare and contrast bacteriophage lysis and lysogeny. 30)

Answer: Both lysis and lysogeny involve bacterial/phage interactions related to the
production of phage progeny. Lysis occurs when progeny phage burst from the
bacterial cell; lysogeny involves the incorporation of the phage chromosome into
the bacterial chromosome.

31) What is a bacteriophage? 31)

Answer: A bacteriophage is a virus that has a bacterium as its host.

32) Bacteriophages that cannot undergo lysogeny but can infect bacteria are called 32)
________.
Answer: virulent

33) What term is used to describe the phenomenon in which a bacteriophage genome 33)
incorporates its genome into the chromosome of the host?
Answer: lysogeny

34) When a bacteriophage genome incorporates itself into the chromosome of the host, that 34)
phage genome is referred to as a(n) ________.
Answer: prophage

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Essentials of Genetics 9th Edition Klug Test Bank

35) What is a significant difference between a lytic and a lysogenic cycle? 35)
Answer: In a lytic cycle, the phage genome does not insert into the bacterial chromosome.
In the lysogenic cycle, the phage genome inserts into the bacterial chromosome.

36) If two different auxotrophic strains are placed in a liquid medium culture tube, 36)
prototrophic strains can sometimes be subsequently recovered. Name several
mechanisms by which this is possible.
Answer: reverse mutation, genetic suppression, genetic recombination (conjugation,
transformation)

37) A form of bacterial recombination that involves a viral intermediate is called ________. 37)
Answer: transduction

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

38) True or False: In a bacterial cross in which the donor (Hfr) is a+ b+ and the recipient strain (F- ) 38)
is a- b- , it is expected that recombinant bacteria will all be a+ b+ .
Answer: True False

39) True or False: An Hfr cell can initiate chromosome transfer from one E. coli to another. 39)
Answer: True False

40) True or False: The "interrupted mating technique" provides a genetic map in Drosophila. 40)
Answer: True False

41) True or False: R plasmids often contain genes for antibody production. 41)
Answer: True False

42) True or False: A plaque is a substance that causes mutation in bacteria. 42)
Answer: True False

43) True or False: Lysogeny is a process that occurs during transformation and conjugation. 43)
Answer: True False

44) True or False: Viral mutations and variants are often categorized by changes in host range 44)
and/or plaque morphology.
Answer: True False

45) True or False: A symbiotic relationship between a phage and a bacterium apparently occurs in 45)
the process of lysogeny.
Answer: True False

46) True or False: Lysogeny is most likely associated with transduction. 46)
Answer: True False

47) True or False: Cotransduction of genes is an indication that the genes are linked. 47)
Answer: True False

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