APPROACHES & PRACTICES
Harvested depending on the desire of the
IN PEST MANAMGEMENT
LECTURE NOTES
23/02/2021 & 03/03/2021
23/02/2021 REVIEW
When is the best time to protect plants?
- Protect plants from the start, land
preparation.
- Alternate plowing & harrowing. Plowing
breaks the seeds, eggs and larvae on the
land/soil exposing them to high temperature
thus killing them or be crushed.
- Now mechanized, double passing of
tractors.
23/02/2021 REVIEW
*Pests causes expected yields to decrease.
*Financial Aspect – important for farmers to have.
*Department of Agriculture gives fertilizers, seeds,
sprayers, and equipment to farmers. Cooperatives
are able to access use of machineries.
TWO KINDS OS FARMERS
1. Scientific Farmers – uses scientific
methods in farming.
2. Traditional Farmers – relies on skill and
old traditions and beliefs in farming. Uses
old techniques/old teachings.
*We can never totally control pests.
STEP-BY-STEM PRODUCTION
 Seedling Stage – seed sowing or seed
germination.
 Transplanting – start of vegerative stage.
 Vegetative stage – increase in number of
tillers. The growth & development of
seedlings.
 Reproductive Stage - the rice is slowly
having flowers. The term “preggy” is used
to call fertilized rice.
 Maturity & Ripening Stage – the panicles
are expected to mature & ripen.
TWO TYPES OF MATURITY
1. Commercial Maturity – for selling.
consumer.
2. Physiological Maturity – waiting for it to
reach maturity stage.
Example: Coconut can be harvested early
and can be harvested late until it is mature.
Therefore, coconut is considered
Commercial & Physiological Maturity.
*Maturity are called/referred to its fruits.
TWO KINDS OF FRUITS
1. Botanical Fruits – derived from a mature
pistil flower. Fruits from flowers.
2. Pomological – fruits that are not from
flowers. Example” Root Crops.
Soil Borne Insects – they live inside the soil.
Complete Metamorphosis: egg – larvae –
pupa – adult. The larvae stage is the most
destructive stage of an insect because of
how it feeds on the plant. They consume
any part of the plant.
Incomplete Metamorphosis: egg – nymph –
adult. Less destructive than complete
metamorphosis.
Micro-organisms – are disease causing organisms,
fungi, virus, bacteria, & nematode.
Difference of:
Irrigated Areas – natural source of water.
Rain fed Areas – dependent on rain water.i
*Irrigated areas are better than rain fed areas. It is
easier in irrigated area because it can plow the
area/flood the area to kill weeds, eggs, larvae, and
other soil borne organisms.
Other Cultural Methods:
*Crop Rotation – alternate planting in crops so that
there is no continuity of insect infestation.
*Basic Control – thorough land preparation &
organic land fertilizer.
*IPM – discourages the use of chemicals as to the
extent of it.
*Pesticides must be the last resort to use. It is not
the first option. It is harmful to human health and
the environment. It can cause the shortening of a
man’s lifespan causing diseases and cancer.
*Organic Farming is recommended yet organic
products are expensive.
*Organic Vegetables & Fruits – when buying, the
farmer must be a confirmed or certified organic
grower. They have an accreditation process to
undergo to confirm if they use organic methods in
growing crops.
*Land & Water already have its own chemicals
present in them due to past man activities. So
organically produced products have minimal
portion of chemicals in it. They are not 100%
organic.
*Contaminants – presence of micro-organisms in
the land & water. Mineral water is dead or
demineralized water. Deep well water is
contaminated if it is too shallow.
How can you say that it’s caused by pathogens?
- Up root the plant, see if there are white
stuff on the roots. Plants infected by these
pathogens are hard to solve than insect
caused damage on plants.
When to say of its infection or infestation?
- Infection: caused by pathogens or micro-
organisms.
- Infestation: caused by insect pests.
Bacteria in the Body:
 Anti-biotic: against life.
 Pro-biotic: supports life.
*Insecticides are used to kill insects. Be careful or
cautious with using insecticides or fungicides
because there is a tendency that beneficial insects or
micro-organisms will be disposed of together with
the pests that are intended to kill.

APPROACHES & PRACTICES CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT

IN PEST MANAMGEMENT SYMPTOMS
 Local
LECTURE NOTES  Systemic
 Hyperplastic
09/03/2021  Hypo-plastic

REVIEW
7 PLANT PESTS
*Diseases in plants are caused by micro-organism
(fungi, bacteria, virus & nematodes) showing 1. Insects
abnormalities on plants.
Mode of Insect Entry:
 Fungicide
 Contact Insecticides
 Bactericide
- Are sprayed on the surface and are
 Virucide
inhaled by the insect.
 Nematicide
Example:
IPM – Integrated Pest Management. Grasshoppers inhale the insecticide
through their spiracles.
Symptoms – any visible manifestation of a disease.  Stomach Insecticides
Signs – refers to the structure of pathogen that - Are sprayed & must be ingested by the
causes the symptoms or the disease. insect to take effect.
 Systemic Insecticides
What causes the yellowing of leaves? - Has generalized effect, can take effect
- Lack of water, lack of nutrients, caused by on all parts of the plant.
pathogenic action. Example: Sweet potato with weevil
- Environmental factors that causes infestation.
yellowing.
2. Diseases / Pathogens
*You need to have correct plant disease diagnosis. *Rotting – does not only happen in watery
things, there is this thing that we call:
 “Dry Rot”
*It is better to control insect infestation than
microbial infection.
*Seeds must be given a chemical treatment, both
insecticide & fungicide.
Example: An eggplant seed takes up 30 days to
germinate.
PLANTING RICE: There are advantages &
disadvantages in planting rice early.
 Advantages of Early Planting of Rice:
(ideally around May)
- By the rainy season comes, the stem
will be matured.
 Disadvantages of Early Planting of Rice
- Bird would eat on the mature rice.
Scenario 1:
Farmer A planted early, while farmer
B planted late. During rainy seasons, it
is the time of the golden sails. Farmer
A’s rice stem is already matured, while
farmer B’s are still young. Golden
snails likes watery spots. So they
infested farmer B’s.
However, planting early has
disadvantages. Birds like to eat mature
rice, so the birds eat those of Farmer
A’s because siya palang yung nagtanim
ng maaga kaya walang choice itong
mga bird na ito kung hindi yung
sakanya lang.
*You should diagnose correctly the disease and
even insect infestation. If incorrect, there’s a
possibility that the insect or pathogen would grow
immune of the insecticide/fungicide.
*FUNGICIDE is the general chemical used on
disease pathogens.
3. Weeds
 Weeds are not only applied to grasses.
Grasses are just grasses. It is case to case
basis.
 When the grassed removed is fed to
animals, it is beneficial.
 Weeds are unwanted/undesirable and
plants grown out of plant.
 All plants can be considered as weeds.
When it is not needed in that specific
crop/plot, it is considered weeds.
 It is a matter if it is intentional or
unintentional.
 Weeds compete with nutrients, space, water
and sunlight.
WATER: weeds compete for water.
SUNLIGHT: if weeds are bigger, they can shade
the crop plant and prevent them from getting
adequate sunlight.
THOROUGH LAND PREPARATION
Alternate plowing and harrowing. The land is
intentionally flooded in irrigated areas to kill the
seeds of weeds.
It is only in harrowing that the land is disintegrated.
But thorough land preparation does not mean it
completely kills all the weeds, it only prevents it to
grow fast.
If the weeds are not controlled during planting or
transplanting, there is already the completion of
nutrients. Farmers have very poor knowledge on
integrated nutrient management. Most farmers are
traditional farmers.
Example:
Ammonium sulfate VS Urea
Php600/50kg Php1100/50kg
21% Nitrogen 46% Nitrogen
Farmers prefer to use ammonium sulfate
because it is cheaper than urea. A scientific
farmer knows the right amount of fertilizer’s
content & the time of application, & what to
apply through FERTILIZER
COMPUTATION.
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
Farmers want their plant to be of dark green of
color. Example a farmer mixes ammonium sulfate
and urea. This has 75% content of nitrogen. A
negative effect of this is:
- It can attract pest because of its color
- Susceptible to latching during milk stage, the
rice seeds will rot
4. Mollusks
- Golden apple snail or snails in general like
rainy/wet seasons.
5. Birds
- Birds feed on rice & soft fruits.
6. Rodents / Field Rodents
- They feast on vegetative & mature stage of rice, 1. Biological Control – use of beneficial organisms,
their stem, & grains. They also attack fruit Example: predators (feed on other insects or other
trees. organisms, example: wasps, lady beetle, damsel
flies, dragon flies), and parasitism.
7. Man
2. Cultural Methods – use of resistant variety (most
- People as pests.
economical, has high capacity to survive) of rice or
plants.
*3 CONTROL MEASURE OF
RESISTANT VARIETIES:
a. Tolerance – ability to survive high pest
infestation.
b. Anti-biosis – against life. Insects can get
detrimental effects from resistance variety:

-Lowering survival rate

-Lowering Fecundity/Fertility
c. Non-preferred – insects do not prefer to
fest on resistant varieties.
*Crop Rotation – planting of different
families of plant on the same piece of land.
*Intercropping – plant of different crops
from different families on the same piece of
land.
*IPM can’t totally control pests. It only aims to
reduce these pests to non-damaging level – to
tolerable levels by plants & farmer.
MOST BASIC CONTROL MEASURE
THOROUGH LAND PREPARATION – can be
achieved by DOUBLE PASSING. Can be more
achieved in irrigated areas. When you pass by the
first time, then flooding follows, it would kill the
APPROACHES & PRACTICES larvae & eggs because it will be washed away or
mabulok. The insect pest would be exposed to high
IN PEST MANAMGEMENT
temperature, would kill seeds of weeds &
pathogens. IRRIGATED AREAS THROUGH
LECTURE NOTES FLOODING.
*Rodents prefer grasses areas. Rodents are also
06/04/2021 partially controlled by flooding. Putting used oil on
rodents’ pathways causes itchiness & irritation that
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
can cause them to itch to death.
SLIDE 1: What is IPM?
*At irrigated areas, the land is well-leveled.
Why do we practice IPM?
*IPM promotes the judicious use of pesticides
The government is encouraging the farmers of when all other pests control measures have been
organic farming, so it is vital to learn about IPM. already been implement – meaning biological &
cultural measure are done but still there’s
IPM is the practice that combines: infestation APPLICATION OF PESTICIDE
WOULD BE RECOMMENDED. It is the last
recourse.
SLIDE 2: Can IPM be used in all pests?
Answer: Yes, IPM is applicable to all pests
especially when properly planned & implements.
*7 STAGES OF THE DISEASE CYCLE
1. Inoculation. Deposition of inocular to the
infection chord. Inoculum is any part of the
pathogen or insect that caused the disease. The
first contact of pathogen with its hose in a place
where infection is possible.

- In Rodents, sanitation is needed. 2. Penetration. Enter intra-cellularly. It is the

- In mollusks, early planting is needed,
construction of canals, steaking?
- In insect pests, biological & cultural
methods.
- In Man, spiritual wellness. Teaching of
discipline and respect to people & plants.
direct penetration of the cell walls through
natural openings or thorough wounds.
3. Infection. The inoculum starts to feed on the
nutrients from the susceptible tissues of the
hosts.

IPM is more applicable to insect pests & micro-
organisms.
SLIDE 3: When are organisms considered pests?
- Significantly reduced: a huge
impact/reduction on the yield.
SLIDE 4: What are the major pests of rice plant?
The 7 Major Plant Pests. (Refer to 09/03/2021
lecture notes)
SLIDE 5: What are natural enemies of pests?
Natural enemies are naturally occurring. But at
some places, there are no natural enemies. They are
their predators or parasitoids.
 Predators – eats fellow organisms.
 Parasitoids – they depend on other
organisms.
4. Invasion. Starts before colonization. It starts
with a small part infected then turns to a big
one.
5. Colonization. Area of infection widens and
stars to show symptoms.
5.1. Incubation. Incubation period – is the
time interval between inoculation & the
appearance of disease symptoms.
6. Dissemination/Transfer. This is where the
movement of the micro-organisms that infected
the plant to another place. It moves from the
diseased spot to a healthy spot.
7. Over-wintering & Over-summering or
Survival. Evolutionary technique followed by
many pathogens to survive the adverse period
of their life cycle. It helps pathogens to
complete their life cycle and can spread their
infections in the next year.

Natural enemies can be gone from the field because

of continuous use of pesticides. Below are three
ways on how to manage natural enemies.

*3 WAYS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

a. Introduction – if there are no naturally

occurring natural enemies. They will be put
there.

b. Augment – if they are naturally occurring but

insufficient in number.

c. Conservation – if there a lot /plentythat are

naturally occurring. Can be managed by plating
food for these natural enemies.

*Disease Cycle is the sequence of events that lead

to disease infection/production.