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INTRODUCTION

Rationale

In crop production, one of the crucial elements to ensure good crop yield is pest

management. This focuses on the monitoring and control of pests occurring in the

agricultural sector to assure good quality harvest free from pests’ incidences and

occurrence as it reaches the consumers and product-makers alike. There are numerous

methods applied in management of pests in rice production and agriculture in general.

Examples of methods done are through the use of mechanical, manual, chemical, and

biological practices wherein chemical inputs are used most of the time. However, the use

of synthetic or chemical inputs in crop production brings more harm than good. As

chemicals are continually placed in farms, the health of the environment is continually

exposed to danger. The environment isn’t the only receiving end of the overuse of

chemicals such as pesticide but of all living organisms as well where health is at cost.

In recent years, the idea of creating an alternative or devising new method was

recognized which is the procedure of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Today, IPM is

widely utilized in the agricultural scene and is promoted to become the primary

production inputs done in the sector when it comes to pest handling. According to the

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was

established to address the problem of the overreliance on chemical inputs such as

pesticides in farming to control pest occurrences. IPM is the methodical evaluation of all

available pest control strategies and the subsequent incorporation of suitable controls that

thwart the growth of pest populations. In order to cultivate healthy crops with the least

amount of pesticide application and to reduce the hazards that pesticides cause to human
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health and the environment, it combines biological, chemical, physical, and crop-specific

(cultural) management tactics and practices. This results in sustainable pest control.

One application of IPM in farming is the development of a four-classification

approach called the Prevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, and Suppression (PAMS). This

framework is done to serve as a guide throughout a cropping period. It is designed to

reflect the current management practices done and identify critical needs using crop-stage

categories to implement actions and constraints across one season of production (Jepson,

2022). One important aspect of the PAMS approach is the conduction of monitoring of

fields or crop production areas.

Monitoring is one of the principal steps of PAMS that covers two essential

activities: monitoring and assessment. This step in the approach is synonymous with the

term’s inspection and sampling. Monitoring is simply defined as the identification of

potential pests present in the area. It can also be a way to determine the severity of

disease incidence, insect pest infestation, presence of possible pesticide resistance of

pests, failure of cultural management methods, indications of actions or presence of

natural enemies in the field, and to evaluate damages that needs to be addressed

(Pesticide Environmental Stewardship).

In accordance with this, agriculture student-apprentices from Central Luzon State

University (CLSU) were tasked on a specific rice production lot for a 30-day monitoring

period. The student-apprentices were given freedom in conducting surveys of Lot 3D in

the Philippine-Sino Center for Agricultural Technology (PhilSCAT) experimental rice

production areas. The principle of the activity is to determine the pests occurring such as
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insects, weeds, rats, snails, birds, and diseases in the area. The natural pests in the area

were also identified.

Objectives of the Activity

This activity is conducted to provide experience to the students with field

monitoring which includes (a) identification of insect pests, diseases, weeds, and natural

enemies present in the assigned area; and (b) develop critical-thinking skills on real life

scenarios occurring in the field by placing inputs on production recommendations, and

remarks. This task is to test the learnings of the student majoring in Crop Protection

covering the three main specializations: Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed

Science. This task aims to develop the students’ skills and knowledge regarding pest

monitoring in rice production. This activity also serves as an avenue for students to

develop their own techniques necessary in the execution of operation procedures done.
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METHODOLOGY

Integrated Pest Management

The primary task done for this report is to conduct Integrated Pest Management

Monitoring on Lot 3D, along with this, various methods are applied to complete the

activity and to record data needed on the monitoring form provided. Monitoring includes

(a) collection of pests through scouting and survey approaches; (b) identification of pests

where guides, diagnostic tools, and diagnostic laboratories are used; (c) identification of

periods or the location of high pest risks through the use of weather-based pest-

development models as well as soil and plant nutrient testing; and (d) determination of

status and trends in pest risks and classification of pest incidence damage (Jepson, 2022).

In this activity, monitoring is done by:

● Assessment of pest constraints (insects, diseases, weeds, etc.) in the rice

production area of Lot 3D.

● Observation and record taking at the canopy for highly mobile insects, at the

middle of the rice plants between tillers, and at the base of the rice plants between

tillers.

● Determination of weed density in the rice production area as abundant, frequent,

or rare.

● Record of observed population of golden apple snails (GAS) and its damage along

with the observed presence of rats and the extent of their damage

● Observation of the general and overall condition of the rice production situation

and weather conditions.

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● Conduction of field monitoring and sampling during the tillering stage of the rice

crops at Lot 3D.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This portion revolves on the overall assessment extracted from the Integrated Pest

Management Monitoring Form conducted within the duration of July 5 to July 25, 2023.

The crop stage of rice covered by the duration of the monitoring is at its tillering stage

which is located at LOT-3D, one of the experimental fields of PhilSCAT.

This chapter will cover the gathered results from the month-long monitoring

which includes the general observation of the field wherein the occurrence of insect pests,

natural enemies, and other pests such as weeds, rats, snails, birds and diseases were

observed and noted down for surveillance. The following table discusses the in-depth

day-to-day analysis of the assigned field.

Insect Pests Identified from Lot 3D

Table 1. Insect Pests Observe from Integrated Pest Management Monitoring on Lot 3D
DATE DAY WM MF BG LF F GhC ShC RB SB

July 5, 2023 1 / /

July 6, 2023 2 /

July 7, 2023 3

July 10, 2023 4

July 14, 2023 5

July 17, 2023 6

July 18, 2023 7 /

July 21, 2023 8 / / / / / /

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July 25, 2023 9 /

WM -Worm Maggots; MF - Moth Fly; BG - Brown Grasshopper; LF - Leaf Folder; F - Fly; GhC -
Greenhorn Caterpillar; ShC - Short Horned Caterpillar; RB - Rice Bug; SB - Stem Borer

Table 1 shows the summary of insect pest incidence in Lot 3D. There are

numerous insects present on the field and it could be tricky when identifying which one

causes damage and which are beneficial for the crop. During the first two days of

monitoring, the insect pests present and identified were worm maggots and moth flies.

The next five consecutive days show no signs of pests’ appearance. The absence of pests

during those five days can be due to varying factors such as weather conditions,

application or presence of pesticides, and water level of the field.

On the 18th of July, 7th day of observation, there were manifestations of leaf

folder incidence that resulted to marks on the leaves of the rice. The following day of

observation, 21st of July, there seems to have a spike on the presence of various insect

pests such as rice bugs, flies, greenhorn caterpillar, short horned caterpillar, and evidence

of stem borers infestation are shown on the body of the crop resulting to yellowing. The

incidence of leaf folder lasted until the 10th day of observation, showing physical

symptoms of folded leaves that has larvae inside and its appearance looks like white dry

scratches.

Natural Enemies Identified from Lot 3D

Table 2. Natural Enemies Observe from Integrated Pest Management Monitoring on Lot
3D
DATE GH WS DgF DmF OW WfS LB B W LhG

July 5, 2023 / / / / / / /

July 6, 2023 / / /
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July 7, 2023 / / /

July 10, 2023 / / / / /

July 14, 2023 / / / / /

July 17, 2023 / /

July 18, 2023 / /

July 21, 2023 / / / / /

July 25, 2023 / / /

GH - Grasshopper; WS -Water Strider; DgF - Dragonfly; DmF - Damselfly; OW - Orb Weaver; WfS -
Wolf Spider; LB - Lady Bug; B – Beetle; W - Wasp; LhG - Longhorn Grasshopper

Table 2 displays the occurrence of natural enemies in the field. As much as the

occurrence of insect pests is the availability of natural enemies. These natural enemies

can be seen flying around the field, resting on the leaves and stems of the crop, even

swimming across the water level. More so, they are feeding on the insect pests on the

field, hence their beneficial factor.

The first day of monitoring shows numerous natural enemies ranging from insects

to arachnids; there are presence of grasshoppers, water stride, orb weaver, wolf spider,

and a healthy amount of ladybug, damselflies, and dragonflies. The next two days of

monitoring only observe ladybugs, dragonflies, and grasshoppers.

The next observation day, three days after the last one, there are new sets of

natural enemies such as the addition of orb weavers and beetles alongside the already

visible grasshoppers, dragonflies, and ladybugs. Shortly, four days after the last

observation are the appearance of grasshoppers, dragonflies, damselflies, ladybugs, and

beetles. The next few days only show grasshoppers and dragonflies due to unforeseen

factors.
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A week after manifests diversity in natural enemies present in the field such as

dragonflies, damselflies, ladybugs, wasps, and longhorn grasshoppers. The wasp is seen

building its NEST, and settling itself with the crop. The following day of observation

shows the common insects from the other days such as dragonflies, damselflies, and

ladybugs.

Table 2.1. Natural Enemies Characteristics, Effect on Insect Pests, and Management.
Natural enemies Characteristics
Grasshopper Three body regions, three pairs of
(Caelifera) legs, one pair of antennae, tracheal
system, and two pairs of wings are
typical. Leathery forewings,
membrane hindwings, chewing
mouthparts, expanded hindlegs for
jumping, basic metamorphism.
Short antennae, a short ovipositor, a
tympanum on the first abdominal
tergum, and tarsi with three
segments
Water strider Water striders have a narrow body
(Aquarius remigis) and three sets of legs and are about
a half-inch long. The legs of the
water strider are its secret. The legs
are covered in microscopic hairs
that repel water and trap air.
Dragon fly Long bodies with two narrow pairs
of elaborately veined, membranous
wings that, while normally
translucent, can have colored
markings. The front and rear wing
pairs are different shapes.
Dragonflies also repose with their
wings stretched horizontally rather
than vertically against each other.
Effect on Insect Pests
The adults and young consume the leaves
on the sides first. Large sections of the
leaves have been destroyed. During
August and September, they cause
significant damage and leaf shedding.
Rice grasshoppers consume grains as
well, resulting in empty panicles. It
severely damages nurseries and decreases
production.
There is no reported damage caused by
water striders in the field. These insects
are considered as efficient predators that
act as a biological control. It aids in
minimizing insect damage, they eat land
insects trapped in the water's surface.
There is no reported damage caused by
dragonfly. They are vital to their
ecosystems as both predators (specifically
of mosquitos) and prey for birds and fish.
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Management
The most effective
technique to control
grasshoppers is to flood the
stubbles, shave the bunds,
sweep along the bunds, and
take adults directly off the
foliage at night when they
are lethargic.
There is no need to manage
water striders in the rice
field. Since these insects do
not harm the crop and its
yield.
There is no need to manage
Dragonfly in the rice field.
Since these insects do not
harm the crop and its yield.
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Damselfly Damselflies are graceful fliers with
small bodies and long, filmy, net-
veined wings that are mostly found
around shallow, freshwater settings.
Damselflies are often smaller, more
delicate, and fly more slowly than
dragonflies.
There is no reported damage caused by There is no need to manage
damselfly. These insects eat a wide range Dragonfly in the rice field.
of disturbance insects, including Since these insects do not
mosquito larvae and adults, flies, and harm the crop. It does not
gnats. affect the production and
yield of rice.

Orb weaver Many orb weavers have vividly There is no reported damage caused by There is no need to manage
colored bodies, hairy or spiny legs, orb weaver. These insects play an Dragonfly in the rice field.
and a relatively big abdomen important role in the ecosystem by acting Since these insects do not
covering the posterior margin of the as predators that aid in controlling insect harm the crop and its yield.
cephalothorax. The stomach differs populations in the field.
between species. The guts of some
orb-weaver spiders are spiny,
smooth, or irregularly formed. The
majority of nocturnal orb weavers
are brown or gray in hue.

Wolf spider Wolf spiders have eight dark eyes
around their heads, known as the
cephalothorax. Two enormous eyes
protrude from the top of the spider's
head, two additional large eyes
stare from the front, and four
smaller eyes create a row directly
above the spider's mouth.
There is no reported damage caused by
wolf spiders. They eat bugs and hunt their
prey. It also reduce the population of an
array of potential pest present in the field
such a flies, roaches, and mosquitoes.
There is no need to manage
Dragonfly in the rice field.
Since these insects do not
harm the crop. It does not
affect the production and
yield of rice.

Lady bug Ladybugs are petite and often There is no reported damage caused by There is no need to manage
spherical in shape. The wing covers ladybugs in the ice field. These insects Dragonfly in the rice field.
(elytra) can be yellow, orange, or are useful to help control and minimize Since these insects do not
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red, and they frequently have small the population of insect pests that harm harm the crop. It does not
black spots on them. Some species plants. On the other hand, ladybugs are affect the production and
are completely black. Ladybugs predators with huge aphids. yield of rice.
feature black legs, a black head, and
antennae.

Beetle Beetles have three major body
segments: the head, which has a
single pair of antennae and usually
a pair of compound eyes; the
thorax, which has two pairs of
wings and three pairs of legs; and
the abdomen, which contains the
reproductive and digestive systems.
There is no reported damage caused by
beetles in the rice fields. These insects are
prominent decomposers in the field. As
predators, they reduce the population of
insect pests, most specifically caterpillars.
There is no need to manage
Dragonfly in the rice field.
Since these insects do not
harm the crop. It does not
affect the production and
yield of rice.

Wasp Wasps lack hair on their abdomen,
joined to their thorax by a thin
petiole waist. They have two pairs
of membranous wings and three
pairs of legs. They also have
mouthparts, sensory organs,
compound eyes and segmented
antennae on their heads,
There is no reported damage caused by
wasps in the rice fields. These insects are
considered as important pollinators as
they transfer pollen as they visit flowers
to drink nectar.
There is no need to manage
Dragonfly in the rice field.
Since these insects do not
harm the crop. It does not
affect the production and
yield of rice.

Long horned Long horned grasshoppers are
grasshopper identified by the presence of
hearing organs (tympanum) on the
front legs, hairlike antennae as long
as or longer than the body, a sword-
shaped ovipositor (in females) for
laying eggs, and wing covers that
There is no reported damage caused by
long horned grasshoppers in the rice
fields. These insects promote natural
balance in the decomposition and renewal
of plants.
There is no need to manage
Dragonfly in the rice field.
Since these insects do not
harm the crop. It does not
affect the production and
yield of rice.
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differ in shape.
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Other Pests Identified from Lot 3D

Table 3. Other Pests Observe from Integrated Pest Management Monitoring on Lot 3D
DATE WEEDS RAT SNAILS BIRDS DISEASES

July 5, 2023 / /

July 6, 2023 /

July 7, 2023 /

July 10, 2023 /

July 14, 2023 / / /

July 17, 2023 / /

July 18, 2023 / /

July 21, 2023 / / / /

July 25, 2023 / /

The table above summarizes other occurring pests in the rice field. These pests

hold potential to cause detrimental effects to rice production. In six out of nine days of

observation, weeds were present in Lot 3. While the presence of a rodent in the rice field

was only seen on the 8th day of the monitoring. The rodent seen was found dead floating

on the rice field.

The presence of snails dominated the nine days of observation by being present

from the first day up to the last during the whole duration. There were evidences of snail

eggs attached to the rice crops in the field. The only difference is their density per day of

observation, some days were abundant and some other time, the eggs were more visible.

There is only one incidence each from the rats, birds, and diseases. The disease was

identified as Bacterial Leaf Blight of rice.

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Table 3.1. Weeds Found in the Field Assigned

DATE CI IA SZ EC EG CD

July 5, 2023 / / /

July 6, 2023

July 7, 2023

July 10, 2023

July 14, 2023

July 17, 2023 / /

July 18, 2023 / / / /

July 21, 2023 / / / /

July 25, 2023 / /

CI - Cyperus iria; IA - Ipomoea aquatica; SZ - Sphenoclea zeylanica; EC - Echinochloa
colona; EG - Echinochloa glabrescens; CD - Cyperus difformis

Weeds are crucial on a rice field when it isn't managed immediately and properly;

although it can be helpful at times, it should not be left unmanaged. As it is found on the

field like snails, they are identified differently, ranging from grasses, to sedges and

broadleaves. Some days do not have a report on weeds due to rouging done on the field

the day before monitoring and some were too young to be identified.

Most days, the field has Cyperus iria and Ipomoea aquatica. There are also

records of Sphenoclea zeylanica, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa glabrescens, and

Cyperus difformis.
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Weed Samples Identified from Lot 3D

I. Grasses

A. Leptochloa chinensis

This is a grass type of weed belongs to the Poaceae family. It grows in wet areas

where rice fields are irrigated and rainfed lowlands. It has either an annual or

sometimes perennial life cycle. The distinguishing characteristic of this weed is its

slender, tufted structure that can grow up to 120 cm in height. The leaves of this

weeds are linear, flat, thin, membranous, at times it can be reddish or purplish.

The inflorescence are narrowly ovate panicles that are consist of 2-7 spikelets.

It is reported that Leptochloa chinesis is a C4 weed. It can produce up to 27,000

per plant unit. It can impact rice production by reducing yield up to 48% when it

competes at 16 plants/m2. It serves as an alternate host for rice pests such as green

and zigzag leaf hoppers.

Image 1. Leptochloa chinensis from family Poaceae

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B. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ssp. hispidula (Retz.) Honda

The image below displays Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) which is an annual grass

weed that grows in irrigated and rainfed lowland rice field. It propagates through

its seeds as a single plant unit is able to produce an average of 2,000 to 4,000

seeds. This weed can grow up to 200 cm tall. It has stout and spongy stems, thick

roots. It has pinkish to purplish, green, soft, nodding panicle that stick together,

elliptic, and pointed spikelets.

This weed completes its cycle within 42 to 64 days after emergence. Some species

of this weed grows in direct-seeded areas in the country have resistance to

herbicides chloroacetamide (butachlor) and acetanilide (propanil). This weed is

hard to control by the use of handweeding due to its close resemblance to rice

plants at early stages of growth. It can reduce up to 18 to 57% of rice yield when

populated at 10 to 80 plants/m 2. It is an alternate food to rice bug and rice black

bug.
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Image 2. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. ssp.

hispidula (Retz.) Honda from family Poaceae

C. Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f.

This weed is locally known as telebisyon, it has an erect stem that can grow up to

100 cm tall. Its panicles usually grow in narrow, pyramidal formation with

numerous spikes with green to purplish spikelets that dispatch at maturity. Awns

measure about 1 cm long if present.

This weed impacts on rice is due to its highly competitive characteristic especially

when it grows at the same time as the transplantation of rice seedlings or after

direct seeding. The mean yield reductions of rice can range from 6 up to 73% if

the infestation level of Echinochloa glabrescens reaches at 5 to 40%, respectively.

This weed is also reported to be an alternate food source of rice bug and rice black

bug in absence of rice after harvest.

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Image 3. Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f.

from the family Poaceae

D. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link from the family Poaceae

Image 4 shows Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, locally known as dukayang, lau-

lau, or pulang-pwet. It grows in irrigated and lowland rice fields. It reproduces

itself through seeds and is considered an annual weed. The distinguishing

characteristic of this weed . This crop is reported to produce 3,000 to 6,000 seeds

per plant. Hand weeding as a control measure will be difficult to execute due to its

close resemblance of its early stages to young rice seedlings during development.

It can compete fully with a ratio of 4:1 and 8:1 weed to rice reducing up to 86% to

93% of yield. This weed is an alternate host for pests such as Sarocladium oryzae

causing disease of sheath rot of rice. Rice bug and rice black bug also uses this

weed as an alternate host.

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Image 4. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link from the family Poaceae

II. Sedges

A. Cyperus iria

Cyperus iria is characterized by its smoot and triangular steams, linear-lanceolate

leaves. It inflorescence showcase an umbel like shape and it has numerous,

spreading erect spikelets that are colored from yellow to yellow brown.

This weed establishes itself quickly soon after rice seedlings are transplanted or

direct-seeded in the field. One unit of this weed can produce 3,000 seeds. If left

unmanaged, it can reduce rice yield by 40%. It is also an alternative host for other

rice pests in the field such as green leafhoppers, and other plant microorganism’s

sich as Pycularia oryzae, and Rhizoctonia solani.

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Image 5. Cyperus iria from family Cyperaceae

B. Cyperus difformis

This sedge weed can grow up to 75 cm in height. The stems of this weed are pale green in

color and are sharply angled at 3 at the tip. The leaves are shorter than its stem. The

inflorescence is either simple or compound with numerous globose spikelets.

This weed can produce up to 50,000 seeds with respect to 60% germination. It

completes its life cycle within 30 days and can spread rapidly to emerge as a

dominated weed in rice production area where moisture level fluctuates. If the

incidence of this is left uncontrolled, it can reduce yield of rice grains by as high

as 43% in total.
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Image 6. Cyperus difformis from Cyperaceae

C. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl

This weed is often found in irrigated and rainfed lowland rice fields. These are

annual and sometimes perennial weeds that reproduce through seeds. The

characteristics of Fimbristylis dichotoma are its big and ovoid spikelets.

Image 7. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl from the Cyperaceae family

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III. Broadleaves

A. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl.

This weed type are fleshy, semi-aquatic and originated from monocotyledon

seeds. It has a shiny appearance in the field. The stem is soft, erect, and are

rooting at the nodes. The flower stalks are long bearing with petals of lilac-blue or

violet that are arranged in 2-6 groups. The leaves are heart-shaped with soft and

hollow petioles.

The reported impact of this weed in rice production is rice yield reduction of 16%

when it is left to compete within 7-40 days at 100 plants/m 2. If competition

continues until maturity with the same population level, it can reduce yield by

25%. It has a characteristic of discontinuous germination. This allows it to survive

and evade weed control.

Image 8. Monochoria vaginalis from the family Pontederiaceae

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B. Hydrolea zeylanica

This weed is locally called as kangkong-kangkungan. It is found in irrigated and

rainfed lowland ricefields. It reproduces by means of is seeds and through runner

propagation.

The stem of this broadleaves is hallowed and most of the time growing flat on top

of the soil surfaces. The shapes of leaf blades are shaped from lanceolate to ovate,

glabrous or pubescent while an acute base, margin entire, and acute apex. The

petals are purple-blue in color.

H. zeylanica when cut by its stem grow into new seedlings. Thus, it can establish

rapidly in the field and more so on flooded rice field conditions. It has a very

competitive characteristics that can significantly reduce rice yield by 19, 24, and

52% with an infestation of weed rations 1:1, 1:5, and 1:10 (rice to weed),

respectively.
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Image 9. Hydrolea zeylanica from the family Hydroleaceae

C. Ipomoea aquatica

This weed is commonly known as kangkong. It is an aquatic weed that has a

slender, smooth, and creeping habit of stem. It spreads on the ground or floats on

water. The stems are hollow and rooting at the nodes. The leaves have alternating

arrangement with morphological variations in its shapes. The flowers are funnel

in shape and are colored white to purple. I. aquatica grows in irrigated lowland

rice fields it reproduces by means of seeds and cuttings. The impact of this weed

in rice production is yet to be reported. However, it is determined to be an

alternate host of golden apple snails in the field in the absence of cultivated rice.
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Image 10. Ipomoea aquatica from the family Convolvulaceae

D. Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.

This broadleaf is characterized by its erect and branched stems that are soft and

hallow. The leaves are oblong in shape to lanceolate, narrow, and pointed at the

tips with short stalks. The inflorescence is cylindrical and white to greenish

flowers. The impact of this weed is determined to reduce up to 45% yield of rice.

Some species of this weed can also be resistant to 2,4-D.

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Image 11. Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. from the family Sphenocleaceae

Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)

Golden Apple Snails, also known as Pomacea canaliculata and Pomacea

maculata, are incredibly invasive and harm rice fields. In the 1980s, they were brought

from South America to Asia as possible human food, but regrettably, they turned out to

be significant rice pests. Golden apple snails eat rice plants in their early stages. They

killed the entire plant by chopping off the base of the rice plant. Snails can spread

through natural water distribution channels, irrigation canals, and flood events.

Apple snails may bury themselves in the dirt and hibernate for up to six months

without access to water. Snails could appear in fields after further irrigation. They harm

transplanted rice that is up to 30 days old, as well as direct wet-seeded rice. The rice plant

will be thick enough to withstand the snail after 30 to 40 days. Examine the snail's color

and size to identify it from native snails. Golden apple snails have a muddy brown shell

and golden pink or orange meat. When compared to native snails, they are larger and
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lighter in color. Its eggs are a vivid shade of pink. The golden apple snail is regarded as a

significant issue with rice.

If no preventative action is taken, they can completely kill 1 m2 of field

overnight. Over 50% of the yield could be lost due to this damage. Specifically, the first

ten days after transplanting (DAT) and the first 21 days after direct wet-seeding are the

essential times to control golden apple snails during the ground preparation and crop

establishment or planting. Following this, the crop is typically protected from snail harm,

and snails are even helpful because they eat weeds (International Rice Research Institute,

n.d.).

Table 3.2 Disease: Bacterial leaf blight, Causal organism, and cultural management.

Causal organism The causal organism of Bacterial leaf blight is

Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. It can cause wilting, yellowing
and drying of leaves. This disease is most likely to develop
in areas that have weeds and stubbles of infected plants. It
can appear in both tropical and temperate climates,
especially in rainfed lowland and irrigated areas. The
disease favors temperatures between 25 and 34 °C with
relative humidity of at least 70%.

Cultural management According to the International Rice Research

Institute (IRRI) the use of Plant resistant varieties has been
proven to be the most effective, reliable, and cheapest way
to control and manage the Bacterial Leaf Blight.

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

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This chapter will tackle on the conclusion of the field monitoring along with

recommendation of practices to be done in relation to pest management.

The duration of the Integrated Pest Management Monitoring activity was on its

tillering stage; thus, the recommendations are based on the current condition of the field,

what should have done and what should be done to prevent more detrimental outcomes

for the field and the crops. There are some aspects that are worth looking into such as

land preparation, water management, pest, weed, and disease management, fertilizer

applications, and also cultural control.

Land Preparation. It is essential to know your land needs every cropping season.

It is to assess if your field is still in good condition or if it needs more than your usual

procedure of preparations. It also stands as a kick start whether you’ll need more

management procedures. According to the Rice Knowledge Bank, land preparation is

important aside from making the soil in suitable condition for transplanting or direct

seeding but also serves as preliminary control for weeds and has the ability to recycle the

plant nutrients primarily available in the field. Land preparation also entails machines or

can be traditional.

Water Management. Management on water level is equally important as

preparation of the rice field as it will determine whether the crop needs more or less.

Water management can also be used as control procedures for pest control and disease

management. Water level can also cause drought in fields or flooding if it is not

maintained, especially if the type of rice is extremely sensitive to water consumption.

Water management is as efficient as weed control and flooding as a source of sufficiency,

(Rice Knowledge Bank).

 27

Pest Management. Pest occurrence is not new when it comes to cultivating

diverse crops, and each of them has their desired host to infiltrate. Due to their

abundance, there are numerous management practices devised to control pest populations

or to produce counter measures that will eliminate them without harming the

environment, especially the field’s diversity. It is essential to be familiar with pests

visiting the field to know what action to take, if it needs immediate care or it is still

tolerable and could recover fast or if there are naturally occurring organisms such as

natural enemies. Some use pesticides as control and some use other methods. The

utilization of natural enemies benefits not only the farmer but also themselves as they

consume pests that leads to a reduced population.

Weed Management. Weeds are hard to fight as they can be extremely recurring

that some were using intense herbicide, but others are still on their manual procedures

which are hand-picking. Either way, weeds should be controlled and monitored as they

may cause detrimental effects if not handled immediately.

Disease Prevention and Management. Rice crops have numerous diseases and

they could appear in specific stages of growth. With this is how equally important it is to

be familiarized with diseases and management practices to prevent further damages and

may cause infection to nearby crops. Some management could be interrelated and needs

closed monitoring.

Fertilizer Application. The field monitoring from the early days observed that

there are instances of over residues from the fertilizers. To minimize this incidence, it is

important to regulate applications.

 28

Field Monitoring. There are many prevention, control and management

procedures that may be available but it is also important that there should be field

monitoring record that are kept for future use. This is not only for observance of the

current cropping season but it can serve as a basis for the next season on what to prepare

and what to improve to lessen and eliminate the past procedures that are not beneficial for

the field. Record keeping can help for the betterment of the field and its situation.

Recommendations

Based on the incidence of pests in the field, the following recommendations are

given as options for pest management in rice production. The table on the next page will

show the characteristics of identified insect pests in Lot 3D along with its characteristics,

damages and management options applicable for control

 27

A. Insects

Table 4. Insect Pests Characteristics, Damages, and Management Options.

Insect pest Characteristics Damage Management options

Whorl Adults of the rice whorl maggot are
maggots small flies (1.5 to 3 mm long), gray
(Hydrellia to black in color with silvery white
philippina ) or golden-brown markings on the
lower part of the head.
Whorl maggots feeding damage cause yellow There is no cultural control for
spots, white or transparent patchers and rice whorl maggot. Since the rice
pinholes. plant can compensate for the
damage caused by the insects,
The larva rasps the tissues of unopened leaves the symptoms disappear during
or the growth tips of developing leaves using the maximum tillering stage of
its hardened mouth hooks. When the leaves the crop.
deteriorate, the damage is evident. The
developing leaves of the new tillers at the base
of the rice plant are what mature larva prefer
to eat.

Rice bug Rice bugs are oval, shiny and Rice bugs cause damage to rice by sucking Remove the weeds from fields
(Leptocorisa reddish brown. It also has an out the contents of growing grains as they go and surrounding areas to prevent
oratorius ) offensive smell. from pre-flowering spikelets to the soft dough the multiplication of rice bugs
stage, leaving behind empty or unfilled grains during fallow periods.
and discoloration. Both mature and immature
rice bugs consume grains of rice. The direct application of
pesticides is required if there are
Adults are most active in the early morning more than 10 rice bugs/20 hills.
and late afternoon. They conceal themselves
in grassy regions during the day. Throughout
the dry season, they are less active. The adults
go through an extended growth period in
grasses in cooler climates. They migrate into

Leaf folder The adult is brownish-yellow or
(Cnaphalocr brownish-orange in color, with two
osis distinct dark wavy lines on the
medinalis forewing and one on the hindwing.
Guenee) A dark brown to gray stripe is on
both wings' outer borders. On the
coastal edge of the forewing, the
male has a tuft of andrological hairs.
Stem borer The larvae are grayish-white at first,
(Chilo and when fully grown, they are
suppressalis) white to yellowish and 25 mm long.
The larvae migrate down into the
plant base during diapause, most
reaching 3-5 cm below ground.
Development time ranges between
20 and 30 days. Pupae are white,
and they pupate in 6 to 9 days.
Adults are white, with a male
the rice fields during the flowering phases
after consuming wild hosts for one to two
generations.
Leaffolder damage may be crucial when it
affects more than half of the flag leaf and the
next two youngest leaves in each tiller.
Crops can generally recover from damage
during the vegetative phase; however, the
damage can be significant when leaf folders
infest during the reproductive stage. High
feeding damage to flag leaves can result in
yield loss.
Most early-season pesticide applications have
little or no economic benefit. Instead, it can
impair natural biological control systems,
promoting the growth of secondary pests such
as planthoppers.
Stem borers may destroy rice plants at any
stage of development, from seedling to
maturity.
They feed on tillers, causing dead hearts or
drying of the center tiller during the
vegetative stage, and whiteheads during the
reproductive stage.
28
The most suitable control for
managing leaf folders in the field
is using plant-resistant varieties.
It can also be controlled by
following the rice with different
crops or following periods. This
insect can be prevented by
avoiding ratooning and removal
of grassy weeds from fields and
borders. On the other hand, the
most minor way of controlling
this insect is to apply balanced
fertilizers.
In managing stem borer in the
field, using plant-resistant
varieties s the most efficient
control. It can also be controlled
by raising the level of irrigation
water periodically to submerge
the eggs deposited on the lower
parts of the plant—the
application of nitrogen fertilizer
in a split following is also
 29

wingspan of 18-22 mm and a female recommended.

wingspan of up to 33 mm. They are
only active at night.

Green horn Green horn caterpillars have pearl- Green-horned caterpillar larvae feed on leaf Attracting biological control
caterpillar like eggs that are lustrous and margins and blades—feeding damage results agents is the most effective
(Melanitis spherical, and their bodies are in leaf tissues and veins disappearing. The means of managing Green horn
ismene) coated in little yellow bead-like larvae feed on different hosts, which may help caterpillars. Because natural
hairs. them develop further in the outdoors. They biological control agents
are mainly common in rainy regions. frequently keep the larval
population in check.
Trichogrammatid wasps, for
example, parasitize the eggs. A
vespid wasp preys on the larvae
and is parasitized by a chalcid
wasp and two species of tachinid
flies.
 30

B. Rodents

Rats in rice fields damage or uproot transplanted plants. Additionally, the

young seedlings are cut down. They consume rice panicles during the booting stage.

On the other hand, they eat growing rice grains when they are in the ripening stage.

Lowland irrigated rice crops contain rats.

Rat reproduction and agricultural destruction are more likely during wet and

dry seasons. Rodents have the most significant impact on rainfed rice harvests during

the rainy season. Access to food, water, and shelter are the elements that create the

best conditions for breeding. The presence of grassy plants also prompts their

development.

Rice field rats are most active around dusk and dawn when night-feeding.

They can be discovered during the daylight amongst plants, weeds, or developing

fields. They use large rivers and village gardens as excellent habitats during the

fallow season. They are in rice paddies 65% of the time after maximal tillering and

75% during tillering when they are in burrows along the banks.

Managing Rodents

Community Control

● burrows of rats by flooding, excavating, or fumigating

● Scare off rats from densely vegetated areas and communities (rats can be

caught using netting, dogs, clubs, and other methods).

● Locate active rat burrows using dogs, then go to Step 1.

● Use clubs, a bow and arrows, a flashlight, and netting to go rat hunting at

night.
 31

● Place neighborhood kill traps along rat runways.

● Use licensed rat poisons in covered bait stations (but not in areas where kids,

pets, or animals can easily access them).

Field Management

● Keep rice bunds (banks) in the crops to a width of no more than 30 cm to

stop rats from digging.

● Maintaining the field's boundaries, the bunds, and the surrounding area

clean and clear of high weeds and rat-hiding places.

● Planting within two weeks of your surroundings' planting time.

● Preparing a trap barrier system (TBS) use plan for the rice season when

rodent damage is most profound.

● Maintaining a tidy environment around farms, houses, and communities,

with no weedy patches, waste mounds, or piles of wood or brush.

● Keeping the surrounding environment and grain storage areas clean.

Burrows of rats by flooding, excavating, or fumigating

● Scare off rats from densely vegetated areas and communities (rats can be

caught using netting, dogs, clubs, and other methods).

● Locate active rat burrows using dogs, then go to Step 1.

● Use clubs, a bow and arrows, a flashlight, and netting to go rat hunting at

night.

● Place neighborhood kill traps along rat runways.

● Use licensed rat poisons in covered bait stations (but not in areas where

kids, pets, or animals can easily access them)

 32

C. Snails

Pest Control

Controlling, managing, reducing, or eradicating unwanted insects and

other pests from areas used by people is known as pest control. Snail management

can take many different forms.

Community-based snail management

Communities should cooperate in lowering snail populations to control the

snail best. When preparing the soil for planting or crop establishment, organize

community-wide mass efforts to gather snails and their eggs. When rice plants are

most vulnerable (below 30 days), fields should be kept as well-drained as

possible. Alternatively, 25–30-day old seedlings from low-density nursery beds

can be transplanted.

Cultural Control

There are several alternatives here, like collecting snails by

● Handpick snails. Hand and crushing egg masses. When snails are most

active, which is in the morning and afternoon, this is best done. Place

bamboo stakes to create areas for snails to deposit their eggs so that they

can be easily collected and destroyed. To simplify hand-picking, you can

use attractants or plants that attract snails, including papaya and cassava

leaves. The next step is to control the water since apple snails find it

challenging to move in less than 2 cm of water.

 33

● Manage Water. Keep the water level at or below 2 cm during the rice

plant's sensitive periods. After the final site preparation, build canals or

canalettes, such as those 15 to 25 cm broad and 5 cm deep. Canalettes aid

in drainage and serve as snails' focal points, making manual collection or

death of the creatures more straightforward.

● Prevent Field Entry. In strips across the field or canalettes, you can

employ poisonous plants like tobacco leaves, heartleaf fake pickerelweed,

and citrus leaves. Preventing field entry is the next step. From reservoirs,

rivers, and canals, snails can overrun crops. Where the water enters and

leaves the field, place a barrier. Cover the primary irrigation water input

and outlet with a wire, woven bamboo screen, or mesh bag to keep snails

out. Lastly,

● Transplant. Rice that has been transplanted is less susceptible than rice

that has been directly sown. Chemicals can be used to manage snail

populations. However, if other measures fail, chemical control may

occasionally be required. Look for goods that are easily accessible locally

and not dangerous to people and the environment. Add fertilizer in 2 cm of

water according to the standard fertilizer application rate and schedule to

enhance the detrimental effects on apple snails.

In conclusion, pest control entails managing, reducing, or getting rid of

unwelcome insects and pests from areas that are used by people. Depending on

the situation, there are several ways to manage snails, including community-based

snail management, biological control, cultural control, and chemical control.

 34

These methods are effective against harmful pests such as golden apple snails that

pose a risk to rice farms, public health and result in severe property damage.

LITERATURE CITED

Bacterial blight - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.). IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank.
Retrieved July 27, 2023, from
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/decision-tools/rice-doctor/rice-doctor-fact-
sheets/item/bacterial-blight

Beetle - Students. (n.d.). Britannica Kids. Retrieved July 27, 2023, from
https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/beetle/273149

Biological Control of Rice Insect Pests. (n.d.). Biological Control of Rice Insect Pests.
Retrieved July 27, 2023, from
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/bioControl/module_3/07.htm

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2023)/ Integrated Pest Management | Pest
and Pesticide Management. IPM and Pesticide Risk Reduction. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from
https://www.fao.org/pest-and-pesticide-management/ipm/integrated-pest-
management/en/

Greenhorned caterpillar - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.). IRRI Rice Knowledge
Bank. Retrieved July 27, 2023, from
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/
insects/item/greenhorned-caterpillar

Jepson, P. (2022). The PAMS approach to integrated pest management. Integrated Pest
Management. Pest, Weeds, and Diseases. OSU Extension Service. Oregon State
University. Retrieved from https://extension.oregonstate.edu/pests-weeds-
diseases/ipm/pams-approach-integrated-pest-management

Long-horned grasshopper | Insects, Orthoptera, Acrididae. (2023, July 11). Britannica.

Retrieved July 28, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/long-horned-
grasshopper-2096594

Michaluk, S. (2023, June 23). Dragonfly | Description, Anatomy, Habitat, Life Cycle, &
Facts. Britannica. Retrieved July 27, 2023, from
https://www.britannica.com/animal/dragonfly
 35

Orb-Weaver Spiders - Facts, Prevention & Spider Control. (n.d.). Orkin. Retrieved July
27, 2023, from https://www.orkin.com/pests/spiders/orb-weaver-spiders

Pesticide Environmental Stewardship. (n.d.) Monitoring. Pesticide Environmental

Stewardship. Center for Integrated Pest Management. Retrieved from
https://pesticidestewardship.org/ipm/monitoring/#:~:text=Commonly%20this
%20means%20identifying%20where,to%20the%20asset%20being%20protected
%20(

Rice bug - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.). IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. Retrieved
July 27, 2023, from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-
management/insects/item/rice-bug
Rice Knowledge Bank, (n.d.). How to prepare the rice field for planting.
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/pre-planting/land-
preparation#:~:text=A%20well%2Dprepared%20field%20controls,soil
%20surface%20for%20direct%20seeding.

Rice Knowledge Bank, (n.d.) How to manage water.

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/water-
management

Rice Knowledge Bank, (n.d.). Pests and Diseases.

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/pests-and-
diseases/golden-apple-snails

Rice Knowledge Bank, (n.d.). Rats. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-

sheets/pest-management/rats/item/rats-fact-sheet

Rice leaffolder - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.). IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank.
Retrieved July 27, 2023, from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-
sheets/pest-management/insects/item/rice-leaffolder

Rice leaffolder - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.). IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank.
Retrieved July 27, 2023, from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-
sheets/pest-management/insects/item/rice-leaffolder

Rice whorl maggot - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.). IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank.
Retrieved July 27, 2023, from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-
sheets/pest-management/insects/item/rice-whorl-maggot

Sartore, J. (n.d.). Wolf Spider Facts. National Geographic. Retrieved July 27, 2023, from
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/wolf-spider
 36

Stem borer - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.). IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. Retrieved
July 27, 2023, from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-
management/insects/item/stem-borer

APPENDICES

A. Integrated Pest Management Monitoring Form

 37

Day 1 – Monitoring Form

 38

Day 2 – Monitoring Form

 39

Day 3 – Monitoring Form

 40

Day 4 – Monitoring Form

 41

Day 5 – Monitoring Form

 42

Day 6 – Monitoring Form

 43

Day 7 – Monitoring Form

 44

Day 8 – Monitoring Form

 45

Day 9 – Monitoring Form

 46

B. Documentation of Monitoring Activity

47
48
49