Trong mc c tuyn s hin th cc gi tr I v t xc nh c tuyn ca ch.

C 2 c tuyn xc nh bng t kha MM (minimum melting time) v MC (maximum clearing time) trond field curvetype ca bng fusse_curve. Ngi dng c th thay i cc gi tr ny cho ph hp vi thit b thc t. Thng thng tt c cc loi ch thc t u c cp nht y khng cn thit cp nht na. II.2.3.5. Chnh sa c tnh ca Relay c : Nhn chut vo nt tng ng theo hng dn hnh giao din ca chng trnh chnh trnh by trn, ti mn hnh s xut hin giao din cho php ngi dng tin hnh chnh sa c tnh ca relay c:

Hnh 7 Giao din hiu chnh cc c tnh ca relay u tin chn hng sn xut ti mc manufacturer. Tip theo chn loi relay cn hiu chnh trong mc Type. Lu l cng mt loi relay nhung chnh nh khc loi c tuyn vn c PSS/ADEPT qui nh l 2 relay khc nhau. V d relay SEL351 ca hng Schweitzer trong y c chia lm 5 loi khc nhau l SEL351_U1(c tuyn Moderately Inverse); SEL351_U2 (c tuyn Inverse); SEL351_U3 (c tuyn Very Inverse ) SEL351_U4 (c tuyn Extremely Inverse); SEL351_U5(c tuyn Short-Time Inverse). Khi cc c tnh k thut ca relay chn s c hin th ti 3 bng. bng trn cng bn gc phi cho bit cc thng tin chung v relay bao gm cc field sau: (cc field khng c gi tr s c b trng) n v ca dng in chnh nh (Tap Unit) chn bng 1 nu dng n v Ampe v chn bng 0 nu dng n v tng i
42

nh dng thi gian chnh nh (Time_Dial Format) chn bng 0 nu ly gi tr thi gian chnh nh theo bng Relay Curve (s cp di y) v chn bng 1 nu c nh thi gian chnh nh bng gi tr nh nht, ln nht v chia nh nht c th Thi gian chnh nh nh nht (minimum Time dial) Thi gian chnh nh ln nht (maximum Time dial) chia nh nht ca thi gian chnh nh (time dial step) S hiu c tuyn do nh sn xut qui nh (Curve number :khng cn quan tm) Phn nhm relay (Relay category name) :c cc nhm nh qu dng (OVER CURRENT RELAY), t ng li (RECLOSING RELAY) bng bn di gc tri cho bit cc thng tin ca nh sn xut v relay bao gm cc field sau: M s Phm vi dng in chnh nh (TAP RANGE ID) : mi loi relay c cc hng sn xut vi nhiu model khc nhau , mi model c phm vi dongf chnh inh khc nhau. Gi tr dng in chnh nh nh nht (minimum tap). Gi tr dng in chnh nh ln nht (maximum tap) chia nh nht ca dng in chnh nh (tap step) Phm vi tc ng ct tc thi (instantaneous range) : khong gi tr bi s ngng dng in cho php ci t ch ct tc thi . Bng bn di gc phi l bng c tuyn ca recloser gm 4 field nh sau (mi khi chn mt loi relay th bng s hin th cc c tuyn ca relay y: M s relay (DevId) Gi tr thi gian chnh nh (TIME_DIAL) mi relay c mt s gi tr thi gian chnh nh theo tiu chun. Nu relay c sn xut theo chun IEC th c cc gi tr Time_dial chun l 0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 0.6; 0.7; 0.8; 0.9; 1.0. Nu relay sn xut theo tiu chun US th s c cc gi tr time_dial chun l 0.5; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15. T cc gi tr Time dial chun ny PSS/ADEPT s tnh v xc nh cc c tuyn ca relay vi gi tr time_dial bt k Gi tr dng in (Current: honh trn giy v log_log) tnh trn c s bi s ngng dng in tc ng nh nht
43

Thi gian tc ng (Time : tung tren giy v log_log) tnh theo n v giy) Mi c tuyn ca relay s gm mt s record (mi record gm 4 field nh trn ). Mi record c 4 field bao gm m s relay, time_dial v cc cp gi tr honh , tung xc nh v tr ca c tuyn trn giy v log_log . V d sau cho c tuyn c gi tr Time_dial l 7 ca relay mang m hiu SEL351_U3 (c tuyn Very INVERSE) do hng Schweitzer sn xut.
RelayCurve
DevId SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 SEL351-U3 Time-Dial 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Time 25.6024 11.11706667 6.682780952 4.6504 3.529511111 2.839733333 2.382867532 2.063733333 1.657257143 1.417066667 1.263098413 1.1584 1.083935354 0.908971429 0.848194486 0.82014359 0.804927253 Current 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30

Bng 1 Gi tr c tuyn relay SEL351_U3

44

 hiu chnh c tuyn ca recloser ngi dng c th chnh li cc gi tr Time v current tong ng c c tuyn hiu chnh ph hp vi thc t. Trng hp mun thm c tuyn cha c trong bng trn ngi dng c th to mt table (bng) tng t nh trn trong EXCEL ri dn vo trong bng c tuyn relay trong c s d liu ny. Lu trc khi dn phi to nn mt s record trng tng ng trong bng c tuyn (Relay curve). Trng hp hay phi iu chnh c tuyn ca relay nht l khi relay c sn xut tha c hai chun IEC v US nn cho php chn la gi tr Time dial theo c hai chun IEC v US. Gi tr thc t ci t s dng v cc gi tr trong c s d liu ca PSS/ADEPT ny theo hai chun khc nhau nh trng hp ngi vit gp phi i vi relay SEL351_U3 nh trn. (Gi tr trong c s d liu theo chun US cn gi tr ci t thc t ti trm Ph nh li theo chun IEC) II.2.3.6. Chnh sa c tnh ca Recloser c : Nhn chut vo nt tng ng theo hng dn hnh giao din ca chng trnh chnh trnh by trn, ti mn hnh s xut hin giao din cho php ngi dng tin hnh chnh sa c tnh ca relay c:

Hnh 8 Giao din hiu chnh cc c tnh ca recloser u tin chn hng sn xut ti mc manufacturer. Tip theo chn loi recloser cn hiu chnh trong mc Type. Khi cc c tnh k thut ca recloser chn s c hin th ti 3 bng. bng trn cng bn gc phi cho bit cc thng tin chung v recloser bao gm cc field sau: (cc field khng c gi tre c b trng) in p nh mc Loi recloser : thy lc hay in t
45

Mi trng dp h quang Mc xung c bn (BIL: basic Impulse level) Dng in nh mc ln nht cho php S catalogue do nh sn xut qui nh (khng cn thit) M s b iu khin in t (i vi b iu khin ca recloser in t) bng bn di gc tri cho bit cc thng tin v nh mc ca recloser bao gm cc field sau: Dng in nh mc cun dy iu khin (i vi recloser thy lc) Ngng tc ng s c nh nht. (i vi recloser in t field ny s c nhiu gi tr cho ngi dng lc chn, khi h s nhn trc ngang cp di cng phi thay i tng ng) in p hot ng Dng in s c nh mc cho php M s c tuyn s dng (dng tham chiu n cc c tuyn c trong bng c tuyn) thng chnh l tn ca loi recloser ang xt. H s nhn trc ngang ca c tuyn. (c tuyn ca recloser c xy dng vi 1 ngng tc ng s c nht nh khi s dng recloser ngng tc ng s c khc cn phi c h s nhn trc ngang hiu chnh c tuyn) Bng bn di gc phi l bng c tuyn ca recloser gm 4 field nh sau (mt bng chung cho tt c cc recloser ): M s c tuyn (CURVE_PTR) cho php tham chiu n c tuynkhi c chn bng nh mc trn Tn loi c tuyn (CURVE_SET_TYPE) ch c th tn ca loi c tuyn ca recloser (mi recloser c th c nhiu c tuyn khc nhau) Gi tr dng in (X: honh trn giy v log_log) tng ng l thi gian tc ng (Y : tung tren giy v log_log) Mi c tuyn ca recloser s gm mt s record (mi record gm 4 field nh trn ). Mi record c 4 field bao gm m s c tuyn, tn loi c tuyn v cc cp gi tr honh , tung xc nh v tr ca c tuyn trn giy v log_log . V d sau cho c tuyn A ca recloser C4H ca hng Cooper

46

RecloserCurve
CURVE_PTR REC4H REC4H REC4H REC4H REC4H REC4H REC4H REC4H REC4H REC4H REC4H REC4H CURVE_SET_TYPE A A A A A A A A A A A A X 10 12.32 14.99 17.58 19.84 22.34 24.87 29.76 34.72 40.05 44.96 49.74 Y 0.61 0.339 0.217 0.16 0.132 0.111 0.096 0.078 0.068 0.06 0.055 0.052

Bng 2 Gi tr c tuyn recloser C4H ca hng Cooper hiu chnh c tuyn ca recloser ngi dng c th chnh li cc gi tr X, Y tong ng c tuyn hiu chnh ph hp vi thc t. Trng hp mun thm c tuyn cha c trong bng trn ngi dng c th to mt table (bng) tng t nh trn trong EXCEL ri dn vo trong bng c tuyn recloser trong c s d liu ny. Lu trc khi dn phi to nn mt s record trng tng ng trong bng c tuyn (Recloser curve). Trng hp phi hiu chnh c tuyn ca recloser hay gp nht l cc recloser in t do chng cho php ngi dng chn rt nhiu c tuyn khc nhau cng nh cho php ngi dng ci t cc thng s v thi gian hiu chnh cng nh ngng tc ng nhanh khc nhau nn c tuyn hot ng thc ca recloser rt phong ph trong khi c tuyn trong c s ch c dng chun cha c hiu chnh. Ngi vit gp trng hp i vi recloser ca hng Cooper dng c tuyn 201 ci h s iu chnh thi gian l 0.4 v ngng tc ng nhanh l 3.5; trong khi trong c s d liu ch c c tuyn 201 chun. Hai c tuyn th hin nh sau
47

Hnh 9 c tuyn chun v c tuyn hiu chnh

Ht chng !

48

CHNG 3:
BIU DIN, PHN TCH V NH GI D LIU H TR RA QUYT NH

CHNG 3: BIU DIN, PHN TCH V NH GI KT QU PHN TCH H TR RA QUYT NH

Trong mi t chc, mi nh qun l u cn c thng tin vch k hoch, t chc, bo m thc hin chc nng ca mnh: Ch huy v kim sot. Hiu qu ca qun l lin quan cht ch ti s lng v cht lng ca thng tin m ngi qun l nhn c. Nhng lung thng tin lun chuyn trong h thng lin lc ca t chc. Chng khng ch chuyn giao cc phn t cn thit cho vic ra quyt nh m cn phi iu phi cc hot ng ca cc c nhn trong t chc iu ha hp l vi cc mc ch ca t chc. Thng tin c xem l thng tin qun l nu c nh qun l cn hoc mun s dng thc hin tt chc nng ca h. H thng thng tin qun l ca in lc hin nay lun c EVN u t pht trin nh cc chng trnh CMIS FMIS v c phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Vi phn mm PSS/ADEPT, ta d dng thc hin cc thao tc biu din, phn tch v nh gi cc kt qu phn tch li in t phn mm. Vi cc thng tin ny gip chng ta qun l v ra quyt nh trong qu trnh cng tc. Cc kt qu tnh ton ca phn mm, gip phn tch, lp k hoch, qun l v ra quyt nh. H quyt nh: Thc hin cc tc v qun l a ra cc quyt nh chin lc, chin thut trong thi gian ngn hn hoc di hn. H tc nghip: Gm cc hot ng thc hin cc cng vic c tnh cnh tranh mc tiu xc nh bi h quyt nh. H thng tin: Thc hin vic lin h gia 2 h bo m cho chng vn hnh n v t cc mc tiu ra. Bng cc minh ho c th c trnh by trong chng, hy vng s gip cho cc qu trnh ny din ra hiu qu v nhanh chng.

50

I. Biu din
I.1. Xem cc chiu phn b cng sut
Ta c th xem cc chiu phn b cng sut (dng chy) ngay trc tip trn s sau khi thc hin gii bi ton phn b cng sut. Chiu phn b ca cng sut th hin cho c 2 thnh phn: thnh phn cng sut thc (P) v cng sut khng (Q). Mu sc hin th ca cc thnh phn cng sut c th c chn la sau cho ph hp nht trn tng s tnh ton. thc hin vic ny, ta thc hin nh sau: - M mt s li in - Chy bi ton phn b cng sut. Kt qu chy bi ton phn b cng sut nh sau:

Hnh 1 M s hin hu

-Chn popmenu\Diagram Properties...

51

Hnh 2 Pop menu

Hp thoi Diagram Properties...cho php chn la nhiu cch th hin s li in

52

Hnh 3 Hp thoi Diagram Properties

Ti hp thoi ny, ta cho th chn la mu sc ph hp th hin cho cc thnh phn ca c s hay cho th hin chiu phn b ca cc thnh phn cng sut P, Q. th hin theo ch hot hnh (chy v nhp nhy), ta nh du vo mc chn Animate trn hp thoi Diagram Properties.

Hnh 4 Hp thoi chn la mu sc

th hin chiu phn b cng sut theo ch hot hnh trn cc s tnh ton, bn cn hin 3 bc sau : 1. Chy bi ton phn b cng sut. 2. nh du vo mc chn Animate trong hp thoi Diagram Properties 3. Chn powertrong hp danh sch Display ti th Result

53

 thy c chiu phn b cng sut ta cn thc hin chn power.trong hp danh sch Display ti th Result nh sau.

Hnh 5 Chn powertrong hp danh sch Display ti th Result

I.2. Chn mu sc hin th kt qu tnh ton

Phn mm PSS/ADEPT cung cp kh nng dng mu sc th hin kt qu tnh ton. thc hin i ny, ti hp thoi Diagram Properties ta chn th Color Coding, trong hp danh sch Mode ta thy cc ch c th c th hin vi cc mu sc khc nhau.

54

Sau khi chon ch mun th hin mu ta n vo nt m mu, hp thoi chn la mu s gip ta chn c mu sc th hin mong mun.

Hnh 6 Hp thoi Diagram Properties, chn ch Unbalance nodes and Branches

II. Phn tch

II.1. Phn tch trn cc s tnh ton
Sau y minh ho s dng mu sc n th hin cc nt v cc nhnh trn li mt cn bng. Ti hp thoi Diagram Properties ta chn th Color Coding, trong hp danh sch Mode ta chn ch Unbalance nodes and Branches v chn mu phn tch l mu xanh dng.

D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

55

Hnh 7 Hp thoi Diagram Properties, chn ch Unbalance nodes and Branches s th hin

Sau khi chy bi ton phn tch, kt qu th hin trn s , phn mt cn bng th hin bng mu xanh dng rt thun tin cho vic phn tch s

Hnh 8 Vng mt cn bng trn li

56

II.2. Phn tch trn cc th

Qa trnh phn tch cc m hnh li in, phn mm cung cp cho chng ta rt nhiu th gip phn tch nhanh kt qu tnh ton. Sau y minh ha cch th hin th in p ti mt nt chn.

Hnh 9 Xem th in p

Hnh 10 th in p nt c chn

57

Hnh 11 th in p Bus c chn

III. nh gi
Sau y minh ho kh nng s dng phn mm nh gi hiu qu cc bi ton phn tch trc v sau ci to nng cp li in. i tng nh gi y l mt tuyn dy trung th thuc in lc H Ni. Bi ton phn tch nhm th hin tnh hiu qu t c khi lp cc gin t b trn li. M hnh tnh ton ca tuyn dy trung th thuc in lc H Ni xy dng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT nh sau:

58

Hnh 12 M li in c sn

Hnh 13 Menu Pop

59

 th hin kt qu tnh ton bng mu sc, ta chon mu v ch th hin nh sau: -Ch : Kt qu tnh ton cc theo mc in p. - Mu sc: in p cao-mu xanh dng. in p trung bnh-mu tm. in p thp-mu .

Hnh 14 Chn ch mun hin th mu

Hnh 15 Hp thoi Diagram Properties th Color Coding

Sau thc hin gii bi ton phn b cng sut ta nhn c kt qu nh sau:

60

Vng in p cao (mu xanh dng)

Vng in p thp (mu )

Hnh 16 Hin trng in p ca tuyn dy trc khi gii bi ton CAPO

Sau y ta thc hin chy bi ton xc nh v tr b ti u. Cc gi tr t cho bi ton CAPO trong hp thoi Analysis Option nh sau:

61

Hnh 17 Hp thoi Analysis Option

V tr b 1 V tr b 2 V tr b 3

V tr b 4

Kt qu chy bi ton CAPO

Hnh 18 Kt qu tnh ton CAPO: C 4 v tr b c nh c lp trn li

Kt qu tnh ton CAPO: C 4 v tr b c nh c lp trn li

Solving load flow... Load flow solution converged after 6 iterations. Beginning CAPO analysis... Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE15. Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE13. Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE12. Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE11. Placed 4 fixed capacitor bank(s). Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s). Initial system loss: 50.35 kW 50.06 kvar Final system loss: 41.37 kW 39.82 kvar ----------------------------------------------------Power savings: 8.99 kW 10.24 kvar CAPO analysis completed; Scroll up to view messages. Updating network...

62

Vng th hin mu sc theo mc in p: Ton b tuyn dy c in p t yu cu (in p cao-mu xanh dng)

Ton b tuyn dy c in p t yu cu (in p cao-mu xanh dng)

Hnh 19 Hiu qu ci thin in p khi gii bi ton CAPO

63

Phn u tuyn dy:Vng in p cao (mu xanh dng)

V tr b 1

Phn sau tuyn dy:Vng in p thp (mu )

Hnh 20 Tnh ton CAPO s dng 1 t b

Kt qu tnh ton CAPO: Khi ch c 1 v tr b c nh c lp trn li

Beginning CAPO analysis... Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE15. Placed 1 fixed capacitor bank(s). Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s). Initial system loss: 50.35 kW 50.06 kvar Final system loss: 43.13 kW 41.91 kvar ----------------------------------------------------Power savings: 7.23 kW 8.15 kvar CAPO analysis completed; Scroll up to view messages. Updating network...

Vng th hin mu sc theo mc in p: -Phn u tuyn dy:Vng in p cao (mu xanh dng)- khong 50% -Phn sau tuyn dy:Vng in p thp (mu )- khong 50%
64

Phn u tuyn dy:Vng in p cao (mu xanh dng)

V tr b 2

V tr b 1

Phn sau tuyn dy:Vng in p thp (mu )

Hnh 21 Tnh ton CAPO s dng 2 t b

Kt qu tnh ton CAPO: Khi ch c 2 v tr b c nh c lp trn li

Beginning CAPO analysis... Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE15. Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE13. Placed 2 fixed capacitor bank(s). Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s). Initial system loss: 50.35 kW 50.06 kvar Final system loss: 42.18 kW 40.80 kvar ----------------------------------------------------Power savings: 8.17 kW 9.26 kvar CAPO analysis completed; Scroll up to view messages. Updating network...

65

Vng th hin mu sc theo mc in p: -Phn u tuyn dy:Vng in p cao (mu xanh dng)- khong 60% -Phn sau tuyn dy:Vng in p thp (mu )- khong 40%

V tr b 2

V tr b 1

Phn u tuyn dy:Vng in p cao (mu xanh dng) Phn sau tuyn dy:Vng in p thp (mu )

Hnh 22 Tnh ton CAPO s dng 3 t b

Kt qu tnh ton CAPO: Khi ch c 3 v tr b c nh c lp trn li

Beginning CAPO analysis... Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE15. Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE13. Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE12. Placed 3 fixed capacitor bank(s). Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s). Initial system loss: 50.35 kW 50.06 kvar Final system loss: 41.93 kW 40.44 kvar ----------------------------------------------------Power savings: 8.43 kW 9.62 kvar CAPO analysis completed; Scroll up to view messages.

66

Updating network..

Vng th hin mu sc theo mc in p: -Phn u tuyn dy:Vng in p cao (mu xanh dng)- khong 90% -Phn sau tuyn dy:Vng in p thp (mu )- khong 10%

Hnh 23 Tnh ton CAPO s dng 4 t b Beginning CAPO analysis... Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE15. Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE13. Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE12. Placing 300.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NODE11. Placed 4 fixed capacitor bank(s). Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s). Initial system loss: 50.35 kW 50.06 kvar Final system loss: 41.37 kW 39.82 kvar ----------------------------------------------------Power savings: 8.99 kW 10.24 kvar CAPO analysis completed; Scroll up to view messages.

67

Updating network...

IV. Tnh ton li in quy m ln nhiu cp in p

IV.1. iu chnh to
Phn mm PSS/ADPET c s dng tnh ton rt hu hiu cho li phn phi. Theo nh cung cp, phn mm ny c th p dng tnh ton cho li truyn ti, siu cao p. Cc in lc khu vc, sau khi p dng tnh ton cho li phn phi trung th c th m rng tnh ton hoc li truyn ti nu mun.

Bus c chn v thm li in h th vo

Hnh 24 S tnh ton 1 tuyn dy trung th hin hu chun b m rng

thc hin tnh ton cho li phn phi h th t 1 tuyn dy trung th ta thc hin nh sau: T s tnh ton 1 tuyn dy trung th hin hu ta vo menu Diagram/Adjust Coordinates... m chc nng gip ta iu chnh to .

68

Hp thoi Adjust Coordinates nh di y, sau ta thc hin phng ln gin s ln gp 3 ln nh sau:

Hnh 25 Hp thoi Adjust Coordinates

Sau li h th c v thm vo nh sau

Li in h th c v thm vo 1 nt trung th

Hnh 26 M rng li in tnh ton, li in h th c v thm vo 1 nt trung th

69

IV.2. Tnh ton tng tr my bin th

y l chng trnh do nhm bin son xy dng, bn lin h c cp a ci t chng trnh

Hnh 27 Giao din chng trnh tnh Tnh ton tng tr my bin th

Ht chng !

70

CHNG 4:
C KT KINH NGHIM P DNG TI MT S LI IN CA CC IN LC KHU VC

CHNG 4: C KT KINH NGHIM P DNG TI MT S LI IN CA CC IN LC KHU VC

Hin nay, cc n v in lc khu vc trong cc Cng ty in lc cha c phn mm mnh tnh ton cc thng s li phc v cc cng tc ca n v. Chng hn nh: Cc n v ang s dng cc chng trnh theo di mt in, thng k s v, thi gian mt in nhng cha p dng cc ch s c th nh gi tin cy cung cp in ca li in. Cc cng ty in lc trn th gii thng xy dng mt s ch s nh lng c th nh gi. Cc thng s bo co nh bnh qun khch hng khu vc sinh hot b mt in 3 v/nm, 120 pht/nm, ... s c th, d hiu, d nh gi hn. Trc bi cnh nh vy, i vi cc Cng ty in lc ang t ra mt s yu cu sau: Cc n v qun l li in cn h thng ho, chun ho kin thc p dng tnh ton v in trong cc hot ng ca Cng ty nht l cng tc qun l k thut vn hnh li in. u tin l cc bi ton: phn b cng sut trn li, ngn mch, b cng sut phn khng, tin cy,l cc vn m cc n v cn gii quyt hng ngy, thm ch hng gi. Thng tin chi tit v s dng phn mm tnh ton k thut in chuyn ngnh nh PSS/U, PSS/ADEPT, PSS/E. Trang b kin thc CNTT ni chung v phn mm tnh ton k thut chuyn ngnh in ni ring cho cc n vi trc thuc trong cc Cng ty in lc. c th nh gi, theo di v gim st hiu qu cng tc pht trin xy dng mi, i tu ci to, qun l k thut v vn hnh li in ca cc n v da vo cng c hiu qu l phn mm tnh ton k thut in PSS/ADEPT. Trc cc hiu qu tt p do cc phn mm em li, cc Cng ty in lc s trang b phn mm PSS/ADEPT cho cc n v trc thuc. Tuy nhin cc Cng ty in lc cn tham kho thm cc kinh nghim p dng ca cc n v bn trc khi mua cc phn mm ny. Sau y trnh by cc kinh nghim c kt t qu trnh p dng ca cc n v.

72

I. Tng kt p dng
I.1. Chc nng tnh ton
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT cung cp u cc chc nng tnh ton ton phn tch li in hin nay. Cc n v nm vng v s dng thnh tho phn mm PSS/ADEPT bao gm: Thit lp thng s cho phn mm. Thit lp thuc tnh cho li in cn tnh ton. M hnh ho cc phn t li in trong phn mm Xy dng v b sung t in d liu vt t thit b. Thu thp s liu o c thc t, x l d liu th, chuyn i t cc phm mm h tr. Nhp liu vo phn mm. Xut d liu tnh ton theo 8 bi ton yu cu. To cc bo co kt qu tnh ton v phn tch li in. Tnh ton v phn tch li in theo 2 loi s l: S a d (bn ) v s nguyn l.

I.2. Thu thp v x l s liu u vo.

S liu u vo cho phn mm PSS/ADEPT chia c th thnh 2 loi: S liu qun l: S liu qun l k thut ca thit b nh: dy dn, ngun, thit b bo v-ng ct,S liu ny khp6ng cn x l tnh ton trc khi nhp vo phn mm PSS/ADEPT . S liu tnh ton: S liu u vo ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT cn phi x tnh trc khi a vo tnh ton l: P, Q hay A kwh tng nt. S liu ny cn phi thu thp chnh xc bo m kt qu tnh ton ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT . Khi p dng cho bi ton vn hnh li in hin hu, cng vic cp nht li in phi chnh xc ng vi thc t; i vi ng dy vn hnh lu nm, phi c kinh nghim nh gi h s ng dy ng mi cho kt qu tnh ton ng
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So snh kt qu ca trng thi trc v sau khi dng trnh TOPO xc nh li li in, ta nhn thy tn tht cng sut, tn tht nng lng gim ng k, nhng iu ang quan tm nht l in p trung th cung cp c ci thin ng k. N phn nh mc hu ch ca trnh con TOPO. Trnh TOPO cn cho php tm cu hnh li in chng qu ti, hay chng st p qu mc cho php.

II. Cc kin ngh

II.1. V s liu u vo
Nu s liu u vo phn mm PSS/ADEPT gn chnh xc th bi ton th hin p s gn ng vi s liu thc t. Hin nay, Cng ty cha trang b cc thit b do ghi d liu cc n v thu thp st vi thc t, c th thu thp v xy dng th ph ti ng vi tnh cht ph ti. Hu ht cc cch s l s liu ca cc n v hin nay l khc nhau, nh hng nhiu n kt qu tnh ton v c th kim sot kt qu tnh ton. D liu t chng trnh PSS/ADEPT c th chuyn sang Excel, nh Excel h tr trong qu trnh x l v nhp d liu v t d liu bng Excel ta chuyn sang chng PSS/ADEPT. Phi c s ng b thi gian xc nh gi tr ti ca cc trm cng cng, khch hng v thi gian o dng trung th ca cc nhnh. m bo kt qu chng trnh c tin cy cao. Nng cao hn tnh chnh xc ca chng trnh bng cch kim tra gi tr in p ti cc nt cui ngun trn thc t, so snh vi gi tr chng trnh. Kim tra chnh xc ca bi ton tnh ngn mch bng cch so snh vi chng trnh tnh ngn mch caTrung Tm iu Thng Tin ti mt s nt c trng. t c s chnh xc cho bi ton phi hp bo v. C th thit lp li in m phng tnh ton ph hp vi hin trng thc t li in ang qun l, vn hnh vi cc thng s vn hnh c trng nh in p, dng in, cng sut tiu th, c th tnh ton tn tht cng sut, phn b cng sut li in, kim tra phi hp ci t bo v, tnh ton ngn mch, xc nh dung lng b ti u, ; C th hiu chnh v thay i cc thng s li in lun ph hp thc t vn hnh;

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C th trin khai kho st tnh ton cc cng trnh T, SCL, XDM m bo ph hp vi cc ch tiu nh sut s c, tn tht in nng, nh gi chnh xc tin cy li in; Thut ton tnh lp cc thng s li in ca phn mm gn nh khng hn ch s ln tnh; C th s dng phn mm tnh ton li in PSS/ADEPT kho st, tnh ton d bo tn tht in nng mi khi li in c bin ng v trm trung gian, li in v ph ti; Dung lng tp tin s n tuyn ton li in ln nn khi thc thi cc thut ton tnh ton v tr b ti u, im dng ti u, tn nhiu thi gian mi c c kt qu c th; Do hin trng li in c cc nhnh r trung th mt pha (8,7kV) c u ni vo cc pha khc nhau trn tuyn dy nn khi kho st phn b cng sut li in cn phc tp v phi thc hin nhiu ln trn cc pha khc nhau v tng hp li s liu; Khng ging nh cc phn mm chuyn dng khc, phn loi lp layer (mu sc, ng nt) trn bn v gn nh khng c nn khng thun li qun l v thc hin cp nht trn bn v; Ph ti (loads) li in c cp nht vo bn v cha tht s ph hp do phn trm bin th cha c th hin; Cng tc cp nht cha c ch ng do phn mm tnh ton PSS/ADEPT hin phi truy cp qua mng nn b nh hng bi tc truy cp cng nh hn ch thi gian. Mt khc cc thng s li in cn phi cp nht l qu nhiu; nh gi tin cy li in khng ph hp do phn mm bt buc phi khai bo s kW/1 khch hng nn kt qu cha thc s ph hp vi ph ti trm bin th cng cng v trm khch hng (thu bao) hin c trn li in ang qun l; Ph ti li in cng nh d liu qun l khch hng t b phn kinh doanh thng xuyn bin ng cn phi cp nht lin tc nhng kh nng lin kt d liu cn hn ch do phi nhp s liu th cng i hi nhiu nhn lc v thi gian; Mc Protection equipment ca phn mm cn hn ch v cc loi thit b ng ct bo v nh my ct u tuyn v recloser phn on cha c y so vi s lng v chng loi thit b hin c vn hnh trn li in.

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i vi cc in lc dng chung tuyn dy trung th 15kV vic cp nht cn nhiu hn ch do cha c y v phn li in do n v bn qun l v cch tnh ton, khai bo cc thng s li in vo phn mm. C th nh cc trng hp phi gi lp ngun i vi n v nhn in v trng hp phi gi lp ti i vi n v qun l MC u ngun; Cc thng s khai bo tng tr ngun (trm trung gian) khi thc hin tnh ton phi hp bo v li in cha c ch ng; Vic cp nht li in s dng phn mm thc hin cn ty tin cha theo qui tc chung.

II.2. V phn mm:

Cc n v u kin ngh trang b kho cng phn mm cho cc n v s dng. Bn quyn c mua bao gm y cc module tnh ton v yu cu nh cung cp thc hin h tr thm cc chc nng ca phn mm cho ph hp c th li in nh: H tr d liu GIS v cc c s d liu ang s dng hin nay ti Cng ty nh: oracle, SQL,. B sung y cc loi dy dn vo t in d liu dy dn v b sung cc ng c tuyn TCC ca cc thit b bo v hin hu ang s dng trn li phn phi nh my ct, recloser, cu ch,vo module tnh ton phi hp bo v. Gi tr trung bnh ca dng in (tnh c t gi tr Imax , Imin ca i QLL o c) trong 01 ngy khng chnh xc. M rng chng trnh nhp thng s P, Q ca mt ti ti nhiu thi im khc nhau. Chng trnh hon ton c kh nng gii quyt bi ton phi hp bo v mt cch n gin. Do chng trnh tch hp nhiu chc nng : PF,PR, nn to thun li cho vic la chn thit b bo v theo dng nh mc lm vic, v d nh cu ch. c bit vic p dng bi ton tnh dung lng b gip in lc xc nh nhu cu cng sut khng cho ton li, kim tra cc v tr b hin hu v phc v cng r sot nh gi tng th bi ton b theo c th ring ca li in Cn Gi. Bi ton ny gip in lc p dng ngay cc kt qu tnh ton t PSS/ADEPT vo cng tc c th ang trin khai ti in lc. Th vin a dng, hiu chnh cc tham s d dng. Vng ha lm vic rng, hu nh khng hn ch s nt, kh c, thit b, thun tin trong vic thit lp s n tuyn li in;

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C th nh gi rng, vic p dng phn mm ny, mang li hiu qu thit thc cho cc n v.

Ht chng !

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CHNG 5:
QUN L V TNH TON LI IN PHN PHI TRN NN H THNG THNG TIN A L

CHNG 5: QUN L V TNH TON LI IN PHN PHI TRN NN H THNG THNG TIN A L
GIS-BASED DISTRIBUTION NETWOK ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT

Bi vit trnh by vic qun l v tnh ton li in phn phi trn nn h thng thng tin a l GIS. Bi ton gii tch li in phn phi c kt hp vi h thng GIS lm cho vic qun l, tnh ton li in mang tnh trc quan, sinh ng, thn thin vi ngi s dng. Kt qu nghin cu c pht trin thnh mt chng trnh thc t, p dng trong vic tnh ton cc li in phn phi ca cc in lc a phng. Vn phn tch cc bi ton phn b cng sut, tnh ton ngn mch trong li in lun mang tnh thi s. Hin nay, trn th trng c kh nhiu phn mm gii tch li in vi cc module rt mnh, nh tnh ton ngn mch, phn b cng sut, nh gi nh hng ca ha tn, ...Cc chng trnh tnh ton li in ny u da trn c s cc s n tuyn, do c th gy ra nhng kh khn nht nh cho ngi qun l k thut - nu xt trn quan im qun l - nh km tnh trc quan v phng din th hin a l ca a bn c qun l, v do t gn gi vi ngi s dng. Trong thp nin qua, s pht trin mnh m ca h thng thng tin a l (GIS) gip cho vic nh v a l tr nn d dng hn, v nh c th s dng im mnh ny qun l h thng in. Vic tch hp ca bi ton gii tch li in trn nn ca h GIS s lm cho vic tnh ton, cng nh vic qun l li in tr nn hu hnh, sinh ng v gn gi hn so vi trn s n tuyn, vn thng ch dnh cho cc nh chuyn mn k thut.

The paper presents the distribution network analysis and management on the basis of the Geographic Information System (GIS). The integration of power system analysis into GIS makes the network management and analysis much more visual, graphically user-frienly. A practical program was developed and finds applications in local power networks management.

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III. Phn tch li in trn nn h thng thng tin a

l-GIS
III.1. H thng thng tin a l
GIS l mt cng c bn v h thng qun l thng tin khng gian c pht trin da trn cng ngh my tnh vi mc ch lu tr, hp nht, m hnh ha, phn tch v miu t c nhiu loi d liu. Nguyn tc ca GIS da trn cc lp d liu chuyn c ri rc ho, cc d liu c lin quan v mt a l v s kt hp gia d liu v bn i s. S ri rc ho ca cc lp d liu (Hnh 1) l vic ngt cc lp bn thnh tng d liu chuyn bit, cc d liu a l (Hnh 2) lin quan n thng tin c hin th trn cc lp khc nhau. Nhng vng ring l hay khu vc c th c tch khi nhng khu vc bao quanh bng cch ct lp ca vng mong mun t bn ln hn. Vic kt hp d liu v bn i s (Hnh 3) lin quan n phn tch, la chn nhng thng tin cn thit trn cc lp cho ra cc lp d liu mi. H thng thng tin a l GIS l mt k thut ca s tch hp ca nhiu k thut khc nhau: k thut nh vin thm, nghin cu bn my tnh, h qun l c s d liu, k thut CAD. S tch hp ny lm cho h thng GIS tr thnh mt cng c qun l c lc trong nhiu lnh vc kinh t. S pht trin ca h thng GIS tri qua 3 giai on (Hnh 4): khong nhng nm u, h thng c dng thu thp, kim k s liu; trong cc nm sau thc hin phn tch nhng s liu c thu thp to thnh c s d liu; v sau , s pht trin cc ng dng tnh ton, qun l chi tit. Ngnh in Vit Nam c th thc hin h thng qun l trn nn h thng thng tin a l theo tin trnh nh trn. Mt khi h thng iu khin c gim st v thu thp s liu c s dng ph bin trong vic qun l li in, s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin hin nay cho php thc hin c nhng ng dng qun l trn din rng da vo my tnh.

Hnh 1. Lp d liu ri rc

Hnh 2: Cc d liu lin quan v a

Hnh 3: Kt hp d liu v bn i

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III.2. ng dng vo qun l, tnh tan li in phn phi

C th xy dng mt m hnh ring i vi li in phn phi dng trong tnh ton v qun l. Trong phm vi ca mt in lc ni ring hay ngnh in ni chung, vn qun l cng nh vn k thut u c vai tr quan trng. Thc t vn hnh cho thy, nu ch lm vic trn cc s n tuyn s rt kh phn nh c thc t, v nu c th kt hp c h thng thng tin GIS vo cng vic tnh ton v qun l, khi khng nhng nh k thut, nh qun l hnh dung c thc t, m ngay nhng ngi khng chuyn mn cng c th thy c s vic mt cch r rng hn. iu ny cng ging nh nhn mt t t trn cao, thy r hin trng quan st v thy r nhng s liu hin ra trn mn hnh. Cc phn mm trn nn GIS l MapInfo v MapBasic p ng c yu cu . MapInfo l mt phn mm ng dng ca h thng GIS, mc ch dng qun l. Bn giy, sau khi c x l thnh bn s, s cha mt c s d liu di dng bng biu, v MapInfo s dng ngn ng cu trc SQL qun l nhng d liu . i km vi MapInfo l ngn ng MapBasic dng lp trnh qun l, tnh ton. Tuy MapBasic khng h tr mng hai chiu , nhng i vi li in phn phi vi s nt khng phi l qu ln, mt thut ton ring c pht trin. Thut ton ny vn m bo uc mc chnh xc cho php, nu so vi cc phng php tnh ton truyn thng da vo ma trn . MapBasic cho php cu trc m, v th c th dng kiu d liu chuyn i ng DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange) lin kt vi cc phn mm khc; hoc c th gi th vin lin kt ng DLL (Dynamic Link Library). Cc hn ch i vi mng hai chiu trong MapBasic s c khc phc bng cch lin kt nh trn. i vi li in phn phi, tuy c cu trc mng kn, nhng trong thc t vn hnh h. Tuy li in c cung cp t nhiu ngun khc nhau, nhng ti cc giao u gia cc tuyn dy, thit b ng ct lun trng thi h. V th, c th xem rng trn mi tuyn dy cung cp cho ti tiu th ch c duy nht mt ngun, t vic tnh ton s tr nn n gin hn. i vi tnh ton ngn mch, khi c s c ngn mch xy ra ti mt im trn li, dng ngn mch c tnh ngc t im tr v ngun, trn dc nhnh chnh. Sau , ti cc im nt r nhnh, s ly kt qu ti tip tc thc hin cng vic nh trn nhnh chnh, theo gii thut lp n v dng php lp mt khi gia hai ln lp, mc sai bit v in p ca mt nt bt k nh hn mt gi tr nh tu cho trc. i vi tnh ton phn b cng sut, s ly nhnh chnh lm chun tnh ton phn b cng sut. T nhng s liu tnh ton, ngi qun l s d on c kt qu v thy c kt qu ti vng a l . Cng tc thng k, qun l thit b ng ct cng nh my bin p s tr nn d dng vi nhng hnh nh, thng s k thut, tnh trng vn hnh hin ra trc mt ngi qun l ch bng click chut.

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Hnh 5: Giao din chnh ca PowerMap

Ch bng cc cu lnh SQL hay dng MapBasic lp trnh, ngi qun l c th thy c trn a bn no tiu th in nng nhiu hay t v lp c biu so snh trc tip gia cc khu vc vi nhau, Mt chng trnh PowerMap c hnh thnh t nhng tng tnh ton v qun l trn v c p dng trn li in thc t. Kt qu chy chng trnh PowerMap c kim tra bng phn mm thng mi EasyPower.

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Hnh 6: Tnh ton trn PowerMap

PowerMap c Vit ho rt nhiu t phn mm MapInfo v c thm vo cng c tnh ton ngn mch, phn b cng sut v tin ch v thng tin, hnh nh trc quan v thit b in (Hnh 5). Kt qu chy chng trnh PowerMap (Hnh 6) th hin hng qun l mi da trn h thng thng tin a l trong ngnh in. Vi hnh nh minh ho, c hai s cu trc li in v s qun l a l u c th hin mt cch trc quan. Cc kt qu nhn c c th dng so snh vi cc thng s chun rt ra cc nhn xt quan trng trong vic qun l ng dy, thit b, cht lng in nng, da vo cc cng c c sn ca chng trnh. Cch qun l theo s a l cho php kt ni vi cc d liu c sn khc da vo to a l, to ra gii php qun l hiu qu v kinh t. Cch qun l mi c th kt hp nhng ngnh c s dng thng tin a l nh giao thng, vin thng, nng lng, cp thot nc, ... PowerMap l chng trnh c xy dng trong mi trng ca MapInfo dng m phng, tnh ton, vn hnh li in da trn H thng thng tin a l GIS. Giao din ho thn thin ngi s dng gip cho vic khai thc cc tnh nng ca chng trnh rt n gin; hu ht cc chc nng u c th c gi khng qu ba ln click chut. V mt chc nng, PowerMap gm hai khi chnh: khi tnh ton v khi cc chc nng qun l li in. a.Khi tnh ton (Hnh 7): dng tnh ton ngn mch , phn b cng sut v hin th kt qu ngay trn bn , xut kt qu ra tp tin vn bn, in n kt qu tu theo mun ca ngi s dng.

Hnh 7: Hp hi thoi tnh ton ca PowerMap

Phn tnh ton ngn mch: chng trnh c kh nng tnh dng ngn mch, dng xung kch ti tng nt trn tuyn dy theo ba loi ngn mch thng xy ra: ngn mch mt pha chm t, ngn mch hai pha chm nhau v ngn mch ba pha. + Phn tnh ton phn b cng sut: chng trnh c th tnh c phn b in p ca tt c cc nt trong tuyn, dng cng sut chy trn cc nhnh . b.Khi cc chc nng qun l li in (Hnh 8): gm cc chc nng thng k, tm kim v thng tin thit b. Chc nng thng k: thng k v phn loi cc thit b c trong tuyn.

Hnh 8 : Khi qun l

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Chc nng tm kim: xc nh v tr a l chnh xc ca i tng cn tm trn bn da vo mt s iu kin tm kim. Chc nng thng tin thit b: chc nng ny cho php hin th ton b cc thng tin v cc thit b (nh loi thit b, nc sn xut) nu bit chnh xc v tr a l. Hai chc nng tm kim v thng tin thit b nu c dng phi hp vi nhau s lm cho vic qun l li in trc quan hn, tit kim c nhiu cng sc hn. Kt qu tnh ton cho mt li in in hnh 33 nt dng PowerMap c so snh vi kt qu nhn c t phn mm EasyPower. Mc sai bit di 1% gia 2 kt qu nhn c t 2 phn mm cho php kt lun v kh nng ca PowerMap trong vic tnh ton, qun l cc li in phn phi.

III.3. Kt lun
T nhng kt qu nghin cu trn, c th rt ra kt lun l vic tch hp cc tnh ton gii tch li in phn phi trn nn h thng GIS l vn c tnh thi s v thc s mang li nhiu li ch i vi ngi qun l li in. Cc li ch trn c th hin qua chng trnh PowerMap vi cc c im : giao din thn thin; thut ton tnh ton n gin nhng vn bo m c mc chnh xc trong khong cho php; kh nng thng k v qun l thit b linh hot; truy cp thng tin nhanh, y , chnh xc...

IV. Tnh ton li in s dng phn mm

PSS/ADEPT trn nn h thng thng tin a l
IV.1. Tng qut:
S liu u vo trong cc phn mm tnh ton k thut in thng l P v Q. Phn mm PSS/ADEPT, cng khng mm ngoi ngoi l . c c cc gi tr ny, chng ta s s dng cc phng php thu thp d liu thng dng nht ng vi hin trng thu thp v qun l s liu hin hu ti cc in lc khu vc. Cc s liu thu thp, sau c x l tnh ton P v Q cho tng nt sau theo 2 thi im l cao im v thp im ca cc ph ti, sau nhp vo phn mm PSS/ADEPT tnh cc bi ton yu cu. Thu thp bn v s li in cn m phng. Sau dng cc cng thc do nhm nghin cu ng dng t xy dng th hin cc bn v s li in cn m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Chng ta cn to ra cc tp tin c s li in c phn m rng l *.dat. Vic ny, nhm khai thc tnh s dng li c ca cc tp tin ny xuyn sut cc phn h ca PSS/ADEPT, cng nh xa hn na l cc phn mm ca
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hng Power Technologies. Cc tp ny d dng chuyn i sang cc dng khc (k c *.adp,) rt tin li trong qu trnh s dng PSS/ADEPT.

IV.2. p dng vo ng dy Quc Ton ca in lc Ph Th:

T bn v s nguyn l li in tuyn dy Quc Ton, ta s dng cc cng c ca chng trnh PSS/ADEPT v ra s cn tnh ton. Sau nhp cc s liu tnh ton vo cc phn t c trong s . IV.2.1. Nhp vo cc bng s liu Bng Nodes Bng Source Bng Capacitors Bng Lines Bng Loads Bng Switches

Hnh 7: S tuyn dy Quc Ton trn PSS/ADEPT.

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Hnh 8: S tuyn dy Quc Ton v cc thng s tnh ton c nhp vo PSS/ADEPT. IV.2.2. Thc hin cc chc nng tnh ton li in trn PSS/Adept. Ta thc hin 2 chc nng tnh ton ca PSS/ADEPT cho tuyn dy Quc Ton, l tnh phn b cng sut v tnh ngn mch.

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Hnh 9: Kt qu tnh ton phn b cng sut tuyn dy Quc Ton trn PSS/ADEPT.

Hnh 10: Kt qu tnh ton ngn mch tuyn dy Quc Ton trn PSS/ADEPT. IV.2.3. Hin th kt qu tnh ton li in bng PSS/Adept trn bn GIS. Sau khi thc 2 chc nng tnh ton ca PSS/ADEPT cho tuyn dy Quc Ton, s dng cc kt qu ny hin th trn bn a d trong chng trnh PowerGIS.

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Hnh 11: Kt qu tnh ton phn b cng sut tuyn dy Quc Ton trn PSS/ADEPT hin th trn bn a d trong chng trnh PowerGIS.

Hnh 12: Kt qu tnh ton ngn mch tuyn dy Quc Ton trn PSS/ADEPT hin th trn bn a d trong chng trnh PowerGIS.

Ht chng !

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CHNG 6:
M PHNG VN HNH LI IN

CHNG 6: M PHNG VN HNH LI IN

Hin nay nc ta ang trn pht trin cng nghip ho hin i ho t nc. Cung cp in nng c xem l mt trong nhng yu t then cht thc y nn kinh t. Theo s liu thng k, khi GDP tng x% th nhu cu in nng tng t (1.3 - 1.5)x%. Do vic pht trin ngun in cng nh li in mi lun c xem l mt cch gii quyt lu di v em li hiu qu kinh t cao. Cng tc vn hnh li in t cc chi tiu kinh t v tho mn cc iu kin rng buc mang tnh k thut ca h thng l mt vn ht sc quan trng v mang li tnh cnh tranh cao, trong bi cnh bt u xut hin cc li in hay cc nh my in u t t ngun vn t nhn hay cc lin doanh gia Vit Nam v i tc nc ngoi. c mt quyt nh nhanh chng v chnh xc, ngi iu vin lun phi tp trung cao trong cc tnh hung thay i ca ph ti, trng thi li in, my bin p hay tnh trng ca nh my in. Do cn c s tp trung cao, vn sc khe, tm l ca iu vin nh hng ln n tnh chnh xc v nhanh chng trong quyt nh ca h. Hn na i vi h thng ln, gii quyt tt cc tnh hung phc tp, trnh mt an ninh trong ton li in cn phi c kin hi chn ca cc iu vin kinh nghim v chuyn gia v h thng trong qu trnh tp hun. tr gip cc iu vin ra quyt nh v gii quyt cc bi ton vn hnh trong cc tnh hung phc tp, vic xy dng h chuyn gia vn hnh li in l cn thit. Mc ch ca lun n l xy dng mt h chuyn gia vn hnh li in, da trn cc kinh nghim tch ly ca cc iu vin lu nm v cc chuyn gia hng u trong ngnh li in, sao cho t c mc ch chuyn ti in nng v ra cc phng n vn hnh an ton h thng trong cc tnh hung s c. Sau y minh ho mt chng trnh m phng vn hnh li in da trn h chuyn gia. Chng trnh hot ng da vo tp lut c xy dng trn cc s kin din ra trong qu trnh vn hnh li in phn phi

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I. Gii thiu phn mm m phng vn hnh

I.1. Cc chc nng ca chng trnh.
I.1.1. Tng qut : - Trnh by ton cnh ca li in phn phi trung th. - Xem chi tit cc thng s lin quan bung ra cc ca s. - Thay i mu sc tng ng vi cc ng thi ca li in - T hp c ton b trng thi thc t ca li in. - Phn bit r cc vng cung cp in t cc tuyn dy khc nhau, cc im giao u gia cc tuyn dy trung th. - Thay i cp nht chnh l li in ph hp vi cc phng thc vn hnh. - Khi thay i mt b phn li cc cu hnh tnh ton bn trong s xc nh li tt c cc qu trnh trong i tng v cc thnh phn ca n (Ton b cc thng tin bn trong vn b che khut i vi ngi s dng nu ta khng yu cu). - Khi thay i biu tng chun ca mt loi i tng, tt c cc qu trnh tng ng ca i tng ny cng thay i. - Cc d liu v s kt ni: Miu t cc phng thc kt ni v in gia cc phn t ca li in trung th, s lng cc im kt ni. Xc nh r phm vi cng nh gi hn ti mt thi im trong qu trnh vn hnh ca mt pht tuyn c th v ca c li in phn phi trung th. - Cung cp thng tin vi cc ng thi tng ng. - Tng hp thng tin, cc thng s in c lu tr sn trong c s d liu. Nhm mc ch l tr th c lc cho nhn vin vn hnh gip h duy tr s hiu bit v tnh trng lm vic ca cc phn t trong li phn phi m h c trch nhim vn hnh. I.1.2. 2. Cc chc nng chnh ca phn mm : Trnh by v ngh phng n vn hnh T cp nht khi thay i cc phn t ni kt. Thng bo li. To c s d liu, tng hp, truy cp v khai thc t cc c s d liu khc. Phc v hc tp nng cao nghip v cho nhn vin.

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I.2. Ni dung m phng:

I.2.1. 1. Th hin s li in phn phi trung th : S n tuyn kiu s kt dy. y l phng php th hin n gin v r rng, cho php ngi hnh iu khin phn tch nhanh chng v chnh xc tnh trng li in ra lnh thao tc cc thit b v ghi nhn chng li vo c s d liu.

Hnh 1 : Ton cnh li in trung th in lc Ph Th

I.2.2. 2. Dy dn, on trc, nhnh r : Thng s vn hnh, thng s k thut ca chng. . I.2.3. 3. Thit b bo v : Cc trng thi vn hnh. Thng s chnh nh, ci t bo v. Thay i chnh nh, thay i ci t bo v. M hnh v minh ha thao tc bng hnh nh, m thanh, phim.

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Hnh 2 :Thit b bo v

I.2.4. 4. Thit b ng ct : Cc trng thi vn hnh. M hnh v minh ha thao tc bng hnh nh, m thanh, phim.

Hnh 3 :Thit b ng ct

I.2.5. 5. Thit b b : Cc gin t b c nh: Cc thng s k thut. Cc thng s ti v tr t. Cc trng thi ng ct. Cc thng s vn hnh. M phng thao tc thc t ti cc v tr t c th. Cc gin t b ng ng: Cc thng s k thut. Cc thng s ti v tr t. Cc trng thi ng ct. Thng s vn hnh. Cc gi tr t hin hu v c th thay i gi tr t hin hu. M phng thc t ti cc v tr t c th. .

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I.3. Chi tit

I.3.1. Trm ngun v trm ngt : Cc Relays 50/51 ABCN pha trung th t ti trm ngun, trm ngt. . Cc trng thi ng ct cc my ct trung th pht tuyn ti trm ngun, trm ngt. Cc trng thi ng ct cc dn t b thanh ci trung th ti trm ngun, trm ngt.. Cc ng h o thng s vn hnh. . Cc thit b thng bo trng thi lm vic bnh thng v bt thng ca li in. I.3.2. Dy dn, on trc, nhnh r : Cc thng s k thut v vn hnh ca li in. I.3.3. Thit b bo v: Cc Relays 50/51 ABCN, Reclosers, FCO, LBFCO : Cc thng s k thut. Cc thng s ti v tr t. Cc trng thi ng ct. Thng s vn hnh. Cc gi tr t hin hu v c th thay i gi tr t hin hu. M phng thc t ti cc v tr t c th. I.3.4. Thit b ng ct : Cc DS, LTD, ALTD, LBS: Cc thng s k thut. Cc thng s ti v tr t. Cc trng thi ng ct. Thng s vn hnh. M phng thc t ti cc v tr t c th. . I.3.5. Thit b b: Cc gin t b c nh, t b ng ng: Cc thng s k thut. Cc thng s ti v tr t. Cc trng thi ng ct. Cc thng s vn hnh. M phng thao tc thc t ti cc v tr t c th. . I.3.6. Trm phn phi h th : Cc trm trong phng, trm trn nn, trm treo, trm gin: Cc thng s k thut. Cc thng s ti v tr t. M phng thc t ti cc v tr t c th. . I.3.7. M phng cc trng thi : I.3.8. M phng thao tc : Ton b cc phn t u c m phng bng m hnh. Minh ha cc thao tc vn hnh bng hnh nh, m thanh, phim
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II. Ci t v chy phn mm

II.1. Mi trng, ci t v chy chng trnh :
II.1.1. a. Mi trng hot ng : Chy trn mi trng WINDOWS 95, 98 hoc WINDOWS NT 4.0 tr ln. II.1.2. b. Ci t : Chng trnh ngun trn CD-ROM, tin hnh ci t nh bt c phn mm no khc chy trn mi trng WINDOWS. a ngun chng trnh trn a CDROM vo CD-ROM v chn RUN t menu SRART. Chn a CD-ROM t BROWSE v chn tp tin SETUP .EXE trong a CD-ROM. Chng trnh ci t s to th mc v ICON vo menu START ta c th chy nh mi phn mm khc trn h iu hnh WINDOWS.

II.2. 2. Giao din chnh :

Chy chng trnh bng cch chn v DOUBLE-CLICK vo ICON hoc chn t menu START. Ta s thy xut hin menu khi to chng trnh. Cc tuyn dy ni thuc 3 trm trung gian chnh l: Trm trung gian Ch Ln, trm trung gian Trng ua, trm trung gian Hng Vng: Cc thng s vn hnh trn mi pht tuyn: 1. Dng in (A). 2. Cng sut t (kVA). 3. Cng sut tiu th (kW). 4. Cng sut phn khng (kVAr). 5. H s cng sut (PF).

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Thao tc cc thit b ngoi tri: Thao tc cc dn t b ti trm ngun Trng ua

II.3. 3. Giao din vn hnh.

Thao tc m Tiu chng trnh Thao tc ng

Menu giao din vn hnh

Menu ca chng trnh

CLICK vo ch K HIU xem ch thch cc k hiu th hin trn giao din vn hnh Bng k hiu

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II.4. Truy cp d liu-hnh nh i tng

II.4.1. 1. Xem thng s on trc :

II.4.2. 2. Xem thng s v thao tc cc dn t b Ta s c c cc thng tin v v tr lp t t b.

Xem hnh v tr t c th mt gin t b ng ng trung th

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II.4.3. RECLOSER.

Thao tc ng

Thao tc m

Thao tc ng

Thao tc m

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Ta s c c cc thng s v RECLOSER: Thng s vn hnh (Qua RECLOSE v tuyn y RECLOSER ng in vo) Thng tin v v tr lp t. Thay i thng s vn hnh khi thc hin thao tc RECLOSER (V tuyn y RECLOSER ng in vo) II.4.4. DS

Xem hnh v tr t c th mt my ct t ng li trung th

Thao tc ng

Thao tc m

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Chn tuyn dy chuyn ti cho DS (tng t cho cc thit b RECLOSER, LBS)

Ta s c c cc thng s v DS: Thng s vn hnh (Qua DS v tuyn y DS ng in vo) Thng tin v v tr lp t. Thay i thng s vn hnh khi thc hin thao tc DS (V tuyn y DS ng in vo) Xem tr gip ng cnh v DS:

II.4.5. 5. LBS Ta s c c cc thng s v LBS : Thng s vn hnh (Qua LBS v tuyn y LBS ng in vo)

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Thng tin v v tr lp t. Thay i thng s vn hnh khi thc hin thao tc LBS (V tuyn y LBS ng in vo)

Xem hnh v tr t c th mt LBS trung th

Thao tc m

Thao tc ng

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Xem tr gip ng cnh v LBS:

II.4.6. Thng bo trng thi vn hnh. Thng bo do chuyn ti sai qui trnh.

Thng bo chuyn ti gy qu ti.

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II.4.7. Xem ch dn thao tc ca chuyn gia vn hnhli in iu khin b t bn iu khin.

III. IV. Tnh ton v in kt qu

III.1. IV. 1. Tnh dng ngn mch
Click vo mc tnh ton, chng trnh s a ra giao din chn pha tnh ngn mch nh sau:

Mun tnh ton ngn mch pha trung th hoc h th th click vo cc mc tng ng. Click vo mc trung th, chng trnh s xut hin giao din chn v tr nh sau:

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Sau khi click vo mc tnh ton, chng trnh s a ra kt qu nh sau:

Kt qu ngn mch 3 pha

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Mun tnh ton ngn mch pha h th , click vo mc h th, chng trnh s a ra giao din nh sau:

Mun thm, xa, tnh ton hoc thot, click vo cc mc tng ng. Sau khi click vo mc tnh ton, chng trnh s a ra giao din kt qu nh sau:

Kt qu ngn mch 3 pha

III.2. IV. 2. Kt qu tnh ton

Ta c th in kt qu tnh ton t chng trnh.

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CHNG 7:
GII PHP CHIA S KHA CNG PHN MM TRN MY N CHO NHIU NGI S DNG

CHNG 7: GII PHP CHIA S KHA CNG PHN MM TRN MY N CHO NHIU NGI S DNG Solution of sharing a hardlock fromsingle-user to multi-users
Tm tt: Hin nay, cc hng sn xut phn mm thng s dng 2 phng php bo v bn quyn: bo v trong phn mm (thng qua Serial Number) v bo v bng phn cng (hardlock). a s cc phn mm k thut thng s dng phng php bo v bn quyn bng kha cng, v d nh h phn mm PSS, PSAF, CYME v.vPhng php ny rt hiu qu nhng lm gia tng chi ph gi thnh phn mm. Microsoft lin tc cho ra i sn phm cc h iu hnh c ng dng ngy cng mnh trong giai on bng n cng ngh thng tin nh hin nay. K tip h iu hnh Windows XP nm 2002, thng 12-2003 Microsoft tip tc cho ra i phin bn Windows Server 2003 c tnh nng mnh m trong vic qun l cc my tnh t xa trong mi trng lm vic a nhim v a mng. H iu hnh Windows Server 2003 qun l cc Client thng qua cp pht cc account cho php truy cp vo Server. Mt im mnh ca Windows Server 2003 l xy dng my ch ng dng (Application server, AS) cc my con (clients) c th truy cp mi ng dng c ci t trn my ch. Chng hn nh khi ta lp kha cng singleuser vo server ny th mi my con c th chy chng trnh m khng cn lp trc tip kha cng phn mm trn cc my con. Chng ti khai thc kh nng ny xy dng gii php chia s kho cng c trnh by chi tit di y.
Abstract: Nowadays, many Software Corporations often use two ways to protect their license of products: protected in software ( via Serial Number) and protected in hardlock. Most of technical softwares are protected by hardlock, for example family of softare PSS, PSAF, CYME, etcThis method are really effective, but it makes the cost of software products increase high. Microsoft continuously produces operation system products that have a lot of applications more and more, especially in period of information technology at present. Next to the famous Windows XP Operation System 2002, in December-2003 Microsoft continues to produce new version Windows Server 2003 including intensive functions for managing a lot of computers from another locations in work environment of multi-network and multi-task. Operation System Windows Server 2003 manages clients via assigning accounts to directly process to server. An intensive character of Windows Server 2003 is creating Application Server so that clients can process and run many applications installed on server. Example when we fix single- user hardlock in serve, we will also performe the program without fixing hardlock in clients. We did research and exployed this capacity to create a solution of sharing a hardlock to multi-userw that will be mentioned as follows.

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IV. M U:
Trong cc phn mm tnh ton v phn tch li in hin nay, phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca Shaw Power Technologics, Inc c s dng rt ph bin. Mi phin bn ty theo yu cu ngi dng c bn km kha cng dng chy trn my n hay my mng. Vi phin bn chy trn n v kha cng km theo, ch chy c trn mt my tnh duy nht. Cc Cng ty in lc hin c trang b mt kha cng s dng trn my n ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT. So vi nhu cu s dng, cng ty cn nhiu phin bn trang b cho cc n v trc thuc. Nh vy, phi u t chi ph ln rt tn km. Vi kho cng hin hu rt kh khn khi trin khai ng dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT ni ring v cc phn mm tnh ton v phn tch li in ni chung trong thi im hin nay. Do vn t ra l cn c gii php s dng phn mm ny hiu qu nht, tit kim chi ph, thi gian v ph hp vi c s h tng thng tin ca cng ty. Trong thi gian qua, chng ti nghin cu v p dng thnh cng gii php Chia s kho cng phn mm trn my n cho nhiu ngi s dng . Gii php ny khi trin khai, gip ph bin phn mm PSS/SDEPT n cc n v trc thuc. Ch trong thi gian 2 tun, cc n v xy dng xong s n tuyn trn phn mm PSS/SDEPT. Nu khng c gii php ny, chng ta phi mt vi nm thc thc hin cng vic trn. Vic trin khai ng dng phn mm tnh ton PSS/ADEPT khng th trin khai cho n khi c y kho cng.

V. NI DUNG
V.1. Hin trng:
Mng my tnh c minh ho sau y da vo thc t mng my tnh ca Cng ty in lc Thnh Ph H Ch Minh. Cc mng ca cc Cng ty in lc cng c cu trc tng t. Trong mng my tnh ca Cng ty in lc Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, c Clients kt ni trc tip vi Server qua IP Address (c cp trong mng ca Cng ty in lc Thnh Ph H Ch Minh). Khi my con kt ni vo my ch AS, Server s to phin lm vic (session) cho my con, x l d liu v chy ng dng trn my ch nhng hnh nh c truyn v mn hnh trn my con khi thao tc. Hin nay ti cng ty in lc TPHCM c c s h tng mng p ng cho vic trin khai v p dng nhng cng vic qua mng, chng hn nh vic p dng vic share kha cng phn mm PSS/ADEPT qua mng cng ty tnh ton
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v phn tch li in. Mng my tnh cng ty c 3 Server chnh: Server Vn phng Cng ty, Server Trung tm iu thng tin, Server Trung tm my tnh. Cc Server ny kt ni trc tip vi nhau qua ng dy cp ng. T Server trung tm my tnh ni n Server ti cc ch nhnh in lc qua ng truyn dy in thoi (DialUp Line). Ta c th m hnh ha mng ca cng ty nh sau:

Server TT iu thng tin IP: 10.137.3.1 Server vn phng cng ty IP: 10.137.1.1 Cp ng

Server TT my tnh IP:10.137.2.1

Line in thoi My tnh con thc hin PSS/ADEPT Directly

Server PSS/ADEPT IP 10.137.1.200

Server in lc chi nhnh

Hnh 1- M hnh mng ca cng ty T thc trng m hnh mng trong cng ty, chng ti a ra 2 phng n kt ni sau:

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V.1.1. Kt ni trc tip: My tnh con kt ni trc tip vi Server PSS/ADEPT qua mng LAN, khi thc hin chng trnh tc ng truyn l 10 100 Mbps. Vi tc ny, vic thc hin tnh ton v phn tch li in trn mi my con l rt nhanh. V.1.2. Kt ni qua DialUp (qua ng dy in thoi): tc ng truyn thp 56 Kbps V.1.2.1. T my con in lc khu vc ti Server PSS/ADEPT cng ty: Trung tm my tnh thit lp thng s DialUp Line cho mi n v in lc thng qua Router dn ng. Ti n v ta ch cn g ng a ch IP ca Server PSS/ADEPT l chy c chng trnh phn mm PSS/ADEPT qua mng cng ty. V.1.2.2. Kt ni ti chng trnh t mt my tnh ngoi mng cng ty: Gi s ta c mt my tnh H Ni, ta c th truy cp trc tip ti Server PSS/ADEPT t tai cng ty in lc TPHCM thng qua vic kt ni DialUp c thit lp. Cch lm nh sau: ta thit lp kt ni DialUp cho my tnh cn lm Client, sau quay s kt ni ti Server cng ty, chng hn trong trng hp ny ta quay s 08.8284832 kt ni. Sau kt ni vo server PSS/ADEPT IP ADDRESS

V.2. Gii php thc hin: (Gm 6 bc)

V.2.1. Bc 1: Yu cu h thng: Ngoi my tnh dng lm Server v Clients, ta cn trang b thm mt s thit b sau: 1 Hub c t 16 switches tr ln, cp ni mng LAN (s lng tng thch vi switch ca HUB). V.2.1.1. My ch (Server): My tnh ch dng lm AS phi ci t h iu hnh Windows Server 2003, c RAM ti thiu l 256MB, CPU ti thiu l Pentium III 733MHz. Ni chung cng nhiu b nh, tc CPU cng cao cng tt. tnh lng RAM cn cung cp cho my ch, Microsoft khuyn co v vic phn b lng b nh cho cc ngi dng my con nh sau: - Ngi dng nh: ch chy mt ng dng ti mt thi im v ch yu l cc ng dng vn phng nh Word, Excel Cn thm 10MB RAM cho mi my con.

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- Ngi dng trung bnh: chy cng lc nhiu ng dng nhng khng thng xuyn chuyn i qua li gia chng, khng yu cu cao v x l d liu. Cn them 15MB RAM cho mi my con. - Ngi dng cao cp: chy v x l d liu trn nhiu ng dng ng thi, i hi kh nng x l d liu cao.Cn thm 20MB RAM cho mi my con. * Nhn xt: Chng ta share kha cng thc hin phn mm PSS/ADEPT i hi chy v x l d liu trn nhiu ng dng nh Excel,Word, PSS, Hot EmbededDo , ti xin ngh dng s dng phng n 3: cn thm 20MB RAM cho mi my con. Nh vy, c th a ra cng thc tnh dung lng RAM ti thiu cn trn my ch AS nh sau: A = RM + n 20 [MB] Vi A: Dung lng RAM cn cung cp cho Server RM :Dung lng RAM cn thit cho h iu hnh (chn 256 MB) n: S lng my cho php kt ni V.2.1.2. My con (Clients): Cu hnh ca my tnh dng lm cc my con khng i hi c cu hnh cao v mi ng dng ta c th chy trc tip trn Server v lu tr trn Server. Do vy, ta ch cu u t mt Server c cu hnh mnh, CPU tc cao l c th thc hin c nh mong mun. y xin a ra mt cu hnh my lm Application Server ti phng CNTT ca cng ty nh sau: dung lng RAM l 2012MB, CPU tc 2.8GHz, cng 160GB. Nh vy, s my con ti a lm vic trn Server l: S my con =
2012 256 = 87.8 87 (my 20

V.2.1.3. M hnh mt mng LAN khi share kha cng:

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Server Vn phng cng ty Client

H u b
Server PSS/ADEPT c kha cng

Client

Client

Client

Hnh 2- M hnh 1 mng LAN khi share kha cng Kha cng c lp vo cng my in (25 chn). Nu cn in n t Server, ta gn my in trc tip vo kha cng nh bnh thng. V.2.2. Bc 2: Ci t Server: V.2.2.1. Ci t mt s Components cn thit cho Server: Ci t h iu hnh t CD-ROM Microsoft Windows Server 2003 (Version Enterprise Edition) vo my tnh d nh lm Server AS ( Share kha cng), ch khi ci t ta thit lp s my con theo cch hng dn trn. Mun cho my tnh sau khi ci H iu hnh tr thnh mt Application Server, ta phi lm theo cc bc sau: + Vo Start\Control Panel\ Add or Remove Programs: + Chn Add/Remove Window Components trong hp thoi (lu vn CD Windows Server 2003 trong a + Xut hin hp thoi Windows Components Wizard:

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Hnh 3- Giao din ci t mt s Components cho Server Trong chn cc mc nh sau: - Application Server: c chc nng Server tr thnh mt Application Server. - Terminal Server - Terminal Server Licensing Sau chn Next chng trnh t ci t thm vo h iu hnh (khong 10 pht). Sau chn Finish kt thc vic ci t. Sau Restart li my Activate Server Nh vy my ch chng ta lc ny l mt Application Server hon chnh, c th cp quyn v qun l cc my con, ng thi cho php cc my con chy ng dng trc tip trn Server. V.2.2.2. Ci t ng dng trn my ch: Trc tin, bn phi g b tt c nhng ng dng c ci t trn my ch trc khi c nng cp thnh my ch ng dng Application Server, bi l nhng ng dng c ci t sau ny h thng s a nhng tp tin th vin vo cha mt ni ring nhm thun tin cho vic chia s cho cc my con. Khi mun ci mt ng dng mi cho php my con truy cp c, ta lm nh sau: Vo Add or Remove Programs File\ Add New Program\ nhn nt CD or Floppy. Trong ca s Install Program from Floppy or CD_ROM nhn Next- nhn Browse chn tp tin ci t.

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Here

Hnh 4- Giao din ci mt ng dng mi trn Application Server V.2.3. Bc 3: To Users s dng: cp quyn truy cp cho cc clients qua account Vo Start \ Administrative Tools \ Computer Managerment Xut hin hp thoi sau: Trn chn System Tools \ Local Users and Groups. Click chut phi trn Users, chn New User V d: To user v password, ComfirmPassword l phutho Sau chn Create hon thnh vic to mt User. Nu mun to nhiu User th cch lm l tng t. Chn Close hon tt.

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Hnh 5- Giao din to mt User v password mi V.2.4. Bc 4: Gn quyn Remote Desktop cho mi User s dng: cho php cc Clients truy cp qua Remote Desktop Cng trn ca s Computer Managerment, pha bn phi ca s chng ta va to c User l phutho. Chng ta double click vo ch phutho, ta c hp thoi sau:

Hnh 6- Gn quyn Remote Desktop cho User Chn th Member Of \ Add\ Advanced Chn Find Now trn hp thoi, xut hin danh sch trong Search Results. Trong mc ny ta double click chn Remote Desktop, xut hin hp thoi Select Groups.

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Hnh 7- Giao din sau khi gn quyn Remote Desktop Sau chn OK hon tt V.2.5. Bc 5: Xc lp tnh bo mt cho Users: cho php truy cp t xa thng qua Terminal Server Vo Run g lnh gpedit.msc Ta c giao din sau:

Hnh 8- Giao din xc lp bo mt cho Users Trn hp thoi ny ta chn nh sau: Computer Configuration \ Window Settings \ Security Settings \ Local Policies \ User Rights Khi trong hp thoi bn phi, ta chn Allow log on through Terminal Server, ta c giao din sau: Chn Add User or Group Chn Advanced \ Find Now, trong danh sch Search results, chn User chng ta cn gn quyn truy cp. Double click vo User ( y l phutho). Sau chn OK
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Hnh 9- Giao din sau khi xc lp bo mt cho Users Chn Apply xc nhn quyn truy cp cho User. Chn OK V.2.6. Bc 6: Cch s dng phn mm qua Application Server: Khi ng Server trc khi share phn mm qua mng Ti mi my con ta lm nh sau: Vo Run g lnh mstsc, chn OK Hoc vo All Programs \ Acsessories \ Communiations \ Remote Desktop Connection, ta c giao din sau:

Hnh 10- Giao din Remote Desktop khi kt ni Chn th General- g a ch IP ca Server vo Computer. VD 10.137.1.200, User name l phutho, password l phutho. Chn th Local Resources, ta c giao din:

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Hnh 11- Giao din hin a Client khi lm vic trn Server hin th tt c cc a ca my con trn giao din ca Server khi lu tr d liu, ta check tt c trn Frame Local devices. Sau khi vo giao din ca Application Server ta c thng bo thay i password ln u, ta i li password nh mun ca User. Chn OK vo giao din ca Server v s dng chng trnh ng dng trn Server.

V.3. Kt qu:
trin khai c hiu qu vic share kha cng trn Server ca cng ty cho cc n v thc vic tnh ton li in trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Tc lm vic ca my con nh trn Server c kha cng. Tuy nhin cng c mt s hn ch nh khi truy cp t xa ti cc n v, vic truy bt im km nh cc n v a ra nhn xt trong bo co. H tr cho cc n v in lc v thi gian cng nh khi lng cng vic trong thi gian thc hin chng trnh ny vi tnh hnh hin ti ch c mt kha cng cho phn mm. Khng nhng chng ta p dng thnh cng phn mm PSS/ADEPT trong vic share kha cng qua mng LAN, qua gii php ny ta cn chy c bt k ng dng no trn Application Server.

V.4. nh gi:
Tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph trong vic mua kha cng thc hin phm mm tnh ton li in trong cng ty trong thi im hin ti. Khi p dng phng n ny, s khai thng ng dng cc phn mm tnh ton chuyn ngnh in trong Cng ty in lc TP HCM, vn ngng tr sau khi khng th trin khai n cc
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n v trong tnh hnh hin nay ca Cng ty in lc TP.HCM chi ph mua kho cng trang b cho cc n v s dng cc phn mm ny qu cao (2,6 t ng150.000 USD). V.4.1. Tit kim chi ph Tit kim khong 530 triu ng (30.000 USD) chi ph mua khong 20 kho cng phn mm PSS/ADEPT cho cc n v qun l li v Phng Ban chc nng trong Cng ty in lc TP.HCM. (nh km bng bo gi ca Hng Shaw Power Technologics, Inc) Tit kim nhiu chi ph khc nh: Chi ph tp hun s dng phn mm k thut in vi hc ph rt cao (trung bnh khong 1600 USD/ngi/3ngy cho 1 phn mm). Cc chi ph v hnh khc nh: p ngay cc kt qu tnh ton t cc phn mm k thut in vo mi cng tc hng ngy ca Cng ty in lc TP.HCM, lm gia tng li nhun v gim chi ph u t. u t vn hiu qu vo cc cng trnh in t cc kt qu tnh ton ca cc chng trnh ny. Gp phn s dng hiu qu mng my tnh ti Cng ty in lc TP.HCM vn c u t rt nhiu trong nhng nm va qua. D kin, mng thng tin ca Cng ty in lc TP.HCM s c tng cng hn na v khi lng, cht lng cng nh cng ngh thng qua vic xy dng mng cp quang ni ht ni mng trc tip tt cc cc n v trong Cng ty. Mng cp quang ni ht ln nht TP.HCM ny, ngoi vic phc v kinh doanh vin thng ca Cng ty cn l mng kt ni, truyn d liu vi tc l tng gia cc n v trong Cng ty in lc TP.HCM. V.4.2. Tit kim thi gian: Chuyn giao nhanh chng cc phn mm tnh ton k thut chuyn ngnh in cho cc n v s dng ngay m khng cn mua thm kho cng. Khng mt thi gian tp hun s dng cc phn mm k thut in t Hng Shaw Power Technologics, Inc trong Cng ty in lc TP HCM.

119

VI. KT LUN
Chng ta khai thc c hiu qu kh nng qun l mng ca h iu hnh Windows Server 2003 trong vic ng dng share kha cng cc phn mm tnh ton k thut in ti cng ty in lc TPHCM. y, chng ta ch khai thc kh nng ca h iu hnh Windows Server 2003, ch khng lm thay i cc thut ton ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT nn chng ta khng vi phm bn quyn vi nh sn xut. Trong thi gian qua tuy p dng c hiu qu gii php ny, nhng do s lng in lc qu ng v thc hin trong thi gian cho php nn cng cn nhiu hn ch v thi gia trong lc thc hin. Vi gii php v tnh hnh nh trn, ti xin a ra kin ngh nh sau: trang b thm cho mi in lc mt kha cng tip tc trin khai tnh ton li in trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT ti n v, mt my Server cu hnh mnh share kha cng ti mng LAN ca in lc n v.

120

CHNG 8:
TM HIU MT S PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN KHC

CHNG 8: TM HIU MT S PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN KHC

Ngoi phn mm PSS/ADEPT cc hc vin nn bit thm cc phn mm phn tch v tnh ton khc nh: PSS/U (Power System Simulator Utilisation) l phn mm tin ch m phng h thng in. PSS/E (Power System Simulator for Engineering) l phn mm cng th h vi PSS/U, chuyn dng cho li truyn ti. Phn mm ASPEN ONE LINER ca Shaw Power Technologics, Inc. Phn mm ny hin ang c cc n v qun l li in s dng lm cng c tnh ton, ci t v chnh nh phi hp bo v cho cc li in. Phn mm PSAF l phn mm phn tch li in tin tin. Gm nhiu module tnh ton. Phn mm VPRO II ca Hng Cooper Power Systems l cng c tnh ton, ci t v chnh nh phi hp bo v cho li in, ng thi c th truyn d liu chnh nh t xa n cc thit b bo v trong li in. Phn mm PSIM l cng c tnh ton in t cng sut. Phn mm EMTP l cng c tnh ton cc qu trnh qu trong h thng in. Phn mm ETAP l phn mm phn tch li in ni v ngm, DC v AC, rt hiu qu v d s dng. ETAP gm nhiu module tnh ton,do hng Operation Technology, Inc sn xut. Cc phn mm c trnh by di y v minh ho mt s kt qu hy vng gp phn nng cao kin thc v p dng phn mm cho cc hc vin.

122

I. Tng quan
I.1. Phn mm PSS/U
PSS/U (Power System Simulator Utilisation) l phn mm tin ch m phng h thng in. PSS/U c kh nng tnh ton c 2000 nt v 2500 nhnh. Phn mm ny c xem l chng trnh chun tnh ton v phn tch h thng in c nhiu nc trn th gii s dng. Ngn hng th gii (World Bank) chn phn mm PSS/U lm cng c chnh kim tra tnh hiu qu u t ca cc nc vay tin. Mt thng s m h quan tm nht l mc gim tn tht trong li in (phn tn tht k thut) khi c u t, ci to li in. Cc thng s ny d dng tnh ton vi PSS/U. Phn mm PSS/U c vit bng ngn ng Fortran, l ngn ng rt thng dng trong lnh vc tnh ton k thut. Tuy nhin hin nay hng Power Technologies pht trin phn mm PSS/ADEPT, PSS/E, thay cho PSS/U. Vic tp trung pht trin phn mm PSS/ADEPT, PSS/E nh l mt gii php mnh hn v c giao din trc quan hn vi ngi s dng.

I.2. Phn mm PSS/E

PSS/E (Power System Simulator for Engineering) l phn mm cng th h vi PSS/U. Vic hng Power Technologies tp trung pht trin PSS/E trong nhng nm gn y cho thy phn mm PSS/E c xem l phn mm ti u trong tnh ton li in hin nay v ang c rt nhiu nc trn th gii s dng. So vi PSS/U th PSS/E c nhiu u im vt tri, quan trng nht chnh l 2 u im: s nt ti a c th tnh ton l 80.000 v trc quan hn vi ngi s dng. Phin bn mi nht hin nay l phin bn PSS/E 29. Cc chc nng chnh ca chng trnh PSS/E: Phn tch v tnh ton bi ton tro lu cng sut Phn tch ngn mch i xng v bt i xng Xy dng mng in tng ng M phng ng PSS/E, cho php ta to cc th vin m t r rng cc iu kin ca h thng v cc vn cn kho st, kh nng v trnh t thc hin cc chc nng gip ta t c nhng kt qu mong mun trong bi ton tro lu cng sut, m phng, cc bi ton phn tch tnh ton khc v cho ta bit tin trnh ci t m hnh ng ca h thng cn m phng. PSS/E c tt c 10 phn h sau: Phn b cng sut Power Flow, phn tch ng Dynamics, phn b cng sut ci tin Load Flow Enhancement, Tnh ton ngn mch bt i xng Unbalanced Fault Analysis (Short Circuit), tnh hng s ng dy truyn ti v thuc tnh ng dy Transmission Line Constant

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Calculation (TMLC) and Line Properties (LINEPROP), Phn tch h thng tuyn tnh Linear System Analysis (LSYSAN), B-Matrix, Phn b cng sut ti u Optimal Power Flow (OPF), Model Library Source v WSCC Programs

I.3. Phn mm ASPEN ONE LINER

Phn mm ASPEN ONE LINER ca Shaw Power Technologics, Inc. Phn mm ny hin ang c cc n v qun l li in s dng lm cng c tnh ton, ci t v chnh nh phi hp bo v cho cc li in.

I.4. Phn mm PSAF

Phn mm PSAF l phn mm phn tch li in tin tin. Gm nhiu module tnh ton.

I.5. Phn mm VPRO II (COOPER POWER SYSTEMS)

Phn mm VPRO II ca Hng Cooper Power Systems l cng c tnh ton, ci t v chnh nh phi hp bo v cho li in, ng thi c th truyn d liu chnh nh t xa n cc thit b bo v trong li in.

I.6. Phn mm PSIM

Phn mm PSIM l cng c tnh ton in t cng sut.

I.7. Phn mm EMTP

Phn mm EMTP l cng c tnh ton cc qu trnh qu trong h thng in.

I.8. Phn mm ETAP (POWER STATION)

Phn mm ETAP l phn mm phn tch li in ni v ngm, DC v AC, rt hiu qu v d s dng. ETAP gm nhiu module tnh ton,do hng Operation Technology, Inc sn xut.

II. Phn mm phi hp bo v VPRO-II

II.1. Gii thiu
Tnh nng ca phn mm ny dng vo vic phi hp cc thit b bo v qu dng trn li in phn phi. Phn mm c sn xut bi hng Coopers Power System Engineering Groups. Phn mm ny c lp trnh tng thch vi h iu hnh Windows. Dy l mt phn trong phn mm ln Power-Vedict vi cc giao din r rng, d hiu, hot ng vi chnh xc cao, c pht trin bi cc chuyn gia hnh u v h thng in nn phn mm c rt nhiu tnh nng u vit bi nhng kinh nghim lu nm v chuyn nghip trong vic pht trin phn mm cng nh trong vn hnh h thng in.
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C s d liu ca phn mm VPRO-II rt ln vi hn 1000 ng c tnh TCC ca hn 400 thit b ca cc hng ni ting v thng dng trn th gii hin nay. VPRO-II cho php ngi s dng to ra mt s n tuyn d dng v ci t thng s rt n gin nh nhng cng c c sn. Ngoi ra, vi mt c s d liu rt ln v cc ng cong v cc cng c hiu chnh ng cong cho php ta to ra nhng ng c tnh mong mun. Chng trnh VPRO-II i hi cu hnh my ti thiu nh sau: - H iu hnh Windows 95 hay NT - Mn hnh VGA - CPU 486DX 33MHZ - Dung lng a cng 20MB - Dung lng RAM 16MB. Giao din chnh ca VPRO-II vi cc nhm thanh cng c c th cung cp cho ngi s dng tt c cc thit b bo v, ng dy chnh, nhnh r, t d dng to c s n tuyn.

II.2. Mn hnh giao din chnh ca chng trnh

II.3. Cc giao din khai bo ca mt vi thit b

a. Giao din ca Recloser in t

125

b. Giao din ca Relay s cp

c. Giao din ca my bin p

126

d. Giao din ca ca cu ch v Bus

127

e. Cng c hiu chnh ng cong TCC

f. Ca s hin th c tuyn TCC

128

II.4. Nguyn tc phi hp.

Khi la chn v phi hp gia cc thit b bo v vi nhau phi tun th nhng nguyn tc la chn, phi hp c bn nh sau : * Cc thit b phi c la chn v lp t sao cho phm vi bo v ca chng ni tip nhau. * Khi s c xy ra, thit b gn s c nht phi tc ng u tin. * Ngn chn khng cho s c thong qua pht trin thnh s c vnh cu. * Ch ngt in hn khi s c l s c vnh cu. * Gii hn phm vi mt in do s c phi l nh nht.

II.5. La chn thit b bo v.

Cc thit b bo v qu dng thng dng nht trn h thng li in bao gm : Relay, Recloser, cu ch. nc ta loi cu ch c s dng ph bin nht l cu ch t ri. (LBFCO, FCO). Vic la chn thit b bo v hon ton ph thuc v tr lp t, cc thng s dng in, in p ni v quan im, kinh nghim ca ngi thit k. Relay c lp t sau thanh ci th cp ca my bin p trm, Recloser c t cc nhnh chnh, cu ch thng lp t cc nhnh r cho cc nhm ti c cng sut ln hay cc ti c kh nng m rng. Dng tc ng nh nht ca cc thit b bo v trn li l : It max = S 3 . Um

Imin-trip = 1,5 It max

II.6. Mt s kt qu phi hp

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MBA 63 MVA

/Y

110/15(KV)

Bus1

Relay

Rec 1

Bus 2

Rec 3

Bus 42

Rec 2

Bus 29 Bus 38

Bus 5

Bus 14

Bus 47

Rec 4

Bus 81

Bus 71 Bus 74

Rec 5

Bus 86

Bus 96

1. Kt qu phi hp bng phn mm VPRO II

Hnh 1 : Phi hp Relay, Recloser Bnh Thi, Ch Bus 5

130

Ch thch : - Ch bus 5 : LBFCO nhnh r Bnh Thi H100/4

Hnh 2 : Phi hp Relay, Recloser Bnh Thi, Ch Bus 14

131

Ch thch : - Ch bus 14 : LBFCO nhnh r Bnh Thi hm100

Hnh 3 : Phi hp Relay, Recloser u C, Ch Bus 38

132

Ch thch : - Ch bus 38 : FCO nhnh r Au C 205

Hnh 4 : Phi hp Relay, Recloser i Hnh, Ch Bus 47

133

Ch thch : - Ch bus 47 : FCO nhnh r i Hnh 2

Hnh 5 : Phi hp Relay, Recloser i Hnh, Ch Bus 71, Ch Bus 74

134

Ch thch : - Ch bus 71 : LBFCO nhnh r T Uyn - Ch bus 74 : FCO ca MBT trm Trn Qu
Hnh 6 : Phi hp Relay, Recloser i Hnh, Rec Din Ngh, Ch Bus 96

135

Ch thch : Ch bus 96 : FCO ca MBT Din Ngh 5

III. Phn mm Easy Power

III.1.
1. Gii thiu
tnh ton ngn mch cho mt vi nt s c trn mt s n gin bng cch s dng mt s phng php tnh tay n gin th vic tnh ton t ra c hiu qu. Nhng phn tch v tnh ton cho mt li in phn phi c th vi vi trm nt th vic tnh bng tay tr nn v cng kh khn v mt rt nhiu thi gian. Ngy nay, vi vic ng dng my tnh vo trong hu ht cc lnh vc em li mt cch nhn mi trong vic x l thng tin. Vic tnh ton trong lnh vc k thut ni chung v ngnh K Thut in ni ring tr nn d dng hn khi c s tr gip ca my tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng. V vy vic s dng cc phn mm c lp trnh c vai tr rt ln trong vic tnh ton v phn tch s c. bt kp xu th , ngi k s phi trang b nhng kin thc cn thit v vic s dng nhng phn mm nhm em li hiu qu cao khi phn tch v tnh ton vi nhng h thng ln. Sau y l nhng phn gii thiu s lc v cc phn mm chuyn dng trong vic tnh ton ngn mch v phi hp bo v ca cc thit b. Easy Power l phn mm ca hng ESA Power System dng trong tnh ton ngn mch, tro lu cng sut, ho tn bc cao ca h thng in bng cch nhp d liu trn s n tuyn vi giao din n gin.
136

Easy Power c thit k da trn co s cc phng php phn tch mch tin tin nht vi cc gii thut ti u c x l qua ngn ng lp trnh bi cc nh phn tch mch hng u. Chng trnh Easy Power i hi cu hnh my ti thiu nh sau: - H iu hnh Windows 95 hay NT - Mn hnh VGA - CPU 486DX 33MHZ - Dung lng a cng 10MB - Dung lng RAM 16MB.

III.2. Giao din chnh ca chng trnh

1. Mt s giao din nhp s liu cho cc phn t ca mch a. Giao din nhp s liu ngun ca h thng

137

b.

Giao din nhp s liu ca Bus

c.Giao din nhp s liu my bin p hai cun dy

138

d.

Giao din nhp s liu ca ng dy trn khng

139

e.Giao din nhp s liu cho cp ngm

III.3. Kt qu tnh ton

Do dng in khi ngn mch rt ln v l phn khng, cn dng trc xy ra ngn mch th nh v l phn thc. V vy dng in tng sau khi ngn mch c ln gn bng thnh phn c gi tr ln. Do c th b qua dng in ti trc ngn mch. * Tt c gi dng in trc ngn mch bng 0. Cc qui c : * Ngn mch ba pha : Tnh pha a. * Ngn mch mt pha (pha a) chm t : Tnh pha a. * Ngn mch hai pha (pha b v pha c) chm nhau v chm t : Tnh pha b. * Ngn mch hai pha (pha b v pha c) chm nhau : Tnh pha b. Xt mt h thng n gin gm 11 bus nh sau :

140

Xem ngun c cc thng s nh sau : XHT = 0.354 * My bin p c Um = 110 / 15 kV Sm = 63 MVA ; Un% = 11 %. * Dy dn AC 240 c : Z1 = Z2 = 0.3984 ( / km ) r1 = 0.1280 ( / km ) x1 = 0.3773 ( / km ) r0 = 0.4531 ( / km ) x0 = 0.12005 ( / km ) * Chiu di dy dn L12 = 0.01 (km) L23 = 0.05 (km) L34 =0.05 (km) L45 =0.05 (km); L56 =0.04 (km) L57 =0.04 (km) L38 =0.05 (km) L89 =0.05 (km); L9,10 =0.04 (km) L9,11 =0.04 (km) Tnh ngn mch ba pha, mt pha chm t ( L G ), hai pha chm nhau v chm t ( D L D ), hai pha chm nhau ( L L ), trong tnh trng khng ti v tng tr chm t Zf = 0. Momentary (First Cycle) High Voltage Currents Using Momentary Impedance Circuit Driving Point Voltage (P.U.) = 1.00000 __3 PHASE Fault On __ ______________ Total Fault Duties _______________

141

Name BUS-1 BUS-2 BUS-3 BUS-4 BUS-5 BUS-6 BUS-7 BUS-8 BUS-9 BUS-10 BUS-11

Bus kV Symmetrical X/R Mult Amps Ratio Factor 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 21669.9 21466.7 20502.5 19617.5 18802.7 18196.3 18196.3 19617.5 18802.7 18196.3 18196.3 150.00 102.28 40.82 26.35 19.88 16.81 16.81 26.35 19.88 16.81 16.81 1.71 1.70 1.65 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.54 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.54

Asymmetrical Amps 37026.7 36450.0 33813.4 31529.7 29534.6 28112.8 28112.8 31529.7 29534.6 28112.8 28112.8

ANSI Duty Amps 34671.8 34346.7 32804.0 31387.9 30084.3 29114.0 29114.0 31387.9 30084.3 29114.0 29114.0

Momentary (First Cycle) High Voltage Currents Using Momentary Impedance Circuit Driving Point Voltage (P.U.) = 1.00000 __D L-GND Fault On __ ______________ Total Fault Duties _______________ Name Bus kV Symmetrical X/R Mult Asymmetrical ANSI Duty Amps Ratio Factor Amps Amps BUS-1 BUS-2 BUS-3 BUS-4 BUS-5 BUS-6 BUS-7 BUS-8 BUS-9 BUS-10 BUS-11 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 21669.4 21441.7 20359.8 19370.0 18465.6 17797.9 17797.9 19370.0 18465.6 17797.9 17797.9 150.00 90.45 32.45 20.98 16.05 13.74 13.74 20.98 16.05 13.74 13.74 1.71 37025.9 34671.1 1.69 36314.2 34306.7 1.63 33170.5 32575.7 1.58 30574.0 30992.0 1.54 28386.5 29544.9 1.51 26867.1 28476.7 1.51 26867.1 28476.7 1.58 30574.0 30992.0 1.54 28386.5 29544.9 1.51 26867.1 28476.7 1.51 26867.1 28476.7

Momentary (First Cycle) High Voltage Currents Using Momentary Impedance Circuit Driving Point Voltage (P.U.) = 1.00000 __L TO L Fault On __ ______________ Total Fault Duties _______________ Name Bus kV Symmetrical X/R Mult Asymmetrical ANSI Duty Amps Ratio Factor Amps Amps BUS-1 BUS-2 BUS-3 BUS-4 BUS-5 BUS-6 BUS-7 BUS-8 BUS-9 BUS-10 BUS-11 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 18766.1 150.00 1.71 32065.2 18590.1 102.28 1.70 31565.7 17755.1 40.82 1.65 29282.4 16988.7 26.35 1.61 27304.7 16283.1 19.88 1.57 25577.0 15758.0 16.81 1.54 24345.6 15758.0 16.81 1.54 24345.6 16988.7 26.35 1.61 27304.7 16283.1 19.88 1.57 25577.0 15758.0 16.81 1.54 24345.6 15758.0 16.81 1.54 24345.6 30025.8 29744.2 28408.2 27182.0 26053.0 25212.8 25212.8 27182.0 26053.0 25212.8 25212.8

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Momentary (First Cycle) High Voltage Currents Using Momentary Impedance Circuit Driving Point Voltage (P.U.) = 1.00000 __S L-GND Fault On __ ______________ Total Fault Duties _______________ Name Bus kV Symmetrical X/R Mult Asymmetrical ANSI Duty Amps Ratio Factor Amps Amps BUS-1 BUS-2 BUS-3 BUS-4 BUS-5 BUS-6 BUS-7 BUS-8 BUS-9 BUS-10 BUS-11 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 21669.9 21321.0 19724.5 18340.5 17131.0 16268.8 16268.8 18340.5 17131.0 16268.8 16268.8 150.00 80.78 26.04 16.44 12.45 10.61 10.61 16.44 12.45 10.61 10.61 1.71 1.69 1.61 1.54 1.49 1.46 1.46 1.54 1.49 1.46 1.46 37026.7 36014.3 31675.4 28268.9 25533.1 23706.9 23706.9 28268.9 25533.1 23706.9 23706.9 34671.8 34113.6 31559.2 29344.8 27409.6 26030.1 26030.1 29344.8 27409.6 26030.1 26030.1

IV. Phn mm CYME

Ngy nay vic ng dng cc phn mm tr nn thng dng gip ta s dng d dng xy dng m phng h thng, t tnh ton v khc phc nhng hn ch. Trong tnh tonn ha tn c nhiu phn mm nh: Cyme, Easy Power, Matlab, y ta dng phn mm Cyme phn tch ha tn nh tnh cc thng s cn thit v phn b cng sut, THD, dng sng, c tuyn tr khng, Trong chng ny ta tm hiu cch s dng phn mm Cyme phc v cho vic phn tch ha tn.

IV.1. Cc chc nng ca phn mm

Tp on Cyme c thnh lp nm 1986, chuyn cung cp cc phn mm chuyn dng phn tch h thng in. Trong tp on ny xy dng phn mm Cyme l s tch hp cc phn mm phn tch h thng in . N c trang b mt s modul dng m phng mt mng rng bao gm cc trng thi lm vic ca h thng li in. Hin thi phn mm ny bao gm cc modul: Cymeflow : dng phn tch phn b cng sut, ch khi ng ng c, phn tch s c. Cymfault : dng phn tch s c ngn mch. Cymstab : dng phn tch n nh qu . Cymharmo : dng phn tch sng hi. Cymtcc : dung phn tch bo v r le. Phn mm ny cung cp cho ta nhiu s la chn cc thit b trong h thng in. Ngi s dng c h tr nhng c s d liu c gn sn trong cc hp thoi ph hp vi m hnh dung cho cc trng thi phn tch ring. Mi kiu thit b xy dng m hnh c c tnh hn mt kh ph thuc vo mc ch v phm vi m phng. i vi tham s thit b in, nu thiu thng tin chi tit Cyme c kh nng gi d liu tiu biu cho thit b theo h thng ca ta. Cc d liu cng nh cc

143

cng thc tnh ton uyc cho l kt qu th nghim ca cc h thng cng nghip thc hnh v c nhiu quc gia cng nhn v s dng rng ri. i vi lnh vc ha Cyme cho ta giao din v mn hnh ha cung cp thng tin rt chi tit v hnh dng sng tn hiu, cc ph tn s ca tn hiu dng p ti cc im nt, cc nhnh v phn tch iu kin cng hng ca h thng bang cch cho ra c tuyn tng tr, ph tng ng ca cc bus. Ni truy xut xut l CymeView dng chung cho cc modul m phng nu c pht sinh nhng loi biu no ta u c th truy xut ti y. Cymeview c kh nng qun l u ra nhng modul khc nhau v ct gi nhng kt qu ha cho bt k cc dng th cn thit gn lin vi modul m phng . i vi lnh vc phn tch sng hi, y l mt modul ca Cyme c tn l Cymeharmo c kh nng tnh ton nhiu vn sng hi nh THD, ln dng, p ti mi tn s ti cc bus, nhnh, cng nh cho ta hnh dng sng dng p, cc c tuyn tr khng c lin quan N to cho ta cc m hnh cc thit b rng ln nh cc ngun dng ha tn lm m hnh phi tuyn ti, cc dng mch lc nh l h quang, cc b chnh lu, v nhiu loi m hnh ng dy (cp), ng c cm ng, b lc sng hi. Quy m li in Cyme c kh nng phn tch l: - i vi m hnh thay th cho h thng 3 pha: 2000 bus 6000 phn t (ng dy, ti, my bin p,) 750 ngun dng ( pht sinh sng hi). - i vi m hnh thay th cho h thng n tuyn: 6000 bus 18000 phn t (ng dy, ti, my bin p,) 750 ngun dng ( pht sinh sng hi). Vi cc tnh nng nh trn, phn mm Cyme l cng c c cc cng ty chuyn ngnh, cc c vn k thut, cc nh nghin cu v cc trng i hc, cao ng, dng cho mc ch m phng cc trng thi lm vic cng nh tnh ton cc thng s cn thit cho h thng in. Cc tnh nng trong phn mm Cyme l rt ln v rng, ng thi c rt nhiu th vin lun c cp nht b sung, nn trong chng ny ch cp n nhng phn thch hp c s dng m phng nhm phn tch sng hi.

IV.2. CYMFLOW V CYMFAULT

Mn hnh giao din ca PSAF:

144

145

1.1 Khi ng CYMFLOW v CYMFAULT:

Khi ta click 2 ln vo biu tng PSAF mn hnh giao din s hin ra. Ta click vo Analysis pha trn mn hnh, mt hp thoi s hin ra ta chn CYMFLOW hoc CYMFAULT.

Sau khi chn Power Flow ta c th: M mt File lu bng cch click trn biu tng Open

, hoc vo menu File Y

M Study mi lu bng cch click trn biu tng , hoc vo menu File Y New. Sau chn mc nh 1 Bus bng cch click OK hp thoi sau

Chn mt Bus, l s khi u cho vic to mng in 1.2. Gii thiu mt s loi thit b:

1.2.1. BUS (Thanh gp): L im ni hai hay nhiu thnh phn vi nhau, cn nhp gi tr p c bn

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Bus ID: l tn t duy nht nhn dng n trong li.(12 k t) Extra ID: l tn ty chn khc hin th ni ca Bus ID trn ng dy v dng hin th trong bng kt qu.(20 k t) Base Voltage (KV): in p c bn. Operating Voltage (KV): l in p c duy tr ti Bus. Bus voltage limit (pu): Gii hn p (trong n v tng i) c th chp nhn c ti Bus. Khng nh hng n kt qu tnh ton. Previous Load Flow Solution: Cho kt qu sau cng p ti Bus trong n v tnh ton v gc pha. Kt qu ny c lu vo (*.nwt) 1.2.2 CAPACITOR, Shunt (T in ): c ni vo Bus cung cp cng sut phn khng cho h thng nhm nng ri t tn h s cng sut ti Bus. Ta c th to database bng cch nhn nt cho database. Sau nhp gi tr in p; cng sut Q cho database mi. Ngoi ra ta c th chn ti t Database ID Rating (MVAR): Cng sut ba pha. Voltge (KV): p dy. Losses (MW): tn tht do tr khng ca t in. * Nu khng bit gi tr Losses c th c lng 1KW/1MVA * Bi v p ca t lun cao hn kh nhiu so vi p bnh thng trn Bus nn CYM s khng cn tr vic ni t vo Bus vi in p khc.

147

T in ch c loi 3 pha. Yg: l u sao ni t. Khi chn cch u ny th phi cho gi tr in tr v in khng ni t; Y: l u sao khng ni t; D: l u tam gic. Thng s ta nhp y chnh l thng s cho t 1.2.3 MOTOR (ng c): Khi ni motor vo h thng, c th to database hoc nhp tng t nh trn

H s ti s c nhp vo LF = ( rate PF / operating PF)* load factor

148

Power Factor: H s cng sut lc vn hnh. N c th khc vi gi tr trong database. Ground impedance: L gi tr in tr v in khng ni t ca motor. Gi tr ny ch c s dng khi cun dy u sao ni t.

Voltage: Mc in p ca motor KV Rating: C th vo bng MVA, HP, KW. Ch cn vo mt gi tr hai gi tr kia s c tnh ton. Cn phi vo h s cng sut v hiu sut ng c ri sau mi vo cng sut biu kin. 1.2.4 LOAD (Ti) _( Phi l ti 3 pha ): Cn to database cho ti thun tin cho vic nhp thng s theo dng bng v cng l database mi. Cch to database tng t nh trn. Ngoi ra ta c th chn ti t Database ID Exponents nP and nQ = 0 cng sut ti l hng s =1 dng ti l hng s = 2 tr khng ti l hng s

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Sau khi ni ti vo h thng phi in cc d liu vo hp thoi. Chng ta c th in vo hai gi tr Active v Reactive Power 2 gi tr cn li s c tnh ton. Nu ta in vo hai gi tr Apparent Power, Power Factor th s t tnh ton s nh mong mun. Gi tr m ta nhp y l gi tr hin thi ca ti.

150

1.2.5 LINE (Dy dn in): Level( KV): Cp in p ca Line; Type and Size: Loi v kch c Line Loading limits (A): Gii hn: dng (Standard); nguy him (Emergency)

Cn nhp tr khng th t: thun; nghch; khng. Gi tr ca cc tr khng l trn mt n v chiu di.Trong phn nhp batabase cng tng mc trn..

Lengh: Chn n v chiu di ca Line 1.2.6. TRANSFORMER (My bin p):

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1.2.6.1 My bin p 2 cun dy Cc thng s cn nhp: Gi tr cng sut biu kin ca my bin p; hoc chn trong database t tn cho my bin p in p th cp _ s cp; cch u lch pha Gi tr tr khng v t s X/R th t thun trong h n v tng i Chn gii hn v gii hn nguy him cng sut (loading limit)

1.2.6.2 My bin p 3 cun dy Nhp cc thng s cn nhp tng t nh MBA hai cun dy. Nu trong Database khng c MBA m ta cn th tt nht l ta nn to mt Database mi thun tin cho cc cng vic sau ny nu cn chnh sa.

152

1.2.7. UTILITY (Ngun): Cc thng s cn nhp: Cp in p. t tn ngun. Cngsut ngn mch v cngsut ngn mch chm t; t s X/R. Cng sut pht ( Pgen, Qgen ). (Nu ta chn loi Swing th khng cn phi nhp Pgen, Qgen ).

153

154

1.3.Tnh kt qu CYMFLOW v CYMFAULT tnh CYMFLOW v CYMFAULT ta click vo Analysis pha trn mn hnh, tip . theo chn Solve hoc ta c th nhn trc tip vo biu tng Solve 1.4. ngha cc biu tng : Sau khi Slove xut hin biu tng ny. Nu ta mun xo hoc thm vo cc thit b th ta phi chuyn biu tng thnh : Khi ta click vo y mt hp thoi s hin ra, ta c th chn Cng sut c bn, in p c bn v cp chnh xc khi tnh lp, cc gi tr khc t ng c suy ra

: Biu tng ny cho php ta chn h n v cho cc i lng dng v p. : Biu tng ny cho php ta to mt thit b mi ging thit b m ta nh du. : Biu tng ny cho php ta di mt thit b t nt ny sang nt khc. : Biu tng ny cho php hin kt qu tnh trrn s . : Biu tng ny cho php ta coi d liu ca tng thit b trong mng in v c th nhp d liu ca tng thit b theo dng bng. : Biu tng ny cho php ta quay Bus ng hoc ngang. : Biu tng ny cho php ta quay cc thit b ( khng k Bus). : Biu tng ny cho php ta tng hoc gim chiu di Bus. Biu tng ny cho php ta xo thit b chn, hoc ta c th xo bng cch: chn thit b cn xo Y nhn phm Delete.

155

: Biu tng ny cho php ta to li thit b va mi xo. : Biu tng ny cho php ta s dng cc biu tng trn hng ca biu tng ny. Sau khi click biu tng trn ta c th to li hoc b li bng cch click vo (nu biu tng khng c chn ). : Biu tng ny cho php ta di chuyn nhm Bus chn

: Biu tng ny cho php ta ng hoc ngt thit b chn ra khi mng in ang xt. : Biu tng ny cho hin tn hoc khng hin tn ca cc thit b c trong mng in. Lu : lu li ln sau gii tip hoc em qua my khc th ta phi Export. Sau gii th ta Import, khi kt qu mi ng v cc d liu m ta nhp mi cn. Cn nu m ta nhn Save th ch lu file dng study (khng lu cc file d liu nhp ) Export: Vo nt File pha trn gc tri mn hnh, chn Export, chn Study, ri chn Folder m ta mun Export vo. Import: Vo nt File pha trn gc tri mn hnh, chn Import, chn Study, ri chn Folder m ta Export vo. II. CYMHARMO: 2.1 Khi ng CYMHARMO: CYMHARMO c ci sn khi chng ta ci PSAF. chy, ta click 2 ln vo biu tng PSAF. Menu chnh hin ra, ta chn new Study t menu file.K tip chn Harmonic Analysis t Select Solve trn menu Analysis

2.2.Mt s thit b hi tiu biu: Do ta ch s dng mt s thit b to sng hi cho mc ch sau ny, nn ch gii thiu mt s thit b tiu biu thng c dng 2.2.1. Load (Ti ): Ti chng ta ch c loi ti tnh (Static Load), c thay th bng nhnh RL 2.2.2.T b ngang (Shunt Capacitor): T b ngang c th n ti tn s cng hng i dung ca t v in cm ca li to thnh mch cng hng song song

156

Cc thng s c nhp v gii quyt trong phn CYMLOW v CYMFLOW. 2.2.3 My bin p: y ta s dng loi Fixed-Tap, cc thng s cn nhp ta nhp phn CYMFLOW. 2.2.4 Line (dy dn): Cc thng s cn nhp ta nhp phn CYMFLOW nhng ta cn b sung thm loi Line cn m phng hi. Series R_L: Dng cho m hnh ng dy ngn, c thay th bng nhnh R_L, gi tr dung dn khng quan tm n. Gi tr ca nhnh R_L nh hn khong t 100 n 1000 ln tr khng ca thit b trong nhnh ni vi n. Nu nh hn s bo li: Ill_conditioned network Nominal P_I: Dng cho m hnh ng dy ngn. Khi chiu di ca dy dn hoc cp tng, gi tr dung dn s tr nn quan trng v s m phng lc ny ging nh mt b lc cho sng hi bc cao Distributed_Parameter (thng s phn b): Dng cho m hnh ng dy di. Thng s c phn b c chiu di dy c s dng cc kt qu thng s A,B,C,D ca ng dy di. Cch ny cng c th d dng ng dy ngn Distributed_ Parameter with skin effect (thng s truyn ti vi hiu ng b mt): tng t nh m phng thng s truyn ti khng k s tng ca in tr theo tn s Ch : ch s m phng ny, thng s n v chiu di phi l km. in tr R c cho l in tr DC, nhng ta s dng in tr AC th sai s khng ng k.

157

158

2.2.5 Cc ngun dng: 2.2.5.1 Ngun dng n: y l ngun dng pht ra ti mt tn s, bin dng c kA, gc pha () v tn s hi / tn s c bn _ tc l bc hi ta phi nhp

2.2.5.2. Ngun dng a tn s: Ngun dng ny (c kA) thng c p dng. N cn thit m t cc dng hi cc bc khc nhau Ta s nhp bin _ gc pha cu cc bc hi v cng sut tng ng vi thit b pht ra sng hi m c thay th bng ngun dng ny. Bin dng hi c th n v tng i hoc trong n v tuyt i (kA). Ta cn nhp bin v gc pha dng c bn theo phn b cng sut th s chnh xc hn

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2.2.6. Converter (B bin i) 2.2.6.1. Converter ideal (converter l tng) Converter l tng dng Diode chnh lu. Cc thng s cn nhp l: Cng sut biu kin, s xung chnh lu. Sau khi ta kt ni xong Converter ideal mt bng hp thoi s hin ra nh hnh di ta s nhp thng s cng sut tc dng. Ta s click vo nt Access DB m nhp thng s cng sut biu kin, s xung, mc in p.

160

161

2.2.6.2. Converter non_ideal (converter khng l tng): Converter l tng dng Thyristor (SCR) chnh lu. Thng s cn nhp tng t Converter ideal

162

2.3. Thng ip v cch phng li Khi chng ta kt ni xong mng in, thun li ta lu trong mt file vn bn c gi l PSAF.WAR. Chng ta thng gp phi mt s li sau trong khi kt ni mng in: 1) Ill-conditioned network ! Check the elements connected to bus. y l thng ip bo li. Nguyn nhn l do mt thnh phn no trong mng c tr khng qu nh, lm sai s cng bc dng in chy trong mng. Bi v in p ti hai ni gn nh l bng nhau. khc phc ta c th tng tr khng 2) Bus is isolated from the following buses: . y ch l thng bo cho bit c Bus b c lp, c th l s ch cha cn xt n Bus b c lp 3) Singular Bus admittance matrix in SOL. Zero Diag ! Bus: y l s bo li mt thnh phn khng c ni t. Gii quyt vn ny ta ni t cho thnh phn . Ch nu thnh phn c cho l khng ni t, ta s c gng ni qua mt in tr cao hoc in dung nh, hoc c th s dng nhnh RLC cho mc ch. 4) Component = # Appears to be Numerically ill conditioned. y l s thng bo mt thng s ng dy m phng vi gi tr thng s rt nh. Nn c gng s dng s khc, nh Nominal _ PI. 2.4 Tnh THD: Tnh THD ta click vo biu tng , s hin ra hnh sau:

Ch : tnh c chnh xc ta tnh Power Flow trc v t tn (v d A) lu vo mt file dng A.FVI. Khi tnh Harmonic ta ta chn tnh t file A.FVI

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 xem Dng hi v p hi dng bng sau khi nhn nt Done, ta click vo biu . Cn chuyn bng kt qu tnh ton sang Excel taclick chut phi v tng chn nh hnh sau

2.5 M t trn bn v: 1) Zoom-in: Zoom ta click 2 chut tri ln trn th (phi lun gi chut tri trong ln click th hai) v ko bi khong cn Zoom.

164

2) Zoom-out: Zoom-out ta click chut phi/ Graph/ Zom extents

3) i mu th dng biu ta click chut phi / Bars / Distortion (hoc Impedance) analysis / Chn Bus / Box / chn mu

4) i mu th dng sng ta click chut phi / Curves / Distortion (hoc Impedance) analysis / Chn Bus / Box / chn mu

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5) Chn li tn s c bn: chn ta click chut phi / X-Axis / Unit / Editor (nh hnh minh ho), sau lick nt sau click vo nt n v ca s: chn li tn s c bn. Hoc ta c th chn

5) t tn cho bn v: click chut phi, chn Title, ri t tn cho bn v 2.6. Xut li in dng Autocad: (pha gc tri trn mn xut li in ra dng Autocad ta click vo nt hnh). Sau chn Export/ One-Line diagram / Chn loi Autocad + Tn + ni lu tr.

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Lu : Khi xut li in dng Autocad ta phi cho mng in nm tan b trong mt phng ang hin th. Nu khng th ch xut nhng ci m ta nhn c ni mn hnh hin th.

V. Cc phn mm tnh ton li in PSS/U v PSS/E

V.1. Li ni u
Nghin cu v ng dng my tnh vo tnh ton h thng in l s pht trin tt yu ca tt c cc cng ty in lc trong thi i hin nay. K t nm 1997, vi s gii thiu ca cng ty t vn Worley, cng ty in lc Tp.HCM nghin cu v ng dng phn mm PSS/U 8.3 vo tnh ton v phn tch h thng in Tp.HCM. ti nghin cu khoa hc: Nghin cu v p dng phn mm PSS/U trong tnh ton v ti u li in l kt qu ca qu trnh nghin cu . Phn mm PSS/U do hng POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC., mt hng phn mm ca M thc hin. y l phn mm tnh ton v phn tch h thng in rt mnh v c nhiu nc trn th gii s dng. Tuy nhin hin nay hng Power Technologies khng cn pht trin tip phn mm PSS/U, thay vo hng ny tp trung pht trin phn mm PSS/ADEPT, PSS/E nh l mt gii php mnh hn v c giao din trc quan hn vi ngi s dng.

V.2. S lc v PSS/U v PSS/E

Phn mm PSS/U, vit tt t tn gi Power System Simulator Utilisation, l phn mm tng c xem l chun trong tnh ton v phn tch h thng in. Phn mm ny c vit bng ngn ng Fortran, mt ngn ng rt thng dng trong lnh vc tnh ton k thut. Phn mm ny c th tnh ton tn tht cng sut, b cng sut phn khng, tnh ton ngn mch, xc nh cu hnh ti u, v.v S lng nt ti a m n c th tnh ton c l 2000 nt. Phn mm PSS/E, vit tt t tn gi Power System Simulator for Engineering, l phn mm cng th h vi PSS/U. Vic hng Power Technologies ch tp trung pht trin PSS/E trong nhng nm gn y lm cho phn mm PSS/E c xem l chun trong tnh ton li in hin nay v c rt nhiu nc trn th gii s dng. So vi PSS/U th PSS/E c nhiu u im vt tri, quan trng nht chnh l 2 u im: s nt ti a c th tnh ton l 80.000 v trc quan hn vi ngi s dng.

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V.3. Tm hiu PSS/E 28

V.3.1. Gii thiu V.3.1.1. Cc chc nng chnh ca chng trnh PSS/E-28 Phn tch v tnh ton bi ton tro lu cng sut Phn tch ngn mch i xng v bt i xng Xy dng mng in tng ng M phng ng V.3.1.2. Ba kha cnh quan trng ca chng trnh PSS/E-28 Cho php ta to cc th vin m t r rng cc iu kin ca h thng v cc vn cn kho st. Kh nng thc hin ca tng chc nng v trnh t cc chc nng gip ta t c nhng kt qu mong mun trong bi ton tro lu cng sut, m phng, tnh ngn mch. Cho ta bit tin trnh ci t m hnh ng ca h thng cn m phng. V.3.1.3. Nhng bc c bn cho ngi mi s dng Nhn bit r cc file bao gm: input data file, Saved case file, Snapshot file v Chanel ouput file. Son ra bn lit k cc tn v ni dung ca nhng file ny (S dng PSS/E File Planning Sheet POMV1.pdf) Tp hp tt c cc d liu tro lu cng sut v thit lp mt hoc nhiu Saved Case files v tro lu cng sut trc khi tin hnh vic m phng. Tip tc pht trin nhng d liu v cc subroutine m hnh ho cc thit b ca vic m phng ng (xem chng 7 POMV1.pdf) Kt ni lin kt ca cc subroutine vo cc chc nng m phng ng ca chng trnh PSSE (xem mc 3.9 chng 3 POMV1.pdf) c d liu m phng vo b nh lm vic ca PSS/E v thit lp mt hoc nhiu iu kin u hp l ca Snapshot Files tng ng vo Saved case Files. S dng cc chng trnh ph tr VCV, IMD v cc chc nng ESTR, ERUN, GSTR v GRUN kim tra cc d liu m phng. Cho chy chng trnh tro lu cng sut v chng trnh m phng, to cc Saved case v Snapshot File cn thit cho ph hp vi iu kin ca h thng trong sut qu trnh kho st. Ngi s

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dng nn to, hon chnh v truy sut cc Saved case v Snapshot Files thnh tng cp tng ng. Trc khi bt u s dng PSS/E, ngi s dng cn to nhng file d liu u vo cn thit cho cc mc ca PSS/E (xem mc 2.3.1 v 2.5 chng 2 POMV1.pdf) i vi chng trnh PSSE chy trn Windows th ta c th chn chng trnh c s nt thch hp bng cch chn biu tng thch hp tng ng hoc bng cch nhn ln nt Start. Ta c th thay i cc ty chn bng cch thay i trng dng lnh trong hp thoi thuc tnh ca chng trnh. V.3.2. Ci t V.3.2.1. Cu hnh cn thit IBM PC hoc tng thch, tc Pentium 450 MHz B nh 128 MB RAM 50 MB a cng trng (cha k b nh o v ch cho file tm trong khi chy chng trnh) Windows 95B, Windows 98, Windows NT4 (SP3 hoc hn), Windows 2000 hoc Windows XP Mn hnh v card ha phn gii 1024x768. Nn xi card ha AGP c kt qu ha tt hn Chut tng thch Windows Nu chy Windows NT, Windows 2000 hay Windows XP th phi ng nhp vo account Administrator c quyn ci t chng trnh V.3.2.2. Kha cng C 2 dng kha cng l kha xi cng my in (parallel) hoc cng USB. Nu xi loi kha cng USB th ch xi c t Windows 98 tr ln v phi lu khng gn kha cng vo trc v trong khi ci t chng trnh. V.3.2.3. COMPAQ Visual Fortran Compiler Nu mun sa i v bin dch li hot ng ca PSS/E th cn c trnh bin dch COMPAQ Visual Fortran 6.6 (hoc cao hn) cho mi phin bn ring bit ca PSS/E ci trn cng mt my.

169

V.3.2.4. Cc phn h ca PSS/E Tu trng hp m ta s c cc phn h khc nhau. Mc nh th PSS/E c bn vi 2 phn h: Phn b cng sut (Power Flow) v Th vin (Librabries). PSS/E c tt c 10 phn h sau: Phn b cng sut Power Flow Phn tch ng Dynamics Phn b cng sut ci tin Load Flow Enhancement Tnh ton ngn mch bt i xng Unbalanced Fault Analysis (Short Circuit) Tnh hng s ng dy truyn ti v thuc tnh ng dy Transmission Line Constant Calculation (TMLC) and Line Properties (LINEPROP) Phn tch h thng tuyn tnh Linear System Analysis (LSYSAN) B-Matrix Phn b cng sut ti u Optimal Power Flow (OPF) Model Library Source WSCC Programs V.3.3. Giao din chnh v h thng menu Khi ng chng trnh chng ta c th chn phn h Dynamics hoc Power Flow. S nt ti a c th tnh ton l do chng ta ch nh (khng vt qu 80.000).

Hnh 1.

Khi ng chng trnh

170

Hnh 2.

Mn hnh chnh ca phn h Power Flow

Hnh 3.

Mn hnh chnh ca phn h Dynamics

So vi PSS/U th PSS/E c nhng ci tin v mt thn thin vi ngi s dng th hin qua phn h Grid Editor. Trong Grid Editor chng ta c th v s n tuyn ca li in kh d dng v trc quan theo kiu ko th, iu m trong PSS/U chng ta khng th lm c.

171

Hnh 4.

Mn hnh chnh ca Grid Editor

Ngoi ra, nhm mc ch tham kho, phn ph lc c y hnh nh c th ca tng menu. V.3.4. Cc chc nng chnh Cc chc nng chnh quan trng nht m chng ta quan tm (v c trong phin bn PSS/E 28 m cng ty in lc Tp.HCM mua) l: Power Flow, Dynamics, Fault Analysis v Optimal Power Flow.

V.4. Minh ha s dng chc nng Power Flow

Nhm mc ch minh ha cho vic s dng phn mm PSS/E 28 vo tnh ton li in thc t, phn ny m t chi tit cc bc thc hin vic tnh ton phn b cng sut cho li in 10 nt. D liu c nhp vo v lu t trc, phn ny ch minh ha vic m ra v tin hnh tnh ton. Vic sa i c th thc hin mt cch n gin bng phn h Grid Editor (xem thm trong cc bc minh ha bn di). V.4.1. Cc bc thc hin

172

Hnh 5.

Bc 1 - M file case lu

Hnh 6.

Bc 2 Mn hnh sau khi m file 3nut.cas

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Hnh 7.

Bc 3 Mn hnh ca phn h Grid Editor

Hnh 8.

Bc 4 - To file Slider th hin s n tuyn

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Hnh 9.

Bc 5 - Chn chc nng AutoDraw v s n tuyn

Hnh 10.

Bc 6 Nhn chut vo vng trng v chn cc nt

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Hnh 11.

Bc 7 - Chy lnh Solve tnh ton phn b cng sut

Hnh 12.

Bc 8 - Chn phng php tnh v chn Solve

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Hnh 13.

Bc 9 - Kt qu

Ht chng !

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TI LIU THAM KHO:

[01]. Jacobus Jan Meeuwsen, Reliability evaluation of electric transmission and distribution systems, 1998 [02]. A.S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution, 1997 [03]. Scott & Scott, Computerize Mapping and Engineering Data Software Program, Seatle 1991. [04]. Nguyen Ngoc Tuyen , Protection and Reliability Improvement in the Distribution Network of Ho Chi Minh City, 2000 [05]. Tnh ton li in s dng phn mn PSS/ADEPT (ti liu tp hun tp 2 tp) ca Phng CNTT-VT Cty LTP.HCM v Khoa in - in T Trng HBK. [06]. B cng sut phn khng li cung cp v phn phi in. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut H Ni. [07]. Adrian A. Hopgood, Knowledge - Base systems, 1993. CRC Press. [08]. Cooper Power Systems, Capacitor switch - How and why, 1980, Cooper Power Systems. [09]. Cooper Power Systems, Power - Electrical distribution system protection, 1994, Cooper Power Systems. [10]. Dan Rahmel, Visual Basic programmer's reference, 1998, Mc Graw - Hill Companies Incorporated. [11]. Siemens, Power engineering guide : Transmission and Distribution, 1996, Siemens [12]. Tender document for HCMC District control centre SCADA project, phase 2, 1996. Ho Chi Minh city power company. [13]. Turan Gonen, Electric power distribution system engineering, 1986, Mc Graw - Hill Companies Incorporated. [14]. Trn Bch, Li in & H thng in, Tp 1, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut. [15]. H thng kim tra gim st v thu thp d liu - SCADA, 1996. Swedpower. [16]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, H thng ha c s d liu phc v h thng thng tin a l, 1997, ti nghin cu khoa hc cp EVN - DLHCM - 97 - 001. [17]. Trn Lc Hng, C s m phng ngu nhin, 1997, Nh xut bn Gio dc.

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[18]. Hong Kim (Ch bin), K thut lp trnh m phng : Th gii thc v ng dng, 1997, Nh xut bn Thng k. [19]. Trn nh Long, Qui hoch h thng nng lng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut. [20]. Trn nh Long, L thuyt h thng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut. [21]. Nguyn Vn m, Mng li in, Tp 1, 2, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut. [22]. Nguyn Hng Thi, Phn t t ng trong h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut. [23]. Cao Ho Thi, M hnh m phng, 1999, Tp bi ging chuyn . [24]. L Vn t, Phn tch & iu khin n nh h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut. [25]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, M phng vn hnh li in, 2000, Hi ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM. [26]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, ng dng cng ngh GIS qun l li in phn phi, Hi ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM. [27]. PSS/ADEPT 5.0, Users Guide Shaw Power Technologies - 04 / 2004 [28]. H Vn Hin - H thng in truyn ti v phn phi NXB i hc quc gia TP. H Ch Minh 2003 [29]. V Ngc Tc M hnh ha v m phng bng my tnh NXB Gio dc 2001 [30]. Nguyn Hong Vit Bo v Rle v t ng ha NXB i hc Quc Gia TPHCM 2003 [31]. C.Russell Mason The Acrt and Science of protective relaying 1967 [32]. Cooper power system Electrical Distribution system Protection 1990 [33]. Cng ty in lc TPHCM Bo co chuyn PSS/ADEPT Phng k thut cng ty- Thng 08- 2004 [34]. Copper Power Systems- Overcurrent Protection For Distribution SystemSeminar Notes and Reference Materials - 1995 [35]. URL http://www.pti-us.com

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 DNG PHN MM PHN TCH V TNH TON LI IN PSS/ADEPT

The Power System Simulator/Advanced Distribution Engineering Productivity TooL

Phn 5

Cm nang s dng
TP H CH MINH THNG 04/2007

GIO TRNH TP HUN

S DNG PHN MM PHN TCH V TNH TON LI IN PSS/ADEPT

Bin san: Nguyn Hu Phc ng Anh Tun L Thanh Quang Ch bin: PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Phc

Bn quyn thuc Cng ty in lc 2

Mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phi c s ng bng vn bn ca Cng ty in lc 2

Li ni u
Li in phn phi v truyn ti khng ngng pht trin m rng v qui m cng nh phc tp. Theo , cc yu cu cung cp in lin tc cho khch hng vi cht lng in nng ngy cng cao cng gia tng. Thit b trn li in phn phi hin nay vn c c im l a dng v chng loi, phc tp v cu to. Qu trnh vn hnh nhm thc hin nhng thao tc mang tnh lp i lp li nhiu ln nhng li i hi chnh xc cao v vy rt cn thit phi t ng ha bng cch a nhiu thit b t ng, x l thng tin t ng nhm tng kh nng truyn t v x l thng tin.Bng my tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng chng ta c th ngn chn trc v hn ch hng hc trong qu trnh vn hnh li in. Nhng thnh tu mi v Cng ngh Thng tin nh v kh nng lu tr ca phn cng, tc tnh ton, cc phng php h chuyn gia, mng neuron, cung cp nhng phng tin v cng c mnh tng cng nghin cu m rng ng dng trong lnh vc in nng. m bo v gi vng mi lin h hu c ca cc thnh phn trong h thng sn xut truyn ti, phn phi v s dng in nng. p ng kp thi cc yu cu trn, t thng 01-2005 Tng cng ty in lc Vit Nam (EVN) trc y, nay l Tp on in lc Vit Nam ch o p dng th im phn mm PSS/ADEPT tnh ton li in theo a bn do cc n v trc thuc qun l. Phn mm PSS/ADEPT c pht trin dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt cng c thit k v phn tch li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php chng ta thit k, chnh sa v phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch trc quan theo giao din ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw Power Technologies cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b sung v cp nht y cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in. Cng ty in lc 2-Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN) phi hp cng Khoa in-in t trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh nghin cu p dng phn mm ny. Cng ty in lc 2 thc hin tp hun cho cc n v trc thuc nhm trang b kh nng s dng phn mm chun tnh ton v phn tch li in da trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. iu ny, nhm gip Cng ty in lc 2 tng bc h thng ho, chun ho kin thc p dng tnh ton v in trong cc hot ng ca Cng ty nht l cng tc qun l k thut vn hnh li in. u tin l cc bi ton: phn b cng sut trn li, ngn mch, b

cng sut phn khng, tin cy,l cc vn m cc n v cn gii quyt hng ngy, thm ch hng gi. Cc Cng ty in lc cn trin khai cng tc o to n mc chi tit v s dng phn mm tnh ton k thut in chuyn ngnh nh PSS/U, PSS/ADEPT, PSS/E, cc n v trc thuc s dng thnh tho cc chng trnh ny. Cng ty in lc 2 s trang b kin thc Cng ngh Thng tin ni chung v phn mm tnh ton k thut chuyn ngnh in ni ring cho cc n vi trc thuc trong Cng ty in lc 2 thng qua cc kho o to kt hp vi v trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tin khai ng dng cc phn mm tnh ton k thut in trong ton Cng ty theo yu cu ca EVN. To iu kin cc n v trong Cng ty tm hiu cc phng php tnh ton cc bi ton in c bn v cch xy dng thut ton tnh ton p dng trong phn mm tnh ton chuyn nghip l phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca hng Shaw Power Technologics Inc-USA. nh gi, theo di v gim st hiu qu cng tc pht trin xy dng mi, i tu ci to, qun l k thut v vn hnh li in ca cc n v da vo cng c hiu qu l phn mm tnh ton k thut in PSS/ADEPT. Lm c s i ng cn b k thut cc n v d dng tip thu v nm bt cc phm mm khc sau ny, v d nh PSS/E. EasyPower, Vic t chc o to s gp phn nng cao kh nng ng dng my tnh, nht l s dng cc phn mm tnh ton chuyn ngnh in cho cc n v trc thuc trong Cng ty in lc 2. Ph bin kinh nghim v trin khai cc kt qu nghin cu cc phn mm, cc n v tip tc p dng vo thc t cng tc ti n v. Gp phn hon thnh tt cng tc sn xut kinh doanh ca n v trn c s cc kt qu tnh ton t cc phn mm mnh. To ra s phi hp sn sng da trn quan h tt p vn c gia Cng ty in lc 2-n v qun l li in v trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh-n v gio dc o to V gio trnh ny c bin son nhm mc ch phc v cho cc bui tp hun phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 nh trn. Nhm bin son rt cm n s hp tc m Cng ty in lc 2 dnh cho nhm ni ring cng nh cho Khoa in-in t trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh ni chung. Nhm bin son cng cm n mt s cng tc vin h tr xy dng gio trnh ny. Nhm bin son

II

Tm tt ni dung
Gio trnh ny c bin son phc v cho cc bui tp hun s dng phn mm phn tch v tnh ton li in PSS/ADEPT 5.0. Gio trnh gm cc phn: Phn 1: Kin thc chun b yu cu-n tp kin thc Phn 2: Hng dn s dng PSS/ADEPT Phn 3: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT-Phn cn bn Phn 4: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT-Phn nng cao hc vin cc n v nm bt v p dng nhanh, cn c thm cc phn: Phn 5: Cm nang s dng Phn 6: Thut ng Anh-Vit i chiu qua cc slide bi ging phn mm PSS/ADEPT Phn 7: Cc slide bi ging ca chuyn gia PTI software. Ngoi ra cn c Gio trnh in t lu tr trn a CD-ROM: Gm cc ti liu a phng tin (Multimedia) h tr thm cho cc hc vin chun b bi hc trc khi ln lp, n tp sau kha hc v a phng cng tc. c thc hin bng k thut lp trnh Web v x l Multimedia (dng phim c m thanh, Web page,) Cc chng trnh chuyn i: 1. Chng trnh Chuyn Excel DAT File. Excel.

2. Chng trnh Chuyn DAT File 3. Chng trnh x l s liu u vo

4. Chng trnh Tnh Cng Sut Ngun. 5. Chng trnh Tnh Tng Tr My Bin Th. 6. Chng trnh chia s PSS/ADEPT qua mng LAN, WAN v internet 7. H thng cc bi tp trc nghim trn my tnh sut kho hc 8. Chng trnh thi kt thc kho hc bng trc nghim trc tip trn my tnh V cc CD-ROM: -CD1: Gio trnh in t h tr -CD2: Cc bi ging v bi tp

III

-CD3: D liu li in -CD4: D liu li in (tt) v source cc chng trnh h PSS/* -CD5: Cc chng trnh h tr kho hc Gm cc ti nguyn hc tp nh: ti liu tham kho, Users Guide, website PTI (offline, xem khng cn kt ni internet), web documents, source software PSS/ADEPT and untilities, cc phn mm chuyn i d liu v demo phc v ng dng tnh ton bng PSS/ADEPT, Qua kinh nghip tp hun v gip cc hc vin thuc cc n v in lc p dng nhanh phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Chng ti ch trng chnh vo 4 mc tiu p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
Thit lp thng s mng li Program, network settings

To s Creating diagrams

Chy 8 bi ton phn tch Power System Analysis

BO CO Reports, diagrams

V cc ni dung nng cao: Biu din trng thi li in trc v sau khi gii cc bi ton phn tch. S dng cc lp d liu. T chc v qun l ph ti v khch hng s dng in. Kh nng h tr cc c s d liu khc. B sung cc thng s dy dn vo t in cu trc dy dn. B sung thit b bo v vo th vin thit b bo v.

IV

M rng bi ton phn tch cho li in qui m ln, nhiu cp in p nh gi li in trc v sau khi gii cc bi ton phn tch. p dng kt qu tnh ton lm c s vn hnh li in. Thc hin lp v bo v cc k hoch tiu, trung v i tu hay pht trin mi li in. Phn tch v tnh ton li in trn nn H thng thng tin a lGIS. M phng vn hnh li in. Tham kho cc phn mm tnh ton phn tch li in khc. Nhng ni dung ny gip hc vin tm hiu thm mt s kin thc hu ch lin quan. Chi tit ni dung s c trnh by trong phn u cc tp gio trnh v cc chng trong cc phn. Nhm bin son

Thut ng, k hiu v vit tt.

CAD: CAM: CNPM: CNTT: CSDL: GUI: GIS: IA: MIS: NNLT: PC: SQL: CB: DS: EVN: H s dng in: HT: IEC: ISO: Khch hng: LBS: LPP: LTD: MBA: LKV: PC HCMC: PC 2 REC: SCADA: TP.HCM: VHL: KC: Network: Computer Aided Design Computer Aided Manufacture Cng ngh phn mm Cng ngh thng tin. C s d liu. Graphic user interface. H thng thng tin a l-Geographic Information System Tr tu nhn to-Inlelligence Artificielle H Thng Tin qun l Ngn ng lp trnh. Personal computer Structured query language. Cn b Disconect Swicth-Dao cch ly. Tp on in lc Vit Nam H s dng in qua cu li, qua in k ph. H thng in. y ban k thut in quc t-International Electrotechnical Commission. T chc tiu chun quc t-International Organization for Standardization H s dng in theo hp ng cung ng s dng in vi ngnh in qua in k chnh. Load break switch-Dao cch ly ng ct c ti. Li in phn phi. Dao cch ly chu sc cng-Line Tenson Disconect My bin p in lc khu vc. Cng ty in lc TP HCM Cng ty in lc 2 My ct t ng ng li-Recloser H thng iu khin v gim st thu thp d liu. Thnh ph H Ch Minh Vn hnh li in. Khi ng ng c Li in

VI

Ch

Lin quan

V d, bi tp

Lu tp tin v d mu D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA

Ht chng !

Ht chng

VII

Mc lc tng qut
Phn Mt: Kin thc chun b CHNG 1: M HNH LI IN CHNG 2 PHN B CNG SUT CHNG 3: NGN MCH CHNG 4: BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC NH IM DNG TI U CHNG 5: PHI HP BO V CHNG 6: SNG HI CHNG 7: XC NH V TR B TI U CHNG 8: NH GI TIN CY CHNG 9: CC VN KHC CA LI IN PHN PHI Phn Hai: Hng dn s dng phn mm CHNG 1: HNG DN CI T PHN MM PSS/ADEPT CHNG 2: HNG DN S DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT PH LC 1: M HNH XUT TUYN DY C LP PH LC 2: NGUYN TC PHN PHI PH LC 3: KIU D LIU Phn Ba: K nng p dng-Phn c bn CHNG 1: D LIU CHUN B CHNG 2: CC BC THC HIN CHNG 3: MT S KT QU P DNG Phn Bn: Cm nang s dng Phn Nm: K nng p dng-Phn nng cao CHNG 1: X L S LIU CHNG 2: B SUNG CC THNG S VO PHN MM CHNG 3: BIU DIN, PHN TCH V NH GI KT QU TNH TON H TR RA QUYT NH CHNG 4: C KT KINH NGHIM P DNG TI MT S LI IN CA CC IN LC KHU VC CHNG 5: QUN L V TNH TON LI IN PHN PHI TRN NN H THNG THNG TIN A L CHNG 6: M PHNG VN HNH LI IN CHNG 7: GII PHP CHIA S KHA CNG PHN MM TRN MY N CHO NHIU NGI S DNG CHNG 8: TM HIU MT S PHN MM PHN TCH LI IN KHC Phn Su: Thut ng Anh-Vit i chiu qua cc slide bi ging Phn By: Cc slide bi ging ca PTI software

VIII

GIO TRNH TP HUN

S DNG PHN MM PHN TCH V TNH TON LI IN

PSS/ADEPT

Phn Nm: Cm nang s dng

05

MC LC CHI TIT PHN 5

MC LC CHI TIT PHN 5 ........................................................................ 1 CM NANG S DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT..................................... 3 I. Gii thiu ....................................................................................................... 4 II. Cc chc nng tnh ton ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT ................................. 5
II.1. Tnh ton phn b cng sut ...................................................................................... 5 II.1.1. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................ 5 II.1.2. Ngun.................................................................................................................. 5 II.1.3. Dy v cp........................................................................................................... 6 II.1.4. My bin th ....................................................................................................... 6 II.1.5. M hnh my in ............................................................................................... 6 II.2. Tnh ton ngn mch.................................................................................................. 8 II.2.1. Ngun.................................................................................................................. 8 II.2.2. ung dy v cp ............................................................................................... 8 II.2.3. My bin p ........................................................................................................ 9 II.2.4. M hnh my in ............................................................................................... 9 II.2.5. M hnh ti tnh................................................................................................... 9 II.2.6. Tng tr tng ng Thevenin....................................................................... 10 II.3. Xc nh v tr t t b ti u (CAPO)................................................................... 11 II.3.1. Thit lp cc thng s kinh t li in cho CAPO ......................................... 11 II.3.2. Cch PSS/ADEPT tnh cc vn kinh t trong CAPO .................................. 13 II.3.3. Thit lp cc ty chn cho php phn tch CAPO ............................................ 13 II.3.4. Cch PSS/ADEPT tm v tr t t b ti u .................................................... 15 II.3.5. Cch chy bi ton tm v tr t t b ti u.................................................... 17 II.3.6. Report sau khi phn tch v tnh ton................................................................ 17 II.4. Tnh ton phi hp v bo v................................................................................... 18 II.4.1. Cu ch .............................................................................................................. 18 II.4.2. Relays................................................................................................................ 19 II.4.3. Cp .................................................................................................................... 19 II.4.4. Recloser ............................................................................................................ 21 II.4.5. Phi hp cc thit b bo v .............................................................................. 22 II.5. Tnh ton phn tch sng hi.................................................................................... 22 II.5.1. Ti tnh .............................................................................................................. 23 II.5.2. ng c khng ng b.................................................................................... 24 II.5.3. ng c ng b............................................................................................... 25 II.5.4. T in mc shunt............................................................................................. 26 II.5.5. ng cy v cp ............................................................................................. 27 II.5.6. Hiu chnh ng dy di................................................................................. 28 II.5.7. My bin p ...................................................................................................... 29 II.5.8. Tnh ton sng hi............................................................................................. 30 II.6. Tnh ton im dng ti u (TOPO) ....................................................................... 33 II.6.1. Thit t thng s kinh t cho bi ton TOPO ................................................. 34 II.6.2. t cc ty chn cho bi ton TOPO................................................................ 34 II.7. Tnh ton tin cy li in.................................................................................. 35 II.7.1. H s SAIFI (Tn sut ngt in trung bnh trong h thng) ........................... 35 II.7.2. H s SAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh trong h thng)......................... 36 II.7.3. H s CAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh mt v) .................................... 36 II.7.4. H s CAIFI (S ln ngt in trung bnh trn mt khch hng) ..................... 36 II.7.5. H s ASAI (Mc cung cp in)................................................................ 36 1

II.7.6. Phng php tnh .............................................................................................. 37 II.7.7. S dng module DRA trong PSS/ADEPT........................................................ 37 II.7.8. Tnh ton ch s tin cy..................................................................................... 37 II.8. Tnh ton phn tch khi ng ng c ................................................................... 39 II.8.1. Ngun................................................................................................................ 39 II.8.2. My in ang hot ng.................................................................................. 39 II.8.3. Khi ng my in.......................................................................................... 40 II.8.4. Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh.............................................................. 40 II.8.5. Gia tc ng c ................................................................................................. 42 II.8.6. Khi ng ng c tnh .................................................................................... 42 II.8.7. Khi ng ng c vi kho st n nh qu .............................................. 43 II.8.8. Nhng c trng khc ca kho st khi ng ng c................................... 43

III. X l s liu u vo ................................................................................. 44

III.1. Cc phng n thu thp s liu .............................................................................. 44 III.1.1. Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh ......................................................... 44 III.1.2. Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh b sung ........................................... 45 III.1.3. Phng n xy dng th ph ti t th ph ti h th chun .................. 46 III.2. Phng n p dng ................................................................................................. 48 III.2.1. C s thu thp s liu: ..................................................................................... 48 III.2.2. Trnh t thu thp s liu .................................................................................. 48

IV. p dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT: ............................................................ 49

IV.1. S p dng trin khai......................................................................................... 49 IV.2. Thit lp thng s cho mng li:.......................................................................... 49 IV.3. To s : ............................................................................................................... 50

V. Tnh ton p dng trn li in c th ..................................................... 53

V.1. Gi thiu li in p dng: .................................................................................. 53 V.2. Hin trng tn tht ................................................................................................... 57 V.2.1. Tng quan ......................................................................................................... 57 V.2.2. Phn tch tn tht in nng nm 2006............................................................. 57

VI. Thc hin tnh ton.................................................................................... 58

VI.1. Nhp liu ................................................................................................................ 58 VI.1.1. Thit lp thng s h thng (trc khi v) ...................................................... 58 VI.1.2. To s ......................................................................................................... 60 VI.1.3. Chy bi ton phn tch................................................................................... 63 VI.2. Kt qu tnh ton .................................................................................................... 65

VII. Ci t phn mm PSS/ADEPT trn my n v my ch-STEP BY STEP................................................................................................................ 66 TI LIU THAM KHO:.............................................................................. 83

CM NANG S DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT

Cm nang nhn gip hc vin nm bt nhanh cc kin thc p dng v k nng s dng nhanh phn mm chun tnh ton v phn tch li in PSS/ADEPT. H thng ho kin thc gii cc bi ton k thut in. iu ny cng tng bc h thng ho, chun ho kin thc p dng tnh ton v in trong cc hot ng qun l k thut vn hnh li in. Cc hc vin hiu v thc hnh cc bi ton tnh ton v phn tch li in. Thc hin cc bi ton ny qua cc v d p dng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Cch thit lp thng s cho phn mm. Thit lp thuc tnh cho li in cn tnh ton. M hnh ho cc phn t li in trong phn mm Cch xy dng v b sung t in d liu vt t thit b. Cch thu thp s liu o c thc t, x l d liu th, chuyn i t cc phm mm h tr. Nhp liu vo phn mm. Xut d liu tnh ton theo 8 bi ton yu cu. To cc bo co kt qu tnh ton v phn tch li in. -Thc hin tnh ton v phn tch li in theo 2 loi s l: S a d (bn ) v s nguyn l. Cm nang s gip cc n v nm bt nhanh cc phng php tnh ton cc bi ton in c bn v cch xy dng thut ton tnh ton p dng trong phn mm tnh ton chuyn nghip l phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca hng Shaw Power Technologics Inc-USA. nh gi, theo di v gim st hiu qu cng tc pht trin xy dng mi, i tu ci to, qun l k thut v vn hnh li in ca cc n v da vo cng c hiu qu l phn mm tnh ton k thut in PSS/ADEPT. Lm c s i ng cn b k thut cc n v d dng tip thu v nm bt cc phm mm khc sau ny, v d nh PSS/E. EasyPower,

I. Gii thiu
PSS/ADEPT gip phn tch v tnh ton li in phn phi. Tnh ton v hin th cc thng s v dng (I), cng sut (P, Q) ca tng tuyn dy (ng trc v nhnh r), nh gi tnh trng mang ti ca tuyn dy thng qua chc nng Load Flow Analysis (Phn b cng sut). Cho bit cc thng s v tn tht cng sut ca tng tuyn dy t c phng n b cng sut phn khng trnh lm tn tht nhiu cho tuyn dy thng qua chc nng CAPO (Ti u ha vic t t b). Cho bit cc thng s SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIFI, CAIDI v vic nh gi tin cy ca tuyn dy thng qua chc nng DRA (Phn tch tin cy ca li in phn phi). tin cy l xc sut lm vic tt ca mt thit b trong mt chu k di cc iu kin vn hnh c th nghim. PSS/ADEPT tnh ton dng ngn mch (3 pha chm t, 01 pha chm t, 01 pha chm t c tnh ti thnh phn tng tr t, 02 pha chm nhau, 02 pha chm t, 03 pha chm t) ca tt c trng hp cho tng tuyn dy thng qua chc nng Fault, Fault All (Tnh ton dng ngn mch khi b s c). TOPO (Chn im dng li ti u): chng trnh cho ta bit im dng li t b tn tht cng sut nht trn tuyn dy . Motor Starting (Khi ng ng c): chng trnh s cho ta bit cc thng s nh st p, phn trm st p, tn tht cng sut,nh hng nh th no n tuyn dy nu trn tuyn dy c t ng c (ng b hay khng ng b) vi cng sut ln. Harmonics (Sng hi) phn tch sng hi. Coordination (Phi hp bo v). H tr cho cng tc thit k, pht trin li in bng cch s dng kt qu ca chng trnh ti thi im cao im. D on c s qu ti ca cc phn t trn li in.

II. Cc chc nng tnh ton ca phn mm

PSS/ADEPT
II.1. Tnh ton phn b cng sut
II.1.1. Gii thiu Kho st m hnh c bn gii bi ton phn b cng sut ca PSS/ADEPT lit k di y. Trong PSS/ADEPT, cc b phn ca li in c chia thnh nhiu loi: im ni (cn gi l nt bus): l ni cc b phn khc trong li in gp nhau. im ni c th c hoc khng tng ng vi thit b trong thc t. Thit b ni Shunt tng trng cho b phn vt l t ti mt im ni. Thit b nhnh tng trng cho b phn vt l tn ti gia hai (hay nhiu) im ni vi nhau. H thng in cp y thng l h thng ba pha, v trong PSS/ADEPT mi b phn trong li ba pha bao gm thng tin cho c ba pha v c th thao tc nh mt b phn mt pha. Mt nt, chng hn nh cho ba im ni, mi im c ba pha A, B v C. Tng t vy, mi nhnh cng c ba pha (gia A vi B hoc C) gia hai nt. S lng thc ca dy dn hoc pha l thuc tnh ca nhnh. V th, mt nhnh ba pha c th tng trng cho c mt, hai hoc ba pha. Thit b mc Shunt, tr t in mc Shunt, u c nh ngha tng t nh nhnh, cng c 3, 2, hay 1 pha. II.1.2. Ngun Bi ton mng in gii trong PSS/ADEPT phi c ti thiu mt ngun ba pha cn bng. PSS/ADEPT, c th gii bi ton c nhiu ngun hot ng cng mt lc. Mt ngun c t trng bi in p, tng tr th t thun v th t khng. Ch khi bit c cng sut ngn mch ca ngun th mi c th chuyn sang tng tr th t thun v th t khng.

II.1.3. Dy v cp Dy ni lin hai nt vi nhau v ti thiu phi c t nht mt dy pha. Mt dy c th c 1, 2 hoc 3 dy pha. Dy chuyn v c t trng bi tng tr th t thun v th t khng, v bi in np th t thun v khng. Dy mt v hai pha cn c t trng bi thnh phn th t thun v khng ca tng tr/ dn np. Dy mt pha ch c mt tng tr ni tip v mt thnh phn dn np. Khi nhp liu cho dy mt pha, t thnh phn th t thun v khng ca tng tr/ dn np bng nhau. Dy dn hai pha c tng tr t cm Zs v h cm Zm. Khi nhp liu cho dy hai pha t thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng nh cch t cho dy ba pha (vd Z1 = Zs Zm v Z0 = Zs + 2 Zm). Dy hai pha c hai thnh phn dn np, Bs c trng cho mi dy dn n t, Bm c trng cho hai dy dn vi nhau. Tng t, rt ra cch lm cho dy ba pha, B1 = Bs + 2 Bm, B0 = Bs. Cch n gin nhp vo tng tr/ dn np l s dng lun gi tr ca dy ba pha; sai s nu c cng s rt nh. Hin nay, d liu cho cp thng c nhp ging nh dy trn khng, bng cch ch nh thnh phn th t thun v khng. i vi cp ngm, thnh phn dn np th t thun v th t khng thng thng bng nhau. II.1.4. My bin th PSS/ADEPT m hnh nhiu dng ni dy my bin th gm: Y-Y, Y-, -, iu chnh in p .v.v. Mi my bin p c thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng, gi tr ny ghi bn ngoi hoc trong bn hng dn. Thnh phn tng tr th t khng t trng cho tng tr ni t trong s ni dy dng sao tam gic. Nu my bin th khng c tng tr ni t, t thnh phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun. i vi my bin th u dng -, hoc dng Y- bn phn Y ni t trc tip, t thnh phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun; PSS/ADEPT kho st dng th t khng, dng th t khng ni Shunt qua t .v.v. V PSS/ADEPT qun l cc loi my bin th v cch ni dy khc vi PSS/U, s c vi thay i trong chuyn i d liu khi s dng file d liu th raw data (*.dat) gia cc chng trnh ny. II.1.5. M hnh my in My in ng b v khng ng b u c m hnh ho trong PSS/ADEPT.

C hai loi ny u c thit k sn cho c dng my pht ln ng c bng cch chn c trng thch hp thng qua cng sut thc tng th, gi tr m cho bit l my pht. II.1.5.1. My in ng b Trong bi ton phn b cng sut, m hnh my in ng b trong PSS/ADEPT gi c nh gi tr in p l hng s bng vi gi tr ngi dng a vo. Lng cng sut phn khng pht ra hay thu vo c s dng iu chnh in p.Nu lng cng sut yu cu ca m hnh vt qu gii hn kh nng cho php th kh nng iu khin in p cng s mt theo, v my in ng b lc tr thnh ti tiu th cng sut. Nu my in ng b hot ng dng ln hn dng nh mc, th nhit trong ng v st s ln lt tng vt mc theo. Nhng hn ch ny c t t nh hnh 4-13 l hm ca cng sut phn khng theo cng sut thc. Cung trn t B n C, c bn knh bng cng sut nh mc ca my in, biu th t c dng nh mc in p nh mc. im B biu th h s cng sut nh mc ca my in. Cung t A n B biu th dng kch t nh mc ca my in. Khi my in hot ng trong min di kch t, tn ti bin t thng ln trong li st. Cung t C n D biu th gii hn nhit gy ra do t thng. ng cong cng sut phn khng dng xc nh gii hn cng sut phn khng ca my in. Gi tr ti hn ln nht v nh nht ln lt tng ng vi hai im B v C. Tuy nhin cn lu rng, gii hn cng sut phn khng c th thay i tu theo mc cng sut thc Khi mt my in khi ng, n th hin qua tng tr rotor. Nu mt my in ang hot ng, v c mt my in khc cng khi ng, th my in ang hot ng s c m hnh bi mt ngun ghp sau tng tr qu . Gi tr ca in p ngun v gc pha c xc nh bng cch cho chy chng trnh tnh ton mng in iu kin trc khi ng kha ni ng c vo mng in. Trong m phng s c ngn mch, mt my in m hnh bi mt ngun dng gn theo sau tng tr qu hay sau qu , tu thuc vo ch no ta mun kho st. Gi tr ca ngun c xc nh tng t nh cch lm i vi khi ng ng c (vd chy bi ton phn b cng sut trc s c).

II.1.5.2. ng c khng ng b Trong khi m phng bi ton phn b cng sut, ng c khng ng b (DCKDB) th hin bi cng sut thc n s dng. Lng cng sut phn khng tiu th v trt c xc nh t m hnh my in. C 5 loi DCKDB trong PSS/ADEPT, tng ng vi cc mu thit k A, B, C, D, v E. Tuy nhin, nu DCKDB i ra bn ngoi vng c Momem ln nht, n s b gi li. Khi iu xy ra, DCKDB s c biu th bi tng tr kho Rotor (locked rotor impedance). Khi mt DCKDB khi ng, n th hin qua tng tr kho rotor. Nu mt DCKDB ang hot ng, v c mt DCKDB khc cng khi ng, th DCKDB ang hot ng s c m hnh bi mt ngun ghp sau tng tr, tng t nh trng hp my in ng b. Trong m phng s c ngn mch, mt DCKDB m hnh bi mt ngun gn theo sau tng tr qu hay sau qu , tng t nh trng hp my in ng b.

II.2. Tnh ton ngn mch

Kho st m hnh c bn gii bi ton tnh ngn mch trong PSS/ADEPT c lit di y. II.2.1. Ngun Trong bi ton tnh ngn mch, cc ngun c xem nh c in p khng i v tng tr phi c xc nh r. Tng tr ngun da trn h n v c bn ca h thng (kVA). II.2.2. ung dy v cp Dy ni lin hai nt vi nhau v ti thiu phi c t nht mt dy pha. Mt dy c th c 1, 2 hoc 3 dy pha. Dy chuyn v c t trng bi tng tr th t thun v th t khng, v bi in np th t thun v khng. Dy mt v hai pha cn c t trng bi thnh phn th t thun v khng ca tng tr/ dn np. Dy mt pha ch c mt tng tr ni tip v mt thnh phn dn np. Khi nhp liu cho dy mt pha, t thnh phn th t thun v khng ca tng tr/ dn np bng nhau. Dy dn hai pha c tng tr t cm Zs v h cm Zm. Khi nhp liu cho dy hai pha t thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng nh cch t cho dy ba pha (vd Z1 = Zs Zm v Z0 = Zs + 2 Zm). Dy hai pha c hai thnh phn dn np, Bs c trng cho mi dy dn n t, Bm c trng cho hai dy dn vi nhau.

Tng t, rt ra cch lm cho dy ba pha, B1 = Bs + 2 Bm, B0 = Bs. Cch n gin nhp vo tng tr/ dn np l s dng lun gi tr ca dy ba pha; sai s nu c cng s rt nh. Hin nay, d liu cho cp thng c nhp ging nh dy trn khng, bng cch ch nh thnh phn th t thun v khng. i vi cp ngm, thnh phn dn np th t thun v th t khng thng thng bng nhau. II.2.3. My bin p PSS/ADEPT m hnh nhiu dng ni dy my bin th gm: Y-Y, Y-, -, iu chnh in p .v.v. Mi my bin p c thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng, gi tr ny ghi bn ngoi hoc trong bn hng dn. Thnh phn tng tr th t khng t trng cho tng tr ni t trong s ni dy dng sao tam gic. Nu my bin th khng c tng tr ni t, t thnh phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun. i vi my bin th u dng -, hoc dng Y- bn phn Y ni t trc tip, t thnh phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun; PSS/ADEPT kho st dng th t khng, dng th t khng ni Shunt qua t .v.v. V PSS/ADEPT qun l cc loi my bin th v cch ni dy khc vi PSS/U, s c vi thay i trong chuyn i d liu khi s dng file d liu th raw data (*.dat) gia cc chng trnh ny. II.2.4. M hnh my in Trong tnh ton ngn mch, my in ng b c xem nh c in p khng i v c tng tr. Chng ta c th chn tng tr qu hoc siu qu ty theo yu cu ca chng ta trong vic tnh ngn mch. ng c khng ng b ang hot ng c biu trng nh ng c ng b trong tnh ngn mch, c ngha cng c in p khng i v tng tr. II.2.5. M hnh ti tnh Trong PSS/ADEPT, ti tnh c m hnh bi cng sut khng i, dng khng i hay tng tr khng i. Thm vo , PSS/ADEPT cho php ta cch ch nh ti c ni t hay khng ni t. Vi loi ti c ni t: l ti c ni dy pha v dy trung tnh vi nhau.

Tri li, vi ti khng ni t: khi nhp vo cho pha A tht ra l ni gia pha A vi pha B, khi nhp vo cho pha B tht ra l ni gia pha B vi pha C, v khi nhp vo cho pha C tht ra l ni gia pha C vi pha A. II.2.6. Tng tr tng ng Thevenin Tng tr tng ng Thevenin l tng tr t mt nt n h thng in cn tnh ton. Trong h thng, tt c cc ti v ngun c thay th bng tng tr tng ng v in p tng ng nh hnh sau:

Hnh 1 Tng tr tng ng Thevenin

Trong h thng in 3 pha khng cn bng, tng tr tng ng Thevenin l mt ma trn phc tp ch khng n gin l mt s c nh . in p tng ng l dng vect, c th nh di dy trong h thng 3 pha (ABC)

Trong h thng i xng (012), tng tr Thevenin cng dng ma trn v in p cng l mt ma trn phc tp:

Trong cc thnh phn Z01, Z02, Z10, Z12, Z20 v Z21 thng khng quan trng v b qua. H s t l gia in khng v in tr l mt h s quan trng dng trong vix tnh ton tng tr tng ng Thevenin:

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Dng ngn mch: Tng tr tng ng Thevenin c xc nh tnh dng ngn mch v biu trng nh hnh v di dy:

Hnh 2 Tng tr tng ng Thevenin

Tnh ton ngn mch theo phng php ny c u im l rt nhanh, c bit l trong vic tnh ton nhiu loi ngn mch khc nhau trn cng mt h thng (li in). Ch rng n khng tnh c dng ngn mch trong my bin p, thit b ng ct, trn ng dy m ch tnh c dng ngn mch ti cc nt.

II.3. Xc nh v tr t t b ti u (CAPO)
CAPO t t b trn li sao cho kinh t nht (ngha l sao cho s tin tit kim c t vic t t b ln hn s tin phi b ra lp t t b). CAPO chn nt cho t b th n s tin tit kim c l ln nht. th ph ti c s dng trong PSS/ADEPT cung cp cho ta s m hnh ha cc bin thin ph ti theo thi gian, nhit hoc cc yu t khc. Khi t cc t b ng ng, CAPO cng tnh lun tng ca nc iu chnh t b ng vi tng th ph ti. II.3.1. Thit lp cc thng s kinh t li in cho CAPO Cc thng s kinh t li in c s dng trong qu trnh tnh ton v tr t t b ti u. thit lp cc thng s kinh t ny, chn Network>Economics t trnh n chnh. Bng cc thng s kinh t s hin ra trn mn hnh. Gi in nng tiu th, cP, tnh bng n v /kWh. Nhn vo n v ta c th thy y l nng lng thc. M thng s dng n v tin t l dollar, tuy nhin c PSS/ADEPT v CAPO u khng bt buc n v tin t phi s dng, chng ta c th s dng bt c n v tin t no min sao m bo tnh nht qun gia cc bin s.

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Gi in nng phn khng tiu th, cQ, cng c n v tu chn ging vi gi in nng tiu th. Gi tr ny (cng nh cc gi tr khc) s c t l 0 nu khng c gi tr trn thc t. Gi cng sut thc lp t, dP, l gi ca cng sut pht phi tr thay th tn hao h thng. Hin ti CAPO khng s dng gi tr ny. Gi cng sut phn khng lp t, dQ, ging vi gi cng sut thc lp t. Hin ti CAPO cng khng s dng gi tr ny. T s trt gi, r, c s dng quy i s tin tit kim c v chi ph t tng lai v thi im hin ti. Nu ngun ti chnh ca vic mua v lp t t b c vay t ngn hng th t s trt gi s bng hoc gn bng li sut cho vay ca ngn hng. Khi s dng t s trt gi CAPO khng tnh n thu v nhng yu t khc. Sau khi cc thng s kinh t c gii thch, ta s bit cc phng trnh c CAPO s dng tnh ton.

Hnh 3 Hp thoi thit t thng s kinh t trong CAPO

T s lm pht, i, l s tng gi in nng v tin bo tr t b hng nm. Lu l t s ny tnh bng n v tng i (pu) ch khng phi phn trm (%). Thng thng gi tr ny trong khong 0.02 n 0.08 cho 1 nm. Thi gian tnh ton, N, l khong thi gian m tin tit kim c t vic lp t b bng vi tin lp t v bo tr t b (ngha l thi gian hon vn). Nu thc t c chnh sch l u t phi hon vn trong 5 nm th gi tr ny c t l 5.

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Gi lp t t b c nh, cF, c n v l /kvar ca kch c t b; gi tr ny cn c tnh ph hp vi thc t ca ngi s dng. C th n s bao gm c tin v bc t b, tin vn chuyn, tin cng lao ng, v.v Gi lp t t b ng ng, cQ, ging vi t b c nh, tuy nhin c th t b ng ng s c gi cao hn, v vy n c thnh gi tr ring. T gi bo tr t b c nh, mF, l tin duy tr hot ng ca t b hng nm. T gi ny tnh bng /kvar-yr. Tin bo tr tng theo t s lm pht. T gi bo tr t b ng ng, mS, ging vi t b c nh. V tin bo tr ny cao hn nn n c ring. II.3.2. Cch PSS/ADEPT tnh cc vn kinh t trong CAPO Cc tnh ton kinh t trong CAPO c gii thch y ng vi 1 t b c nh 1 th ph ti n. Gi s CAPO ang tnh ton lp t t b th n, ln sF. Tt c cc nt hp l trong li in c xem xt tm v tr t t b sao cho s tin tit kim c l ln nht; gi s cng sut thc tit kim c l xP (kW) v cng sut phn khng tit kim c l xQ (kvar). Nng lng tit kim v qu trnh bo tr din ra trong mt khong thi gian, v vy chng ta s dng mt i lng thi gian tng ng, gi l Ne:

1+ i Ne = n =1 1 + r
N

(1)

Nh vy gi tr ca nng lng tit kim c l: SavingsF = 8760 Ne x (xP x cP + xQ x cQ) (2) Gi tr ca chi ph mua t b l: CostF = sF x (cF + Ne x mF) (3)

Nu tin tit kim c ln hn chi ph, CAPO s xem xt n t b th (n+1), nu tin tit kim c nh hn th CAPO b qua t b th n v ngng tnh ton. II.3.3. Thit lp cc ty chn cho php phn tch CAPO PSS/ADEPT cho php chng ta sa i cc tu chn trong phn tm v tr t b ti u. Cc bc sa cc ty chn cho CAPO: Bc 1: Chn Analysis>Options t trnh n chnh. Bng cc tu chn s hin ra
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Buc 2: Chn th CAPO.

Nu chng ta khng mua bn quyn phn CAPO th th ny s khng hin ra.

Hnh 4 Hp thoi thit t thng s trong CAPO

Buc 3: Chn tu chn m chng ta mun cho php phn tch CAPO:

Loi u ni: chn t c loi u ni ph hp: sao hoc tam gic. Loi u ni c th chn cho c 2 loi t c nh v ng ng trn tt c cc nt trong li in. Chn loi th ph ti: c th chn bt c loi th ph ti no trong qu trnh tnh ton: nh du vo tng ng trc tn loi th. Nhng th ph ti ny c sn cho mt khong thi gian xc nh v c s dng trong qu trnh tnh ton xc nh tnh kh thi ca vic t mt t b ln li in. V php phn tch CAPO da trn thi gian l tng nm nn khong thi gian dng tnh ton l phn s ca nm trn th ph ti. Thng th tng thi gian tnh ton ca tt c th ph ti m chng ta s dng trong CAPO l 1.0; tuy nhin iu ny khng phi l bt buc. V d nu thit b ca chng ta ch hot ng 10 thng trong 1 nm th CAPO vn c th chy c. S di t cho php: y l s t c nh v ng ng m chng ta c th c t ln li (v d nh l s t ang c trong kho). Ban u th s t ny c t bng 0. Nu vn s t ny l 0 th khi chy CAPO chng ta s thy trn phn Xem Tin trnh cu thng bo Khng c t no t ln li. Kch thc t 3 pha: l tng ln di t 3 pha tnh bng kvar cho c 2 loi t c nh v ng ng t trn li. V d: nu thit lp l t 1 di t c nh 100
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kvar th chng trnh s t cc t c nh 100 kvar cho n khi tm c iu kin ti u. Tng t nh vy cho t b ng ng. Cc nt hp l: chn cc nt hp l ti c th t t c nh v ng ng bng cch nh du vo trc tn ca nt. Ban u tt c cc nt trong li in u ph hp t cc di t c nh v ng ng. (tt c cc u c nh du sn) nh du chn hoc b chn cc nt lin tip nhau: nhn chut vo nt u tin, nhn v gi phm Shift, nhn chut vo nt cui cng trong dy cc nt m ta mun chn. nh du chn hoc b chn cc nt khng lin tip nhau: nhn v gi nt Ctrl, nhn chut vo bn cnh cc nt mun chn. II.3.4. Cch PSS/ADEPT tm v tr t t b ti u u tin, tnh phn b cng sut cho mi th ph ti bit nc iu chnh ca my bin p v nc chnh ca t b ng ng ang c trn li. Cc nc chnh ny c lu li cho tng trng hp. Cc my bin p v t b ny s khng c iu chnh na khi CAPO chy. Trc ht CAPO xem xt cc t b c nh, theo nh ngha th cc t b ny lun c ng vo li trong tt c cc trng hp ph ti. Tt c cc nt hp l trn li s c kim tra xem ti nt no th s tin tit kim c l ln nht. V c rt nhiu trng hp ph ti nn s tin tit kim ny s c xem nh l tng trng s ca tng trng hp ph ti, trong khi h s trng lng l thi gian tnh ton ca mi trng hp ph ti. T b s khng c t ti nt ang xem xt trong nhng trng hp sau: Tin tit kim c khng b p c chi ph b ra. Khi c nhiu trng hp ph ti th tin tit kim c tnh tng t nh v d n gin trn, h s trng lng lc ny l tng trng s ca tt c cc trng hp. Khng cn t b c nh thch hp ng ln li. (thc t c th kim tra iu ny cho tt c cc nt trc khi tnh ton, v vy ch nu ln y cho y ). Vt qu gii hn trn ca in p cho php trong mt trng hp ti no (gii hn in p ny c thit lp trong th General ca bng Analysis Options Property). Cc t b c nh c t ln li cho n khi mt trong cc trng hp trn xy ra; khi vic t t b c nh kt thc v chng trnh chuyn qua t t b ng ng. Qu trnh ny thc s din ra phc tp hn, do trc khi bt u xem

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xt th mt s ch thch c nu ra y. Nu ch c mt trng hp ph ti c xem xt th c th s khng phi t t b ng ng sau khi t xong t b c nh. iu ny l khng ng trong t nht 4 trng hp sau: Ch cn mt vi t b c nh v vn c th tit kim c khi ct ht cc t b c nh ny ra. Nhng nt ph hp cho vic t t b ng ng li khc vi cc nt ph hp vi t b c nh. Thit lp gi tin ca t b ng ng r hn t b c nh, khi sau khi t b c nh c t ln li th vn c th tit kim chi ph nu t t b ng ng. Thit lp ln ca t b ng ng nh hn t b c nh.

Nhng nt ph hp (cho t b ng ng) trn li c xem xt tm nt cho ra s tin tit kim ln nht trong tt c cc trng hp. C 2 s tinh t trong qu trnh tnh ton ny. Mt l, nu t t b ng ng gy ra qu in p trong mt trng hp ti no th t b ny s c ct ra trong sut qu trnh tnh ton. Hai l, nu t b gy ra chi ph qu cap cho mt trng hp ti no th n cng c ct ra khi li trong trng hp ti . Ch thc hin vic tnh tin tit kim c trong cc trng hp ti m t b c ng ln li. Vic tnh ton c thc hin n khi: Tin tit kim khng b p c chi ph cho t b ng ng. Khng cn t b ng ng ng ln li.

tham kho, tt c cc phng trnh c trong qu trnh tnh ton CAPO s c lit k bn di. Chi ph ca t b, bao gm tin lp t v bo tr, c lit k cho loi t b c nh trc. Cng thc l tng t cho t b ng ng. CostF = sF x (cF + Ne x mF) (4) Nu c nhiu trng hp ph ti, s c nhiu bin cn c nh ngha hn. Gi s c K trng hp ph ti trong CAPO, mi trng hp c khong thi gian l dk. Gi switchk l trng thi ng ct ca t b ng ng, switchk = 1 ngha l t b ng ln li trong sut trng hp ti v = 0 l t b c ct ra. Tin tit kim cho mi t b c nh (lun c ng vo li) l tng tin tit kim ca tt c cc trng hp ti. K K SavingsF = 8760 Ne cP xPk + cQ xQk (5) k =1 k =1 Tin tit kim cho t b ng ng cng lin quan n lch ng ct ca t.
K K SavingsS = 8760 Ne cP switchk xPk + cQ switchk xQk k =1 k =1

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(6) hon tt ta xt n phng trnh tnh Ne:

n

1+ i Ne = n =1 1 + r
N

(7)

Ni tm li, CAPO t t b c nh ln li cho n khi xy ra iu kin dng. Sau t b ng ng c t ln li cho n khi xy ra iu kin dng tng ng ca t b ng ng. Tng chi ph ca qu trnh ti u l chi ph lp t v bo tr ca tt c cc t c ng ln li; chi ph tit kim tng l tng ca cc chi ph tit kim thu li c ca tng t b. CAPO c th t nhiu t b c nh v/hoc nhiu t b ng ng ti mi nt. PSS/ADEPT s gp cc t b ny thnh mt t b c nh v/hoc mt t b ng ng. T b ng ng n s c nc iu chnh tng ng v lch ng ct t s biu din cc bc ng ct ca tng t b n. II.3.5. Cch chy bi ton tm v tr t t b ti u chy bi ton phn tch v tr t t b ti u ta c th thc hin mt trong 2 cch sau: Chn Analysis>CAPO t trnh n chnh. Nhp chut vo nt CAPO trn thanh cng c Analysis.

Nu ta khng c bn quyn phn CAPO th nt ny s khng tn ti. Trong qu trnh ti u ho, cc thng bo c vit ra trong ca s Progress View cho ta bit ln v loi di t c t cng nh nt tng ng v tn tht h thng. Khi qu trnh ti u ha thc hin xong, s mng in vi cc t b cn t ln li c v li vi ln ca di t v k hiu FX cho t b c nh v SW cho t b ng ng cn t ln li. Hnh biu din mt s li in mu v ca s Progress View sau khi thc hin xong ti u ho. II.3.6. Report sau khi phn tch v tnh ton c bng bo co kt qu dng bng cha cc tham s u v kt qu phn tch, chn Report>Capacitor Placement Optimization t trnh n chnh.

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Hnh 5 Kt qu tnh ton CAPO

II.4. Tnh ton phi hp v bo v

II.4.1. Cu ch Cu ch l mt loi thit b bo c th c a vo nhm cc thit b bo v. C cc loi cu ch c ch nh trong c s d liu ca chng trnh. Khi chn cu ch trong c s d liu ny, chng ta c th thay i thng s ca n v lu vo vic s dng mt file khc. Bi v cc thng s ny ch l gi tr tham kho ch khng phi gi tr bt u tnh ton. Thay i thng s ca cu ch

Hnh 6 Hp thoi thay i thng s cu ch

Damage multiplier: bi s nhn iu chnh:

18

Bi s nhn ny dng iu chnh nhng gi tr thi gian ca ng cong nng chy cc tiu. V d gi tr 0,75 cho bit cu ch c th b h hng ng cong nng chy cc tiu 75% ca thi gian. Vic v th s ly gi tr ny tnh ton. II.4.2. Relays Relays l mt loi thit b bo c th c a vo nhm cc thit b bo v. C cc loi relays c ch nh trong c s d liu ca chng trnh.

Hnh 7 Hp thoi thay i thng s Relays

- Cc chc nng Primary Settings v Secondary Settings cho php chng ta nhp dng in s cp v th cp cho b cm bin dng. - Tme dial settings: Ci t thng s thi gian t cho relay. Chng ta khng th thit lp thng s ny ngoi phm vi nh sn xut cho php. Khi chn hp thoi Interpolate, ng cong hin th trong phn phi hp s ni suy gia hai gi tr thi gian t v trong c s d liu ca PSS/ADEPT. II.4.3. Cp - My ct hay cu ch t ng pht hin qu ti cp v ct nu s qu ti vt qu gi tr t v thi gian qu ti cho php nh trc. - iu kin yu cu bo v qu ti. Bo v qu ti theo tiu chun IEE 433:
IN IZ

19

I 2 1.45 I Z

Vi:

IZ

dng in nh mc ca cp ngm trong iu kin lp t. IN I2 dng in nh mc ca bo v. dng in khi ng ca bo v.

Nu bo v l cu ch, I2 l 1.6IN v tc ng hot ng trong khong thi gian di t 1 n 4 gi ph thuc vo dng in nh mc ca cu ch. cp c bo v, ng cong ph hy cp c c trng bng hng s, n phi nm trn ng cong thi gian dng in ca thit b bo v. ng cong ph hy cp ph thuc vo vt liu dn in v nhit cc i m cp chu ng c trong lc ngn mch. Gii hn ca nhit cc i cho php ph thuc vo loi cch in. Bo v ngn mch Phng thc bo v m mch in v ct dng ngn mch, phi ct thi gian nhanh ngn nga mi nguy hi cho cp in. Trong iu kin s c thi gian khong 5s, thi gian cc i tnh bng giy m cp c th chu ng c dng in s c c th tnh gn ng bng cng thc:
k 2 A2 tcp,max = 2 (9) IF

Vi k l hng s nhit cc i ca dy dn, ph thuc loi cch in. A thit din dy dn. IF l dng in ngn mch. Thi gian cc i m cp c th chu ng c tcab,max l thi gian ti hn, l thi gian tnh bng giy nhit dy dn tng t gi tr nh mc Q1 n gi tr ti hn QF. Nu nhit cp vt qu QF, vt liu cch in s h hng v cp b ph hy. Phng trnh tnh ton tc hi dy dn im PSS/ADEPT l Dy ng:
I = A ( [(0.0125 LOG10 ((T2 + 234) /(T1 + 234)) / t ])

(10)

Dy nhm
I = A ( [(0.0125LOG10 ((T2 + 228) /(T1 + 228)) / t ])

(11)

ACAR

20

I = 0.093 A ( [(0.0125 LOG10 ((T2 + 228) /(T1 + 228)) / t ])

(12)

ACS
I = A ( [(0.0125LOG10 ((T2 + 228) /(T1 + 228)) / t ])

(13)

Vi

dng in ampe. A tit din dy dn mils

mils = mm2 1973,5 mils = kcmil 1000 t T1 T2 II.4.4. Recloser Recloser l mt loi thit b trn b gm my ct v mch iu khin cn thit cm nhn tn hiu dng in, nh thi gian ct v ng li ng dy mt cch t ng khi c s c thong qua, ti lp cung cp in. Nu s c ko di, Recloser s kha t ng li mt s ln tc ng c t trc (thng l 3 hoc 4 ln) v nh vy c lp vng b s c khi h thng. Recloser hot ng theo 2 ng cong thi gian- dng in. ng cong u tin c c tnh ct nhanh hay cn gi l ng cong A dng bo v cu ch pha trn n khi c s c ngn mch thong qua. ng cong th 2 c c tnh tc ng chm vic ng ct cc thit b ng ct v cho php cu ch hot ng trong trng hp ngn mch vnh cu. PSS/ADEPT cho php biu trng tt c ng cong no ca Recloser, khng c mt s gii hn no. Mi ng cong ca Recloser c ch nh nh mt Recloser c th trong vn hnh. V d nh, nu mun phi hp ng cong c c tnh ct nhanh A vi ng cong c tnh ct chm E, chng ta chn 2 Recloser cng loi v chnh nh cho tng Recloser theo mun. Trong trng hp ny, hai Recloser c ch nh trong danh sch la chn mc d ch c mt Recloser ngoi thc t. th ng cong ca Recloser khi phi hp c iu chnh trn nh mc ca cun dy ct i vi iu khin thy lc v nh mc nh nht trong iu khin in t c ch nh trong thng s ca Recloser. thi gian. nhit dy dn ban u. nhit cc i cho php.

21

Recloser c chn trong bng c s d liu ging nh cu ch v relay qu dng, sau c chnh sa biu hin ng theo ng cong thi gian- dng in.

Hnh 8 Hp thoi thay i thng s Recloser

II.4.5. Phi hp cc thit b bo v Mc ch chnh ca vic phi hp cc thit b bo v l chn ra cc gi tr nh mc thch hp ci t cho cc thit b bo v trn li in. Cc thit b bo v phi c la chn ph hp thi gian vn hnh l chnh xc nht nhng vn bo v c trong trng hp qu ti qu ca h thng nh xut hin dng in t khi my bin p lm vic qu ti hoc lc khi ng c. Chng ta c th s dng chc nng phi hp xc nh thi gian vn hnh ca cc thit b bo v c chn trn li in. Hn na, ta cn co th nhp vogi tr dng in theo mun xc nh thi gian vn hnh cho thit b, hoc c th chy bi ton phn tch ngn mch xc nh dng ngn mch ti mt im trong vng c phi hp bo v. Chng ta c th s dng c s d liu c sn ca nh sn xut tnh ton, hoc c th c khai bo trc tip trong database nh sn xut cung cp. ng cong phi hp th hin mi quan h gia c tnh vn hnh ca thi gian v dng in.

II.5. Tnh ton phn tch sng hi

Vi cc ph ti tnh, ng c khng ng b, ng c ng b, t in mc shunt, ng dy v cp, v my bin p, m hnh sng hi thng c dng xc nh gi tr tng tr mt hi cho trc. Mi thnh phn ca li in c phng trnh tnh gi tr tng tr tng ng.
22

II.5.1. Ti tnh Ti tnh c m hnh ho thnh 2 phn, mt l in tr v in khng mc ni tip, v mt l in tr v in khng mc song song. Vi phn ti tnh mc ni tip, in tr v in khng tn s c bn l:

(14) vi: V = in p R = in tr X = in khng Fs = tn s c bn (phn ni tip) S* = lin hp phc ca cng sut ti P jQ (trn mi pha) S bin i tng tr theo bc ca hi c tnh theo cng thc:

(15) Vi: Z(H) = tng tr hi bc H i vi phn ti tnh mc song song, in tr v in khng tn s c bn l:

(16) vi: R = in tr X = in khng V = in p Fp = tn s c bn (phn song song) P = kW Q = kvar S bin thin ca tng tr theo bc ca hi c cho bi cng thc:

23

(17) vi:

(18) vi: Cp1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ca ti (phn song song ca ti) Cp2 = h s m in khng ca ti (phn song song ca ti) II.5.2. ng c khng ng b ng c khng ng b c biu din bi m hnh lng sc i c tng tr thay i theo tn s trt cho trc. in tr ng c khng ng b thay i theo sng hi nh sau:

(19)

vi: R0(H) = in tr th t khng hi bc H in khng ng c khng ng b thay i theo sng hi nh sau:

(20) X0(H) = in khng th t khng hi bc H C4 = h s m in khng ng c Tng tr tng ng trt cho trc c tnh bng cch s dng in tr v in khng c iu chnh theo tn s nh trn ni. tn s sng hi, trt c tnh nh sau:

(21) vi:
24

s(H) = trt hi bc H s1 = trt tn s c bn Khi ng c khng ng b c ni t, tng tr ni y c tnh nh sau:

(22) vi: Zg(H) = tng tr ni t hi bc H Rg = in tr ni t Xg = in khng ni t C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t C2 = h s m in khng ni t in tr v in khng ni t mc ni tip. II.5.3. ng c ng b ng c ng b c biu din bi in khng siu qu v th t khng ca n v bi in tr phn ng v th t nghch. in tr ng c ng b bin thin theo sng hi nh sau:

(23) vi: Ra(H) = in tr phn ng hi bc H R2(H) = in tr th t nghch hi bc H in khng ng c ng b bin thin theo sng hi nh sau:

vi: X"d(H) = in khng siu qu hi bc H X0 = in khng th t khng C4 = h s m in khng ng c Tng tr ng c ng b th t thun, nghch v khng l:

25

(24) vi: Z0 = tng tr th t khng Z1 = tng tr th t thun Z2 = tng tr th t nghch Khi ng c ng b c ni t, tng tr ni t c tnh nh sau:

(25) vi: Zg(H) = tng tr ni t hi bc H C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t C2 = h s m in khng ni t in tr v in khng ni t mc ni tip. II.5.4. T in mc shunt T in mc shunt c nh ngha bi cng sut phn khng (kvar) m n cung cp in p danh nh. Reactor mc shunt tiu th cng sut phn khng. Tng tr ca t in/reactor mc shunt bin thin theo sng hi nh sau:

(26) vi: kV = kV c bn ca t in KVAra = cng sut phn khng ca t in Khi t in/reactor mc shunt c ni t, tng tr ni t c tnh nh sau:

(27)

26

vi: Zg(H) = tng tr ni t hi bc H C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t C2 = h s m in khng ni t in tr v in khng ni t mc ni tip. II.5.5. ng cy v cp C 3 m hnh sng hi cho ng dy. l: ng dy IEEE Cp IEEE Hiu chnh ng dy di tu c th p dng cho c 3 m hnh. ng dy IEEE (M hnh 1)

(28) Cp IEEE ( M hnh 2)

(29) ng dy v cp t to (M Hnh 4)

(30) Vi:

27

r1 = in tr th t thun x1 = in khng th t thun b1 = tng dn nhnh th t thun r0 = in tr th t khng x0 = in khng th t khng b0 = tng dn nhnh th t khng C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt th t thun C2 = h s m hiu ng b mt th t khng C3 = h s m in khng th t thun C4 = h s m in khng th t khng C5 = h s m in np th t thun C6 = h s m in np th t khng II.5.6. Hiu chnh ng dy di Hiu chnh ng dy di phi c p dng cho [r1(H), x1(H), b1(H)] v [r0(H), x0(H), b0(H)] thu c cc thng s tp trung ca ng dy [R1(H), X1(H), G1(H), B1(H)] v [R0(H), X0(H), G0(H), B0(H)] nh sau:

(31) Thng s tp trung tng ng c tnh nh sau:

28

(32)

vi: R1 = in tr th t thun X1 = in khng th t thun B1 = tng dn nhnh th t thun R0 = in tr th t khng X0 = in khng th t khng B0 = tng dn nhnh th t khng G0 = thng s tp trung in dn shunt th t khng G1 = thng s tp trung in dn shunt th t thun II.5.7. My bin p C hai m hnh sng hi cho my bin p: M hnh IEEE M hnh t to (custom) My bin p IEEE Tng tr r c cho bi:

(34)
29

My bin p ty Tng tr r c cho bi:

(33) Tng tr ni t, nu c, c tnh ging nhau cho tt c cc m hnh ca my bin p:

(35) vi: R1 = in tr X1 = in khng H = bc ca hi C3 = h s m hiu ng b mt my bin p C4 = h s m in khng my bin p C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t C2 = h s m in khng ni t II.5.8. Tnh ton sng hi II.5.8.1. Tng dn v tng tr Mi biu din tuyn tnh ca li in m hnh ha tng phn t bng mt tng dn tnh tn s hi tng ng. Ngun ca sng hi c xem nh khng hp thu bt c sng hi dng in no. mi tn s, ma trn tng dn v tha s s dng k thut thao tc trn ma trn tha. S tha s ho mi tn s l cn thit v tng dn ca mi phn t thay i theo tn s. Ma trn tng dn c tnh theo s pha. Cc phn t m t bi d liu chui c cha trong ma trn con 3x3 (trong phn tch 3 pha). Bc ca ma trn c tnh lc bt u php tnh. mi tn s, tng hng ca ma trn tng tr c tnh bng cch s dng ma trn tng dn c tha s ha. Dng in n v c y vo:

30

I(f) = [0 0 0 ... 0 1 0 0 ... 0] Vector V(f) c gii cho: Y(f)V(f) = I(f) Tng tr tng ng Thevenin nt k v tn s f c cho bi: Zkk(f) = Vk(f) Tng tr gia nt k v nt j tn s f l: Zkj(f) = Vj(f) in p v dng in Nu ngun sng hi dng in c xt n trong li in, bin v gc pha dng in ti mi tn s c tnh tng ng vi loi thit b v vic gii cng phng trnh tng dn s cho in p ti nt cn tm. Dng in trn ng dy c tnh bi: Ijk = [Y] [ Vk - Vj ]t Vi [Y] l ma trn tng dn ca ng dy gia nt j v k. nhy Bin thin tng dn ca mt thnh phn li in trong mt khong gi tr, thay i ma trn tng tr [Z] ca li in bng mt lng tng thm [dZ] m c th xc nh c t ma trn tng dn ca thnh phn c sa i, [dY]: [Znew] = [Zold + dZ] = [Y + dY]-1 vi [Zold] = [Y]-1 l ma trn tng tr c bn, c tnh t [Y], ma trn tng dn c bn. [dY] = [A]t [y][A] l ma trn tng dn ca cc thnh phn c sa i. [y] l mt i lng v hng hoc mt ma trn, thnh phn ca [A] l 0, -1, or 1. Bt c thnh phn no ca ma trn tng tr c sa i c th c tnh bi: [Znew] = [Zold][A]{[y]-1 + [A]t [Zold][A]}-1[A]t [Zold] Phng trnh ny dng tnh tng tr c sa i v nhy ca in p nt thay i ca cc thnh phn nhnh. II.5.8.2. Tnh ton sng hi Phn tnh ton sng hi trc tin s tnh phn b cng sut tn s c bn.

31

Kt qu ca phn phn b cng sut c bn s l nn ca in p nt v dng in nhnh c s dng tnh cc ch s sng hi v sau. Sau , vi mi tn s sng hi c s tn ti ca ngun sng hi tng ng trong h thng in, kt qu phn b cng sut trc tip c tm bng phng php y dng. Cc tn s sng hi c xem xt u l tn s c bc thp, t 2 n 15, cng vi hi c trng t 17 n 73. Tng tr ca cc thnh phn c iu chnh da trn tn s hi v loi thnh phn. Vi tn s hi bi ba, mt tng tr th t khng c hiu chnh tng ng vi tn s v mng th t khng c s dng. T kt qu tnh phn b cng sut sng hi tm c cc thnh phn hi ca in p nt v dng in nhnh, sau tt c cc ch s sng hi cng c tnh tng t. i lng THD v IHD ca nt c so snh vi gii hn ca n, gii hn ny do ngi s dng nhp vo phn Bus Editor, nu khng tha gii hn th hnh l c c thm vo trong phn bo co dng vn bn k bn nt tng ng trong phn Thng tin Sng hi. Kt qu tnh phn b cng sut sng hi s cho ra bo co dng vn bn cha d liu vo ca h thng, kt qu phn b cng sut c bn, thng tin sng hi trong h thng, v bng in p nt v dng in nhnh vi tt c cc thnh phn sng hi. Cc kt qu ny cng c th c xem trc tip t s n tuyn s dng chng trnh Harmonic Load Flow Slider v Harmonic Display Options Editor. Cng vi bo co dng vn bn v s n tuyn, th in p nt v dng in nhnh cng c di dng in p v dng in trong min thi gian v ph sng hi di dng biu hnh thanh. Mt vn rt c quan tm khi phn tch sng hi l iu kin cng hng trong h thng in. V s c mt ca c hai thnh phn in cm v in dung trong h thng in, mt s tn s nht nh, iu kin cng hng c th xy ra mt s nt. Nu cng hng xy ra mt nt c dng in hi c bm vo h thng th qu p v qu dng xut hin. Chng trnh Phn tch tn s l cng c tt nht kho st vn cng hng ca h thng in. Chng trnh ny tnh ton v v th bin v gc pha ca tng tr im li nt trong khong tn s do ngi s dng ch nh; do , c th xc nh d dng bt k iu kin cng hng song song no v tn s trigger ca n. Phn phn tch tn s sng hi cng cho php ngi s dng hiu chnh thng s mch lc sng hi v th li kt qu cui cng.

32

Khong tn s cn phn tch c nhp vo bi ngi s dng, c th bt u t tn s c bn n tn s cao nht m ngi s dng mun. Kt qu phn tch tn s c xut ra bo co dng vn bn c cha d liu u vo h thng, kt qu phn b cng sut c bn, v mt bng cc tng tr im li nt. Kt qu cng c di dng s n tuyn v th.

II.6. Tnh ton im dng ti u (TOPO)

Bi ton TOPO (Tie Open Point Optimization) s phn tch, tnh ton, nh hnh h thng hnh tia c tn tht cng sut tc dng nh nht, ng kha hnh thnh mng vng trong h thng, tch ring in khng trong mng vng v gii h thng in, m kha mng vng vi dng nh nht. TOPO thc hin cho n khi m kho cng ging nh ng kho. Nu qu ti trong qu trnh phn tch, th thut ton s lu li cho n khi t n iu kin khng c im no qu ti. Nu trong h thng ban u c cc nhnh qu ti th h thng sau khi gii xong cng cha cc nhnh qu ti. TOPO ti u ho tng phn h thng hinh tia ni vi nt gc. V th, trong tt c mi cu hnh mng hnh tia, TOPO nh ra cu hnh c tn tht cng sut tc dng nh nht. Hin ti, TOPO ch tnh c cho h thng mng in hnh tia. Nt gc thng l nt ngun u tin, nhng ta c th ch nh nt khc bng cch chn Network>Properties t thc n chnh (Main Menu). Gii thut im dng ti u s dng phng php heuristic da trn s ti u phn b cng sut. Mt c tnh ca gi thut heuristic l n khng th nh ra im ti u th hai, th ba c. Thc ra n cng khng th chng minh c li gii im dng ti u l li gii tt nht. Nhng bng chng a ra da trn vic kho st tt c nhng kh nng kt hp cc mng hnh tia, nn y l mt s lng rt ln. Kho iu khin TOPO c m t trong bng thuc tnh cc kho. Bt k kho no, ban u u trng thi m, v khi ng th to thnh mng vng. Nu chng khng to mng vng th hoc l chng ng tch bit hoc l ni vi mt mng tch bit. Cc kho khng to thnh mng vng s b chng trnh TOPO loi b trc khi phn tch v chng trnh ch tnh cho cc kho c to thnh mng vng khi ng. Nh th, kho iu khin l mt b phn ca li in trn cy nt gc; cc kho cc mng tch bit s b loi b. Vi cc loi ti nhanh (snapshot) v khng c nhnh qu ti no, th chng trnh tnh im dng ti u hot ng n gin. Bt u vi h thng hnh tia ban u, TOPO dng mt trong cc kho iu khin hnh thnh mng vng. Th tc ti u phn b cng sut c thc hin trong mng vng xc nh vic m kho no l tt nht v chuyn mng in tr v li dng hnh tia. Tin trnh ny tip tc
33

cho n khi kho m ra lun l kho ng, khi TOPO ngng li. Kt qu mng c c l mng hnh tia c tn hao cng sut thc nh nht. TOPO c th thc hin vi nhiu ti nhanh (snapshot); v nh ra cu hnh mng in n c tn hao cng sut thc nh nht trn tt c cc snapshot. Khi vic t mt kho khng th ti u cho bt k ti c bit snapshot no, nhng ph hp cho vic kt hp cc kho. Khi phn tch cng lc nhiu snapshot, TOPO s dng tn tht cng sut tc dng mi th ph ti vi nhng khong thi gian lin quan. TOPO xut ra bng tn tht ban u v cui cng ca mng in v s tin tit kim t tn hao . Lng tn hao tit kim c tnh trn n v thi gian l nm v chng trnh tnh c nng lng (tc dng v phn khng) v nhu cu (tc dng v phn khng) , bng cch s dng gi tr ta ch nh trong mc Network>Economics t thc n chnh (Main Menu). II.6.1. Thit t thng s kinh t cho bi ton TOPO Tnh kinh t ca mng in c s dng trong qu trnh phn tch tnh chi ph nng lng v nhu cu: gi in, gi nng lng phn khng, gi nhu cu in, v gi nhu cu nng lng phn khn. t tu chn kinh t (economics): Ta chn Network>Economics. Thng s kinh t trong bi ton TOPO cng ging nh trong bi ton tnh CAPO. C 2 bi ton s dng cng nhng thng s ny tnh ton. II.6.2. t cc ty chn cho bi ton TOPO Chn Analysis>Options, chn Tag TOPO, ta c hp thoi sau:

Hnh 9 Hp thoi thit t thng s cho TOPO

Khi ta chn Consider branch overload limits, TOPO s tnh ton cho tt c cc nhnh qu ti trc . Trong hp thoi Option ny, ta c th chn nhng th ph ti m ta cn tnh ton ( to trong Category).

34

Hin th thng tin chi tit trng thi cc kha sau khi phn tch.

Hnh 10 Hin th kt qu cho TOPO

II.7. Tnh ton tin cy li in

tin cy l xc sut lm vic tt ca mt thit b trong mt chu k di cc iu kin vn hnh c th nghim. C 4 phn lin quan n tin cy Xc sut t nhin Ch lm vic thch hp (tu thuc vo cc yu cu) Thi gian cung cp cng sut lin tc Cc iu kin vn hnh (c th khc nhau) Ch s v tin cy ca li in phn phi (theo IEEE) bao gm SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, CAIFI, ASAI, ASUI, ENS v AENS. Trong , thng dng nht l cc RI (Reliability Index: ch s tin cy): II.7.1. H s SAIFI (Tn sut ngt in trung bnh trong h thng) SAIFI - System Average Interruption Frequency Index (Average Annual Number of Outages - S ln mt in trung bnh trong nm)
SAIFI =

Customer Interruptions i N i = N Customers served (36)

: cng s c
i

35

Ni: s khch hng ti nt th i N: Tng s khch hng (Interrptions/Customer s ln/khch hng) II.7.2. H s SAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh trong h thng) SAIDI - System Average Interruption Duration Index (Average Customer Minutes Outage per year Thi gian mt in trung bnh trong nm)
SAIDI =

Customer Interruption.Durations U i N i = N Customers Served (37)

Ui: Thi gian ct in hng nm (Minutes or Hours/Customer thi gian/khch hng) II.7.3. H s CAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh mt v) CAIDI - Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (Average Duration of Outage Thi gian mt in trung bnh mt v)
CAIDI = SAIDI Customer Interruption.Durations U i N i = = SAIFI Customer Interrupted N i i (38)

(Minutes or Hours/Interruption thi gian/v) II.7.4. H s CAIFI (S ln ngt in trung bnh trn mt khch hng)
CAIFI = Customer Interruptions Customer Interrupted (39)

(Interruption/Customer Interrupted - S s c/ Trn mt khch hng) II.7.5. H s ASAI (Mc cung cp in) ASAI - Average Service Availability Index (Availability of Service Mc cung cp in)
ASAI = Customer Hours Service Availability = Customers Hours Service Demand

8760 U i N
i

8760

(40)

(ASAI<1) Ch tiu ny c biu din di dng phn s ca thi gian (thng l phn trm), ni ln thi gian c in ca khch hng trong nm hay trong thi gian c nh trc. ENS = La(i)ui Tng in nng khng c cung cp bi h thng La(i): cng sut ti trung bnh ti nt i Ui: thi gian ct in hng nm Trong bi ton phn tch DRA, PSS/ADEPT ch nhn mnh 4 ch s u tin nh gi tin cy ca mt li in.

36

II.7.6. Phng php tnh Trong cc cng thc nu trn, N l tng s khch hng kho st. N c th l s khnh hng ca mt tuyn ng dy, 1 qun, 1 in lc khu vc hay ca c Cng ty. Khch hng c th l tng trm phn phi hoc l tng in k, ty mc ch nh gi. Ni l s khch hng b mt in trong s kin i. Gi tr ca i c th l 1 cho 1 ln mt in hoc mt s ln no , k c s l trong trng hp thng k. Ui l thi gian mt in ca s kin . Nu cc thng s c thu thp theo thc t th kt qu tnh ton chnh l cc ch bo tin cy thc s ca li in. Nu cc thng s l cc thng k th kt qu tnh ton l d bo. V nu so snh cc ch s d bo tng ng vi tng kt cu li v/hoc v tr ca cc thit b bo v ng ct th kt qu ca cng vic chnh l thit k. II.7.7. S dng module DRA trong PSS/ADEPT Tnh ton cc ch s tin cy ph thuc vo cc thng s tin cy nh tn sut s c v thi gian s cha c ch nh trong tng phn t trong li in. Cc thng s tin cy ny cng c xem l nhng thng s ca cc thit b nhnh c quy nh trong th vin cu trc hoc thng s li in. Nhng thng s tin cy c ch nh ny c s dng tnh ton cc ch s tin cy cho ton h thng v mi vng bo v. Mt vng bo v bao gm nhiu thit b bo v trn . II.7.8. Tnh ton ch s tin cy minh ha cho vic tnh ton tin cy, hy xem mt v d n gin ca li phn phi c cho di y:

Li phn phi bao gm 1 Recloser (B1), 3 cu ch (F1, F2, F3) v 4 nhm khch hng (C1, C2, C3, C4). Gi nh rng Re c thit t thng s cho ng cong ct nhanh. cho n gin, gi nh rng khng c hin tng s c no xy ra trn
37

nhnh v cc thit b. Cc thng s tin cy ca cc thit b l zero. Do , tt c cc ch s tin cy li in l zero. Gi nh rng kW/ mi khch hng theo mc nh l 3. Gi s c hin tng ngn mch xy ra trn nhnh th 9 (line 9, chiu di 2pu), ni c ti C2:

S c nhng hin tng sau xy ra: Recloser B1 s tc ng vi ng cong ct nhanh c lp dng ngn mch, khi C1, C2, C3, C4 tm thi b ngt in S c vn duy tr, cu ch F2 tc ng lm ngt in lu di cho nhm ti C2. Mt nhm cng tc c c n ni xy ra s c khc phc cho nhm ti C2 v thi gian sa cha tng cng l 1 gi 45 pht Nu ch c s c ti ni ng dy ny th cc ch s tin cy c tnh nh sau: SAIFI = 0.17 SAIDI = 0.29 CAIFI = 1.00 CAIDI = 1.75 Gi s mt thng sau , c s c ngn mch tng t lc trc ti ni no trn Line3 (4pu). Cc hin tng xy ra nh sau: Recloser B1 s tc ng vi ng cong ct nhanh c lp dng ngn mch, khi C1, C2, C3, C4 tm thi b ngt in S c vn duy tr sau hn 2 ln ct nhanh v Re B1 m, gy ra s c lu di cho cc nhm ti C1, C2, C3 v C4.

38

Mt nhm cng tc c c n ni xy ra s c khc phc cho nhm ti C2 v thi gian sa cha tng cng l 3 gi 30 pht

Nu y l s c duy nht trn on dy ny, tn sut s c l 0.25, tng thi gian sa cha l 3.5 gi. S kin ny khng gy nh hng n tn sut s c trong ln trc. Tuy nhin n s nh hng n cc ch s tin cy ca li in. Ch s tin cy sau 2 ln l: SAIFI = 1.17 SAIDI = 3.79 CAIFI = 1.17 CAIDI = 3.25 Vic phn tch s tr nn phc tp trong nhng li in ln v c nhiu loi thit b bo v. DRA c thit k thc hin vic phn tch tnh ton cc li in ln hn, phc tp hn.

II.8. Tnh ton phn tch khi ng ng c

Cc m hnh kho st c bn ca chng trnh phn tch khi ng ng c trong PSS/ADEPT gm: II.8.1. Ngun Ngun c m t ging nh trong phn phn tch ngn mch. II.8.2. My in ang hot ng My in ang hot ng c m t ging nh trong phn phn tch ngn mch, ngoi tr l lun dng tng tr qu . Khi ng my in

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II.8.3. Khi ng my in Khi khi ng ng c, ng c ng b c m hnh bi tng tr kho rotor (locked rotor impedance), thng th s dng tng tr qu . m t tng tr khi ng ph, ta c th thay i gi tr tng tr trong machine dictionary Mt my in khng ng b c m hnh bi tng tr kho rotor (locked rotor impedance). Gi tr tng tr kho rotor c th thay i trong bng thuc tnh my in khng ng b. Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh II.8.4. Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh Trong PSS/ADEPT, ta c th chn cch khi ng ng c ni tip vi my bn th t iu chnh (khi ng c b) hn ch dng khi ng, di th Startup ca bng thuc tnh my in ng b, chn chc nng Use autotransformer (check vo hp k bn) i vi my in ng b, tng tr ca my bin th c ly ra t Machine Dictionary v khng th chnh sa c. i vi my in khng ng b, tng tr khi ng ca my bin th c in trc tip trong phn cung cp. Tng tr my bin th a ra l 0.65 dvtd. Gi tr t vo thc cho khi ng ng c nm trong phn field provided.

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II.8.4.1. Cc phng php tnh khi ng ng c Thng s dng hai phng php khi ng ng c: Gia tc ng c ng v Khi ng ng c tnh. C hai phng php c thc hin m phng trong min thi gian v u cho bng bo co dng vn bn v th. Mc ch vic kho st khi ng ng c gm hai phn: Kim tra xem c th khi ng ng c trong min hot ng khng v xem n c cn tr cc hot ng ca cc ti khc trong h thng khng. Phng php khi ng gia tc ng c ng v Khi ng ng c tnh khc nhau cch ta m hnh ng c khi ng. Trong khi ng gia tc ng c ng, mt m hnh ng c s dng trong sut ton b tin trnh m phng gia tc ng c. Trong kho st ny, ta cn ch nh moment ti m ng c phi ko.

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II.8.5. Gia tc ng c Trong khi ng gia tc ng c ng, mt m hnh ng c s dng trong sut ton b tin trnh m phng gia tc ng c. Trong kho st ny, ta cn ch nh moment ti m ng c phi ko. V c s khc nhau trong cch m hnh ho vic khi ng ng c, ta c th chn cch khi ng tnh nu nh ta quan tm n cc tc ng ca vic khi ng ng c n cc loi ti khc trong h thng hay nu nh s liu ca m hnh ng khng y . Mc Khc, nu ta quan tm n thi gian gia tc thc hoc ng c khi ng c hay khng, th ta nn chn m hnh gia tc ng c ng (dynamic motor acceleration) II.8.6. Khi ng ng c tnh Trong phng php khi ng ng c tnh, ta ngm hiu rng ng c lun khi ng thnh cng. Ta a ra thi gian gia tc 0% v 100% ti v chng trnh s t ng ni suy ra thi gian gia tc da trn hai gi tr ny. Trong khong thi gian gia tc, ng c c m hnh bi tng tr lockedrotor, n th hin kh nng mang dng ln nht t h thng v v c tc ng to tc nht n cc ti khc trong h thng. Khi qua khong thi gian gia tc, ng c c xem nh mt ti c cng sut khng i (tnh bng KVA).

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II.8.7. Khi ng ng c vi kho st n nh qu Tnh ton khi ng ng c chnh l kho st hot ng ca vic khi ng ng c v nhng nh hng ca n i vi h thng, v n gin ho n bng cc thit b khi ng Tnh ton n nh qu c th m phng qu trnh ng c khi ng, quan tm n cc tc ng ng ca ton h thng di nh hng ca vic khi ng ng c. S khc nhau gia cc i tng trong hai cch tnh ton dn n vic m hnh ho khc nhau cc phn t trong h thng in, nh trong bng sau:

II.8.8. Nhng c trng khc ca kho st khi ng ng c Nhiu c trng c s dng trong kho st khi ng ng c n gin ho vic m hnh v phn tch h thng, nh: - Mt ti tnh c th ng vo hay ngt ra lp i lp li bt c thi im m phng no. - Mt ng c c th ng vo hay ngt ra lp i lp li bt c thi im m phng no - Kha ca ng c c th c ch nh bi 1 ti ring hay bus v loi khi ng.

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Trong qu trnh khi ng ng c, khi qua khong thi gian gia tc, ng c c xem nh mt ti c cng sut khng i. Mc ti c th thay i theo yu cu ngi s dng.

III. X l s liu u vo
Xc nh cng sut tiu th ca tng ph ti l bi ton u tin cn gii quyt cho mi bi ton tnh ton trong li in. y cng l vn c Cng ty quan tm nhm la chn phng php thu thp d liu kh dng vi hin trng. Sau y em xin trnh by mt s phng n thu thp, x l d liu phc v cho s liu u vo cc bi ton tnh ton phn tch trong cc phn mm chuyn ngnh in.

III.1. Cc phng n thu thp s liu

III.1.1. Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh III.1.1.1. Gii thiu Phng n ny ch yu da trn t s gia cng sut lp t ca MBT h p hay in nng tiu th vi th ph ti o c ti pht tuyn trung gian. Hay ni cch khc gi thit cc ph ti u c th ph ti ging nhau. III.1.1.2. Cng thc tnh cng sut ph ti da trn in k tng ti trm h th:
P (t ) tram i = Atram i P(t ) lora Alora

(41)

Vi: A l ra

Atram i

: Tng in nng tiu th ti trm h th i trong thng

: in nng tiu th ti l ra trung th

P(t)L ra : Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st P(t) tram i : Cng sut tiu th ti trm thi im kho st i Nu vic xc nh tng in nng tiu th ti tng trm v in nng tiu th ti l ra trung th l kh khn, chng ta c th p dng cng thc ny theo t l cng sut lp t ca tng my bin th vi tng cng sut lp t my bin th ca ton l ra, vi gi thit cng sut tiu th t l thun vi cng sut t ca trm bin th, chi tit cng thc th hin cng thc di y. III.1.1.3. Nhn xt: u im: Tnh ton ph ti nhanh chng, n gin, ph hp cho cc khu cng nghip ln hay phm vi cung cp tp trung.
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Nhc im: Thc t do ng dy trung th cung cp in nng tri rng, qua nhiu khu vc m tnh cht tiu th ph ti rt khc nhau, nn khi p dng cng thc (41) lm tn tht ng dy khng chnh xc so vi thc t. III.1.2. Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh b sung III.1.2.1. Gii thiu Thc cht phng n ny hon ton tng t nh phng n trn, tuy nhin c thu thp thm mt s th ph ti c c ti cc Recloser v LBS ti cc nhnh r. p dng cng thc (41) cho tng nhnh r v cc on trc c thng s ly c t Recloser. III.1.2.2. Trnh t phng n: Bc 1: Cng sut tc dng ca cc trm bin p trong khu vc do nhnh r cung cp c xc nh theo cng thc (42) nh sau:
P (t ) trami = Atrami P(t ) nhanh re Anhanh re

(42)

Vi:

Atram i: Tng in nng tiu th ti trm h th i trong thng A nhnh r: in nng tiu th ti l ra trung th P(t)nhnh r: Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st P(t) tram i: Cng sut tiu th ti trm i thi im kho st

V cc ch s in nng k tng ti cc trm trn cng mt nhnh c ghi theo cc phin l trnh khc nhau nn c kt qu chnh xc cn c gi tr in nng k trong thi gian di gim mc nh hng do sai bit phin l trnh. Tuy nhin cng tc ghi nhn gi tr in nng tiu th ca tng trm cng khng phi d dng cho tng thi im. V vy c th p dng cng thc (43) vi gi thit cng sut tiu th t l thun vi cng sut t ca trm bin th.
P(t )tram i = Stram i P(t )nhanh re

S
i =1

tram i

(43)

Vi:

Stram i : Cng sut lp t MBA ca trm i Stram i: Tng cng sut lp t ti khu vc nhnh r cung cp P(t)nhnh r: Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st P(t) tram i: Cng sut tiu th ti trm i thi im kho st

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n: s trm bin p h th c trn nhnh r H s cng sut ca trm c ly bng hoc cao hn h s cng sut o c ti cc nhnh r hoc l ra. L do ny c th gii thch nh sau: Hu ht li in h th ca cc trm bin th h p u dng cp ABC c gi tr tr khng rt b (0.07 0.085 Ohm/km), c nhiu ti tiu th tng trm h th c b cng sut phn khng, nhng tr khng ng dy trung th cao dn n h s cng sut trn ng dy trung th thp. Bc 2: Chy chng trnh cc chc nng tnh ton ca phn mm. Bc 3: Xc nh cc ph ti cn li trn trc chnh, c th xc nh t hiu ca th tng o c ti l ra v cc th ph ti nhnh r theo cng thc (41) III.1.2.3. Nhn xt: u im: Chnh xc hn phng n 1, do phm vi cung cp ca tng nhnh r cho cc khu vc khng qu ln, tnh cht ca th ph ti khng khc nhau nhiu, v vy c th xem xt y l mt phng n mang tnh hiu qu cao nht khi cn tnh ton nhanh tnh trng li in m khng nht thit cn chnh xc cao. Nhc im: Thc t khng phi ng dy trung th no cng c lp t s b ghi d liu c sn trong cc kho in. i khi cc Recloser ca mt s nh sn xut ch ghi li c cc thng s Imax, hay thi im s c ch yu phc v cho cc cng tc xc nh nguyn nhn s c III.1.3. Phng n xy dng th ph ti t th ph ti h th chun III.1.3.1. Gii thiu Phng n ny ch yu da vo tnh cht qui nh loi th ph ti ca trm bin th h p. Cc dng th c o c trong thi gian di c c th c trng. Vic phn chia cc loi trm bin th h p c th da vo t l thanh ton trn ho n tin in. T cc th ph ti chun, nng lng in nng tiu th v loi trm, ta c th xy dng c th ph ti ti nhnh r hay on trc ca bt c ng dy trung l no. III.1.3.2. Trnh t phng n thnh lp cc th ph ti c trng cho cc loi ti trn li in TP.HCM cn tin hnh thu thp s liu ti cc trm bin th h p 15/0.4 kV.

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Cng sut tiu th thng c xc nh bng thc nghim thng qua cc b ghi d liu (data recoder) v t cc th ph ti c chun ho thnh cc th ph ti c trng cho tng loi ti. Bc 1: Xy dng th ph ti c trng + Loi trm: Xc nh t tnh cht kinh doanh ca trm thng qua t l in nng tiu th ca tng loi hnh tiu th in nh phn phn trc . + Thi gian o: V thi gian o b hn ch t nhng yu t khch quan nh: Kh nng lu in ca b ghi d liu khi b mt in ngun nui Cc yu t thi tit, mc an ninh .... Cc th ph ti khng c ghi trong nhiu ngy (c c nhng ngy ngh hng tun, ngy l...). Bc 2: Cc gi thit v h qu cho bi ton xc nh cng sut nhnh th ph ti ca cc trm c cng loi ti s c cng dng th ph ti ca cc trm nghin cu trn c xem l cc th c trng T cc gi thit trn, da vo in nng tiu th o ti in k tng ca cc trm, ta c th xc nh c th ph ti gn ng ca trm qua cng thc (44) nh sau:
Pi = I max i I max Mau
i Ptai max

(44)

Vi:

Imax i : Dng ti thc ti thi im i Imax mau: Dng ti c c da vo th ph ti ng vi thi im i Pitai max: Cng sut tiu th thc t ca ti ti thi im i Pi: Cng sut tiu th ca ti (ti tr tnh ton) thi im i

V cc ch s in nng k tng ti cc trm trn cng mt nhnh c ghi theo cc phin l trnh khc nhau nn c kt qu chnh xc cn c gi tr in nng k trong thi gian di gim mc nh hng do sai bit phin l trnh. Bc 3: Xc nh cng sut tiu th trn mt nhnh r p dng cng thc (43) ln lt cho tt c cc nhnh r Xc nh th ph ti ca cc trm trn trc chnh bng cng thc (44) III.1.3.3. Nhn xt: C th ni y l phng n c chnh xc cao nht c th thc hin c m khng cn u t thm bt c mt thit b ghi d liu no ln li.
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Cc th ph ti o c trn cc nhnh ch yu dng kim tra mc chnh xc ca tnh cht loi ti c xc nh trn cc ho n thu tin in. Tuy nhin mt nhc im ht sc ln y l phi xc nh th ph ti chun thun cho tng loi hnh tiu th in nh Thng nghip, khch sn, nh hng; Qun l v tiu dng dn c ; Cng nghip xy dng . Thc t cc trm bin th h p cung cp cho nhiu loi h tiu th khc nhau. Vic t b ghi d liu ti cc trm bin th h p gp kh khn trong vic bo qun, an ninh v s lng trm cn kho st qu nhiu.

III.2. Phng n p dng

Chn Phng n 2 "Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh b sung" s dng: III.2.1. C s thu thp s liu: Phng n ny ch yu da trn t s gia in nng tiu th v cng sut s dng ti cc pht tuyn ca trm trung gian xc nh cng sut s dng trung bnh ca tng trm bin th, c i chiu vi cng sut nh mc ca tng ph ti. Cng thc tnh cng sut s dng ca tng ph ti c tnh nh sau: P(t)trmi T = Atrami Ppht tuyn T = Apht tuyn Apht tuyn = Atrami Ppht tuyn = P(t)trmi Trong : P(t)trmi: Cng sut s dng trung bnh ti trm th I Atrami: in nng tiu th ti trm th I Ppht tuyn: Cng sut s dng ca ton pht tuyn ti trm trung gian Apht tuyn: in nng tiu th ca ton pht tuyn ti trm trung gian T: thi gian s dng trung bnh ca ton pht tuyn, cng l thi gian s dng trung bnh ca tng trm trn ton pht tuyn. III.2.2. Trnh t thu thp s liu Bc 1: Thu thp bng cng sut u ngun cc l ra ca 9 pht tuyn ti cc trm trung gian do i Vn hnh li in cung cp, v tnh ton ra dng ti trung bnh, max, min ca tng tuyn.

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Bc 2: Thu thp in nng tiu th ca tng pht tuyn (thng 4/2005) c cung cp t Phng kinh doanh ca in lc thng qua vic c ch s in k u ngun vo u thng, t s liu ny tnh ton c costrung bnh cho mi pht tuyn, t costrung bnh tnh ton c cng sut trung bnh cho tng pht tuyn. Bc 3: Thu thp in nng tiu th ca tng trm (thng 4/2005) c cung cp t Phng kinh doanh ca in lc thng qua tp tin ha n ca tng trm khch hng v trm cng cng. T s liu ny tnh ton c cng sut trung bnh ca tng trm, trng hp trn tp tin ha n khng c in nng phn khng th tm xem costrungbnh ca trm bng costrung bnh ca pht tuyn .

IV. p dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT:

IV.1. S p dng trin khai
S p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
Thit lp thng s mng li Program, network settings

To s Creating diagrams

Chy 8 bi ton phn tch Power System Analysis

BO CO Reports, diagrams

IV.2. Thit lp thng s cho mng li:

Phi thit lp cc thng s trc khi thc hin v s , phn tch hay tnh ton mt project. PSS/ADEPT cho php chng ta thit lp thng s mt cch c lp vi tng ngi s dng (user profile). Th vin dy dn Construction dictionary (PTI.CON) trong PSS/ADEPT l file nh dng di m ASCCI cung cp cc d liu cho h thng nh tr khng, thng s dy, my bin p

49

Ta cng c th to ra nhng file th vin dy dn, my bin p ph hp vi li in ca Vit Nam, cc file vi phn m rng l .con. Chng son tho trong bt k mt ng dng son tho no nh Word, Notepad, WordPad Ta m hp thoi Program Settings:

Hnh 11 Thit lp thng s mng li

IV.3. To s :
- V s li in cn tnh ton vo chng trnh PSS/ADEPT. - Cp nht s liu u vo cho s li in. IV.3.1.1. Ngun Source:

50

Hnh 12 Thit lp thng s ngun

IV.3.1.2. Ti Static Load:

Hnh 13 Thit lp thng s ti

51