Tenses

Present

Present simple Present cont Present perf. S Present perf. C

Bill cooks dinner Bill is cooking dinner Bill has cooked dinner Bill has been cooking dinner
Bill doesn’t cook Bill isn’t cooking Bill hasn’t cooked Bill hasn’t been cooking
Does Bill cook? Is Bill cooking? Has Bill cooked? Has Bill been cooking?
(A habit/A fact) (Now/Around now) (Past present action) (Past present and future)

Past

Past simple Past cont Past perf. S Past perf. C

Bill cooked dinner Bill was cooking dinner Bill had cooked dinner Bill had been cooking dinner
Bill didn’t cook Bill wasn’t cooking Bill hadn’t cooked Bill hadn’t been cooking
Did Bill cook? Was Bill cooking? Had Bill cooked? Had Bill been cooking?
(One action (P.C…………………………)
that finished P.C ……………………….. P.pef……. P.S…………. P.P.C………… P.S………………
in the past ) P.C…………….…………..

Future

Future simple Future perfect simple

Bill will cook dinner Bill will have cooked dinner

Bill won’t cook dinner Bill won’t have cooked
Will Bill cook dinner? Will Bill have cooked?
(One future action) (Two actions in the future)

Time indicators of these tenses:

Present simple: Always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, every, frequently, once……
Present continuous: Today, now, at the moment, these days, look, watch, listen ………..
Present perfect simple/Cont: Already, just, never, ever, yet, for, since …………………….
Past simple: Yesterday, last, ago………………………………..
Past continuous: While+P.C+P.S/When+P.S+P.C/While+P.C+P.C………………………..
Past perfect simple/Cont: Before, after, as soon as, once, when ………………………………
Future simple: Tomorrow, next, later ……………………………………
Future perfect: By

Dr. Issam Aourik

 Conditionals

Conditional type 0:

Example: If you ice on fire, it melts.

Rule: If + present simple+ present simple
Use: Something Scientific and general truth.

Conditional type 1:

Example: If you work hard, you will pass.

Rule: If + present simple+ future simple.
Use: Something logical and possible.

Conditional type 2:

Example: If I were the prime minister, I would reform education.

Rule: If+ past simple+ would/could/should+ verb.
Use: Imagination and impossibility.

Conditional type 3:

Example: If I had worked hard, I would have passed.

Rule: If + past perfect+ would have+ V.P.P
Use: A past regret.

Conditional type 4:

Example: If I had saved all my money, I would be rich today.

Rule: If + past perfect+ would+ verb
Use: A present regret.

How to know which conditional I should use:

Future: Conditional type 1/ Present: Conditional type 2/ Past: Conditional type 3/ past &
present: Conditional type 4.

Abbreviations:

V: Verb

P.P: Past participle

Past perfect: (had + verb in the past participle) Dr. Issam Aourik
 Reported Speech
Direct speech: “I make mistakes” James says the reporting verb
Reported speech: James says that he makes mistakes.
If the reporting verb is in the present, we keep the same tense inside the quotes.

Direct speech: “I make mistakes” James said the reporting verb

Reported speech: James said that he made a mistake.
If the reporting verb is in the past, we change the tense inside the quotes.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech ( Reported Speech)

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous Past continuous

Present perfect Past perfect

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

Past simple Past perfect

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

Past perfect Past perfect

Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

Today That day

Yesterday A day before/ the previous day

Tomorrow A day after/ the following day

Here There

Now Then

This That

These Those

Last Ago

Must/Will/Shall Had to/Would/Should

May/Can Might/Could

Dr. Issam Aourik

 Passive Voice

Present simple: Active voice: Mary paints the wall Passive.V: The wall is painted by Mary
(am, is, are) +verb in the past participle

Present continuous: A.V: Mary is painting the wall P.V : The wall is being painted
(am, is, are) + being+ verb in the past participle

Present perfect simple: A.V: Mary has painted the wall P.V: The wall has been painted
(have/has) + been+ verb in the past participle

Present perfect C: A.V: Mary has been painting the wall P.V: The wall has been being painted
(have/has) + been+ being+ verb in the past participle

Past simple: Active voice: Mary painted the wall Passive.V: The wall was painted by Mary
(was/were) +verb in the past participle

Past continuous: A.V: Mary was painting the wall P.V: The wall was being painted
(was/were) + being+ verb in the past participle

Past perfect simple: A.V: Mary had painted the wall P.V: The wall had been painted
Had + been+ verb in the past participle

Past perfect C: A.V: Mary had been painting the wall P.V: The wall had been being painted
Had + been+ being+ verb in the past participle

Future perfect. S: A.V: Mar will have painted the wall P.V: The wall will have been painted
Will have+ been+ verb in the past participle

Modal verbs (should, will, can, may….)

P.V: Mary must paint the wall P.V: The wall must be painted
Modal verb+ be + verb in the past participle

N.B:

The passive voice is used only with transitive verbs (those verbs that have an object or more)
We cannot use the passive with intransitive verbs (those verbs with no object)
Examples:

Tom went to school. We cannot say “The school is gone by Tom” since the word school is not
an object, we cannot replace it by an object pronoun.

Dr. Issam Aourik

 Wish/If only

Present simple Past simple

Past simple Past perfect

Negative Positive
Examples:

Jerry does not have enough food

Jerry wishes he had enough food = If only Jerry had enough food

Jerry makes mistakes

I wish Jerry didn’t make mistakes= If only Jerry didn’t make mistakes

Jerry insulted his friend

Jerry wishes he hadn’t insulted his friend= If only Jerry hadn’t insulted his friend

Jerry didn’t pay attention

I wish Jerry had paid attention= If only Jerry had paid attention

Relative Clauses
Tony is a lawyer. He likes playing soccer (Who)
Tony who likes playing soccer is a lawyer.

Tony is a lawyer. We all love him. (whom)

Tony whom we all love is a lawyer.

Tony is a lawyer. His brother plays tennis. (whose)

Tony whose brother plays tennis is a lawyer.

This is Casablanca. Many people live here. (where)

This is Casablanca where many people live.

Today is Sunday. I study English every Sunday. (when)

Sunday is the day when I study English.

Corona virus is a hot potato. It is a deadly virus. (which)

Corona which is a deadly virus is a hot potato.

N.B: Who + verb / Whose + noun / Whom + pronoun + verb /

Where for place / When for time / Which for objects and animals.

Dr. Issam Aourik

 Phrasal verbs
Phrasal
Meaning Example
verb

call on ask to recite in class The teacher called on students in the back row.

call on (2) visit The old minister continued to call on his sick parishioners.

recover from sickness or I got over the flu, but I don’t know if I’ll ever get over my broken
get over
disappointment heart.

The students went over the material before the exam. They
go over review
should have gone over it twice.

They country went through most of its coal reserves in one year.
go through use up; consume
Did it go through all his money already?

look after take care of My mother promised to look after my cat while I was gone.

look into investigate The police will look into the possibilities of embezzlement.

run across find by chance I ran across my old roommate at the college reunion.

run into meet Carlos ran into his English professor in the hallway.

take after resemble My second son seems to take after his mother.

wait on serve It seemed strange to see my old boss wait on tables.

Three-Word Phrasal Verbs (Transitive)With the following phrasal verbs, you will find three parts: “My brother dropped
out of school before he could graduate.”

Phrasal
Meaning Example
verb

I was talking to Mom on the phone when the operator broke in

break in on interrupt (a conversation)
on our call.

After our month-long trip, it was time to catch up with the

catch up with keep abreast
neighbours and the news around town.

check up on examine, investigate The boys promised to check up on the condition of the summer

come up to contribute (suggestion,

The old lady came up with a thousand-dollar donation
with money)
We tried to cut down on the money we were spending on
cut down on curtail (expenses)
Entertainment.
drop out of leave school I hope none of my students drop out of school this semester.
get along have a good relationship I found it very hard to get along with my brother when we were
with with young.
get away
escape blame Janis cheated on the exam and then tried to get away with it.
with
The citizens tried to get rid of their corrupt mayor in the recent
get rid of eliminate
election
 Phrasal
Meaning Example
verb

get through
finish When will you ever get through with that program?
with
keep up with maintain pace with It’s hard to keep up with the Joneses when you lose your job!
look forward
anticipate with pleasure I always look forward to the beginning of a new semester.
to
look down
despise They looked down on him because of his shabby clothes
on
We were going to look in on my brother-in-law, but he wasn’t
look in on visit (somebody)
home.
Good instructors will look out for early signs of failure in their
look out for be careful, anticipate
students
look up to respect First-graders really look up to their teachers.
Make sure of the student’s identity before you let him into the
make sure of verify
classroom.
The teacher had to put up with a great deal of nonsense from the
put up with tolerate
new students.
run out of exhaust / supply The runners ran out of energy before the end of the race.
take care of be responsible for My sister used to take care of me when mu mother was out.
The star player talked back to the coach and was thrown off the
talk back to answer impolitely
team.
think back
recall I often think back on my childhood with great pleasure.
on
walk out on abandon Her husband walked out on her and their three children.

Collocations
Adult illiteracy /adult literacy /Artistic talents /boarding school /brain drain /Brain
gain /civic education /common technology /community service /critical thinking
/cultural diversity /cultural heritage /cultural values /cultural shock /developed
countries /developing countries /digital camera /educational system /enjoy the
same rights /equal opportunity /equal rights /equal status /fight corruption /formal
education /fulfill a dream /financial help /financial support /financial assistance
/gender gap /general assembly /generation gap /have access /have fun /health
care /high priority /higher education /human resources /human rights /impose
sanctions /informal education /information technology /international organisations
/local community /look forward to /make an effort /mobile phone /natural disaster
/natural resources /non-formal education /non-governmental organisations /Note
taking old-fashioned /pay attention problem /solving racial discrimination /raise
awareness /rural areas /school subject /secretary-general /sense of humour
/skilled worker /sustainable development /Take care /Take part in /Take place
/Urban areas /under-developed country /Vacuum cleaner /vocational education
/voluntary work.

Dr. Issam Aourik

Word derivation