Name: ______________________________________________ Date: ________________

Grade & Section: _____________________________________ Text Structure: IMRaD

Determine which of the IMRAD structure is the following paragraph.

Write Introduction, Methodology, Results, or Discussion.

1. Sleep is a fundamental physiological process that plays a crucial role in cognitive

functioning and overall well-being. Adequate sleep duration and quality are essential for
optimal cognitive performance, but modern lifestyles often lead to sleep deprivation. This
study aims to investigate the effects of acute sleep deprivation on cognitive performance,
utilizing a controlled experimental design.
2. In this section, you describe how the study was conducted, including the participants,
materials, and procedures.
3. Research Problem: State the specific research question or hypothesis, e.g., "Does
caffeine consumption before bedtime affect sleep patterns?"
4. Participants: Detail information about the study's participants, such as age, gender, and
any inclusion/exclusion criteria.
5. The results revealed a significant decline in cognitive performance in the sleep-deprived
group across all cognitive tasks. Reaction times were significantly slower (p < 0.001), and
memory recall was significantly impaired (p < 0.05) compared to the control group.
Furthermore, sleep-deprived participants displayed increased lapses in attention (p <
0.01). These findings suggest that acute sleep deprivation has a detrimental impact on
various aspects of cognitive functioning.
6. Graphs/Tables: Include visual aids to illustrate key findings, such as bar charts showing
sleep quality before and after caffeine consumption.
7. Purpose: Explain the aim of the study and its significance.
8. Implications: Discuss the practical and theoretical implications of the findings.
9. Interpretation of Results: Explain what the data show and how they answer the research
question.
10. Participants: Forty healthy adults aged 20-30 years were recruited for this study. They
were randomly assigned to either the sleep-deprived group or the control group.
11. Background: Discuss the prevalence of caffeine consumption and its potential impact on
sleep quality.
12. Data Analysis: Statistical analysis involved t-tests to compare pre- and post-sleep
deprivation performance within each group and to compare performance between the two
groups.
13. Materials: List the tools or instruments used, such as questionnaires or sleep monitoring
devices.
14. The findings of this study highlight the critical importance of adequate sleep for cognitive
performance. Sleep deprivation not only leads to slower reaction times but also impairs
memory and attention, which can have substantial implications for daily functioning and
safety. Future research should explore interventions and strategies to mitigate the
negative effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance and consider the broader
societal implications of sleep deficiency.
15. It provides background information, states the research problem or hypothesis, and
outlines the purpose of the study.
16. Procedures: Explain how the study was conducted, including the caffeine dosage, timing
of consumption, and sleep monitoring protocol.
17. Descriptive Statistics: Provide an overview of the data, including means, standard
deviations, and sample sizes.
18. Procedure: Participants in the sleep-deprived group were kept awake for 24 hours, while
the control group maintained their regular sleep pattern. Cognitive performance was
assessed using a battery of standardized tests, including reaction time tasks, memory
tests, and attention assessments, administered at baseline and after the sleep deprivation
period.
19. Statistical Tests: Describe any statistical tests used to analyze the data, such as t-tests or
ANOVA.
20. It presents the findings of the study, including any statistical analyses and visual
representations like graphs or tables.