Module : Anglais Technique

Série 01 : Notions de base

1. Present simple
Form: Formed by using the infinitive of the verb (without “to”)
“s” after (he, she, it)
Use: Talk about what people do all the time or normally – describe truths.
a- Interrogative form: do/does
Do (I/you/we/they) speak English well?
Does (he/she/it) speak English well?
b- Negative form: do not (don’t) / does not (doesn’t)
(I/you/we/they) do not (don’t) speak German.
(He/she/it) does not (doesn’t) speak German.
2. Present continuous
Form: To be (present) + Verb + ing
Use: Talk about what people are doing now.
a- Interrogative form: To be (present) + subject + verb + ing
Am I saying it clearly?
Are (you/we/they) listening to me?
Is (he/she/it) typing?
b- Negative form: Subject + to be (present) + not + verb + ing
I am not (I’m not) joking.
(You/we/they) are not doing it well =( you’re/we’re/they’re) not =
(you/we/they)aren’t.
(He/she/it) is not working = (He’s/she’s/it’s) not = He/she/it isn’t.
3. Future simple
Form: shall/will + infinitive for 1st person singular and plural (I/We)
Will + infinitive for other persons.
Use: Express opinions about future – Future habitual action – formal
announcements of future plans.
a- Interrogative form: Will/shall + subject + infinitive
Shall (I/we) come to see you tomorrow?
Will (you/they/he/she/it) wear nice jacket?

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b- Negative form: Subject + shall/will + not + infinitive.
(I/we) shall not go there.
(You/they/he/she/it) will not go there.
3.1. Other forms of future
3.1.1. Intention: to be going to + infinitive
I am going to build my house one day.
3.1.2. Fixed plan or arrangement: Present continuous.
What time are we having the test on January 20th?
3.1.3. Fixed schedule: present simple.
The plane arrives at 09:30.
4. The past tense
Use: action happened and finished in past
Form: for regular verbs → add ‘ed’
4.1. Interrogative form: did + subject + verb?
4.2. Negative form: Subject + didn’t (did not) + verb
5. The past continuous
Use: for two actions in progress in the past
Nadia phoned me at 7. I was having a bath
Last month I was working in Brazil
5.1. Negative form: Subject + (wasn’t/weren’t) + verb + ing
5.2. Interrogative form: (Was/were) + subject + verb + ing

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Module : Anglais Technique
Série 02 : Les verbes réguliers et les verbes irréguliers
1. Complete sentence
The donkey chewed the tender grass while the driver rested
A main clause A subordinate clause
2. Subordinate clause
That cannot stand alone
A main clause alone → simple sentence
3. Compound sentence
Sentence made up of two or more main clauses
Clauses are joined by:
• A comma “,” plus a coordinating conjunction : and, but, or
• A semicolon “;”
Addition Contrast Contrast or alternation Reason
And But, yet Or, nor for

4. Correlative conjunctions
Either …. or Neither …. nor Both …. and Not only …. But also
Examples:
Either you will confess, or I will complain
Neither he is honest, nor he is trustworthy
Not only he is honest, but he is also trustworthy
4.1. Conjunctions adverbs (or connectors)
Addition: moreover, also, besides, furthermore, likewise
Contrast: However, nevertheless, still, (on the contrary, on the other hand)
Result: therefore, hence, thus, consequently … (as a result)
Alternatives: otherwise
Time: then, meanwhile, afterward (in the meaning, so far, since, since then,
after that, before that, until then) accordingly

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4.2. Compound connectors
The comma is omitted before ‘’and’’ and ‘’or’’.
The comma is usually needed with ‘’but’’ and ‘’for’’
• An adverb clause can be introduced by
4.2.1. Subordinating conjunctions
When, until, after, before, while, since, once till, although, though, whereas,
even though, if, whether, unless, because, as, since, whatever, wherever.
4.2.2. Compound subordinating conjunctions
As soon as, as far as, as long as, so that, in order that, such that, except that, for
all that, so as to, in spite of the fact that, as if, in case, even if, now that,
provided that, supposing that, given that, granted that
4.2.3. Correlative subordinating conjunction
If ….. then As …. so Such …. as No sooner …. that Such …. that
Complex sentence: sentence made of one main closed and a subordinated clause
a- Subordinate clause: A clause which begins with a subordinate conjunction
b- Adjective clauses: (relative clause)
- modifies subject or some other noun or pronoun
- introduced by relative pronouns : which – who – that
c- Noun clauses: Used as the subject, object or complement of verb
• Clauses : I told him that she was wrong
• Interrogative clauses: I can’t imagine what made him do a thing like that
• Relative noun clauses: whoever told you that was lying
• To infinitive noun clause: his ambition is to be a pilot
• ‘’Ing’’ noun clauses: he likes playing football
• Adverb clause: it modifies verbs, most often tells us when or why etc
4.3. Expressions causes and resultants
4.3.1. Expressing causes
As + noun Because of + noun Because of + verb
4.3.2. Expressions results, consequences
As a result So Therefore

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5. The passive voice
a. “To be” and ‘’past participle’’ of the main verb
The police easily captured the thief → the thief was easily captured by the police
We must warn them of the danger → they must be warrant of the danger by us
b. the verb in the infinitive is needed in the passive
Did they see him go out? → was he seen to go out by them?
c. With verbs in continuous form, we use being + the past participle
They are defending the city bravely → the city is being defended bravely
6. Direct and indirect speech
Direct: The poor man said: “I’m tired”
Indirect: The poor man said that he was tired → reported speech
Change of tenses
Direct speech Indirect speech Direct speech Indirect speech
Can Could Shall Should
May Might Will Would
Must Had to
my his you She/he
yourself Herself/himself Tomorrow The following day
Last week The week before now then
Here there There There
Tonight That night Last … The previous …
yesterday The day before Next … The following …
The previous day This that
Those Those That that
I he These Those
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
Future Conditional Present simple Past simple
Present continuous Past continuous Past simple Past perfect
Present perfect Past perfect Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Present perfect Continuous Past perfect Continuous Past perfect No change