Math1330 Printable Exercises and Solutions

MATH 1330
Precalculus
Exercise Sets and
Odd-Numbered Solutions
University of Houston Department of Mathematics
MATH 1330, Precalculus: Exercise Sets and Odd-Numbered Solutions
© 2011 University of Houston Department of Mathematics
MATH 1330 – Precalculus
Exercise Sets and Odd-Numbered Solutions
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 EXERCISES
Exercise Set 1.1: An Introduction to Functions ........................................................................ 1
Exercise Set 1.2: Functions and Graphs ................................................................................... 5
Exercise Set 1.3: Transformations of Graphs ........................................................................... 9
Exercise Set 1.4: Operations on Functions ............................................................................. 13
Exercise Set 1.5: Inverse Functions ........................................................................................ 16
CHAPTER 2 EXERCISES
Exercise Set 2.1: Linear and Quadratic Functions.................................................................. 19
Exercise Set 2.2: Polynomial Functions ................................................................................. 23
Exercise Set 2.3: Rational Functions ...................................................................................... 26
Exercise Set 2.4: Applications and Writing Functions ........................................................... 29
CHAPTER 3 EXERCISES
Exercise Set 3.1: Exponential Functions ................................................................................ 32
Exercise Set 3.2: Logarithmic Functions ................................................................................ 35
Exercise Set 3.3: Laws of Logarithms .................................................................................... 38
Exercise Set 3.4: Exponential and Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities .......................... 42
Exercise Set 3.5: Applications of Exponential Functions....................................................... 45
MATH 1330 Precalculus i

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4 EXERCISES
Exercise Set 4.1: Special Right Triangles and Trigonometric Ratios..................................... 48
Exercise Set 4.2: Radians, Arc Length, and the Area of a Sector........................................... 53
Exercise Set 4.3: Unit Circle Trigonometry ........................................................................... 57
Exercise Set 4.4: Trigonometric Expressions and Identities .................................................. 62
CHAPTER 5 EXERCISES
Exercise Set 5.1: Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers ................................................ 65
Exercise Set 5.2: Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions ................................................... 67
Exercise Set 5.3: Graphs of the Other Trigonometric Functions -

Tangent, Cotangent, Secant, and Cosecant ......................................................... 73
Exercise Set 5.4: Inverse Trigonometric Functions................................................................ 80
CHAPTER 6 EXERCISES
Exercise Set 6.1: Sum and Difference Formulas .................................................................... 89
Exercise Set 6.2: Double-Angle and Half-Angle Formulas.................................................... 94
Exercise Set 6.3: Solving Trigonometric Equations ............................................................... 99
CHAPTER 7 EXERCISES
Exercise Set 7.1: Solving Right Triangles ............................................................................ 102
Exercise Set 7.2: Area of a Triangle ..................................................................................... 105
Exercise Set 7.3: The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines ............................................... 108
ii University of Houston Department of Mathematics

CHAPTER 8 EXERCISES
Exercise Set 8.1: Parabolas ................................................................................................... 112
Exercise Set 8.2: Ellipses ...................................................................................................... 115
Exercise Set 8.3: Hyperbolas ................................................................................................ 119
APPENDICES EXERCISES
Exercise Set A.1: Factoring Polynomials ............................................................................. 122
Exercise Set A.2: Dividing Polynomials .............................................................................. 124
ODD-NUMBERED ANSWERS TO EXERCISE SETS
Chapter 1 Odd Answers ....................................................................................................... 126
Appendix Odd Answers........................................................................................................ 238
MATH 1330 Precalculus iii

MATH 1330 – Precalculus
Textbook and Online Resource Information
Math 1330 Printed Textbook:

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exercise sets. The entire Math 1330 printed textbook, which contains the lessons for each section
as well as these exercise sets and odd-numbered answers, can be purchased at the University
Copy Center.
Math 1330 Online:

All materials found in this textbook can also be found online at:
http://online.math.uh.edu/Math1330/
Online Lectures:
In addition to the textbook material, the online site contains flash lectures pertaining to most of
the topics in the Precalculus course. These lectures simulate the classroom experience, with
audio of course instructors as they present the material on prepared lesson notes. The lectures are
useful in furthering understanding of the course material and can only be viewed online.
iv University of Houston Department of Mathematics

Exercise Set 1.1: An Introduction to Functions
For each of the examples below, determine whether Express each of the following rules in function
the mapping makes sense within the context of the notation. (For example, “Subtract 3, then square”
given situation, and then state whether or not the would be written as f ( x ) = ( x − 3)2 .)
mapping represents a function.
7. Divide by 7, then add 4
1. Erik conducts a science experiment and maps the
temperature outside his kitchen window at 8. Multiply by 2, then square
various times during the morning.
9. Take the square root, then subtract 6
57
9
62 10. Add 4, square, then subtract 2
10
65
Time Temp. (oF) Find the domain of each of the following functions.
Then express your answer in interval notation.
2. Dr. Kim counts the number of people in 5
11. f ( x) =
attendance at various times during his lecture this x−3
afternoon.
x−6
1 12. f ( x) =
85 x +1
2
87
3 x−4
13. g ( x) =
Time # of People x2 − 9
3x + 1
State whether or not each of the following mappings 14. f ( x) =
represents a function. If a mapping is a function, then x2 + 4
identify its domain and range.
x2 + 6x + 5
15. f ( x) =
3. x 2 − 11x + 28
7 0
9 5
-3 4 3 x + 15
16. g ( x) = 2
x + 8 x − 20
A B
17. f (t ) = t
4.
9 8
4 18. h( x) = 3 x
-6 -7
19. g ( x) = 5 x
A B
20. h(t ) = 4 t
5. 9
-2 -6 21. f ( x) = x − 5
1
A B
22. g ( x) = x + 7
3 − 2x
6. 0 23. F ( x) =
x+4
8 2
4 x −3
24. G ( x ) =
A B x−7
MATH 1330 Precalculus 1

25. f ( x) = 3 x − 5 35. (a) f (t ) = t

(b) g (t ) = 9 − t
26. g ( x) = 3 x 2 + x − 6 (c) h(t ) = 9 − t
t 2 − 7t − 8
27. h(t ) = 3 36. (a) f ( x) = x
t +5
(b) g ( x) = x + 1
2x − 9 (c) h( x) = x + 1
28. f ( x) = 5
4x − 7
37. (a) f ( x) = x 2 + 3
29. f (t ) = t 2 − 10t + 24
(b) g ( x) = x 2 + 3 − 4
30. g (t ) = t 2 − 5t − 14 (c) h( x) = 2 x 2 + 3 + 5
Find the domain and range of each of the following

functions. Express answers in interval notation. 38. (a) f (t ) = t 2 + 6
31. (a) f ( x) = x (b) g (t ) = t 2 + 6 + 7
(b) g ( x) = x − 6 (c) h(t ) = − 13 t 2 + 6 − 8

(c) h( x) = x − 6
(d) p( x) = x − 6 + 3 39. g (t ) = 2 x − 7 + 5
32. (a) f (t ) = 3 − t 40. h(t ) = 6 − t − 1

(b) g (t ) = 3 − t
(c) h(t ) = 3 − t 41. f ( x) = 3 5 x + 6 − 4
(d) p(t ) = 3 − t − 7
42. g ( x) = 4 8 − 3x + 2
33. (a) f ( x) = x 2 − 4
(b) g ( x) = 4 − x 2
Find the domain and range of each of the following
(c) h( x) = x 2 + 4 functions. Express answers in interval notation.
(d) p( x) = x 2 − 4 (Hint: When finding the range, first solve for x.)
(e) q ( x) = 4 − x 2 3
43. (a) f ( x) =
x+2
(f) r ( x) = x 2 + 4 x+5
(b) g ( x ) =
x−2
34. (a) f (t ) = 25 + t 2
(b) g (t ) = t 2 − 25 44. (a) f ( x) =
4
(c) h(t ) = 25 − t 2 x−3
5x − 2
(d) p(t ) = 25 + t 2 (b) g ( x) =
x−3
(e) q (t ) = t 2 − 25
(f) r (t ) = 25 − t 2
2 University of Houston Department of Mathematics

Evaluate the following. 3x 2 , if x < 0


53. If f ( x) = 4, if 0 ≤ x < 2 , find:
45. If f ( x) = 5 x − 4 , find:  x + 5, if x ≥ 2

( )
f (3), f − 12 , f (a ), f (a + 3), f (a) + 3, f (a ) + f (3)
f (0), f (−6), f (2 ), f (1), f (4), f (32 )
46. If f ( x) = 3 x + 1 , find:
−4 x − 7, if x ≤ −1
( )
f (5), f (−8), f − 74 , f (t ) − 2, f (t − 2), f (t ) − f (2) 
54. If f ( x) =  x 2 + 6, if - 1 < x < 3 , find:
− 7, if x ≥ 3

47. If g ( x) = x 2 − 3 x + 4 , find:
( )
f (0), f (−4), f (− 1), f (3), f (6), f − 53
g (0), g − ( ), g ( x + 5), g ( ), g (3a), 3g (a)
1
4
1
a
48. If h(t ) = t 2 + 2t − 5 , find:

Determine whether each of the following equations
(32 ), h(c + 6), − h( x), h(2 x), 2h( x) defines y as a function of x. (Do not graph.)
h(1), h
55. 3 x − 5 y = 8
2+ x
49. If f ( x) = , find:
x −3 56. x + 3 = y 2
f (−7), f (0), f (35 ), f (t ), f (t 2 − 3) 57. x 2 + y = 3
58. 3 x 4 − 2 xy = 5 x
x2
50. If f ( x) = − x , find:
x+4
59. 7 x − y 4 = 5
( )
f (2), f (−5), f − 74 , f (3 p), f ( p 3 ) + 2
60. 3 x 2 + y 2 = 16
2 x − 5, if x ≥ 4 61. x3 y − 2 y = 6
51. If f ( x) =  , find:
3 − x 2 , if x < 4
62. x − 3y = 5
f (6), f (2), f (− 3), f (0), f ( 4), f ()
9
2
63. x3 = 5 y
64. y 3 = −7 x
 x 2 + 4 x, if x < −2
52. If f ( x) =  , find:
7 − 2 x, if x ≥ −2
65. y −2= x
f (−5), f (3), f (0 ), f (1), f (−2), f − 10

3
( ) 66. x + 3y = 4

For each of the following problems:

(a) Find f ( x + h) .
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
(b) Find the difference quotient .
h
(Assume that h ≠ 0 .)
67. f ( x) = 7 x − 4
68. f ( x) = 5 − 3 x
69. f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x − 2
70. f ( x) = x 2 − 3 x + 8
71. f ( x) = −8
72. f ( x) = 6
1
73. f ( x ) =
x
1
74. f ( x ) =
x−3

Exercise Set 1.2: Functions and Graphs
Determine whether or not each of the following graphs 9. y

represents a function.
1. y
x
10. y
2. y
x
3. y
For each set of points,
(a) Graph the set of points.
x
(b) Determine whether or not the set of points
represents a function. Justify your answer.
4. y 11. {(1, 5), (2, 4), (−3, 4), (2, − 1), (3, 6)}
x 12. {(−3, 2), (1, 2), (0, − 3), (2, 1), (−2, 1)}
5. y
Answer the following.
13. Analyze the coordinates in each of the sets

x
above. Describe a method of determining
whether or not the set of points represents a
function without graphing the points.
6. y
14. Determine whether or not each set of points
represents a function without graphing the
x points. Justify each answer.
(a) {(−7, 3), (3, − 7), (1, 5), (5, 1), (−2, 1)}
(b) {(6, 3), (−4, 3), (2, 3), (−3, 3), (5, 3)}
7. y
(c) {(3, 6), (3, − 4), (3, 2), (3, − 3), (3, 5)}
(d) {(−2, − 5), (−5, 2), (2, 5), (5, − 2), (5, 2)}
x
8. y
Continued on the next page...

Answer the following. (c) Find the y-intercept(s) of the function.

(d) Find the following function values:
15. The graph of y = f (x) is shown below.
g (−2); g (0); g (1); g (3); g (6)
10 y
f
(e) For what value(s) of x is g ( x) = −2 ?
8
(f) On what interval(s) is g increasing?
6
(g) On what interval(s) is g decreasing?
4
(h) What is the maximum value of the function?
2
(i) What is the minimum value of the function?
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
17. The graph of y = g (x) is shown below.
−4 y
6
(a) Find the domain of the function. Write your
answer in interval notation. g
4
(b) Find the range of the function. Write your
answer in interval notation.
2
(c) Find the y-intercept(s) of the function.

x
(d) Find the following function values: −2 2 4 6
f (−2); f (0); f (4); f (6)

−2
(e) For what value(s) of x is f ( x) = 9 ?

−4
(f) On what interval(s) is f increasing?
(g) On what interval(s) is f decreasing? (a) Find the domain of the function. Write your
(h) What is the maximum value of the function? answer in interval notation.
(i) What is the minimum value of the function? (b) Find the range of the function. Write your
(c) How many x-intercept(s) does the function
have?
16. The graph of y = g (x) is shown below.
(d) Find the following function values:
y g (−2); g (0); g (2); g (4); g (6)
6
g (e) Which is greater, g (−2) or g (3) ?
(f) On what interval(s) is g increasing?

4
(g) On what interval(s) is g decreasing?

2
x
−2 2 4 6
−2
Continued on the next page…
(a) Find the domain of the function. Write your

(b) Find the range of the function. Write your

18. The graph of y = f (x) is shown below. 25. f ( x) = x − 3

y
6
f
26. f ( x) = 5 − x
4 27. F ( x) = x 2 − 4 x
2 28. G ( x) = ( x − 3) 2 + 1
x
−4 −2 2 4 29. f ( x) = x3 + 1
−2 30. f ( x) = x 4 − 16
12
31. g ( x) =
(a) Find the domain of the function. Write your x
(b) Find the range of the function. Write your 8
32. h( x) = −
answer in interval notation. x
(c) Find the x-intercept(s) of the function.

(d) Find the following function values: For each of the following piecewise-defined functions:
f (−3); f (−2); f (−1); f (1); f (4) (a) State the domain of the function. Write your
(e) Which is smaller, f (0) or f (3) ?
(b) Find the y-intercept of the function.
(f) On what interval(s) is f increasing? (c) Choose x-values corresponding to the domain
(g) On what interval(s) is f decreasing? of the function, calculate the corresponding y-
values, plot the points, and draw the graph of
the function.
For each of the following functions:
(c) State the domain of the function. Write your 2 x + 4, if − 2 ≤ x < 1
answer in interval notation. 33. f ( x) = 
− x + 3, if 1 ≤ x ≤ 5
(d) Find the intercepts of the function.
(e) Choose x-values corresponding to the domain  1 x + 2, if − 3 ≤ x ≤ 0
of the function, calculate the corresponding y- 34. f ( x) =  3
values, plot the points, and draw the graph of − 4 x + 3, if x > 0
the function.
3, if x < −2
35. f ( x) = 
3
19. f ( x) = − x + 6
2 − 5, if x ≥ −2
20. f ( x) = 23 x − 4 −4, if − 5 ≤ x < 1

36. f ( x) = 
2, if 1 ≤ x ≤ 3
21. h( x) = 3 x − 5, − 1 ≤ x < 3
4, if x < 0
37. f ( x) =  2
22. h( x) = −2 x, − 3 < x ≤ 2  x + 1, if x ≥ 0
23. g ( x) = x − 3 3 − x 2 , if x ≤ 1
38. f ( x) = 
− 3, if x > 1
24. g ( x) = x − 4

 x, if x ≤ −3

39. f ( x) =  x 2 , if − 3 < x < 2
4, if x ≥ 2

 x 2 − 5, if x < 0

40. f ( x) = 1, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
2 − x, if x > 3


41. (a) If a function is odd, then it is symmetric
with respect to the __________.
(x-axis, y-axis, or origin?)
(b) If a function is even, then it is symmetric
with respect to the __________.
(x-axis, y-axis, or origin?)
42. (a) If a function is symmetric with respect to the

y-axis, then the function is __________.
(Odd, even, both, or neither?)
(b) If a function is symmetric with respect to the
origin, then the function is __________.
(Odd, even, both or neither?)
43. Suppose that y = f (x) is an odd function and that

(−3, 6) is a point on the graph of f. Find another
point on the graph.
44. Suppose that y = f (x) is an even function and

that (2, − 7) is a point on the graph of f. Find
another point on the graph.
Determine whether each of the following functions is

even, odd, both or neither.
45. f ( x) = x3 − 5 x
46. f ( x) = x 2 + 3 x
47. f ( x) = x 4 + 2 x 2
48. f ( x) = x 5 + 2 x3
49. f ( x) = 2 x 3 + x 2 − 5 x + 1
2
50. f ( x) = 3 x 6 +
x2

Exercise Set 1.3: Transformations of Graphs
Suppose that a student looks at a transformation of (a) Who is correct, Jack or Jill?
y = f ( x ) and breaks it into the following steps. State the (b) Analyze the two methods and explain the
transformation that occurs in each step below. algebraic difference between the two. Use this
analysis to justify your answer in part (a).
1. y = 2 f (− x − 3) + 4
(a) From: y = f ( x ) To: y = f ( x − 3) 4. Fred and Wilma are graphing the

function f ( x) = (− x + 4)2 . Starting with the graph of
(b) From: y = f ( x − 3) To: y = f (− x − 3)
y = x 2 , Fred first reflects the graph in the y-axis and
(c) From: y = f (− x − 3) To: y = 2 f (− x − 3)
then shifts four units to the left. Wilma, on the other
(d) From: y = 2 f (− x − 3) hand, first shifts the graph y = x 2 four units to the
To: y = 2 f (− x − 3) + 4 left and then reflects in the y-axis. Their graphs are
shown below.
2. y = − 14 f (1 − x) − 5 Fred’s Graph: Wilma’s Graph:

y y
First notice that (1 − x) is equivalent to (− x + 1) 6 6
4 4
2
(a) From: y = f ( x) x
2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
To: y = f ( x + 1) −2 −2
−4 −4
(b) From: y = f ( x + 1) −6 −6
(a) Who is correct, Fred or Wilma?
To: y = f (− x + 1) = f (1 − x) (b) Analyze the two methods and explain the
algebraic difference between the two. Use this
(c) From: y = f (1 − x )
1
To: y= 4
f (1 − x)
1
(d) From: y= 4
f (1 − x) 5. Tony and Maria are graphing the
1 function f ( x) = −2 − x . Starting with the graph of
To: y = − f (1 − x)
4
y = x , Tony first shifts the graph two units to the
(e) From: y = − 14 f (1 − x)
right and then reflects in the y-axis. Maria, on the
To: y = − 14 f (1 − x) − 5 other hand, first reflects the graph y = x in the y-
axis and then shifts two units to the right. Their
graphs are shown below.
Answer the following. Tony’s Graph: Maria’s Graph:
6y 6
3. Jack and Jill are graphing the function y
4 4
f ( x) = 2 − x 2 . Starting with the graph of y = x 2 , 2 2
x x
Jack first reflects the graph in the x-axis and then −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −2
shifts upward two units. Jill, on the other hand, first
−4 −4
shifts the graph y = x 2 upward two units and then −6 −6
reflects in the x-axis. Their graphs are shown below.

(a) Who is correct, Tony or Maria?
Jack’s Graph: Jill’s Graph:
(b) Analyze the two methods and explain the
y y algebraic difference between the two. Use this
2 2
x x analysis to justify your answer in part (a).
−4 −2 2 4 −4 −2 2 4
−2 −2
−4 −4
−6 −6

6. Bart and Lisa are graphing the function Write the equation that results when the following
f ( x) = 2 x − 3 . Starting with the graph of y = x , transformations are applied to the given standard
function. Then state if any of the resulting functions in
Bart first shifts the graph downward three units and
(a)-(e) are equivalent.
then stretches the graph vertically by a factor of 2.
Lisa, on the other hand, first stretches the graph
y = x vertically by a factor of 2 and then shifts the 19. Standard function: y = x3
graph downward three units. (a) Shift right 7 units, then reflect in the x-axis,
then stretch vertically by a factor of 5, then shift
Bart’s Graph: Lisa’s Graph:
upward 1 unit.
6y 6 y
4 4 (b) Reflect in the x-axis, then shift right 7 units,
2
x
2
x
then stretch vertically by a factor of 5, then shift
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 upward 1 unit.
−2 −2
−4 −4 (c) Stretch vertically by a factor of 5, then shift

−6 −6 upward 1 unit, then shift right 7 units, then
reflect in the x-axis.
(a) Who is correct, Bart or Lisa?
(d) Shift right 7 units, then shift upward 1 unit, then
(b) Analyze the two methods and explain the
reflect in the x-axis, then stretch vertically by a
algebraic difference between the two. Use this
factor of 5.
(e) Reflect in the x-axis, then shift left 7 units, then
stretch vertically by a factor of 5, then shift
Matching. The left-hand column contains equations that
upward 1 unit.
represent transformations of f ( x ) = x 2 . Match the
(f) Which, if any, of the resulting functions in (a)-
equations on the left with the description on the right of
(e) are equivalent?
how to obtain the graph of g from the graph of f .
7. g ( x) = ( x − 4)2
A. Reflect in the x-axis.
20. Standard function: y = x
8. g ( x) = x 2 − 4 B. Shift left 4 units, then
reflect in the y-axis. (a) Reflect in the y-axis, then shift left 2 units, then
9. g ( x) = x 2 + 4 shift downward 4 units, then reflect in the x-
C. Reflect in the x-axis,
axis
10. g ( x) = ( x + 4)2 then shift downward 4
units. (b) Shift left 2 units, then reflect in the y-axis, then
11. g ( x) = − x 2 D. Shift right 4 units. reflect in the x-axis, then shift downward 4
units.
2 E. Shift right 3 units, then
12. g ( x) = (− x)
reflect in the x-axis, then (c) Reflect in the y-axis, then reflect in the x-axis,
13. g ( x) = 4 x 2 shift upward 4 units. then shift downward 4 units, then shift right 2
units.
F. Shift upward 4 units.
14. g ( x) = 14 x 2 (d) Reflect in the x-axis, then shift left 2 units, then
G. Reflect in the y-axis.
shift downward 4 units, then reflect in the y-
15. g ( x) = − x 2 − 4 H. Shift left 4 units, then axis.
shift upward 3 units.
16. g ( x) = ( x + 4) 2 + 3 (e) Shift downward 4 units, then shift left 2 units,
I. Shift left 4 units. then reflect in the y-axis, then reflect in the x-
17. g ( x) = −( x − 3) 2 + 4 J. Shift downward 4 units. axis.
18. g ( x) = (− x + 4) 2 K. Stretch vertically by a (f) Which, if any, of the resulting functions in (a)-
factor of 4. (e) are equivalent?
L. Shrink vertically by a
factor of 14 .

Describe how the graph of g is obtained from the graph of 38. f ( x) = 2 x − 7

f. (Do not sketch the graph.)
39. f ( x) = x 2 + 3
21. f ( x) = x , g ( x) = − x − 2
40. f ( x) = ( x − 5)2
22. f ( x) = x3 , g ( x) = −2( x + 5)3
41. f ( x) = 6 − x 2
23. f ( x) = x , g ( x ) = −5 x − 2 + 1
42. f ( x) = 2 − ( x − 1) 2
24. f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = 16 ( x + 3) 2 − 7
43. f ( x) = −3 ( x − 4) 2 − 2
1 3
25. f ( x) = , g ( x) = +2
x x +8
44. f ( x) = ( x + 5)2 + 3
26. f (x ) = 3 x , g ( x) = 3 − x + 4
45. f ( x) = 6 − x + 2
46. f ( x) = 1 − x +1
2
Describe how the graphs of each of the following
functions can be obtained from the graph of y = f(x).
47. f ( x) = − x + 4 + 2
27. y = f ( x) + 1
48. f ( x) = 5 − x − 1
28. y = f ( x − 7)
49. f ( x) = 2 x + 5 − 3
29. y = f (− x) + 3
50. f ( x) = − x − 2 + 4
30. y = − f ( x + 3) − 8
31. y = − 14 f ( x − 2) − 5 51. f ( x) = −( x − 4)3 + 1
32. y = −5 f (− x) + 1 52. f ( x) = − x3 − 5
33. y = f (7 − x) + 2 1
53. f ( x) = +6
x−3
34. y = f (− x − 5) − 7
2
54. f ( x) = −
x+4
Sketch the graph of each of the following functions. Do 4

55. f ( x) = − + 3
not plot points, but instead apply transformations to the x
graph of a standard function.
56. f ( x) = 3 x − 6
35. f ( x) = x − 3
57. f ( x) = 3 − x + 2
36. f ( x) = 5 − x
58. f ( x) = − 3 x + 1 − 5
37. f ( x) = −3 x + 1

Answer the following. The graph of y = f(x) is given below. Sketch the graph of
each of the following functions.
59. The graphs of f ( x) = 4 − x 2 and g ( x) = 4 − x 2 are
10 y
shown below. Describe how the graph of g was
obtained from the graph of f. 8
6
y y
f
f ( x) = 4 − x 2 4 g ( x) = 4 − x 2 4 4
2 2 2
x x x
−4 −2 2 4 −4 −2 2 4
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−2 −2
−2
−4 −4
−4
−6
60. The graphs of f ( x) = x3 − 1 and g ( x) = x 3 − 1 are
shown below. Describe how the graph of g was −8
obtained from the graph of f.
4 y 4 y 63. y = f ( x + 2)
f ( x) = x3 − 1 g ( x) = x3 − 1
2 2
64. y = f ( x) − 3
x x
−4 −2 2 4 −4 −2 2 4
65. y = f ( x − 2) − 1
−2 −2
−4 −4 66. y = f ( x + 1) + 5
67. y = f (− x)
Sketch the graphs of the following functions: 68. y = − f (x)
69. y = 2 f ( x)
61. (a) f ( x) = x 2 − 9 (b) g ( x) = x 2 − 9
70. y = 12 f ( x)
1 1
62. (a) f ( x) = (b) g ( x ) =
x x 71. y = −2 f ( x + 1)
72. y = f (− x) − 4
Continued in the next column…

Exercise Set 1.4: Operations on Functions
Answer the following. For each of the following problems:

1. 8
y
(f) Find f + g and its domain.
g
f
6
(g) Find f − g and its domain.
4
(h) Find fg and its domain.
2
x f
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
(i) Find and its domain.
g
−2
−4 Note for (a)-(d): Do not sketch any graphs.
(a) Find f (−3) + g (−3) . 3. f ( x) = 2 x + 3; g ( x) = x 2 − 4 x − 12

(b) Find f (0) + g (0) .
4. f ( x) = 2 x3 − 5 x; g ( x) = x 2 + 8 x + 15
(c) Find f (−6) + g (−6) .
(d) Find f (5) + g (5) . 3 x
5. f ( x) = ; g ( x) =
x −1 x+2
(e) Find f (7) + g (7) .
(f) Sketch the graph of f + g . (Hint: For any x 4 2x
6. f ( x) = ; g ( x) =
value, add the y values of f and g.) x−5 x −5
(g) What is the domain of f + g ? Explain how

7. f ( x) = x − 6 ; g ( x) = 10 − x
you obtained your answer.
8. f ( x) = 2 x − 3 ; g ( x) = x + 4
8
2. g
6
f 9. f ( x) = x 2 − 9 ; g ( x) = x 2 + 4
4
2
x 10. f ( x) = 49 − x 2 ; g ( x) = x − 3
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
Find the domain of each of the following functions.
−6
2
−8
11. f ( x) = + x −1
x−3
(a) Find f (−2) − g (−2) .
3
(b) Find f (0) − g (0) . 12. h( x) = x + 2 −
x
(c) Find f (−4) − g (−4) .
3 x +1
(d) Find f (2) − g ( 2) . 13. g ( x) = −
x−7 x−2
(e) Find f (4) − g ( 4) .
x−2 5
(f) Sketch the graph of f − g . (Hint: For any x 14. f ( x) = + +7
x + 6 x −1
value, subtract the y values of f and g.)
(g) What is the domain of f − g ? Explain how x+2
15. f ( x) =
you obtained your answer. x −5
x−3
16. g ( x) =
x −1

Answer the following, using the graph below. The following method can be used to find the domain
of f g :
y
8
g (a) Find the domain of g.
6
(b) Find f g .
f
4
(c) Look at the answer from part (b) as a stand-
2 alone function (ignoring the fact that it is a
x composition of functions) and find its domain.
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
(d) Take the intersection of the domains found in
−2
steps (a) and (c). This is the domain of f g .
−4
Note:
We check the domain of g because it is the inner
17. (a) g (2) (b) f (g (2 ))
(c) f (2) (d) g ( f (2 )) function of f g , i.e. f ( g ( x ) ) . If an x-value is
not in the domain of g, then it also can not be an
18. (a) g (0) (b) f (g (0 )) input value for f g .
(c) f (0) (d) g ( f (0 ))
Use the above steps to find the domain of f g for the
19. (a) ( f g )(− 3) (b) (g f )(− 3) following problems:
20. (a) ( f g )(− 1) (b) (g f )(− 1) 1
33. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = x − 5
21. (a) ( f f )(3) (b) (g g )(− 2) x2
22. (a) ( f f )(5) (b) (g g )(− 3)
1
34. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = x + 2
23. (a) ( f g )(4) (b) (g f )(4) x2
24. (a) ( f g )(− 5) (b) ( f g )(2)
3
35. f ( x) = 2
; g ( x) = x − 6
x −4
Use the functions f and g given below to evaluate the
following expressions: 5
2
36. f ( x) = 2
; g ( x) = 3 − x
f ( x) = 3 − 2 x and g ( x) = x − 5 x + 4 x −2
25. (a) g (0) (b) f (g (0 ))

(c) f (0) (d) g ( f (0 ))
For each of the following problems:
26. (a) g (−1) (b) f (g (− 1)) (a) Find f g and its domain.
(c) f (−1) (d) g ( f (− 1)) (b) Find g f and its domain.
27. (a) ( f g )(− 2) (b) (g f )(− 2)

37. f ( x) = x 2 + 3 x; g ( x ) = 2 x − 7
28. (a) ( f g )(4) (b) (g f )(4)
38. f ( x) = 6 x + 2; g ( x) = 7 − x 2
29. (a) ( f f )(6) (b) (g g )(6)
30. (a) ( f f )(− 4) (b) (g g )(− 4) 1
39. f ( x) = x 2 ; g ( x) =
x−4
31. (a) ( f g )(x ) (b) (g f )(x )
3
40. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = x 2
32. (a) ( f f )(x ) (b) (g g )(x ) x+5

41. f ( x) = x + 7 ; g ( x) = −5 − x 49. Given the functions

f ( x) = x 2 + 4, g ( x ) = x + 3 , and h( x) = 2 x + 1, find:
42. f ( x) = 3 − x ; g ( x) = 9 − 2 x (a) h( f (g (4 ))) (b) f (g (h(0 )))

(c) f g h (d) h f g
Answer the following. 50. Given the functions

1
f ( x) = , g ( x) = x − 2 , and h( x) = 3 − 4 x, find:
43. Given the functions f ( x) = x 2 + 2 and x2
g ( x) = 5 x − 8 , find: (a) h( f (g (5))) (b) f (g (h(− 2 )))
(a) f (g (1)) (b) g ( f (1)) (c) f g h (d) h f g
(c) f (g (x )) (d) g ( f (x ))
(e) f ( f (1)) (f) g (g (1))
(g) f ( f (x )) (h) g (g (x ))
Functions f and g are defined as shown in the table
below.
44. Given the functions f ( x) = x + 1 and
x 0 1 2 4
g ( x) = 3 x − 2 x 2 , find:
f ( x) 2 4 4 7
(a) f (g (− 3)) (b) g ( f (− 3)) g( x ) 4 5 0 1
(c) f (g (x )) (d) g ( f (x ))
(e) f ( f (− 3)) (f) g (g (− 3)) Use the information above to complete the following
(g) f ( f (x )) (h) g (g (x )) tables. (Some answers may be undefined.)
51. x 0 1 2 4
x +1
45. Given the functions f ( x) = and f ( g ( x ))
x−2
3
g ( x) = , find:
x −5
(a) f (g (− 2 )) (b) g ( f (− 2 )) 52. x 0 1 2 4
(c) f (g (x )) (d) g ( f (x )) g ( f ( x ))
2x
46. Given the functions f ( x) = and
x+5 53. x 0 1 2 4
7− x f ( f ( x ))
g ( x) = , find:
x −1
(a) f (g (3)) (b) g ( f (3))
(c) f (g (x )) (d) g ( f (x )) 54. x 0 1 2 4
g ( g ( x))
47. Given the functions
f ( x) = x 2 − 1, g ( x) = 3 x − 5, and h( x ) = 1 − 2 x, find:
(a) f (g (h(2 ))) (b) g (h( f (3)))

(c) f g h (d) g h f
48. Given the functions

f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3, g ( x) = x + 4, and h( x ) = 3x − 2, find:
(a) f (g (h(1))) (b) g (h( f (1)))

(c) f g h (d) g h f

Exercise Set 1.5: Inverse Functions
Determine whether each of the following graphs 11. g ( x ) = x + 4

represents a one-to-one function. Explain your answer.
1
1. y 12. h ( x ) = −3
x
2
x 13. f ( x ) = − ( x − 2 ) + 1
14. g ( x ) = x − 6
2. y

x
15. If a function f is one-to-one, then the inverse
function, f −1 , can be graphed by either of the
following methods:
3. y
(a) Interchange the ____ and ____ values.
(b) Reflect the graph of f over the line
x y = ____ .
16. The domain of f is equal to the __________ of

4. y
f −1 , and the range of f is equal to the
__________ of f −1.
x
A table of values for a one-to-one function y = f ( x ) is
y
given. Complete the table for y = f −1 ( x ) .
5.
17. x x f −1 ( x )
f ( x)
3 −4 −4
x
2 7 2
y
6. −4 5 5
5 0 0
0 3
x
18. x x f −1 ( x )
f ( x)
For each of the following functions, sketch a graph 5 9 5
and then determine whether the function is one-to-one. 5 5
4
7. f ( x) = 2x − 3 6 −3 6
−8 2 −8
8. g ( x ) = x2 + 5
2 6
3
9. h ( x ) = ( x − 2)
10. f ( x ) = x3 − 2

For each of the following graphs: Answer the following. Assume that f is a one-to-one
function.
(a) State the domain and range of f .
(b) Sketch f −1 . 23. If f ( 4 ) = 5, find f −1 ( 5) .
(c) State the domain and range of f −1 .
24. If f ( 6 ) = −2, find f −1 ( −2 ) .
19. 4 y
2
25. If f −1 ( −3) = 7, find f ( 7 ) .
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
26. If f −1 ( 6 ) = −8, find f ( −8) .
−2
f
−4
27. If f ( 3) = 9 and f (9) = 5, find f −1 ( 9 ) .
−6
−8
28. If f ( 5) = −4 and f (2) = 5, find f −1 ( 5) .
29. If f ( −4 ) = 2, find f ( f −1 ( 2 ) ) .
20. 12
y
10 30. If f −1 ( −5) = 3, find f −1 ( f ( 3) ) .

8
6 f
4
Answer the following. Assume that f and g are defined
2 for all real numbers.
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2 31. If f and g are inverse functions, f ( −2 ) = 3 and

f ( 4 ) = −2 , find g ( −2 ) .
32. If f and g are inverse functions, f ( 7 ) = 10 and

f (10 ) = −1 , find g (10 ) .
21. y
f 33. If f and g are inverse functions, f ( 5 ) = 8 and

6
f ( 9 ) = 3 , find g ( f ( 3) ) .
4
2
34. If f and g are inverse functions, f ( −1) = 6 and
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10 f ( 7 ) = 8 , find f ( g ( 6 ) ) .
−2
For each of the following functions, write an equation

for the inverse function y = f −1 ( x ) .
22. 8 y
f 6 35. f ( x ) = 5 x − 3
4
2
36. f ( x ) = −4 x + 7
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
3 − 2x
−2 37. f ( x ) =
8
−4
6x − 5
38. f ( x ) =
4

39. f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 , where x ≥ 0 Answer the following.
57. If f ( x ) is a function that represents the amount

40. f ( x ) = 5 − x 2 , where x ≥ 0
of revenue (in dollars) by selling x tickets, then
what does f −1 ( 500 ) represent?
41. f ( x ) = 4 x 3 − 7
58. If f ( x ) is a function that represents the area of a

42. f ( x ) = 2 x3 + 1
circle with radius x, then what does f −1 ( 80 )
3 represent?
43. f ( x ) =
x+2
5
44. f ( x ) = A function is said to be one-to-one provided that the
7−x
following holds for all x1 and x2 in the domain of f :
2x + 3 If f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) , then x1 = x2 .
45. f ( x ) =
x−4
Use the above definition to determine whether or not
3 − 8x the following functions are one-to-one. If f is not one-
46. f ( x ) =
x+5 to-one, then give a specific example showing that the
condition f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) fails to imply that x1 = x2 .
47. f ( x ) = 7 − 2 x
59. f ( x ) = 5 x − 3
48. f ( x ) = 2 + 6 x + 5
60. f ( x ) = x3 + 5
Use the Property of Inverse Functions to determine 61. f ( x ) = x − 4

whether each of the following pairs of functions are
inverses of each other. Explain your answer.
62. f ( x ) = x − 4
49. f ( x ) = 4 x − 1 ; g ( x ) = 14 x + 1
63. f ( x ) = x − 4
x−2
50. f ( x ) = 2 + 3 x ; g ( x) =
3
1
64. f ( x ) = +4
x
4−x
51. f ( x ) = ; g ( x ) = 4 − 5x
5
65. f ( x ) = x 2 + 3
1
52. f ( x ) = 2 x + 5 ; g ( x) = 2
2x + 5 66. f ( x ) = ( x + 3)
53. f ( x ) = x3 − 2 ; g ( x) = 3 x + 2
5
54. f ( x ) = 5 x − 7 ; g ( x) = ( x + 7)
5 5
55. f ( x ) = ; g ( x) =
x x
56. f ( x ) = x 2 + 9 , where x ≥ 0 ;
g ( x) = x − 9

Exercise Set 2.1: Linear and Quadratic Functions
Find the slope of the line that passes through the (a) Write the equation in slope-intercept form.
following points. If it is undefined, state ‘Undefined.’ (b) Write the equation as a linear function.
(c) Identify the slope.
1. (−2, 3) and (6, − 7) (d) Identify the y-intercept.
(e) Draw the graph.
2. (−1, − 6) and (−5, 10)
11. 2 x + y = 5
3. (8, − 7) and (−1, − 7)
12. 3 x − y = −6
4. (3, − 8) and (3, − 4)
13. x + 4 y = 0
Find the slope of each of the following lines. 14. 2 x + 5 y = 10
e y 15. 4 x − 3 y + 9 = 0
5. c 4
c 16. − 23 x + 12 y = −1
6. d
2
7. e Find the linear function f that satisfies the given

x
conditions.
−4 −2 2 4
8. f
4
17. Slope - ; y-intercept 3
−2 7
−4
f 18. Slope − 4 ; y-intercept 5
d
2
19. Slope − ; passes through (-3, 2)
9
Find the linear function f which corresponds to each
1
graph shown below. 20. Slope ; passes through (-4, -2)
5
y
9.
2 21. Passes through (2, 11) and (-3, 1)
x 22. Passes through (-4, 5) and (1, -2)

−4 −2 2 4
23. x-intercept 7; y-intercept -5

−2
24. x-intercept -2; y-intercept 6

−4
3
25. Slope − ; x-intercept 4
−6 2
1
26. Slope ; x-intercept -6
10. y 3
2
27. Passes through (-3, 5); parallel to the line
y = −1
x
−2 2 4 28. Passes through (2, -6); parallel to the line
y=4
−2
29. Passes through (5, -7); parallel to the line
y = −5 x + 3
−4
For each of the following equations,

30. Passes through (5, -7); perpendicular to the line Answer the following, assuming that each situation
y = −5 x + 3 can be modeled by a linear function.
31. Passes through (2, 3); parallel to the line 43. If a company can make 21 computers for
5x − 2 y = 6 $23,000, and can make 40 computers for
$38,200, write an equation that represents the
32. Passes through (-1, 5); parallel to the line cost of x computers.
4x + 3y = 8
44. A certain electrician charges a $40 traveling fee,
and then charges $55 per hour of labor. Write an
33. Passes through (2, 3); perpendicular to the line equation that represents the cost of a job that
5x − 2 y = 6 takes x hours.
34. Passes through (-1, 5); perpendicular to the line

4x + 3y = 8 For each of the quadratic functions given below:
(a) Complete the square to write the equation in
35. Passes through (4, -6); parallel to the line
the standard form f ( x ) = a( x − h)2 + k .
containing (3, -5) and (2, 1)
(b) State the coordinates of the vertex of the
36. Passes through (8, 3) ; parallel to the line parabola.
containing (−2, − 3) and (−4, 6) (c) Sketch the graph of the parabola.
(d) State the maximum or minimum value of the
37. Perpendicular to the line containing (4, -2) and function, and state whether it is a maximum
(10, 4); passes through the midpoint of the line or a minimum.
segment connecting these points. (e) Find the axis of symmetry. (Be sure to write
your answer as an equation of a line.)
38. Perpendicular to the line containing (−3, 5) and
(7, − 1) ; passes through the midpoint of the line 45. f ( x) = x 2 + 6 x + 7
segment connecting these points.
46. f ( x) = x 2 − 8 x + 21
39. f passes through ( −3, − 6 ) and f −1 passes 47. f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x
through ( −8, − 9 ) .
48. f ( x) = x 2 + 10 x
40. f passes through ( 2, − 1) and f −1 passes 49. f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 8 x + 11

through ( 9, 4 ) .
50. f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 18 x + 15
41. The x-intercept for f is 3 and the x-intercept for 51. f ( x) = − x 2 − 8 x − 9

f −1 is −8 . 52. f ( x) = − x 2 + 4 x − 7
42. The y-intercept for f is 4 and the y-intercept 53. f ( x) = −4 x 2 + 24 x − 27

for f −1 is −6 . 54. f ( x) = −2 x 2 − 8 x − 14
55. f ( x) = x 2 − 5 x + 3
56. f ( x) = x 2 + 7 x − 1
57. f ( x) = 2 − 3 x − 4 x 2
58. f ( x) = 7 − x − 3x 2

Each of the quadratic functions below is written in the 68. f ( x) = −2 x 2 + 16 x + 40

form f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c . For each function:
69. f ( x) = −4 x 2 − 8 x + 5
(a) Find the vertex ( h, k ) of the parabola by using
70. f ( x) = 4 x 2 − 16 x − 9
the formulas h = − 2ba and k = f ( − 2ba ) .
(Note: When only the vertex is needed, this 71. f ( x) = x 2 − 6 x + 3
method can be used instead of completing the
square.) 72. f ( x) = x 2 + 10 x + 5
(b) State the maximum or minimum value of the
73. f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x + 5
function, and state whether it is a maximum
or a minimum.
74. f ( x) = x 2 + 4
59. f ( x) = x 2 − 12 x + 50 75. f ( x) = 9 − 4 x 2
60. f ( x) = − x 2 + 14 x − 10 76. f ( x) = 9 x 2 − 100
61. f ( x) = −2 x 2 + 16 x − 9
62. f ( x) = 3 x 2 − 12 x + 29 For each of the following problems, find a quadratic

function satisfying the given conditions.
63. f ( x) = −2 x 2 + 9 x + 3
77. Vertex (2, − 5) ; passes through (7, 70)
64. f ( x) = −6 x 2 + x − 5
78. Vertex (−1, − 8) ; passes through (2, 10)
The following method can be used to sketch a 79. Vertex (5, 7) ; passes through (3, 4)
reasonably accurate graph of a parabola without
plotting points. Each of the quadratic functions below 80. Vertex (−4, 3) ; passes through (1, 13)
is written in the form f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c . The graph
of a quadratic function is a parabola with vertex,
where h = − 2ba and k = f ( − 2ba ) .
(a) Find all x-intercept(s) of the parabola by 81. Two numbers have a sum of 10. Find the largest
setting f ( x ) = 0 and solving for x. possible value of their product.
(b) Find the y-intercept of the parabola.
(c) Give the coordinates of the vertex (h, k) of the 82. Jim is beginning to create a garden in his back
yard. He has 60 feet of fence to enclose the
parabola, using the formulas h = − 2ba and
rectangular garden, and he wants to maximize
k= f ( − 2ba ) . the area of the garden. Find the dimensions Jim
should use for the length and width of the
(d) State the maximum or minimum value of the garden. Then state the area of the garden.
function, and state whether it is a maximum
or a minimum.
83. A rocket is fired directly upwards with a velocity
(e) Find the axis of symmetry. (Be sure to write of 80 ft/sec. The equation for its height, H, as a
your answer as an equation of a line.) function of time, t, is given by the function
(f) Draw a graph of the parabola that includes
the features from parts (a) through (d). H (t ) = −16t 2 + 80t .
(a) Find the time at which the rocket reaches its
2 maximum height.
65. f ( x) = x − 2 x − 15
(b) Find the maximum height of the rocket.
66. f ( x) = x 2 − 8 x + 16
67. f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 12 x − 36

84. A manufacturer has determined that their daily

profit in dollars from selling x machines is given
by the function
P ( x) = −200 + 50 x − 0.1x 2 .
Using this model, what is the maximum daily
profit that the manufacturer can expect?

Exercise Set 2.2: Polynomial Functions
Answer the following. Answer True or False.

(a) State whether or not each of the following 21. (a) 7 x − 2 x3 is a trinomial.
expressions is a polynomial. (Yes or No.)
(b) 7 x − 2 x3 is a third degree polynomial.
(b) If the answer to part (a) is yes, then state the
degree of the polynomial. (c) 7 x − 2 x3 is a binomial.
(c) If the answer to part (a) is yes, then classify (d) 7 x − 2 x3 is a first degree polynomial
the polynomial as a monomial, binomial,
trinomial, or none of these. (Polynomials of 22. (a) x 2 − 4 x + 7 x 3 is a second degree
four or more terms are not generally given polynomial.
specific names.) (b) x 2 − 4 x + 7 x 3 is a binomial.
(c) x 2 − 4 x + 7 x 3 is a third degree polynomial.
1. 4 + 3x3
(d) x 2 − 4 x + 7 x 3 is a trinomial.
8
2. 6 x5 + 3x 3 +
x 23. (a) 3x 7 − 2 x 4 y 6 − 3 y8 is a tenth degree
3. 3x − 5 polynomial.
(b) 3x 7 − 2 x 4 y 6 − 3 y8 is a binomial.
4. 2 x3 + 4 x2 − 7 x − 4
(c) 3x 7 − 2 x 4 y 6 − 3 y8 is an eighth degree
3 2
5x − 6x + 7 polynomial.
5.
x2 − 4 x + 5 (d) 3x 7 − 2 x 4 y 6 − 3 y8 is a trinomial.
6. 8
24. (a) −3a 4 b5 is a fifth degree polynomial.
7. 7
x 2 − 53 x + 9
2
(b) −3a 4 b5 is a trinomial.
7 5 3 (c) −3a 4 b5 is a ninth degree polynomial.
8. + − −2
x3 x 2 x (d) −3a 4 b5 is a monomial.
9. 3−1 x 4 − 7 −1 x + 2
1 1 1 Sketch a graph of each of the following functions.
10. −9 x 4 + 2x 3 − 4x 2
25. P( x ) = x 3
2
11. x − 3x + 1
26. P( x ) = x 4
3 6
12. − x 2
27. P( x ) = x 6
6 x3 + 8x 2
13. 28. P( x ) = x 5
x
29. P( x ) = x n , where n is odd and n > 0.
14. −3 + 5 x 2 + 6 x 4 − 3x9
30. P( x ) = x n , where n is even and n > 0.
15. 3a 3b 4 − 2a 2 b2
16. −4 x5 y − 2 − 3x −4 y 9
3
5 3
17. 4x y + 2 31. The graph of P( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)3 ( x + 4) 2 has x-
xy
intercepts at x = 1, x = 2, and x = −4.
18. 2
5
x 2 y 9 z + 3xy − 14 x3 y 4 z 2 (a) At and immediately surrounding the point
x = 2 , the graph resembles the graph of what
19. −4xyz 3 − 52 y 7 − 73 x 4 y 3 z 2 familiar function? (Choose one.)
y=x y = x2 y = x3
7 3 5 6 2 4
20. − a + 2a b + b − 3a b

(b) At and immediately surrounding the point Choices for 33-38:

x = −4 , the graph resembles the graph of
what familiar function? (Choose one.)
y=x y = x2 y = x3 A. y B. y
80
40
(c) If P(x ) were to be multiplied out
completely, the leading term of the x 40
polynomial would be: (Choose one; do not −4 −2 2 4

x
actually multiply out the polynomial.) −4 −2 2
−40
x3 ; − x3 ; x 4 ; − x 4 ; x5 ; − x5 ; x 6 ; − x 6 −40
32. The graph of Q ( x) = −( x + 3)2 ( x − 5)3 has x-

intercepts at x = −3 and x = 5. C. 400 y D. y
10
(a) At and immediately surrounding the point x
x = −3 , the graph resembles the graph of −2 2 4

x
what familiar function? (Choose one.) −400
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
y=x y = x2 y = x3
−800
(b) At and immediately surrounding the point −10

−1200
x = 5 , the graph resembles the graph of what
familiar function? (Choose one.)
y=x y = x2 y = x3
E. y
F. y
(c) If P(x ) were to be multiplied out 10 200
completely, the leading term of the

x
polynomial would be: (Choose one; do not x
−2 2 4
actually multiply out the polynomial.) −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
x3 ; − x3 ; x 4 ; − x 4 ; x5 ; − x5 ; x 6 ; − x 6 −200
−10
Match each of the polynomial functions below with its

graph. (The graphs are shown in the next column.) For each of the functions below:
33. P( x ) = ( x − 2)( x + 1)( x + 4) (f) Find the x- and y-intercepts.
(g) Sketch the graph of the function. Be sure to
34. Q ( x) = −( x + 2)( x − 1)( x − 4) show all x- and y-intercepts, along with the
proper behavior at each x-intercept, as well as
35. R( x) = −( x − 2)( x + 1) 2 ( x + 4) 2 the proper end behavior.
36. S ( x) = ( x − 2) 2 ( x + 1)( x + 4) 39. P( x) = ( x − 5)( x + 3)

40. P( x ) = −( x − 3)( x + 1)
37. U ( x) = ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 1)3 ( x − 4)
41. P( x ) = −( x − 6) 2
38. V ( x) = −( x + 2)3 ( x − 1)3 ( x − 4) 2 42. P( x ) = ( x + 3) 2
43. P( x) = ( x − 5)( x + 2)( x + 6)
44. P( x) = 3 x( x − 4)( x − 7)
45. P( x ) = − 12 ( x − 4)( x − 1)( x + 3)
46. P( x ) = −( x + 6)( x − 2)( x − 5)

47. P( x ) = ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 4) Polynomial functions can be classified according to

their degree, as shown below. (Linear and quadratic
48. P( x) = (5 − x)( x + 3) 2 functions have been covered in previous sections.)
49. P( x ) = (3 x − 2)( x + 4)( x − 5)( x + 1) Degree Name

50. P ( x ) = − 13 ( x + 5)( x + 1)( x + 3)( x − 2) 0 or 1 Linear
2 Quadratic
51. P( x ) = x( x + 2)(4 − x)( x + 6) 3 Cubic
52. P( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2)( x + 5) 4 Quartic
5 Quintic
53. P( x) = ( x − 3)2 ( x + 4) 2
n nth degree
54. P( x ) = − x(2 x − 5)3 polynomial
55. P( x ) = ( x + 5)3 ( x − 4) Answer the following.

75. Write the equation of the cubic polynomial P( x )
56. P( x ) = x 2 ( x − 6) 2
that satisfies the following conditions:
57. P( x ) = ( x + 3) 2 ( x − 4)3 P ( −4 ) = P (1) = P ( 3) = 0 , and P (0) = −6 .
58. P( x ) = −2 x(3 − x )3 ( x + 1)
76. Write an equation for a cubic polynomial P( x )
2 2
59. P( x ) = − x( x − 2) ( x + 3) ( x − 4) with leading coefficient −1 whose graph passes
through the point ( 2, 8 ) and is tangent to the x-
60. P( x ) = ( x − 5)3 ( x − 2) 2 ( x + 1) axis at the origin.
61. P( x) = x8 ( x − 1)6 ( x + 1)7
77. Write the equation of the quartic polynomial
3 4
62. P( x ) = − x ( x + 1) ( x − 1) 7 with y-intercept 12 whose graph is tangent to the
x-axis at ( −2, 0 ) and (1, 0 ) .
63. P( x ) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 8 x
78. Write the equation of the sixth degree
64. P( x ) = x3 − 2 x 2 − 15 x polynomial with y-intercept −3 whose graph is
tangent to the x-axis at ( −2, 0 ) , ( −1, 0 ) , and
65. P( x ) = 25 x − x 3
( 3, 0 ) .
66. P( x ) = −3x 3 − 5 x 2 + 2 x
67. P( x) = − x 4 + x3 + 12 x 2 Use transformations (the concepts of shifting,

reflecting, stretching, and shrinking) to sketch each of
68. P( x) = x 4 − 16 x 2 the following graphs.
69. P( x ) = x5 − 9 x3 79. P( x ) = x3 + 5
70. P( x ) = − x5 − 3 x 4 + 18 x3 80. P( x ) = − x3 − 2
71. P( x) = x3 + 4 x 2 − x − 4 81. P( x ) = −( x − 2)3 + 4
72. P( x ) = x3 − 5 x 2 − 4 x + 20 82. P( x) = ( x + 5)3 − 1
73. P( x ) = x 4 − 13 x 2 + 36 83. P( x ) = 2 x 4 − 3
74. P( x ) = x 4 − 17 x 2 + 16 84. P( x ) = −( x − 2) 4 + 5
85. P( x ) = −( x + 1)5 − 4
86. P( x) = ( x + 3)5 + 2

Exercise Set 2.3: Rational Functions
Recall from Section 1.2 that an even function is 8. 6

y
symmetric with respect to the y-axis, and an odd function
is symmetric with respect to the origin. This can 4
sometimes save time in graphing rational functions. If a
function is even or odd, then half of the function can be 2
graphed, and the rest can be graphed using symmetry.
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
Determine if the functions below are even, odd, or
neither. −2
5
1. f ( x) =
x −4
3
2. f ( x) = − −6
x −1
4
3. f ( x) = (Notice the asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0 .)
x2 − 9
9x2 − 1
4. f ( x) =
x4
x −1 For each of the following graphs:

5. f ( x) =
x2 − 4 (h) Identify the location of any hole(s)
(i.e. removable discontinuities)
7
6. f ( x) = (i) Identify any x-intercept(s)
x3
(j) Identify any y-intercept(s)
(k) Identify any vertical asymptote(s)
In each of the graphs below, only half of the graph is (l) Identify any horizontal asymptote(s)
given. Sketch the remainder of the graph, given that the
function is:
(a) Even 9. 10 y
8
(b) Odd 6
4
7. 6
y
2
x
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
4 −2
−4
−6
2
−8
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 y
10.
6
−4 4
2
x
−6
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
(Notice the asymptotes at x = 2 and y = 0 .) −4
−6
−8

For each of the following rational functions: x3

24. f ( x) =
(a) Find the domain of the function 2 x 2 − 18
(b) Identify the location of any hole(s)
−(3x + 5)( x − 2)
(i.e. removable discontinuities) 25. f ( x) =
x ( x − 2)
(c) Identify any x-intercept(s)
(d) Identify any y-intercept(s) −( x + 4)(5 x − 7)
26. f ( x) =
(e) Identify any vertical asymptote(s) ( x − 3)( x + 4)
(f) Identify any horizontal asymptote(s)
(g) Identify any slant asymptote(s) 2 x 2 − 18
27. f ( x) =
(h) Sketch the graph of the function. Be sure to x2 + 4x + 3
include all of the above features on your graph.
8 x 2 − 16 x
28. f ( x) =
11. f ( x) =
3 5 x 2 − 20
x −5
16 − x 4
−4 29.
12. f ( x) = 2 x3
x+7
x3 − 2 x 2 − x + 2
2x + 3 30. f ( x) =
13. f ( x) = x2 − 4
x
8
9 − 4x 31. f ( x) =
14. f ( x) = x2 − 4
x
−12
x−6 32. f ( x) =
15. f ( x) = x2 + x − 6
x+3
x+5 6x − 6
16. f ( x) = 33. f ( x) = 2
x−2 x − x − 12
−4 x + 8 −8 x − 16
17. f ( x) = 34. f ( x) = 2
2x + 3 x + 2 x − 15
3x + 6 ( x − 3)( x + 2)( x − 4)
18. f ( x ) = 35. f ( x) =
2x −1 ( x + 1)( x − 4)( x − 2)
( x − 2)( x + 3) 2 x3 + 10 x 2
19. f ( x) = 36. f ( x) =
( x − 2)( x − 4) x + 5 x 2 − 9 x − 45
3
( x + 3)(6 − x) x( x − 5)( x + 1)( x − 3)

20. f ( x) = 37. f ( x) =
( x − 2)( x + 3) ( x + 1)( x − 3)
x 2 + x − 20 ( x − 4)( x − 3)( x − 2)( x + 1)

21. f ( x) = 38. f ( x) = −
x−4 ( x − 4)( x − 2)
x 2 − 3 x − 10 x3 + 2 x 2 − 9 x − 18
22. f ( x) = 39. f ( x) =
x−5 x2
4 x3 x 4 − 10 x 2 + 9
23. f ( x) = 40. f ( x) =
x2 − 1 x3

Answer the following. 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9

47. f ( x) =
x2 − 5x + 3 x2 − x + 7
41. In the function f ( x ) =
3x2 + 2 x − 3
x2 + 5x − 1
(a) Use the quadratic formula to find the x- 48. f ( x) =
5 x 2 − 10 x − 3
intercepts of the function, and then use a
calculator to round these answers to the nearest
tenth.
(b) Use the quadratic formula to find the vertical Answer the following.
asymptotes of the function, and then use a 6x − 6
calculator to round these answers to the nearest 49. The function f ( x) = 2
was graphed in
x − x − 12
tenth. Exercise 33.
2 x2 + 7 x − 1 (a) Find the point of intersection of f ( x ) and the

42. In the function f ( x ) =
x2 − 6 x + 4 horizontal asymptote.
(a) Use the quadratic formula to find the x- (b) Sketch the graph of f ( x ) as directed in
intercepts of the function, and then use a Exercise 33, but also label the intersection of
f ( x ) and the horizontal asymptote.
tenth.
(b) Use the quadratic formula to find the vertical −8 x − 16
asymptotes of the function, and then use a 50. The function f ( x) = was graphed in
x 2 + 2 x − 15
tenth. Exercise 34.
(a) Find the point of intersection of f ( x ) and the
horizontal asymptote.
The graph of a rational function never intersects a
vertical asymptote, but at times the graph intersects a (b) Sketch the graph of f ( x ) as directed in
horizontal asymptote. For each function f ( x ) below, Exercise 34, but also label the intersection of
f ( x ) and the horizontal asymptote.
(a) Find the equation for the horizontal asymptote of
the function.
(b) Find the x-value where f ( x ) intersects the
(c) Find the point of intersection of f ( x ) and the
x2 + 2 x + 3
43. f ( x ) =
x2 − x − 3
x2 + 4 x − 2
44. f ( x) =
x2 − x − 7
x2 + 2 x + 3
45. f ( x) =
2x2 + 6x − 1
3x 2 + 5 x − 1
46. f ( x ) =
x2 − x − 3

Exercise Set 2.4: Applications and Writing Functions
Answer the following. If an example contains units of 10. A farmer has 2400 feet of fencing. He wants to
measurement, assume that any resulting function fence off a rectangular field that borders a
reflects those units. (Note: Refer to Appendix A.3 if straight river (needing no fence along the river).
necessary for a list of Geometric Formulas.) What are the dimensions of the field that has the
largest area?
1. The perimeter of a rectangle is 54 feet.
(a) Express its area, A, as a function of its 11. A farmer with 800 feet of fencing wants to
width, w. enclose a rectangular area and divide it into 3
(b) For what value of w is A the greatest? pens with fencing parallel to one side of the
rectangle. What is the largest possible total area
(c) What is the maximum area of the rectangle?
of the 3 pens?
2. The perimeter of a rectangle is 62 feet.

12. A farmer with 1800 feet of fencing wants to
(a) Express its area, A, as a function of its enclose a rectangular area and divide it into 5
length, . pens with fencing parallel to one side of the
(b) For what value of is A the greatest? rectangle. What is the largest possible total area
(c) What is the maximum area of the rectangle? of the 5 pens?
13. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 6 m.

3. Two cars leave an intersection at the same time.
Express the area, A, of the triangle as a function
One is headed south at a constant speed of 50
of the length x of one of the legs.
miles per hour. The other is headed east at a
constant speed of 120 miles per hour. Express
the distance, d, between the two cars as a 14. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 11 m.
function of the time, t. Express the area, A, of the triangle as a function
of the length x of one of the legs.
4. Two cars leave an intersection at the same time.
One is headed north at a constant speed of 30 15. The area of a rectangle is 22 ft2. Express its
miles per hour. The other is headed west at a perimeter, P, as a function of its length, .
constant speed of 40 miles per hour. Express the
distance, d, between the two cars as a function of 16. The area of a rectangle is 36 ft2. Express its
the time, t. perimeter, P, as a function of its width, w.
5. If the sum of two numbers is 20, find the 17. A rectangle has a base on the x-axis and its upper
smallest possible value of the sum of their two vertices on the parabola y = 9 − x 2 .
squares.
(a) Express the area, A, of the rectangle as a
function of x.
6. If the sum of two numbers is 16, find the
smallest possible value of the sum of their (b) Express the perimeter, P, of the rectangle as
squares. a function of x.
7. If the sum of two numbers is 8, find the largest 18. A rectangle has a base on the x-axis and its lower
possible value of their product. two vertices on the parabola y = x 2 − 16 .
(a) Express the area, A, of the rectangle as a
8. If the sum of two numbers is 14, find the largest function of x.
possible value of their product.
(b) Express the perimeter, P, of the rectangle as
a function of x.
9. A farmer has 1500 feet of fencing. He wants to
fence off a rectangular field that borders a
straight river (needing no fence along the river). 19. In a right circular cylinder of radius r, if the
What are the dimensions of the field that has the height is twice the radius, express the volume, V,
largest area? as a function of r.

20. In a right circular cylinder of radius r, if the (b) What are the dimensions of the box with the
height is half the radius, express the volume, V, largest surface area?
as a function of r. (c) What is the maximum surface area of the
box?
21. A right circular cylinder of radius r has a volume
of 300 cm3. 29. A wire of length x is bent into the shape of a
(a) Express the lateral area, L, in terms of r. circle.
(b) Express the total surface area, S, as a (a) Express the circumference, C, in terms of x.
function of r. (b) Express the area of the circle, A, as a
function of x.
22. A right circular cylinder of radius r has a volume
of 750 cm3. 30. A wire of length x is bent into the shape of a
(a) Express the lateral area, L, in terms of r. square.
(b) Express the total surface area, S, as a (a) Express the area, A, of the square as a
function of r. function of x.
(b) Express the diagonal, d, of the square as a
23. In a right circular cone of radius r, if the height is function of x.
four times the radius, express the volume, V, as a
function of r. 31. Let P ( x, y ) be a point on the graph of
y = x 2 − 10 .
24. In a right circular cone of radius r, if the height is
five times the radius, express the volume, V, as a (a) Express the distance, d, from P to the origin
function of r. as a function of x.
(b) Express the distance, d, from P to the point
25. An open-top box with a square base has a ( 0, − 2 ) as a function of x.
volume of 20 cm3. Express the surface area, S, of
the box as a function of x, where x is the length
of a side of the square base. 32. Let P ( x, y ) be a point on the graph of
y = x2 − 7 .
26. An open-top box with a square base has a
(a) Express the distance, d, from P to the origin
volume of 12 cm3. Express the surface area, S, of
as a function of x.
the box as a function of x, where x is the length
of a side of the square base. (b) Express the distance, d, from P to the point
( 0, 5 ) as a function of x.
27. A piece of wire 120 cm long is cut into several
pieces and used to construct the skeleton of a
33. A circle of radius r is inscribed in a square.
rectangular box with a square base.
Express the area, A, of the square as a function of
(a) Express the surface area, S, of the box in r.
terms of x, where x is the length of a side of
the square base.
34. A square is inscribed in a circle of radius r.
(b) What are the dimensions of the box with the Express the area, A, of the square as a function of
largest surface area? r.
(c) What is the maximum surface area of the
box? 35. A rectangle is inscribed in a circle of radius 4
cm.
28. A piece of wire 96 in long is cut into several (a) Express the perimeter, P, of the rectangle in
pieces and used to construct the skeleton of a terms of its width, w.
rectangular box with a square base.
(b) Express the area, A, of the rectangle in terms
(a) Express the surface area, S, of the box in of its width, w.
terms of x, where x is the length of a side of
the square base.

36. A rectangle is inscribed in a circle of diameter 20 43. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle of
cm. radius r, as shown below. Express the
(a) Express the perimeter, P, of the rectangle in circumference, C, of the circle as a function of
terms of its length, . the length, x, of a side of the triangle.
(b) Express the area, A, of the rectangle in terms

of its length, .
x
r
37. An isosceles triangle has fixed perimeter P (so P
is a constant).
(a) If x is the length of one of the two equal
sides, express the area, A, as a function of x.
(b) What is the domain of A ?
44. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle of
radius r, as shown below. Express the area, A,
38. Express the volume, V, of a sphere of radius r as within the circle, but outside the triangle, as a
a function of its surface area, S. function of the length, x, of a side of the triangle.
39. Two cars are approaching an intersection. One is

2 miles south of the intersection and is moving at x
a constant speed of 30 miles per hour. At the
same time, the other car is 3 miles east of the r
intersection and is moving at a constant speed of
40 miles per hour.
(a) Express the distance, d, between the cars as
a function of the time, t.
(b) At what time t is the value of d the smallest?
40. Two cars are approaching an intersection. One is

5 miles north of the intersection and is moving at
a constant speed of 40 miles per hour. At the
same time, the other car is 6 miles west of the
intersection and is moving at a constant speed of
30 miles per hour.
(a) Express the distance, d, between the cars as
a function of the time, t.
(b) At what time t is the value of d the smallest?
41. A straight wire 40 cm long is bent into an L

shape. What is the shortest possible distance
between the two ends of the bent wire?
42. A straight wire 24 cm long is bent into an L

shape. What is the shortest possible distance
between the two ends of the bent wire?

Exercise Set 3.1: Exponential Functions
Solve for x. (If no solution exists, state ‘No solution.’) 14. Based on your answers to 9-12 above:
(a) Draw a sketch of f ( x) = 2.7 x without
1. (a) 3x+ 2 = 0 (b) 32 x− 7 = 1 plotting points.
(b) Draw a sketch of f ( x) = 0.73x without
2. (a) 7 x+ 3 = 1 (b) 7 x = 0
plotting points.
(c) What point on the graph do parts (a) and (b)
3. (a) 53 x−1 = 125 (b) 253 x−1 = 125
have in common?
(d) Name any asymptote(s) for parts (a) and (b).
4. (a) 25 x− 2 = 32 (b) 85 x− 2 = 32
5. (a) 24 x−1 − 8 = 0 (b) 2 x−3 + 8 = 0 Answer the following.Graph each of the following
pairs of functions on the same set of axes.
1
6. (a) 7 x+ 3 − =0 (b) 7 2 x + 3 = 52
7 15. (a) Graph the functions f ( x) = 6 x and
x
1
1 g ( x ) =   on the same set of axes.
7. (a) 27 x+ 5 = 3 (b) 36 3 x+ 0.5 = 6
6 (b) Compare the graphs drawn in part (a). What
is the relationship between the graphs?
7 (c) Explain the result from part (b)
8. (a) 252 x−1 = 3 5 (b) = 7 2 x−1
49 algebraically.
x
5
Graph each of the following functions by plotting 16. (a) Graph the functions f ( x) =   and
2
points. Show any asymptote(s) clearly on your graph.
x
2
g ( x ) =   on the same set of axes.
9. f ( x) = 3x 5
(b) Compare the graphs drawn in part (a). What
10. f ( x) = 5 x is the relationship between the graphs?
(c) Explain the result from part (b)
x
algebraically.
1
11. f ( x) =  
2
Sketch a graph of each of the following functions.
x
(Note: You do not need to plot points.) Be sure to label
4 at least one key point on your graph, and show any
12. f ( x) =  
3 asymptotes.
17. f ( x) = 8 x
18. f ( x) = 12 x
13. Based on your answers to 9-12 above:
(a) Draw a sketch of f ( x) = a x , where a > 1 .
19. f ( x) = 0.2 x
x
(b) Draw a sketch of f ( x) = a , where
0 < a < 1. 20. f ( x) = 1.4 x
(c) What point on the graph do parts (a) and (b)
have in common? x
7
(d) Name any asymptote(s) for parts (a) and (b). 21. f ( x) =  
2
x
3
22. f ( x) =  
8

For each of the following examples, 39. f ( x ) = 8−1− x − 32

(a) Find any intercept(s) of the function.
(b) Use transformations (the concepts of
40. f ( x ) = 51− x − 1
reflecting, shifting, stretching, and shrinking)
to sketch the graph of the function. Be sure to
label the transformation of the point ( 0, 1) . 41. f ( x) = −6− x − 36
Clearly label any intercepts and/or
asymptotes. 42. f ( x) = −2− x + 16
(c) State the domain and range of the function.
(d) State whether the graph is increasing or 43. f ( x) = 2 ⋅ 3x
decreasing.
44. f ( x) = 12 ⋅ 5 x
23. f ( x) = 2 x −1
24. f ( x) = 3x + 2 Find the exponential function of the form

f ( x ) = C ⋅ a x which satisfies the given conditions.
25. f ( x) = −5x
45. Passes through the points ( 0, 4 ) and ( 3, 32 ) .
x
3
26. f ( x) = −  
4 46. Passes through the points ( 0, 3) and ( 2, 108) .
27. f ( x) = 8− x ( )
47. Passes through the points ( 0, 2 ) and − 1, 72 .
28. f ( x) = 10− x (
48. Passes through the points ( 0, 7 ) and − 2, 16
7 . )
x
1
29. f ( x) =   − 4 True or False? (Answer these without using a
2
calculator.)
30. f ( x) = 4 x − 8
49. e 2 < 9
31. f ( x) = 9 x + 2 − 27 50. e 2 > 4
32. f ( x) = 7 x −3 + 7 51. e<2
33. f ( x ) = −4 x +1 + 2 52. e >1
34. f ( x ) = −8 x − 2 + 32 53. e −1 < 0
54. e −1 > 0
35. f ( x) = 9 − 3x + 4
x+3
55. e3 > 27
36. f ( x) = −25 − 5
5
56. e < 2
2− x
37. f ( x) = 3
57. e0 = 1
−3− x
38. f ( x) = 4
58. e1 = 0

Answer the following. 71. f ( x) = e − x − 4 − 3
59. Graph f ( x) = 2 x and g ( x ) = e x on the same set

72. f ( x) = e − x +3 + 2
of axes.
60. Graph f ( x) = e x and g ( x ) = 3x on the same set

of axes.
61. Sketch the graph of f ( x) = e x and then find the

following:
(a) Domain
(b) Range
(c) Horizontal Asymptote
(d) y-intercept
62. Sketch the graph of f ( x) = 3x and then find the

following:
(a) Domain
(b) Range
(c) Horizontal Asymptote
(d) y-intercept
(e) How do your answers compare with those in
the previous question?
Graph the following functions, not by plotting points,

but by applying transformations to the graph of
y = e x . Be sure to label at least one key point on your
graph (the transformation of the point (0, 1)) and show
any asymptotes. Then state the domain and range of
the function.
63. f ( x) = −3e x
64. f ( x) = 2e− x
65. f ( x) = e x −1 − 6
66. f ( x) = e x + 2 + 1
67. f ( x) = e− x + 3
68. f ( x) = −e x − 2
69. f ( x) = −4e x − 5
70. f ( x) = 2e x + 6 − 4

Exercise Set 3.2: Logarithmic Functions
Write each of the following equations in exponential

form.
23. (a) ln ( e ) (b) ln e4 ( )
1. (a) log3 ( 81) = 4 (b) log 4 ( 8) = 3
2
24. (a) ln e5( ) (b) ln e−2 ( )
2. (a) log5 (1) = 0 (b) log 3 ( 19 ) = −2 ( )
25. (a) ln e−6 (b) ln ( e) 3
3. (a) log 5 ( 7 ) = x (b) ln ( x ) = 8

26. (a) ln ( e) 4
(b) ln (1)
4. (a) log x ( 2 ) = 3 (b) ln ( x ) = 2
27. (a) ln ( ) 1
e4
(b) ln e x ( )
Write each of the following equations in logarithmic
form. 28. (a) ln ( ) 1
e
(b) ln e2 x ( )
5. (a) 60 = 1 (b) 10−4 = 10,000
1
Simplify each of the following expressions.

−3
6. (a) 53 = 125 (b) 25 2 1
= 125 log
7
(5) log ( 3)
29. (a) 7 (b) 10
7. (a) 7 1 = 7 (b) e 4 = x 30. (a) 10 ( )
log 4
(b) 5
log 5 ( 0.71)
8. (a) 100.5 = 10 (b) e −5 = y ( )

ln x 4
31. (a) e ( )
ln 6
(b) e
x x−2
9. (a) e = 7 (b) e =y
32. (a) e ( ) (b) e ( )
ln 2 ln x
10. (a) e x = 12 (b) e5 x = y − 6

Find the value of x in each of the following equations.
Write all answers in simplest form. (Some answers
Simplify each of the following expressions. may contain e.)
11. (a) log 2 ( 8 ) (b) log5 (1) 33. (a) log 2 ( 32 ) = x (b) log x ( 9 ) = 2
12. (a) log3 ( 81) (b) log8 ( 8 ) 34. (a) log 5 (125 ) = x (b) log x ( 64 ) = 3
13. (a) log 7 ( 7 ) (b) log 6 6 ( ) 2

35. (a) log 7 ( x ) = 2 (b) log x ( 3) = 1
2
14. (a) log9 (1) (b) log 2 25 ( )

36. (a) log3 ( x ) = 4 (b) log x ( 18 ) = −1
15. (a) log16 ( 4 ) (b) log 7 ( 17 )
37. (a) log 25 (125 ) = x (b) log16 ( x ) = 1
4
16. (a) log ( 1
10 ) (b) log 32 ( 2 )
38. (a) log16 ( 32 ) = x (b) log36 ( x ) = 0.5
17. (a) log 27 ( 3) (b) log 9 ( 81
1
)
18. (a) log 49 ( 7 ) (b) log 2 ( 18 ) 39. (a) log x − 3 = 2 (b) log3 ( log 4 ( x ) ) = 0
19. (a) log 4 ( 0.25 ) (b) log ( 10 )

4
(
40. (a) log x 2 − 9 = 3 ) (b) log5 ( log 2 ( x ) ) = 1
20. (a) log 7 ( 7)

6
(b) log5 ( 0.2 )
41. (a) ln ( x ) = 4 (b) ln ( x + 5 ) = 2
21. (a) log 4 ( 0.5 ) (b) log8 ( 32 )
42. (a) ln ( x ) = 0 (b) ln x − 2 = 5
22. (a) log 25 ( 5) (b) ( )
log 32 161

Solve for x. Give an exact answer, and then use a For each of the following examples,
calculator to round that answer to the nearest (a) Use transformations (the concepts of
thousandth. (Hint: Write the equations in reflecting, shifting, stretching, and shrinking)
logarithmic form first.) to sketch the graph of y = log b ( x ) . Be sure to
43. (a) 10 x = 20 (b) e x = 20 label the transformation of the point ( 1, 0 ) .
44. (a) 10 x = 45 (b) e x = 45 Clearly label any asymptotes.
(b) State the domain and range of the function.
2 2
45. (a) 10 x = (b) e x = (c) State whether the graph is increasing or
5 5 decreasing.
4 4
46. (a) 10 x = (b) e x = 55. f ( x) = log 2 ( x ) + 3
7 7
47. 103 x− 2 = 6 56. f ( x) = log 5 ( x ) − 4
48. e5 x +1 = 7 57. f ( x) = − log3 ( x )

4 x2
49. e = 40 58. f ( x) = log 6 (− x)
2 −1
50. 10 x =7 59. f ( x) = log 7 ( x − 5)
60. f ( x) = log8 ( x + 2)
61. f ( x) = log5 ( x + 1) − 4
51. (a) Sketch the graph of f ( x) = 2 x .
62. f ( x) = log 6 ( x − 4) + 2
(b) Sketch the graph of f −1 ( x) on the same set
of axes. 63. f ( x) = ln(− x)
(c) The inverse of y = 2 x is y = ________ .
64. f ( x) = − ln ( x )
52. (a) Sketch the graph of f ( x) = e x . 65. f ( x) = − ln( x + 4)

(b) Sketch the graph of f −1 ( x) on the same set 66. f ( x) = ln(− x) − 1
of axes.
67. f ( x) = 5 − ln(− x)
(c) The inverse of y = e x is y = ________ .
68. f ( x) = −3 − ln( x + 2)
53. (a) Sketch the graph of y = log b ( x ) , where
b > 1.
Find the domain of each of the following functions.
(b) Name any intercept(s) for the graph of (Note: You should be able to do this algebraically,
y = log b ( x ) . without sketching the graph.)
(c) Name any asymptote(s) for the graph of
69. f ( x) = log8 ( x )
y = log b ( x ) .
70. f ( x) = − log5 ( x )
54. (a) Sketch the graph of y = ln ( x ) .
71. f ( x) = 2 ln ( x ) + 3
(b) y = ln ( x ) can be written as y = log b ( x ) ,
where b = ___ . 72. f ( x) = −3ln(2 x)
(c) Name any intercept(s) for the graph of 73. f ( x) = − log 6 ( x + 2)
y = ln ( x ) .
(d) Name any asymptote(s) for the graph of 74. f ( x) = log10 ( x − 3)
y = ln ( x ) . 75. f ( x) = log10 (− x) + 3

76. f ( x) = log3 (3 − 4 x ) + 5
77. f ( x) = ln(5 − 2 x) − 1
78. f ( x) = ln(−4 x) − 8
(
79. f ( x) = log 4 x 2 + 1 )
(
80. f ( x) = log 7 x 2 − 9 )
(
81. f ( x) = log 2 x 2 − x − 6 )
(
82. f ( x) = log 9 x 2 + 4 )

Exercise Set 3.3: Laws of Logarithms
True or False? Rewrite each of the following expressions so that your

(Note: Assume that x > 0, y > 0 , and x > y , so that answer contains sums, differences, and/or multiples of
each logarithm below is defined.) logarithms. Your answer should not contain logarithms of
any product, quotient, or power.
1. log( xy ) = log ( x ) + log ( y )
21. log 5 (9CD )
2. log ( x − y ) = log ( x ) − log ( y )
22. log3 ( FGH )
3. log ( x + y ) = log ( x ) + log ( y )
 KP 
x 23. log 7  
4. log   = log ( x ) − log ( y )  L 
 y
log ( x )  7 RT 
5. log ( x ) − log ( y ) = 24. log8  
log ( y )  M 
6. log ( x ) + log ( y ) = ( log x )( log y ) (

25. ln B 2 P3 6 K )
3
7. ln ( x )  = 3ln ( x )
(
26. ln Y 5 X 4 Z )
8. ( )
ln x5 = 5 ln ( x )
 9 k 2 m3 
27. log  4 
9. ln x( ) = 4 ln ( x )
4
 p w 
7
10. ln ( x )  = 7 ln ( x )  7r 5 p 4 
28. log  3 
 x  log 7 ( x )  xyz 
11. log 7   =
 y  log 7 ( y )
29. ln  x ( y + 3) 
12. log5 ( xy ) = log5 ( x )  ⋅  log 5 ( y ) 
13. log8 ( 0 ) = 1 30. ln  4 C ( J − M ) 
14. log8 (1) = 0

31. log3 ( 4
7x )
15. ln (1) = 0
P
16. ln ( 0 ) = 1 32. log 9 5
Q
ln ( 2 )
17. log 7 ( 2 ) =  x4 ( x − 5) 
ln ( 7 ) 33. ln  
 x + 3 
ln ( 7 )
18. log 7 ( 2 ) =  x 7 x3 + 2 5

ln ( 2 )
34. ln  3
( ) 
 x−6 
log ( 5 )  
19. log 5 ( 4 ) =
log ( 4 )
 
x2 − 7
log ( 4 ) 35. log  
20. log 5 ( 4 ) =  (x 2
)
+ 3 ( x − 4)
2 
log ( 5 )  


( x + 2 )3  46. 4 log 2 ( 3) − 2 log 2 ( 5 ) + 1
36. log 
 ( x3 − 5) ( x + 7 )4   x2 − 9   x2 + 6x + 8 
 47. ln   + ln  
 x−3   x+4 
 x 2 − 5 x − 35   x2 − 4 x 
Answer the following. 48. ln   − ln  
 x−7   x 
37. (a) Rewrite the following expression as a single
logarithm: log5 ( A ) + log 5 ( B ) − log5 ( C ) . 49. 1
6 ( )
5 ln x + 2 ln ( x + 3)  − 4 ln x 2 + 5 − 1
(b) Rewrite the number 1 as a logarithm with base

5. 50. 1
 2 ln ( x − 3) + 7 ln ( x )  − 12 9 ln ( x − 2 ) + ln x 2 − 5 
( )
8  
(c) Use the result from part (b) to rewrite the
following expression as a single logarithm:
log5 ( A ) + log 5 ( B ) − log5 ( C ) + 1
(d) Use the result from part (b) to rewrite the Evaluate the following using the laws of logarithms.
following expression as a single logarithm: Simplify your answer as much as possible. (Note: These
should be done without a calculator.)
log5 ( A ) + log 5 ( B ) − log5 ( C ) − 1
51. log 2 ( 24 ) − log 2 ( 3)
38. (a) Rewrite the following expression as a single
logarithm: ln ( x ) − ln ( y ) − ln ( z ) .
52. log12 ( 3) + log12 ( 48)
(b) Rewrite the number 1 as a natural logarithm.
(c) Use the result from part (b) to rewrite the
53. log3 ( 45 ) − log3 ( 5 ) + log3 ( 3)
4
ln ( x ) − ln ( y ) − ln ( z ) + 1
(d) Use the result from part (b) to rewrite the
54. log 6 ( 9 ) + log 6 ( 4 ) + log 6 ( 6)
ln ( x ) − ln ( y ) − ln ( z ) − 1 55. log 4 (10 ) + log 4 ( 6.4 )
 log 2 (160 ) − log 2 (10 ) 

56. 
Rewrite each of the following expressions as a single log 2 ( 8 )
logarithm.
 log ( 5 ) + log ( 2 ) 
57. 
39. ln (Y ) − ln ( Z ) + ln (W ) log 3 10 ( )
40. ln ( B ) − ln ( C ) − ln ( D ) − 1 58. log ( 3, 000 ) − log 3
41. 4 log ( K ) + 3log ( P ) − 12 log ( Q ) 59. log3 ( 27 )

42. 7 log ( F ) − 14 log (V ) + log ( R )
60. log 4 ( 16 )
3
( )
43. 3log 7 ( x − 2 ) − 15 log 7 x 2 − 3 − 4 log 7 ( x + 5) + 1
 log 5 5 + log5 1
61. 
( ) 
44. 1
2 ( )
log 6 x 4 + 2 + 8 log 6 ( 7 − x ) − 2 log 6 ( x )
3
log 2 2 ( )
45. log 7 ( 5 ) + 3log 7 ( 2 )

62. log5 ( 5 ) + log 5 (1) − log 2 ( 3 2 ) write your answer as a decimal, correct to the nearest
thousandth.
63. e ( )
2ln 5
79. (a) log 5 ( 2 ) (b) log 6 (17.2 )
64. e ( )
3ln 2
80. (a) log 3 ( 7 ) (b) log8 ( 23.5 )
4 log ( 3)
65. 10
Use the Change of Base Formula to write the following in
66. 10
2 log ( 7 ) terms of common (base 10) logarithms. Then use a
calculator to write your answer as a decimal, correct to
the nearest thousandth.
67. log3 917 ( )
81. (a) log 9 ( 4 ) (b) log 4 ( 8.9 )
68. log5 125 ( 90
)
82. (a) log 7 ( 8 ) (b) log 2 ( 0.7 )
e ( )
3ln 4
69.
ln ( e)
5
Evaluate the following. (Note: These should be done
without a calculator.)
103log ( 2)  83. Find the value of the following:
70.  
log 2 3 16 ( ) log 2 ( 3)   log 3 ( 5)  log5 ( 8 ) 
71. 7
log 7 ( 6 ) + log 7 ( 5 ) 84. Find the value of the following:
log 27 ( 36 )   log 36 ( 49 )  log 49 ( 81) 
log 3 ( 5) − log3 ( 7 )
72. 3
85. Find the value of the following:
log3 ( 3)  log3 ( 9 )  log 3 ( 27 )   log 3 ( 81) 
Use the laws of logarithms to express y as a function of x.
86. Find the value of the following:
73. ln ( y ) = 3ln ( x ) log5 ( 5 )  log 5 ( 25 )   log 5 (125 ) 
1
74. log ( y ) − log ( x ) = 0
3 Rewrite the following as sums so that each logarithm
contains a prime number.
75. log ( y ) + 5 log ( x ) = log ( 7 )
87. (a) ln ( 6 ) (b) log ( 28 )
76. ln ( y ) − 4 ln ( x ) = ln ( 5 )
88. (a) ln (10 ) (b) log ( 45 )
77. ln ( y ) − 3ln ( x + 2 ) = 4 ln ( x ) − ln ( 7 )
89. (a) log ( 60 ) (b) ln ( 270 )
78. log ( y ) + 5log ( 4 ) = 7 log ( x + 3) + 8 log ( x )
90. (a) log (168) (b) ln ( 480 )
Use the Change of Base Formula to write the following in

terms of natural logarithms. Then use a calculator to

If log b 2 = A, log b 3 = B , and log b 5 = C ( b > 1 ), write

each of the following logarithms in terms of A, B, and C.
1
91. (a) logb (10 ) (b) log b  
3
3
92. (a) log b ( 6 ) (b) logb  
2
2
93. (a) logb   (b) logb ( 25)
5
94. (a) log b ( 8 ) (b) log b ( 0.25 )
 27 
95. (a) logb ( 45) (b) log b  
 20 
 1 
96. (a) log b   (b) log b (150 )
 90 
97. (a) log b ( 12 )

3
(b) logb ( 0.09 )
98. (a) logb ( 0.3) (b) log b ( 30 )

99. (a) log b (100b) (b) log3 ( 5)
 18 
100. (a) log 5 ( 2 ) (b) logb  
 5b 

Exercise Set 3.4: Exponential and Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities
Solve each of the following equations. 16. 83 x− 2 = 5

(a) Solve for x. (Note: Further simplification may
occur in step (b).) Write the answer in terms x
of natural logarithms, unless no logarithms 17. 32 3 = 20
are involved.
x
(b) Rewrite the answer so that each individual 18. 12 6 = 18
logarithm from part (a) is written as a sum or
difference of logarithms of prime numbers, 19. 54 x = 67 x−1
( ) ( )
e.g., ln ( 40 ) = ln 23 ⋅ 5 = ln 23 + ln ( 5 )
20. 7 x + 3 = 158 x
= 3 ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 5 ) .
Write the answer in simplest form. 21. 23 x −1 = 82 x +5
(c) If the simplified answer from part (b)

contains logarithms, rewrite the answer as a 22. 124 x −3 = 45x + 7
decimal, correct to the nearest thousandth;
otherwise, simply rewrite the answer. 5
23. =7
3 − e− x
1. 7 x = 12
3
2. 8x = 3 24. =4
2 − e− x
3. e x = 22 25. e 2 x − 3e x − 40 = 0
4. e x = 45 26. e 2 x + 5e x − 14 = 0
5. 3 ⋅ 6 x = 42
( )
27. 32 x + 2 3x − 15 = 0
6. 2 ⋅ 9 x = 48
( )
28. 52 x − 4 5x − 21 = 0
x
7. e +7 =3
29. 49 x − 7 x − 6 = 0
x
8. e − 9 = −3
30. 4 x + 8 ⋅ 2 x + 7 = 0
−3 x
9. 19 =7
31. x 2 ⋅ 7 x − 9 ⋅ 7 x = 0
−2 x
10. 5 =3
32. x 2 ⋅ 2 x − 16 ⋅ 2 x = 0
x
11. 6e = 13
33. x 2 e x − 4 xe x − 5e x = 0
x
12. 8e = 18
34. x 2 e x − 8 xe x + 12e x = 0
5x+4
13. e − 5 = 31
35. 2log 2 (3 x −7) = 3 x − 7
14. 2e7 −3 x = −20
36. 6log6 (5 x +9) = 5 x + 9
x+ 4
15. 7 = 10

Solve each of the following equations. Write all 56. log 2 ( x + 7) − log 2 ( x − 9) = log 2 11
answers in simplest form.
37. ln x = 8 57. log5 ( 3x + 5 ) − log5 ( x + 11) = 0
38. ln x = 12 58. log 6 (2 x + 1) − log 6 ( x − 5) = 0
39. ln x = −7
59. log 2 ( x + 4 ) = 3 + log 2 ( x + 5)
40. ln x = −10
60. log3 (15 x + 8 ) = 2 + log 3 ( x + 1)
41. log x = 3
61. log 3 + log( x + 4) = log 5 + log( x − 3)
42. log x = −2
62. ln 6 + ln( x − 8) = ln 9 + ln( x + 3)
43. log5 ( x + 1) = 2
63. 2 log x = log 2 + log( x + 12)
44. log 2 (3x + 7) = 5

64. 2 log x = log 4 + log( x + 8)
45. log ( 4 x − 1) + 3 = 5
65. ln ln ( x )  = −5
46. log(2 x + 1) − 7 = −4
66. ln ln ( x )  = 5
47. ln(3x + 8) − 6 = 3
67. e ( ) = 5
ln x
48. ln(5 x − 4) + 2 = 9
68. e ( ) = −5
ln x
49. ln x + ln( x − 5) = ln 6
50. ln x + ln( x − 7) = ln18

( )
69. ln x 4 = 4 ln ( x )
4
51. log 2 x + log 2 ( x − 2) = 3 70. ln ( x )  = 4 ln ( x )
52. log 6 x + log 6 ( x + 1) = 1 ( )

71. log 7 3 x 2 = 2 log 7 ( 3 x )
53. log 2 ( x + 3) + log 2 ( x + 2) = 1 2

72. log 7 ( 3 x ) = 2 log 7 ( 3 x )
54. log 6 ( x + 2) + log 6 ( x + 3) = 1

73. 2 log ( x ) = log 25
55. log 7 ( x + 8) − log 7 ( x − 5) = log 7 4

74. 2 ln ( x ) = ln (100 )

For each of the following inequalities, 89. ln ( 7 − 3x ) ≤ 0

(a) Solve for x. (Note: Further simplification may
occur in step (b).) Write the answer in terms 90. ln ( 5 x + 2 ) < 0
of natural logarithms, unless no logarithms
are involved.
(b) Rewrite the answer so that each individual
logarithm from part (a) is written as a sum or
difference of logarithms of prime numbers,
( ) ( )
e.g., ln ( 40 ) = ln 23 ⋅ 5 = ln 23 + ln ( 5 )
= 3 ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 5 ) .
Simplify further if possible, and then write the
(c) If the simplified answer from part (b)
contains logarithms, rewrite the answer as a
decimal, correct to the nearest thousandth;
otherwise, simply rewrite the answer. Then
write this answer in interval notation.
75. 8 x+ 3 > 15
76. 7 x− 4 ≤ 2
77. 7 x > 0
78. 7 x < 0
79. e 2 − x ≤ 9
80. e x + 4 > 10
81. 0.2 x < 7
82. 0.8x ≥ 6
(
83. 8 0.4 x − 2 > 109 )
(
84. 9 3 − 0.75 x ≤ 11 )
(
85. 5 8 + e x ≤ −6)
86. (9 − e ) ≤ 4
x
87. log 2 ( x ) ≥ 0
88. log 2 ( x ) < 0

Exercise Set 3.5: Applications of Exponential Functions
Answer the following. 6. If $18,000 is invested at an interest rate of 4%

per year, find the value of the investment after
1. Compound interest is calculated by the following 15 years if the interest is compounded:
formula:
nt (a) annually (b) semiannually
 r
A(t ) = P  1 +  (c) quarterly (d) monthly
 n (e) continuously
State the meaning of each variable in the formula
above.
7. The present value of a sum of money is the
amount of money that must be invested now (in
2. Continuously compounded interest is calculated the present) in order to obtain a certain amount
by the following formula: of money after t years. Find the present value of
$15,000 if interest is paid a rate of 8% per year,
A(t ) = Pe rt compounded semiannually, for 5 years.
State the meaning of each variable in the formula

above. 8. The present value of a sum of money is the
amount of money that must be invested now (in
the present) in order to obtain a certain amount
3. The present value of a sum of money is the of money after t years. Find the present value of
amount of money that must be invested now (in $20,000 if interest is paid a rate of 5% per year,
the present) in order to obtain a certain amount compounded quarterly, for 14 years.
of money after t years.
In the following formula: 9. Find the annual percentage rate for an investment
that earns 6% per year, compounded quarterly.
nt
 r
A(t ) = P  1 + 
 n 10. Find the annual percentage rate for an investment
(a) Which variable represents the present value? that earns 4% per year, compounded monthly.
(b) Which variable represents the amount of
money after t years? 11. Which of the following scenarios would be the
better investment?
(a) 7.5% per year, compounded quarterly
4. Exponential growth is calculated according to (b) 7.3% per year, compounded continuously
the following formula:
N (t ) = N 0 ert 12. Which of the following scenarios would be the

better investment?
State the meaning of each variable in the formula (a) 8% per year, compounded semiannually
above. (b) 7.97% per year, compounded continuously
Answer the following. In general, round answers to the 13. A population of rabbits grows in such a way that
nearest hundredth. When giving answers for the population t days from now is given by
population size, round to the nearest whole number. A(t ) = 250e0.02t .
(a) How many rabbits are present now?
5. If $3,000 is invested at an interest rate of 7% per
year, find the value of the investment after 10 (b) What is the relative growth rate of the
years if the interest is compounded: rabbits? (Write your answer as a
percentage.)
(a) annually (b) semiannually (c) How many rabbits will there be after 4 days?
(c) quarterly (d) monthly (d) How many rabbits will there be after three
(e) continuously weeks?
(e) How many days will it take for the rabbit
population to double?

14. A population of mosquitoes grows in such a way (a) How many buffalo were initially moved into
that the population t hours from now is given by the preserve?
A(t ) = 1,350e0.001t . (b) Estimate the buffalo population after 10
years of being in the preserve.
(a) How many mosquitoes are present now? (c) How long from the time of the initial move
(b) What is the relative growth rate of the will it take for the buffalo population to
mosquitoes? (Write your answer as a grow to 1,000?
percentage.)
(c) How many mosquitoes will there be after 6
hours? 20. A certain culture of bacteria has a relative
(d) How many mosquitoes will there be after growth rate of 135% per hour. Two hours after
two days? the culture is formed, the count shows
(e) How many hours will it take for the approximately 10,000 bacteria.
mosquito population to triple? (a) Find the initial number of bacteria in the
culture.
15. There are approximately 18,000 bacteria in a (b) Estimate the number of bacteria in the
culture, and the bacteria have a relative growth culture 9 hours after the culture was started.
rate of 75% per hour. Round your answer to the nearest million.
(c) How long after the culture is formed will it
(a) Write a function that models the bacteria take for the bacteria population to grow to
population t hours from now. 1,000,000?
(b) Use the function found in part (a) to estimate
the bacteria population 8 hours from now.
(c) In how many hours will the bacteria 21. A certain radioactive substance decays according
population reach 99,000? to the formula m(t ) = 70e −0.062t , where m
represents the mass in grams that remains after t
16. In the year 2000, there were approximately days.
35,000 people living in Exponentia, and the (a) Find the initial mass of the radioactive
population of Exponentia has a relative growth substance.
rate of 4.1% per year. (b) How much of the mass remains after 15
(a) Write a function that models the population days?
of Exponentia t years from the year 2000. (c) What percent of mass remains after 15 days?
(b) Use the function found in part (a) to estimate (d) Find the half-life of this substance.
the population of Exponentia in the year
2007. 22. A certain radioactive substance decays according
(c) In how many years will the population reach to the formula m(t ) = 12e −0.089t , where m
42,000?
represents the mass in grams that remains after t
days.
17. The population of Smallville has a relative (a) Find the initial mass of the radioactive
growth rate of 1.2% per year. If the population of substance.
Smallville in 1995 was 2,761, find the projected (b) How much of the mass remains after 20
population of the town in 2005. days?
(c) What percent of mass remains after 20 days?
18. The ladybug population in a certain area is (d) Find the half-life of this substance.
currently estimated to be 4,000, with a relative
growth rate of 1.5% per day. Estimate the 23. If $20,000 is invested at an interest rate of 5%
number of ladybugs 9 days from now. per year, compounded quarterly,
(a) Find the value of the investment after 7
19. An environmental group is studying a particular years.
type of buffalo, and they move a certain number (b) How long will it take for the investment to
of these buffalo into a wildlife preserve. The double in value?
relative growth rate for this population of buffalo
is 2% per year. Five years after the buffalos are
moved into the preserve, the group finds that
there are 350 buffalo.

24. If $7,000 is invested at an interest rate of 6.5%

per year, compounded monthly,
years.
(b) How long will it take for the investment to
triple in value?
25. If $4,000 is invested at an interest rate of 10%

per year, compounded continuously,
years.
grow to a value of $7,000?
26. If $20,000 is invested at an interest rate of 5.25%

per year, compounded continuously,
years.
grow to a value of $50,000?
27. A certain radioactive substance has a half-life of

50 years. If 75 grams are present initially,
(a) Write a function that models the mass of the
substance remaining after t years. (Within
the formula, round the rate to the nearest
ten-thousandth.)
how much of the mass remains after 80
years.
(c) How many years will it take for the
substance to decay to a mass of 10 grams?
28. A certain radioactive substance has a half-life of

120 years. If 850 milligrams are present initially,
(a) Write a function that models the mass of the
substance remaining after t years. (Within
the formula, round the rate to the nearest
ten-thousandth.)
how much of the mass remains after 500
years.
(c) How many years will it take for the
substance to decay to a mass of 200
milligrams?

Exercise Set 4.1: Special Right Triangles and Trigonometric Ratios
Answer the following. 9.

4 2
1. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the
__________ opposite those sides are also
congruent. 45o
x
2. If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the
__________ opposite those angles are also
congruent. 10.
45o
3 2
3. In any triangle, the sum of the measures of its x
angles is _____ degrees.
4. In an isosceles right triangle, each acute angle

measures _____ degrees.
5. Fill in each missing blank with one of the 11.

following: smallest, largest 45o 8
In any triangle, the longest side is opposite the
__________ angle, and the shortest side is
opposite the __________ angle.
x
6. Fill in each missing blank with one of the
following: 30o, 60o, 90o
12.
In a 30o-60o-90o triangle, the hypotenuse is 45o 7
opposite the _____ angle, the shorter leg is x
opposite the _____ angle, and the longer leg is
opposite the _____ angle.
For each of the following,

(a) Use the theorem for 45o-45o-90o triangles to 13.
find x. 9
(b) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to verify the
result obtained in part (a).
x
7.
45o x
5
14.
12
x
8.
x
15.
45o
x
8
8 2

16. 22. In the figure below, an altitude is drawn to the

45o x base of an equilateral triangle.
(a) Find a and b.
(b) Justify the answer obtained in part (a).
(c) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find c, the
2 3 length of the altitude. (Write c in simplest
radical form.)
17.
2 3 30o 30o
4
c
45o
60o 60o
x
a b
18.
x
For each of the following, Use the theorem for 30o-60o-
90o triangles to find x and y.
23.
5 2 30o
x
y
The following examples help to illustrate the theorem

regarding 30o-60o-90o triangles. 7
19. What is the measure of each angle of an
equilateral triangle?
24. 22
20. An altitude is drawn to the base of the equilateral x
o
triangle drawn below. Find the measures of x and 30
y. y
yo
25.
xo x
6 3
60o
21. In the figure below, an altitude is drawn to the
y
base of an equilateral triangle.
(a) Find a and b.
(b) Justify the answer obtained in part (a).
(c) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find c, the 26.
length of the altitude.
30o x
y
30o 30o
10
c 8
o o
60 60
a b

27. 5 (b) Find the following:

60o
x sin ( A ) = _____ sin ( B ) = _____
y cos ( A ) = _____ cos ( B ) = _____

tan ( A ) = _____ tan ( B ) = _____
28. y 60o
x
34. D
25
15 3
E 24 F
29.
(a) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find DE.
30o
x (b) Find the following:
6
sin ( D ) = _____ sin ( F ) = _____
y cos ( D ) = _____ cos ( F ) = _____

tan ( D ) = _____ tan ( F ) = _____
30. 60o
4 2
x
35. Suppose that θ is an acute angle of a right
y 5
triangle and sin (θ ) = . Find cos (θ ) and
7
tan (θ ) .
31. y 60o
5 3 36. Suppose that θ is an acute angle of a right
4 2
triangle and tan (θ ) = . Find sin (θ ) and
x 7
cos (θ ) .
32. y 37. The reciprocal of the sine function is the

x _______________ function.
30o
8 38. The reciprocal of the cosine function is the
_______________ function.
Answer the following. Write answers in simplest form. 39. The reciprocal of the tangent function is the
_______________ function.
33. A 40. The reciprocal of the cosecant function is the

_______________ function.
15 17
41. The reciprocal of the secant function is the
_______________ function.
C B 42. The reciprocal of the cotangent function is the

_______________ function.
(a) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find BC.


43. 2 10
6 β triangle and cot (θ ) = . Find the six
5 3
trigonometric functions of θ .
α
x
5
(a) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x. triangle and sec (θ ) = . Find the six
2
(b) Find the six trigonometric functions of α . trigonometric functions of θ .
(c) Find the six trigonometric functions of β .
49.
44.
α 60o
x 2
7
45o 30 o
3
β
4 (a) Use the theorems for special right triangles
to find the missing side lengths in the
(a) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x. triangles above.
(b) Find the six trigonometric functions of α . (b) Using the triangles above, find the
(c) Find the six trigonometric functions of β . following:
sin ( 45 ) = _____ csc ( 45 ) = _____
45. cos ( 45 ) = _____ sec ( 45 ) = _____

α x
4
tan ( 45 ) = _____ cot ( 45 ) = _____
β
8
(c) Using the triangles above, find the
following:
(a) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x.
(b) Find the six trigonometric functions of α . sin ( 30 ) = _____ csc ( 30 ) = _____
(c) Find the six trigonometric functions of β . cos ( 30 ) = _____ sec ( 30 ) = _____
tan ( 30 ) = _____ cot ( 30 ) = _____

46.
8 β
6 (d) Using the triangles above, find the
following:
α
x sin ( 60 ) = _____ csc ( 60 ) = _____
(a) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x. cos ( 60 ) = _____ sec ( 60 ) = _____
(b) Find the six trigonometric functions of α .
tan ( 60 ) = _____ cot ( 60 ) = _____
(c) Find the six trigonometric functions of β .

50.
o
45o 12 30
8
60o
(a) Use the theorems for special right triangles

to find the missing side lengths in the
triangles above.
(b) Using the triangles above, find the

following:
sin ( 45 ) = _____ csc ( 45 ) = _____
cos ( 45 ) = _____ sec ( 45 ) = _____
tan ( 45 ) = _____ cot ( 45 ) = _____
(c) Using the triangles above, find the

following:
sin ( 30 ) = _____ csc ( 30 ) = _____
cos ( 30 ) = _____ sec ( 30 ) = _____
tan ( 30 ) = _____ cot ( 30 ) = _____
(d) Using the triangles above, find the

following:
sin ( 60 ) = _____ csc ( 60 ) = _____
cos ( 60 ) = _____ sec ( 60 ) = _____
tan ( 60 ) = _____ cot ( 60 ) = _____
51. Compare the answers to parts (b), (c), and (d) in

the previous two examples. What do you notice?

Exercise Set 4.2: Radians, Arc Length, and the Area of a Sector
If we use central angles of a circle to analyze angle Answer the following.

measure, a radian is an angle for which the arc of the
7. In the figure below, θ = 1 radian.
circle has the same length as the radius, as illustrated
in the figures below.
θ = 1 radian, since the arc

r length is the same as the
θ
θ length of the radius.
r Note: Standard notation is
to say θ = 1 ; radians are
implied when there is no
angle measure. (a) Use this figure as a guide to sketch and
estimate the number of radians in a complete
2r revolution.
θ = 2 radians, since the arc (b) Give an exact number for the number of
length is twice the length of radians in a complete revolution. Justify
θ the radius. your answer. Then round this answer to the
r Note: Standard notation is nearest hundredth and compare it to the
to say θ = 2 . result from part (a).
8. Fill in the blanks:

The number of radians can therefore be determined (a) 360 = _____ radians
s (b) 180 = _____ radians
by dividing the arc length s by the radius r, i.e. θ = .
r
Find θ in the examples below.
Convert the following degree measures to radians.
First, give an exact result. Then round each answer to
1. 28 cm the nearest hundredth.
9. (a) 30 (b) 90 (c) 135
θ
10. (a) 45 (b) 60 (c) 150
7 cm
11. (a) 120 (b) 225 (c) 330
12. (a) 210 (b) 270 (c) 315
13. (a) 19 (b) 40 (c) 72

2. 30 ft
14. (a) 10 (b) 53 (c) 88
θ
Convert the following radian measures to degrees.
10 ft
π 4π 5π
15. (a) (b) (c)
4 3 6
π 7π 5π
3. r = 0.3 m; s = 72 cm 16. (a) (b) (c)
2 6 4
4. r = 0.6 in; s = 3.06 in
11π 61π
17. (a) π (b) (c)
5. r = 64 ft; s = 32 ft 12 36
6. r = 60 in; s = 21 ft π 7π 53π
18. (a) (b) (c)
9 18 30

Convert the following radian measures to degrees. In numbers 31-34, change θ to radians and then find
Round answers to the nearest hundredth. the arc length using the formula s = rθ . Compare
19. (a) 2.5 (b) 0.506 results with those from exercises 23-26.
20. (a) 3.8 (b) 0.297 31. θ = 60 ; r = 12 cm

32. θ = 90 ; r = 10 in
Answer the following. 33. θ = 225 ; r = 4 ft
21. If two angles of a triangle have radian measures 34. θ = 150 ; r = 12 cm

π 2π
and , find the radian measure of the third
12 5
angle.
Find the missing measure in each example below.
22. If two angles of a triangle have radian measures
35. s
π 3π
and , find the radian measure of the third
9 8
angle. 5π
6
9 in
To find the length of the arc of a circle, think of the

arc length as simply a fraction of the circumference of
the circle. If the central angle θ defining the arc is 36.
given in degrees, then the arc length can be found
using the formula: 3m
θ 80
(
s= 2π r )
360 s
Use the formula above to find the arc length s.
23. θ = 60 ; r = 12 cm
24. θ = 90 ; r = 10 in 37. r = 6 cm; θ = 300 ; s = ?
25. θ = 225 ; r = 4 ft 3π
38. r = 10 ft; θ = ; s= ?
26. θ = 150 ; r = 12 cm
4
12π π
39. s = m; θ = ; r = ?
If the central angle θ defining the arc is instead given 5 2
in radians, then the arc length can be found using the
50π 5π
formula: 40. s = in; θ = ; r= ?
θ 3 6
s= ( 2π r ) = rθ
2π 3π
41. s = 7 ft; θ = ; r= ?
Use the formula s = rθ to find the arc length s: 4
7π 2π
27. θ = ; r = 9 yd 42. s = 20 cm; θ = ; r= ?
6 3
3π 43. s = 12 in; θ = 5; r = ?
28. θ = ; r = 6 cm
4 44. s = 7 in; θ = 3; r = ?
29. θ = π ; r = 2 ft
45. s = 15 m; θ = 270 ; r = ?
5π
30. θ = ; r = 30 in 46. s = 8 yd; θ = 225 ; r = ?
3

Answer the following. Answer the following.

47. Find the perimeter of a sector of a circle with π
61. A sector of a circle has central angle and area
π 4
central angle and radius 8 cm.
6 49π
cm 2 . Find the radius of the circle.
48. Find the perimeter of a sector of a circle with 8
7π
central angle and radius 3 ft. 5π
4 62. A sector of a circle has central angle and
6
5π 2
area ft . Find the radius of the circle.
27
To find the area of a sector of a circle, think of the
sector as simply a fraction of the circle. If the central 63. A sector of a circle has central angle 120 and
angle θ defining the sector is given in degrees, then 16π 2
the area of the sector can be found using the formula: area in . Find the radius of the circle.
75
θ
(
A= π r2 )
360 64. A sector of a circle has central angle 210 and
Use the formula above to find the area of the sector: 21π 2
area m . Find the radius of the circle.
4
49. θ = 60 ; r = 12 cm
50. θ = 90 ; r = 10 in 65. A sector of a circle has radius 6 ft and area

63π 2
51. θ = 225 ; r = 4 ft ft . Find the central angle of the sector (in
2
52. θ = 150 ; r = 12 cm radians).
If the central angle θ defining the sector is instead 4

66. A sector of a circle has radius cm and area
given in radians, then the area of the sector can be 7
found using the formula: 8π
cm 2 . Find the central angle of the sector (in
θ
A=
2π
( π r 2 ) = 12 r 2θ 49
radians).
2
Use the formula A = 12 r θ to find the area of the
sector: Answer the following. SHOW ALL WORK involved
in obtaining each answer. Give exact answers unless
7π
53. θ = ; r = 9 yd otherwise indicated.
6
3π 67. A CD has a radius of 6 cm. If the CD’s rate of
54. θ = ; r = 6 cm turn is 900o/sec, find the following.
4
(a) The angular speed in units of radians/sec.
55. θ = π ; r = 2 ft
(b) The linear speed in units of cm/sec of a
5π point on the outer edge of the CD.
56. θ = ; r = 30 in (c) The linear speed in units of cm/sec of a
3
point halfway between the center of the CD
In numbers 57-60, change θ to radians and then find and its outer edge.
the area of the sector using the formula A = 12 r 2θ .
Compare results with those from exercises 49-52. 68. Each blade of a fan has a radius of 11 inches. If
the fan’s rate of turn is 1440o/sec, find the
57. θ = 60 ; r = 12 cm following.
58. θ = 90 ; r = 10 in (a) The angular speed in units of radians/sec.
(b) The linear speed in units of inches/sec of a
59. θ = 225 ; r = 4 ft point on the outer edge of the blade.
(c) The linear speed in units of inches/sec of a
60. θ = 150 ; r = 12 cm point on the blade 7 inches from the center.

69. A bicycle has wheels measuring 26 inches in

diameter. If the bicycle is traveling at a rate of 20
miles per hour, find the wheels’ rate of turn in
revolutions per minute (rpm). Round the answer
to the nearest hundredth.
70. A car has wheels measuring 16 inches in

diameter. If the car is traveling at a rate of 55
miles per hour, find the wheels’ rate of turn in
revolutions per minute (rpm). Round the answer
to the nearest hundredth.
71. A car has wheels with a 10 inch radius. If each

wheel’s rate of turn is 4 revolutions per second,
(a) Find the angular speed in units of
radians/second.
(b) How fast is the car moving in units of
inches/sec?
(c) How fast is the car moving in miles per
hour? Round the answer to the nearest
hundredth.
72. A bicycle has wheels with a 12 inch radius. If

each wheel’s rate of turn is 2 revolutions per
second,
(a) Find the angular speed in units of
radians/second.
(b) How fast is the bicycle moving in units of
inches/sec?
(c) How fast is the bicycle moving in miles per
hour? Round the answer to the nearest
hundredth.
73. A clock has an hour hand, minute hand, and

second hand that measure 4 inches, 5 inches, and
6 inches, respectively. Find the distance traveled
by the tip of each hand in 20 minutes.
74. An outdoor clock has an hour hand, minute hand,

and second hand that measure 12 inches, 14
inches, and 15 inches, respectively. Find the
distance traveled by the tip of each hand in 45
minutes.

Exercise Set 4.3: Unit Circle Trigonometry
Sketch each of the following angles in standard position. Sketch each of the following angles in standard position
(Do not use a protractor; just draw a quick sketch of each and then specify the reference angle or reference number.
angle.)
17. (a) 240 (b) −30 (c) 60
1. (a) 30
(b) −135
(c) 300
18. (a) 315 (b) 150 (c) −120

2. (a) 120
(b) −60
(c) 210
7π 5π 7π
19. (a) (b) (c) −
π 7π 5π 6 3 4
3. (a) (b) (c) −
3 4 6 π 5π 5π
20. (a) − (b) (c) −
π 4π 11π 3 4 6
4. (a) − (b) (c)
4 3 6 37π
21. (a) 840 (b) − (c) −660
5. (a) 90 (b) −π (c) 450 6
6. (a) 270 (b) 180 (c) −4π 11π 11π

22. (a) (b) −780 (c) −
3 4
13π
7. (a) −240 (b) (c) −510
6
The exercises below are helpful in creating a
9π
8. (a) −315 (b) − (c) 1020 comprehensive diagram of the unit circle. Answer the
4 following.
Find three angles, one negative and two positive, that are 23. Using the following unit circle, draw and then label
coterminal with each angle below. π
the terminal side of all multiples of from 0 to
2
9. (a) 50 (b) −200 2π radians. Write all labels in simplest form.
10. (a) 300 (b) −830 y

2π 7π
11. (a) (b) −
5 2 1
8π 4π
12. (a) (b) − 0
3 9 1
-1
x
-1
13. List four quadrantal angles in degree measure,

where each angle θ satisfies the condition 24. Using the following unit circle, draw and then label
0 ≤ θ < 360 . π
14. List four quadrantal angles in radian measure, where 4
π 5π 2π radians. Write all labels in simplest form.
each angle θ satisfies the condition ≤ θ < .
2 2 y
15. List four quadrantal angles in radian measure, where
5π 13π
each angle θ satisfies the condition <θ ≤ . 1
4 4
16. List four quadrantal angles in degree measure, 0
1
where each angle θ satisfies the condition -1
x
800 < θ ≤ 1160 .
-1

25. Using the following unit circle, draw and then label 28. Label all the special angles on the unit circle in
π degrees.
3
y
2π radians. Write all labels in simplest form.
y
1
0
-1 1
x -1 1
x
-1
-1
26. Using the following unit circle, draw and then label
π
6
2π radians. Write all labels in simplest form.
Name the quadrant in which the given conditions are
y satisfied.
29. sin (θ ) > 0, cos (θ ) < 0
1
30. sin (θ ) < 0, sec (θ ) > 0

0
-1 1
x 31. cot (θ ) > 0, sec (θ ) < 0
-1 32. csc (θ ) > 0, cot (θ ) > 0
33. tan (θ ) < 0, csc (θ ) < 0
27. Use the information from numbers 23-26 to label all 34. csc (θ ) < 0, tan (θ ) > 0
the special angles on the unit circle in radians.
y
Fill in each blank with < , > , or = .
1
( ) (
35. sin 40 _____ sin 140 )
( )
36. cos 20 _____ cos 160( )
-1 1
x ( )
37. tan 310 _____ tan 50 ( )
( )
38. sin 195 _____ sin 15 ( )
-1
( )
39. cos 355 _____ cos 185 ( )
( )
40. tan 110 _____ tan 290 ( )

Let P ( x , y ) denote the point where the terminal side of  25π 

57. (a) csc   (b) cot ( −460 )
an angle θ meets the unit circle. Use the given  6 
information to evaluate the six trigonometric functions of  9π 
58. (a) tan ( 520 ) (b) sec  − 
θ.  4 
2
41. P is in Quadrant I and y = .
3
For each angle below, give the coordinates of the point
3
42. P is in Quadrant I and x = . where the terminal side of the angle intersects the unit
8 circle. Then give the six trigonometric functions of the
4 angle.
43. P is in Quadrant IV and x = .
5
59. 45
24
44. P is in Quadrant III and y = − . 60. 60
25
1 61. 210
45. P is in Quadrant II and x = − .
5
62. 135
2
46. P is in Quadrant II and y = . 5π
7 63.
3
For each quadrantal angle below, give the coordinates of 11π

64.
the point where the terminal side of the angle intersects 6
the unit circle. Then give the six trigonometric functions
of the angle. If a value is undefined, state “Undefined.”
An alternate method of finding trigonometric functions of
47. 90 30o, 45o, or 60o is shown below.
48. −180
65.
49. −2π 10 60o 60o
3
3π 30o 30o
50.
2
5π Diagram 1 Diagram 2
51. −
2
52. 8π (a) Find the missing side measures in each of the
diagrams above.
Rewrite each expression in terms of its reference angle, (b) Use right triangle trigonometric ratios to find
deciding on the appropriate sign (positive or negative). the following, using Diagram 1:
For example, sin ( 30 ) = _____ sin ( 60 ) = _____
 4π  π 
( ) ( )
sin 240 = − sin 60 tan 
 3 
 = tan  
 3
cos ( 30 ) = _____ cos ( 60 ) = _____
 7π  π  tan ( 30 ) = _____ tan ( 60 ) = _____

( ) ( )
sec −315 = sec 45 cos 
 6 
 = − cos  
6
(c) Repeat part (b), using Diagram 2.
53. (a) cos ( 300 ) (b) tan (135 )
(d) Use the unit circle to find the trigonometric
54. (a) sin ( −45 ) (b) cot ( 210 ) ratios listed in part (b).
 2π 
55. (a) sin (140 ) (b) sec  −  (e) Examine the answers in parts (b) through (d).
 3 
What do you notice?
 11π 
56. (a) csc ( −190 ) (b) cos  
 6 

66. Use either the unit circle or the right triangle method
45o 8 45o from numbers 65-70 to evaluate the following. (Note: The
right triangle method can not be used for quadrantal
45o 45o angles.) If a value is undefined, state “Undefined.”
7
Diagram 1 Diagram 2 71. (a) tan ( 30 ) (b) sin ( −135 )
(a) Find the missing side measures in each of the 72. (a) cos (180 ) (b) csc ( −60 )
diagrams above.
73. (a) csc ( −150 ) (b) sin ( 270 )
(b) Use right triangle trigonometric ratios to find
the following, using Diagram 1: 74. (a) sec ( 225 ) (b) tan ( −240 )
sin ( 45 ) = _____ csc ( 45 ) = _____ 75. (a) cot ( −450 ) (b) cos ( 495 )
cos ( 45 ) = _____ sec ( 60 ) = _____
76. (a) sin ( −210 ) (b) cot ( −420 )
tan ( 45 ) = _____ cot ( 60 ) = _____
 2π 
77. (a) csc (π ) (b) cos  
(c) Repeat part (b), using Diagram 2.  3 
(d) Use the unit circle to find the trigonometric  π  5π 

78. (a) sin  −  (b) cot  
ratios listed in part (b).  3  4 
(e) Examine the answers in parts (b) through (d).  π  3π 

79. (a) sec  −  (b) tan  
What do you notice? 6    4 
 11π   3π 
80. (a) csc   (b) sec  − 
 4   2 
The following two diagrams can be used to quickly
evaluate the trigonometric functions of any angle having  10π   7π 
81. (a) cot  −  (b) sec  
a reference angle of 30o, 45o, or 60o. Use right  3   4 
trigonometric ratios along with the concept of reference
angles, to evaluate the following. (Remember that when  11π 
π π π 82. (a) tan ( −5π ) (b) cos  − 
converting degrees to radians, 30 = , 45 = , 60 = .)  2 
6 4 3
2 45o Use a calculator to evaluate the following to the nearest

2 60o
1 1 ten-thousandth. Make sure that your calculator is in the
appropriate mode (degrees or radians).
30o 45o
3 1 Note: Be careful when evaluating the reciprocal trigonometric functions.
67. (a) sin ( 240

) (b) tan (135
) For example, when evaluating csc (θ ) on your calculator, use the identity
csc (θ ) = 1 . Do NOT use the calculator key labeled sin −1 (θ ) ; this

68. (a) cos ( 330 ) (b) csc ( −225 ) sin (θ )
 π  11π  represents the inverse sine function, which will be discussed in Section 5.4.
69. (a) cos  −  (b) sec  
4    6 
 2π   7π 
83. (a) sin 37 ( ) ( )
(b) tan −218
70. (a) sin   (b) cot  − 
 3   6  84. (a) tan ( 350 )

(b) cos ( −84 )
85. (a) csc (191 )

(b) cot ( 21 )


(
86. (a) cot 310 ) ( )
(b) sec 73
π   11π 
87. (a) cos   (b) csc  − 
5  7 
 10π 
88. (a) sin  −  (b) cot ( 4.7π )
 9 
89. (a) tan ( −4.5 ) (b) sec ( 3)
90. (a) csc ( −0.457 ) (b) tan ( 9.4 )

Exercise Set 4.4: Trigonometric Expressions and Identities
Answer the following. 12 π

12. If cot (θ ) = − and < θ < π , find the five
5 2
1. Beginning with the Pythagorean identity
remaining trigonometric functions of θ .
cos 2 (θ ) + sin 2 (θ ) = 1 , establish another
Pythagorean identity by dividing each term by
cos 2 (θ ) . Show all work. Perform the following operations and combine like
terms. (Do not rewrite the terms or the solution in
terms of any other trigonometric functions.)
2. Beginning with the Pythagorean identity
cos 2 (θ ) + sin 2 (θ ) = 1 , establish another 13. sin (θ ) − 3 sin (θ ) + 5
Pythagorean identity by dividing each term by
sin 2 (θ ) . Show all work. 14.  tan (θ ) − 7   tan (θ ) − 2
2
Solve the following algebraically, using identities from 15. csc ( x ) − 3
this section.
2
16. 3 + sec ( x ) 
5 3π
3. If cos (θ ) = and < θ < 2π , find the exact
13 2 3 7
17. −
values of sin (θ ) and tan (θ ) . cos (θ ) sin (θ )
4 π 6 2
4. If sin (θ ) = and < θ < π , find the exact 18. − +
5 2 sin (θ ) cos (θ )
values of cos (θ ) and tan (θ ) .
19. 5 tan (θ ) sin (θ ) − 8 tan (θ ) sin (θ )
1
5. If sin (θ ) = − and 180 < θ < 270 , find the 20. 8 cos (θ ) cot (θ ) + 9 cos (θ ) cot (θ )
9
five remaining trigonometric functions of θ .
1 Factor each of the following expressions.
6. If cos (θ ) = and 270 < θ < 360 , find the
10
five remaining trigonometric functions of θ . 21. 25sin 2 (θ ) − 49 cos 2 (θ )
9 3π
7. If csc (θ ) = − and < θ < 2π , find the exact 22. 16 cos 2 (θ ) − 81sin 2 (θ )
4 2
values of cot (θ ) and sin (θ ) . 23. sec2 (θ ) − 7 sec (θ ) + 12
5 3π 24. tan 2 (θ ) + 9 tan (θ ) + 12
8. If sec (θ ) = − and π < θ < , find the exact
2 2
values of tan (θ ) and cos (θ ) . 25. 10 cot 2 (θ ) − 13cot (θ ) − 3
13 26. 6 csc 2 (θ ) + 7 csc (θ ) − 5

9. If cot (θ ) = − and 90 < θ < 180 , find the
6
exact values of csc (θ ) and sin (θ ) .
Simplify the following.
1
10. If tan (θ ) = and 180 < θ < 270 , find the
3 27. cos (θ ) tan (θ )
exact values of sec (θ ) and cot (θ ) .
28. sin (θ ) cot (θ )
3 3π
11. If tan (θ ) = and π < θ < , find the five 29. csc 2 ( x ) tan 2 ( x )
4 2
remaining trigonometric functions of θ .
30. sec3 ( x ) cot 3 ( x )

31. cot ( x ) csc ( x ) tan 2 ( x ) sec4 ( x ) − tan 4 ( x )

52.
2
sec 2 ( x ) + tan 2 ( x )
32. sin ( x ) sec ( x ) cot ( x)
33. 1 − sin 2 ( x )
Prove each of the following identities.
2
34. cos ( x) −1 53. sec ( x ) − sin ( x ) tan ( x ) = cos ( x )
35. sec (θ ) − 1 sec (θ ) + 1 54. cos ( x ) cot ( x ) − csc ( x ) = − sin ( x )
36. csc ( x ) + 1  csc ( x ) − 1 sec (θ ) csc (θ )

55. =1
tan (θ ) + cot (θ )
37. sin (θ ) csc (θ ) − sin (θ ) 
2 2
56. sin (θ ) − cos (θ )  + sin (θ ) + cos (θ )  = 2
38. cos (θ ) sec (θ ) − cos (θ ) 
57. tan ( x ) − sin ( x ) cos ( x ) = tan ( x ) sin 2 ( x )
39. sec 2 (θ ) − 1 csc 2 (θ ) − 1
58. cot ( x ) − cos ( x ) sin ( x ) = cot ( x ) cos 2 ( x )
1 − sin 2 ( x )
40.
cos 2 ( x ) − 1 59. cot 2 ( x ) − cos 2 ( x ) = cot 2 ( x ) cos 2 ( x )
41. sin ( x ) cot ( x ) + tan ( x )  60. tan 2 ( x ) − sin 2 ( x ) = tan 2 ( x ) sin 2 ( x )
42. cos ( x )  tan ( x ) + cot ( x ) 

cot ( x ) − tan ( x )
61. = csc 2 ( x ) − sec 2 ( x )
43. sec ( x ) − tan ( x )  sec ( x ) + tan ( x )  sin ( x ) cos ( x )
44. csc ( x ) − cot ( x )  csc ( x ) + cot ( x )  tan ( x ) 1 + sec ( x )

62. + = 2 csc ( x )
1 + sec ( x ) tan ( x )
45. 1 − cos ( x )   csc ( x ) + cot ( x ) 
63. 2 cos 2 ( x ) + 5sin 2 ( x ) = 2 + 3sin 2 ( x )
46. csc ( x ) − 1 sec ( x ) + tan ( x ) 
64. 3sin 2 ( x ) − 4 cos 2 ( x ) = 3 − 7 cos 2 ( x )
cot ( x ) + tan ( x )
47.
csc 2 ( x ) 65. tan 4 (θ ) + tan 2 (θ ) = sec4 (θ ) − sec 2 (θ )
sec2 ( x ) 66. csc 4 ( x ) − csc2 ( x ) = cot 4 ( x ) + cot 2 ( x )

48.
tan ( x ) + cot ( x )
sin ( x )
67. = csc ( x ) − cot ( x )
cos ( x ) cos ( x ) 1 + cos ( x )
49. −
1 − sin ( x ) 1 + sin ( x )
cos ( x )
68. = sec ( x ) − tan ( x )
cot (θ ) cot (θ ) 1 + sin ( x )
50. +
csc (θ ) + 1 csc (θ ) − 1
cos ( x ) 1 − sin ( x )
69. =
2
cos (θ ) − sin (θ )2 1 + sin ( x ) cos ( x )
51. 4 4
sin (θ ) − cos (θ )
1 − cos (θ ) sin (θ )
70. =
sin (θ ) 1 + cos (θ )

Another method of solving problems like exercises 3- Answer the following.

12 is shown below.
77. If the terminal ray of an angle θ in standard
Let the terminal side of an angle θ intersect the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 .
position passes through the point (12, − 5 ) , find
First draw the reference angle, α , for θ . Then, draw a right triangle
with its hypotenuse extending from the origin to ( x, y ) and its leg is on
the six trigonometric functions of θ .
the x-axis, as shown below. Label the legs x and y (which may be
negative), and the hypotenuse with positive length r. 78. If the terminal ray of an angle θ in standard
position passes through the point ( −8, 15 ) , find
y the six trigonometric functions of θ .
( x, y ) 79. If the terminal ray of an angle θ in standard

position passes through the point ( −6, − 2 ) , find
r
y the six trigonometric functions of θ .
α θ
80. If the terminal ray of an angle θ in standard
x x position passes through the point ( 3, − 9 ) , find
the six trigonometric functions of θ .
Then find the six trigonometric functions of α , using right triangle

the leg opposite angle α
trigonometry ( sin α = , etc…) The six
the hypotenuse
trigonometric functions of α are the same as the six trigonometric
y
functions of θ . (This can be compared with the ratios sin θ = , etc. at
r
the beginning of the text in Section 4.3).
In each of the following examples, use the given

information to sketch and label a right triangle in the
appropriate quadrant, as described above. Use the
Pythagorean Theorem to find the missing side, and
then use right triangle trigonometry to evaluate the
five remaining trigonometric functions of θ .
1
71. sin (θ ) = − and 270 < θ < 360
4
13
72. cos (θ ) = − and 180 < θ < 270
7
7 π
73. sec (θ ) = − and < θ < π
2 2
π
74. csc (θ ) = 5 and <θ <π
2
2 3π
75. tan (θ ) = and π < θ <
5 2
11 3π
76. cot (θ ) = − and < θ < 2π
5 2

Exercise Set 5.1: Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers
Use the given information to evaluate the five  5π   5π 

remaining trigonometric functions of t. If a value is 14. (a) csc  −  (b) tan  − 
 4   3 
undefined, state “Undefined.”
 11π   8π 
15. (a) sin   (b) cot  
Note: These questions are similar to those in Chapter 4.  4   3 
The difference is that these are trigonometric functions of
 17π   15π 
real numbers, rather than of angles. The solution process, 16. (a) cos   (b) tan  
however, is the same.  6   4 
2 3π  11π   13π 
1. sin ( t ) = − and < t < 2π 17. (a) cot   (b) sec  
7 2  2   3 
1 3π  31π   13π 
2. cos ( t ) = − and π < t < 18. (a) csc   (b) sec  
5 2  6   2 
 19π 
π 19. (a) csc ( 9π ) (b) cos  − 
3. sec ( t ) = −4 and <t <π  3 
2
 35π 
8 3π 20. (a) tan  −  (b) sin ( −11π )
4. csc ( t ) = − and < t < 2π  4 
5 2
4
5. cot ( t ) = and π < t < 2π  49π 
3 sin  
21. (a)  4 
15 π 3π  29π 
6. tan ( t ) = − and < t < tan  
8 2 2  4 
2 10 3π  14π   17π 
7. tan ( t ) = − and < t < 2π (b) tan ( 6π ) − sin   cos  
3 2  3   6 
3π
8. cot ( t ) = 4 3 and π < t <
2  19π 
csc  
22. (a)  3 
 19π 
Use the opposite-angle identities and/or the periodicity sec  
identities to evaluate the following.  3 
 16π 
Note: These questions are similar to those in Chapter 4. cot  
The identities mentioned above offer an alternative  10π   3 
(b) cot   +
method of finding trigonometric functions of negative  3  cos  17π 
 
numbers or of numbers whose absolute value is greater  6 
than 2π .
 π  π  20π   11π 
9. (a) cos  −  (b) csc  −  sin   cot  
 4  6  3   4 
23. (a)
 5π 
 π  π cos  − 
10. (a) sin  −  (b) sec  −   6 
 3  4
 2π   π  19π   31π 
11. (a) sin  −  (b) tan  −  sin   sin  
 3   2  3   6 
(b)
 5π 
 π  5π  cos ( 8π ) tan  
12. (a) cos  −  (b) cot  −   4 
 2  6 
 4π   11π 
13. (a) sec  −  (b) cot  − 
 3   6 

Exercise Set 5.1: Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers
 11π   19π  Prove each of the following identities.

tan   cos  
24. (a)  4   6  cos ( −t )
 31π  39. = sec ( −t ) + tan ( −t )
sin   1 − sin ( −t )
 3 
 3π  sin ( −t )
cos   sin ( 6π ) 40. = cot ( t ) + csc ( −t )
 2  1 + cos ( −t )
(b)
 π
19  21π 
sin   tan  
 2   4  sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( −t )
41. =
cos ( −t ) − 1 sin ( −t )
1 − sin ( −t ) cos ( t )
Simplify the following. Write all trigonometric 42. =
functions in terms of t. cos ( −t ) 1 + sin ( −t )
25. sin ( −t ) csc ( t ) 1 + sec ( −t )

43. = sin ( −t ) + tan ( −t )
csc ( −t )
26. cos ( −t ) sec ( t )
27. sec ( −t ) cot ( −t ) 1 − csc ( −t )

44. = cos ( −t ) − cot ( −t )
sec ( −t )
28. csc ( −t ) tan ( −t )
tan ( t ) sin ( t − 4π ) 1 + cos ( t − 2π )

29. 45. + = 2 csc ( t + 4π )
sin ( −t ) 1 + cos ( t + 2π ) sin ( t + 6π )
cot ( −t ) sin ( t + 8π ) cos ( t − 2π )

30. 46. − = sin ( t ) + cos ( t )
cos ( −t ) 1 − cot ( t − 2π ) tan ( t + π ) − 1
31. cos ( −t ) cot ( −t ) + sin ( −t )
32. sin ( −t ) tan ( −t ) + cos ( −t )
33. sin ( −t ) + sin ( −t ) cot 2 ( −t )
34. cos ( −t ) + cos ( −t ) tan 2 ( −t )
35. sec ( t + 4π ) cos ( t + 2π )
36. sin ( t + 6π ) csc ( t − 2π )
1 + tan ( t − π )
37.
1 + cot ( t + 2π )
sec ( t + 2π ) + csc ( t − 6π )
38.
1 + tan ( t + 3π )

Exercise Set 5.2: Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions
For each of the following functions, 6. 8 y

(a) Find the period. 6
(b) Find the amplitude. 4
2
x
1. 4 y
3 −π −2π/3 −π/3 π/3 2π/3
−2
2
1 −4
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12
−1
−2 Answer the following.
7. (a) Use your calculator to complete the
following chart. Round to the nearest
2. 6 y
hundredth.
4
2 x y = sin ( x ) x y = sin ( x )
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 0 π
−2
π 7π
−4 6 6
−6 π 5π
4 4
π 4π
3. 6 y 3 3
4 π 3π
2 2
2
x 2π 5π
−2 −1 1 2 3 3
−2 3π 7π
−4 4 4
5π 11π
−6
6 6
2π
4. 2
y
x
(b) Plot the points from part (a) to discover the
−1 1 2
graph of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) .
−2
y
1.2
−4
1.0
0.8
−6
0.6
0.4
−8 0.2 x
π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6 π 7π/6 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 11π/6 2π
−0.2
−0.4
5. 2
y −0.6
−0.8
x −1.0
−π/2 −π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 −1.2
−2
−4 (c) Use the graph from part (b) to sketch an

extended graph of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) , where
−6
−4π ≤ x ≤ 4π . Be sure to show the
−8 intercepts as well as the maximum and
minimum values of the function.

(d) State the domain and range of (c) Use the graph from part (b) to sketch an
f ( x ) = sin ( x ) . Do not base this answer extended graph of g ( x ) = cos ( x ) , where
simply on the limited domain from part (c), −4π ≤ x ≤ 4π . Be sure to show the
but the entire graph of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) . intercepts as well as the maximum and
(e) State the amplitude and period of
(d) State the domain and range of
f ( x ) = sin ( x ) .
g ( x ) = cos ( x ) . Do not base this answer
simply on the limited domain from part (c),
(f) Give an interval on which f ( x ) = sin ( x ) is
but the entire graph of g ( x ) = cos ( x ) .
increasing.
(e) State the amplitude and period of
8. (a) Use your calculator to complete the g ( x ) = cos ( x ) .
hundredth. (f) Give an interval on which g ( x ) = cos ( x ) is
decreasing.
x y = cos ( x ) x y = cos ( x )
0 π
π 7π
6 6
9. Use the graph of f ( x ) = cos ( x ) below to
π 5π
4 4 determine the coordinates of points A, B, C, and
π 4π D.
3 3
y
π 3π f C
2 2
2π 5π
3 3 D
3π 7π A x
4 4
5π 11π
6 6 B
2π
(b) Plot the points from part (a) to discover the 10. Use the graph of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) below to
graph of g ( x ) = cos ( x ) . determine the coordinates of points A, B, C, and
D.
y
1.2
1.0 y
0.8 f
0.6
0.4
0.2 x
C D
π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6 π 7π/6 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 11π/6 2π
−0.2
x
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
−1.0
−1.2
A B

Use the graphs of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) and g ( x ) = cos ( x ) 16. For −2π ≤ x < 0 , use the graph of
to answer the following. f ( x ) = sin ( x ) to find the value(s) of x for
which:
11. Use the appropriate graph to find the following
function values. (a) sin ( x ) = 1
(a) cos ( 0 ) (b) sin ( x ) = −1
 3π  (c) sin ( x ) = 0
(b) cos  − 
 2 
 5π  Graph each of the following functions over the interval
(c) sin  
 2  −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π .
(d) sin ( −3π )
17. f ( x ) = cos ( x )
12. Use the appropriate graph to find the following
18. g ( x ) = sin ( x )
function values.
(a) sin ( 0 )
Matching. The left-hand column contains equations
 π
(b) sin  −  that represent transformations of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) .
 2
Match the equations on the left with the description on
(c) cos (π ) the right of how to obtain the graph of y = g ( x ) from
 7π  the graph of f .
(d) cos  − 
 2 
19. y = sin ( x − 3) A. Shrink horizontally by a
1
13. For 0 ≤ x < 2π , use the graph of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) factor of 3 .
20. y = sin ( x ) − 3
to find the value(s) of x for which:
B. Shift left 3 units, then
21. y = sin ( 3 x ) reflect in the y-axis.
(a) sin ( x ) = 1
1 C. Reflect in the x-axis,
(b) sin ( x ) = 0 22. y = sin ( x ) then shift downward 3
3
(c) sin ( x ) = −1 units.
23. y = 3sin ( x ) D. Shift right 3 units.
14. For 0 ≤ x < 2π , use the graph of g ( x ) = cos ( x ) 24. y = sin ( x + 3 ) E. Shift right 2 units, then
reflect in the x-axis, then
to find the value(s) of x for which: shift upward 3 units.
25. y = sin ( − x + 3 )
(a) cos ( x ) = 0 F. Shift upward 3 units.
1  G. Stretch horizontally by a
(b) cos ( x ) = −1 26. y = sin  x 
3  factor of 3.
(c) cos ( x ) = 1
27. y = sin ( x + 3) + 2 H. Shift left 3 units, then
shift upward 2 units.
15. For −2π ≤ x < 0 , use the graph of 28. y = − sin ( x − 2 ) + 3 I. Shift left 3 units.
g ( x ) = cos ( x ) to find the value(s) of x for
29. y = − sin ( x ) − 3 J. Shift downward 3 units.
which:
K. Stretch vertically by a
(a) cos ( x ) = −1 30. y = sin ( x ) + 3 factor of 3.
L. Shrink vertically by a
(b) cos ( x ) = 1
1
factor of 3 .
(c) cos ( x ) = 0

Matching. The left-hand column contains equations 37. f ( x ) = 4 sin ( x )

that represent transformations of f ( x ) = cos ( x ) .
Match the equations on the left with the description on 38. f ( x ) = 3cos ( x )
the right of how to obtain the graph of y = g ( x ) from
the graph of f . 39. f ( x ) = −5 cos ( x )
31. y = cos  2 ( x − 8 )  A. Stretch horizontally by a 40. f ( x ) = −2sin ( x )

factor of 2, then shift
32. y = cos ( 2 x − 8 ) right 16 units. 41. f ( x ) = 6 sin ( x ) − 2
B. Shrink horizontally by a
33. y = cos ( 2 x ) − 8 1 42. f ( x ) = 4 cos ( x ) + 3
factor of 2 , then shift
34. y = cos  12 ( x − 8 )  right 4 units. 43. f ( x ) = cos ( 2 x )
C. Shrink horizontally by a
35. y = cos  12 x − 8 
1
factor of 2 , then shift 44. f ( x ) = − sin ( 3 x )
36. y = cos ( x ) − 8
1
2 downward 8 units.
x
D. Stretch horizontally by a 45. f ( x ) = − cos  
4
right 8 units. 2 x
46. f ( x ) = cos  
E. Stretch horizontally by a 5 3
downward 8 units. 4
47. f ( x ) = sin (π x )
F. Shrink horizontally by a 3
1
factor of 2 , then shift πx 
48. f ( x ) = − cos  +4
right 8 units.  3 
πx 
49. f ( x ) = sin   −1
 2 
For each of the following functions,
(a) State the period. πx 
50. f ( x ) = 4 cos  +2
(b) State the amplitude.  3 
(c) State the phase shift.  π
51. f ( x ) = cos  x − 
(d) State the vertical shift.  2
(e) Use transformations to sketch the graph of
the function over one period. For consistency 52. f ( x ) = sin ( x + π )
in solutions, perform the appropriate
transformations on the function 53. f ( x ) = −3cos (π x + π )
g ( x ) = sin ( x ) or h ( x ) = cos ( x ) where
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π . (Note: The resulting graph may 54. f ( x ) = 5sin ( 4π x + π )
not fall within this same interval.) The x-axis
should be labeled to show the transformations 55. f ( x ) = sin ( 2 x + 3π )
of the intercepts of g ( x ) = sin ( x ) or
56. f ( x ) = cos ( 3 x − π )
h ( x ) = cos ( x ) , as well as any x-values where
a maximum or minimum occurs. The y-axis
57. f ( x ) = −7 cos ( 4 x − π )
should be labeled to reflect the maximum and
1 3π 
58. f ( x ) = 5sin  x + 
 2 4 

 2π  70. 8 y
59. f ( x ) = −3sin  2π x − +5
 3  6
4
2
π  x
60. f ( x ) = 5cos  x + π  + 2
3  −π/2 −π/3 −π/6
−2
π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6
−4
x π −6
61. f ( x ) = 4 sin  −  − 2
2 2 −8
 π 71.
62. f ( x ) = −3cos  2 x −  + 4 4
y
 2
2
63. f ( x ) = 7 sin ( − x ) Omit part (c) x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
64. f ( x ) = 10 sin ( − x ) Omit part (c) −2
−4
65. f ( x ) = −2sin ( −2π x ) Omit part (c)
66. f ( x ) = −6sin ( −3 x ) − 4 Omit part (c) 72. 3 y
2
π 
67. f ( x ) = 4 cos  − x  + 3 Omit part(c) 1
 2  x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
68. f ( x ) = 5sin (π − x ) Omit part(c)
−2
−3
For each of the following graphs,

(a) Give an equation of the form 73. 4 y
f ( x ) = A sin ( Bx − C ) + D which could be 2
x
used to represent the graph. (Note: C or D
−π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4
may be zero. Answers vary.)
−2
(b) Give an equation of the form −4
f ( x ) = A cos ( Bx − C ) + D which could be −6
used to represent the graph. (Note: C or D −8
y
69. 6 74. 12 y
4 10
8
2
x 6
−3π/4 −π/2 −π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 4
−2 2
x
−4
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
−6
−4

75. 6
y
2
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
76. y
2
x
−5π/2 −2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

−2
−4
−6
77. The depth of the water at a certain point near the

shore varies with the ocean tide. Suppose that the
high tide occurs today at 2AM with a depth of 6
meters, and the low tide occurs at 8:30AM with a
depth of 2 meters.
(a) Write a trigonometric equation that models
the depth, D, of the water t hours after
midnight.
(b) Use a calculator to find the depth of the

water at 11:15AM. (Round to the nearest
hundredth.)
78. The depth of the water at a certain point near the

shore varies with the ocean tide. Suppose that the
high tide occurs today at 4AM with a depth of 9
meters, and the low tide occurs at 11:45AM with
a depth of 3 meters.
(a) Write a trigonometric equation that models
the depth, D, of the water t hours after
midnight.
(b) Use a calculator to find the depth of the

water at 2:30PM. (Round to the nearest
hundredth.)

Exercise Set 5.3: Graphs of the Tangent, Cotangent, Secant, and
Cosecant Functions
Answer the following. (f) Give an interval, if one exists, on which

f ( x ) = tan ( x ) is increasing. Then give an
interval , if one exists, on which
following chart. Round to the nearest hundredth.
If a value is undefined, state “Undefined.” Notice f ( x ) = tan ( x ) is decreasing.
that the x-values on the chart increase by
increments of 12π .
x y = tan ( x ) x y = tan ( x ) hundredth. If a value is undefined, state
π “Undefined.” Notice that the x-values on the
0 π .
2 chart increase by increments of 12
π 7π
12 12
x y = cot ( x ) x y = cot ( x )
π 2π
6 3 π
0
π 3π 2
4 4 π 7π
π 5π 12 12
3 6 π 2π
5π 11π 6 3
12 12 π 3π
4 4
π
π 5π
3 6
5π 11π
(b) Plot the points from part (a) to discover the 12 12
graph of f ( x ) = tan ( x ) . π
4.0 y
3.0
2.0 (b) Plot the points from part (a) to discover the
1.0
x graph of g ( x ) = cot ( x ) .
π/12 π/6 π/4 π/3 5π/12 π/2 7π/12 2π/3 3π/4 5π/6 11π/12 π
−1.0 4.0 y
−2.0 3.0
−3.0 2.0
−4.0 1.0
x
π/12 π/6 π/4 π/3 5π/12 π/2 7π/12 2π/3 3π/4 5π/6 11π/12 π
−1.0
(c) Use the graph from part (b) to sketch an −2.0
extended graph of f ( x ) = tan ( x ) , where −3.0
−4.0
intercepts as well as any asymptotes.
(c) Use the graph from part (b) to sketch an
(d) State the domain and range of
extended graph of g ( x ) = cot ( x ) , where
f ( x ) = tan ( x ) . Do not base this answer
simply on the limited domain from part (c),
intercepts as well as any asymptotes.
but the entire graph of f ( x ) = tan ( x ) .

(e) State the period of f ( x ) = tan ( x ) .

Cosecant Functions
(d) State the domain and range of (c) Use the graph from part (b) to sketch an
g ( x ) = cot ( x ) . Do not base this answer extended graph of f ( x ) = sec ( x ) , where
simply on the limited domain from part (c), −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π . Be sure to show the
but the entire graph of g ( x ) = cot ( x ) . intercepts as well as any local maxima and
minima.
(e) State the period of g ( x ) = cot ( x ) .
(d) On the graph from part (c), superimpose the
(f) Give an interval, if one exists, on which graph of h ( x ) = cos ( x ) lightly or in another
g ( x ) = cot ( x ) is increasing. Then give an color. What do you notice? How can this
interval , if one exists, on which serve as an aid in sketching the graph of
g ( x ) = cot ( x ) is decreasing. f ( x ) = sec ( x ) ?
(e) State the domain and range of

following chart. Round to the nearest f ( x ) = sec ( x ) . Base this answer on the
hundredth. If a value is undefined, state entire graph of f ( x ) = sec ( x ) , not only on
“Undefined.”
the partial graphs obtained in parts (b)-(d).
x y = sec ( x ) x y = sec ( x )
(f) State the period of f ( x ) = sec ( x ) .
0 π
π 7π
(g) Give two intervals on which f ( x ) = sec ( x )
6 6
π 5π is increasing.
4 4
π 4π
3 3 4. (a) Use your calculator to complete the
π 3π following chart. Round to the nearest
2 2 hundredth. If a value is undefined, state
2π 5π
“Undefined.”
3 3
3π 7π x y = csc ( x ) x y = csc ( x )
4 4
0 π
5π 11π
6 6 π 7π
6 6
2π
π 5π
4 4
π 4π
(b) Plot the points from part (a) to discover the 3 3
graph of f ( x ) = sec ( x ) . π 3π
2 2
y
1.2
2π 5π
1.0
0.8 3 3
0.6 3π 7π
0.4
0.2
4 4
x
5π 11π
π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6 π 7π/6 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 11π/6 2π
−0.2
6 6
−0.4
−0.6 2π
−0.8
−1.0
−1.2

Cosecant Functions
(b) Plot the points from part (a) to discover the Matching. The left-hand column contains equations
graph of g ( x ) = csc ( x ) . that represent transformations of f ( x ) = tan ( x ) .
1.2
y
the right of how to obtain the graph of y = g ( x ) from
1.0
0.8 the graph of f .
0.6
0.4
0.2 x 5. y = tan ( x − 2 ) A. Shrink horizontally by a
−0.2
π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6 π 7π/6 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 11π/6 2π factor of 12 .
−0.4
−0.6
6. y = tan ( x ) − 2 B. Reflect in the x-axis,
−0.8
−1.0
then shift upward 2
−1.2 7. y = tan ( 2 x ) units.
C. Shift right 2 units.
(c) Use the graph from part (b) to sketch an 1 D. Reflect in the x-axis,
8. y = tan ( x )
extended graph of g ( x ) = csc ( x ) , where 2 stretch vertically by a
factor of 2, shrink
9. y = tan ( 2 x − 8 ) horizontally by a factor
intercepts as well as any local maxima and
minima. of 14 , then shift right 1
10. y = 2 tan ( x ) unit.
(d) On the graph from part (c), superimpose the E. Stretch horizontally by a
graph of h ( x ) = sin ( x ) lightly or in another 1  factor of 2, then shift
color. What do you notice? How can this 11. y = tan  x  downward 4 units.
2 
serve as an aid in sketching the graph of F. Stretch horizontally by a
g ( x ) = csc ( x ) ? factor of 2.
x
12. y = tan   − 4
2 G. Shrink horizontally by a
(e) State the domain and range of factor of 12 , then shift
g ( x ) = csc ( x ) . Base this answer on the
13. y = −2 tan ( 4 x − 4 ) right 4 units.
entire graph of g ( x ) = csc ( x ) , not only on H. Shift downward 2 units.
the partial graphs obtained in parts (b)-(d). 14. y = − tan ( x ) + 2 I. Stretch vertically by a
factor of 2.
(f) State the period of g ( x ) = csc ( x ) .
J. Shrink vertically by
factor of 12 .
(g) Give two intervals on which g ( x ) = csc ( x )
is increasing.

Cosecant Functions
Matching. The left-hand column contains equations appropriate transformations on g ( x ) = tan ( x )

that represent transformations of f ( x ) = csc ( x ) .
or h ( x ) = cot ( x ) within the following
intervals. (Note: The resulting graph may not
the right of how to obtain the graph of y = g ( x ) from fall within these intervals.)
the graph of f . π π
g ( x ) = tan ( x ) , where − < x<
A. Reflect in the x-axis, 2 2
1
15. y = csc ( 3 x + π ) stretch horizontally by a h ( x ) = cot ( x ) , where 0 < x < π
2
left π units.
1 21. f ( x ) = 5 tan ( x )
16. y = csc 3 ( x + π )  B. Shrink vertically by a
2
factor of 12 , shrink 22. f ( x ) = 4 cot ( x )
17. y = 2 csc ( 3 x ) + π horizontally by a factor
1 π 23. f ( x ) = 4 tan ( x ) + 1
of 3 , then shift left
1  π  3
18. y = 2 csc   x +   units. 24. f ( x ) = 5cot ( x ) − 4
 3  3 
C. Stretch vertically by a
factor of 2, shrink 25. f ( x ) = 2 cot ( 3x )
1 π
19. y = − csc  x +  horizontally by a factor
3 3
26. f ( x ) = −4 tan ( 2 x )
of 13 , then shift upward
1  π units.
20. y = − csc  x  + π  x
3  D. Stretch vertically by a 27. f ( x ) = 5cot  −  + 2
 4
factor of 2, stretch
horizontally by a factor
x
π 28. f ( x ) = −3cot   − 5
of 3, then shift left 2
3
units. 29. f ( x ) = −7 tan ( 4π x ) − 3
E. Reflect in the x-axis,
stretch horizontally by a 30. f ( x ) = 2 tan ( −π x ) + 1
upward π units.  π
31. f ( x ) = cot  x + 
F. Shrink vertically by a  3
factor of 12 , shrink
horizontally by a factor  π
32. f ( x ) = − tan  x − 
of 13 , then shift left π  2
units.
x π
33. f ( x ) = 2 tan  −  − 5
2 4
For each of the following functions,
(a) State the period. 1 π
34. f ( x ) = 5 tan  x +  − 2
(b) Use transformations to sketch the graph of 4 4
the function over one period. Label any
asymptotes clearly. Be sure to show the exact  π
35. f ( x ) = −3cot  π x +  + 2
transformation of each point on the basic  2
graphs of g ( x ) = tan ( x ) or h ( x ) = cot ( x )
 π
whose x-value is a multiple of
π
. For 36. f ( x ) = 4 cot  π x −  + 3
4  3
consistency in solutions, perform the

Cosecant Functions
Answer the following. (e) Use the graph in part (d) to sketch the graph
of p ( x ) = 3sec ( 2 x ) + 1 on the same set of
37. The graph of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) can be useful in axes.
sketching transformations of the graph of
(f) On a different set of axes, sketch the graph
g ( x ) = csc ( x ) . Answer the following, using the
of q ( x ) = −5cos ( 2 x + π ) .
interval −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π for each graph.
(g) Use the graph in part (f) to sketch the graph
(a) Sketch the graphs of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) and
of r ( x ) = −5sec ( 2 x + π ) on the same set of
g ( x ) = csc ( x ) on the same set of axes. axes.
(b) Where are the x-intercepts of
f ( x ) = sin ( x ) ? For each of the following functions,
(c) Where are the asymptotes of (a) State the period.
g ( x ) = csc ( x ) ? Explain the relationship (b) Use transformations to sketch the graph of
between the answers in parts (b) and (c). the function over one period. The x-axis
should be labeled to reflect the location of any
(d) On a different set of axes, sketch the graph x-values where a relative maximum or
of h ( x ) = −2 sin ( 3x ) . minimum occurs. The y-axis should be labeled
to reflect any maximum and minimum values
(e) Use the graph in part (d) to sketch the graph of the function. Label any asymptotes clearly.
of p ( x ) = −2 csc ( 3x ) on the same set of For consistency in solutions, perform the
axes. appropriate transformations on g ( x ) = sec ( x )
(f) On a different set of axes, sketch the graph where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π , or h ( x ) = csc ( x ) , where
 π 0 < x < 2π . (Note: The resulting graph may
of q ( x ) = 4 sin  x −  − 3 . not fall within these intervals.)
 2
(g) Use the graph in part (f) to sketch the graph 39. f ( x ) = 8sec ( x )
 π
of r ( x ) = 4 csc  x −  − 3 on the same set
 2 40. f ( x ) = 5 csc ( x )
of axes.
41. f ( x ) = −4 csc ( x ) + 5
38. The graph of f ( x ) = cos ( x ) can be useful in 42. f ( x ) = 2 sec ( x ) − 3

sketching transformations of the graph of
g ( x ) = sec ( x ) . Answer the following, using the  x
43. f ( x ) = − sec  
interval −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π for each graph. 2
(a) Sketch the graphs of f ( x ) = cos ( x ) and 2 x

44. f ( x ) = − sec  
g ( x ) = sec ( x ) on the same set of axes. 3 5
(b) Where are the x-intercepts of 45. f ( x ) = 7 sec ( 3x ) − 1

f ( x ) = cos ( x ) ?
46. f ( x ) = −4 csc ( 2 x ) + 3
(c) Where are the asymptotes of
g ( x ) = sec ( x ) ? Explain the relationship 7
47. f ( x ) = csc ( 2π x ) + 1
between the answers in parts (b) and (c). 2
(d) On a different set of axes, sketch the graph 48. f ( x ) = −2 csc ( −π x ) − 3
of h ( x ) = 3cos ( 2 x ) + 1 .

Cosecant Functions
 πx 60. y
49. f ( x ) = 4 csc  − +5 2
 3  x
−π −3π/4 −π/2 −π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π

π x  −2
50. f ( x ) = 2 sec  −6
 4  −4
−6
51. f ( x ) = −4sec ( x − π ) − 2 −8
−10
 π
52. f ( x ) = 8 csc  x +  + 3
 2
61. 2
y
 π x
53. f ( x ) = −2 csc  π x + 
 2 −5π/8 −π/2 −3π/8 −π/4 −π/8
−2
π/8 π/4 3π/8 π/2
−4
54. f ( x ) = 4 csc ( 2π x − π )
−6
−8
55. f ( x ) = 3sec (π − 3 x )
−10
−12
56. f ( x ) = −9sec ( 3π − 2 x )
y
x π  62. 8
57. f ( x ) = 2 csc  −  + 4
3 2 6
4
 π x 2π 
58. f ( x ) = −9sec  + +2 2
 6 3  x
−π/3 −π/4 −π/6 −π/12 π/12 π/6

−2
For each of the following graphs, −4
(a) Give an equation of the form

f ( x ) = A tan ( Bx − C ) + D which could be
used to represent the graph. (Note: C or D For each of the following graphs,
may be zero. Answers vary.) (a) Give an equation of the form
(b) Give an equation of the form f ( x ) = A sec ( Bx − C ) + D which could be
f ( x ) = A cot ( Bx − C ) + D which could be used to represent the graph. (Note: C or D
used to represent the graph. (Note: C or D may be zero. Answers vary.)
may be zero. Answers vary.) (b) Give an equation of the form
f ( x ) = A csc ( Bx − C ) + D which could be
59. y
f used to represent the graph. (Note: C or D
8
6
4
63. 6 y
2
x 4
−π −3π/4 −π/2 −π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 2
−2 x
−4 −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

−2
−4
−6
−8

Cosecant Functions
64. 10 y
8
6
4
2
x
−π −π/2 π/2 π
−2
−4
65. 10
y
2
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
−4
66. y
2
x
−2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12

Exercise Set 5.4: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Exercises 1-6 help to establish the graphs of the (d) Plot the points from part (c) on the axes
inverse trigonometric functions, and part (h) of each below. Then use those points along with the
exercise shows a shortcut for remembering the range. graph from part (b) to sketch the graph of
Answer the following. x = cos ( y ) .
1. (a) Complete the following chart. Round to the 2π y
nearest hundredth.
3π/2
x y = cos ( x ) x y = cos ( x )
π
0 π/2
π π x
−
2 2 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
−π/2
π −π
−π
3π 3π
−
2 2
−3π/2
2π −2π
−2π
(b) Plot the points from part (a) on the axes (e) Is the inverse relation in part (d) a function?
below. Then use those points along with Why or why not?
previous knowledge of trigonometric graphs
to sketch the graph of y = cos ( x ) . (f) Using the graph of x = cos ( y ) from part
(d), sketch the portion of the graph with
1.2
y
each of the following restricted ranges. Then
1.0
0.8
state if each graph represents a function.
0.6
 π 3π 
0.4 i. [ 0, π ] ii. 2, 2 
0.2 x  
−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−0.2
 π π
−0.4
iii. [ −π , 0] iv.  − , 
−0.6
−0.8
 2 2
−1.0
−1.2
(g) One of the functions from part (f) is the
graph of f ( x ) = cos −1 ( x ) . Which one?
(c) Use the chart from part (a) to complete the Explain why that particular range may be
following chart for x = cos ( y ) . the most reasonable choice.
x = cos ( y ) y x = cos ( y ) y (h) Below is a way to remember the range of

f ( x ) = cos −1 ( x ) without drawing a graph:
0
i. Draw a unit circle on the coordinate
π π
− plane. In each quadrant, write “ + ” if
2 2
the cosine of angles in that quadrant are
π −π positive, and write “ − ” if the cosine of
angles in that quadrant are negative.
3π 3π
−
2 2 ii. Using the diagram from part i, find two
consecutive quadrants where one is
2π −2π labeled “ + ” and the other is labeled
“ − ”. Write down any other pairs of
consecutive quadrants where this
Continued in the next column… occurs.

iii. Of the answers from part ii, choose the (d) Plot the points from part (c) on the axes
pair of quadrants that includes Quadrant below. Then use those points along with the
I; this illustrates the range of graph from part (b) to sketch the graph of
f ( x ) = cos −1 ( x ) . Write the range in x = sin ( y ) .
interval notation. 2π y
3π/2
2. (a) Complete the following chart. Round to the
nearest hundredth. π
x y = sin ( x ) x y = sin ( x ) π/2
x
0 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
π π −π/2
−
2 2
−π
π −π
−3π/2
3π 3π
− −2π
2 2
2π −2π
(e) Is the inverse relation in part (d) a function?
Why or why not?
(b) Plot the points from part (a) on the axes
below. Then use those points along with (f) Using the graph of x = sin ( y ) from part (d),
previous knowledge of trigonometric graphs sketch the portion of the graph with each of
to sketch the graph of y = sin ( x ) . the following restricted ranges. Then state if
each graph represents a function.
y
1.2
1.0  π 3π 
0.8
i. [ 0, π ] ii. 2, 2 
0.6  
0.4
0.2  π π
x
iii. [ −π , 0] iv.  − , 
−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2
−0.2
π/2 π 3π/2 2π  2 2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8 (g) One of the functions from part (f) is the
−1.0
−1.2
graph of f ( x ) = sin −1 ( x ) . Which one?
Explain why that particular range may be
the most reasonable choice.
(c) Use the chart from part (a) to complete the
following chart for x = sin ( y ) .
(h) Below is a way to remember the range of
x = sin ( y ) y x = sin ( y ) y f ( x ) = sin −1 ( x ) without drawing a graph:
0 i. Draw a unit circle on the coordinate

plane. In each quadrant, write “ + ” if
π π the sine of angles in that quadrant are
−
2 2 positive, and write “ − ” if the sine of
π −π angles in that quadrant are negative.
ii. Using the diagram from part i, find two
3π 3π
− consecutive quadrants where one is
2 2
labeled “ + ” and the other is labeled
2π −2π “ − ”. Write down any other pairs of
Continued in the next column… occurs.

iii. Of the answers from part ii, choose the (d) Plot the points from part (c) on the axes
pair of quadrants that includes Quadrant below. Then use those points along with the
I; this illustrates the range of graph from part (b) to sketch the graph of
f ( x ) = sin −1 ( x ) . Write the range in x = tan ( y ) .
interval notation. π y
3π/4
nearest hundredth. If a value is undefined, π/2
state “Undefined.” π/4
x y = tan ( x ) x y = tan ( x ) x
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0 −π/4
π π −π/2
−
4 4
−3π/4
π π
−
2 2 −π
3π 3π
−
4 4
π −π Why or why not?
(f) Using the graph of x = tan ( y ) from part

(b) Plot the points from part (a) on the axes
below. Then use those points along with (d), sketch the portion of the graph with
previous knowledge of trigonometric graphs each of the following restricted ranges. Then
to sketch the graph of y = tan ( x ) .
 π  π 
y i.  0,  ∪  , π 
 2 2 
1.2
1.0
0.8
 π  π 
0.6 ii.  −π , −  ∪  − , 0 
0.4  2  2 
0.2 x
 π  π 
−π −3π/4 −π/2 −π/4
−0.2
π/4 π/2 3π/4 π iii. 0,  ∪  , π 
−0.4  2 2 
−0.6
−0.8  π π
iv.  − , 
−1.0
−1.2
 2 2

(c) Use the chart from part (a) to complete the
following chart for x = tan ( y ) . graph of f ( x ) = tan −1 x . Which one?
x = tan ( y ) y x = tan ( y ) y the most reasonable choice.
0 (h) Below is a way to remember the range of
π
−
π f ( x ) = tan −1 ( x ) without drawing a graph:
4 4
π π i. Draw a unit circle on the coordinate
− plane. In each quadrant, write “ + ” if
2 2
3π 3π
the tangent of angles in that quadrant
− are positive, and write “ − ” if the
4 4
tangent of angles in that quadrant are
π −π negative. Also make a note next to any
quadrantal angles for which the tangent
Continued in the next column… function is undefined.

ii. Using the diagram from part i, find two (c) Use the chart from part (a) to complete the
consecutive quadrants where one is following chart for x = cot ( y ) .
“ − ”. Write down any other pairs of x = cot ( y ) y x = cot ( y ) y
occurs. 0
iii. Of the answers from part ii, write down π π
any pairs of quadrants that include −
4 4
Quadrant I. (There are two pair.) π π
Suppose for a moment that either pair −
2 2
could illustrate the range of 3π 3π
−
f ( x ) = tan −1 ( x ) , and write down the 4 4
ranges for each in interval notation, π −π
remembering to consider where the
function is undefined. Then choose the
range that is represented by a single (d) Plot the points from part (c) on the axes
interval. This is the range of below. Then use those points along with the
graph from part (b) to sketch the graph of
f ( x ) = tan −1 ( x ) .
x = cot ( y ) .
π y
3π/4
nearest hundredth. If a value is undefined,
state “Undefined.” π/2
x y = cot ( x ) x y = cot ( x ) π/4
x
0 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
π π −π/4
−
4 4
−π/2
π π
−
2 2 −3π/4
3π 3π
− −π
4 4
π −π
Why or why not?
(b) Plot the points from part (a) on the axes (f) Using the graph of x = cot ( y ) from part
below. Then use those points along with
to sketch the graph of y = cot ( x ) . state if each graph represents a function.
1.2
y
 π   π
1.0 i. ( 0, π ) ii.  − , 0  ∪  0, 
0.8  2   2
0.6
0.4  π   π
0.2 iii. ( −π , 0 ) iv.  − , 0  ∪  0, 
 2   2
x
−π −3π/4 −π/2 −π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
−1.0
graph of f ( x ) = cot −1 x . Which one?
−1.2 Explain why that particular range may be
the most reasonable choice.

(h) Below is a way to remember the range of (b) Plot the points from part (a) on the axes
f ( x ) = cot −1 ( x ) without drawing a graph: below. Then use those points along with
i. Draw a simple coordinate plane by to sketch the graph of y = csc ( x ) .
sketching the x and y-axes. In each
quadrant, write “ + ” if the cotangent of 4 y
3
numbers in that quadrant are positive,
2
and write “ − ” if the cotangent of
1
numbers in that quadrant are negative. x
Also make a note next to any quadrantal −2π −3π/2 −π −π/2
−1
π/2 π 3π/2 2π
angles for which the cotangent function −2

is undefined. −3
ii. Using the diagram from part i, find two −4

“ − ”. Write down any other pairs of (c) Use the chart from part (a) to complete the
consecutive quadrants where this following chart for x = csc ( y ) .
occurs.
iii. Of the answers from part ii, write down x = csc ( y ) y x = csc ( y ) y
any pairs of quadrants that include
Quadrant I. (There are two pair.) 0
Suppose for a moment that either pair π π
−
could illustrate the range of 2 2
f ( x ) = cot −1 ( x ) , and write down the π −π
ranges for each in interval notation,
3π 3π
remembering to consider where the −
2 2
function is undefined. Then choose the
range that is represented by a single 2π −2π
interval. This is the range of
f ( x ) = cot −1 ( x ) .
(d) Plot the points from part (c) on the axes
below. Then use those points along with the
5. (a) Complete the following chart. Round to the graph from part (b) to sketch the graph of
nearest hundredth. If a value is undefined,
state “Undefined.” x = csc ( y ) .
2π y
x y = csc ( x ) x y = csc ( x )
3π/2
0
π
π π
−
2 2 π/2
x
π −π
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
3π 3π −π/2
−
2 2
−π
2π −2π
−3π/2
−2π

Why or why not?

(f) Using the graph of x = csc ( y ) from part (b) Plot the points from part (a) on the axes
below. Then use those points along with
state if each graph represents a function. to sketch the graph of y = sec ( x ) .
π   3π  4 y
i. ( 0, π ) ii.  2 , π  ∪ π , 2  3
    2
 π   π 1
iii. ( −π , 0 ) iv.  − , 0  ∪  0,  x
 2   2 −2π −3π/2 −π −π/2

−1
π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−2
(g) One of the functions from part (f) is the −3
graph of f ( x ) = csc−1 ( x ) . Which one? −4

the most reasonable choice. (c) Use the chart from part (a) to complete the
following chart for x = sec ( y ) .
f ( x ) = csc−1 ( x ) without drawing a graph: x = sec ( y ) y x = sec ( y ) y
i. Draw a unit circle on the coordinate 0
the cosecant of angles in that quadrant π
−
π
are positive, and write “ − ” if the 2 2
cosecant of angles in that quadrant are π −π
negative. Also make a note next to any
quadrantal angles for which the 3π 3π
−
cosecant function is undefined. 2 2
ii. Using the diagram from part i, find two 2π −2π
consecutive quadrants where this (d) Plot the points from part (c) on the axes
occurs. below. Then use those points along with the
graph from part (b) to sketch the graph of
iii. Of the answers from part ii, choose the
x = sec ( y ) .
pair of quadrants that includes Quadrant
I; this illustrates the range of 2π y
f ( x ) = csc−1 ( x ) . Consider where the 3π/2
function is undefined, and then write the

π
range in interval notation.
π/2
6. (a) Complete the following chart. x
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
x y = sec ( x ) x y = sec ( x )
−π/2
0
−π
π π
− −3π/2
2 2
π −π −2π
3π 3π
−
2 2 (e) Is the inverse relation in part (d) a function?
2π −2π Why or why not?


(f) Using the graph of x = sec ( y ) from part Inverse functions may be easier to remember if they
are translated into words. For example:
each of the following restricted ranges. Then sin −1 ( x ) = the number (in the interval  − π2 , π2  )
whose sine is x.
 π  π 
i. 0, 2  ∪  2 , π 
    Translate each of the following expressions into words
(and include the range of the inverse function in
 π 3π 
ii.  ,  parentheses as above). Then find the exact value of
2 2  each expression. Do not use a calculator.
 π  π 
iii.  −π , −  ∪  − , 0   1
 2  2  7. (a) cos −1  −  (b) tan −1 (1)
 π π  2
iv.  − , 
 2 2  2
(a) sin −1  (b) cot −1 ( −1)
 2 
8.
 
graph of f ( x ) = sec−1 ( x ) . Which one? 9. (a) sin −1 ( −1) (b) sec−1 ( 2)
the most reasonable choice.  3
10. (a) cos −1  − (b) csc −1 ( −2 )
 2 
 
f ( x ) = sec−1 ( x ) without drawing a graph: 11. sin sin −1 ( 0.2 ) 
i. Draw a unit circle on the coordinate

12. cos arccos ( 0.7 ) 
the secant of angles in that quadrant are
positive, and write “ − ” if the secant of 13. tan arctan ( 4 ) 
angles in that quadrant are negative.
Also make a note next to any quadrantal 14. csc  csc−1 ( 3.5 ) 
angles for which the secant function is
undefined.
ii. Using the diagram from part i, find two Find the exact value of each of the following
consecutive quadrants where one is expressions. Do not use a calculator. If undefined,
labeled “ + ” and the other is labeled state, “Undefined.”
consecutive quadrants where this 1
15. (a) sin −1   (b) cos −1 (1)
occurs. 2
iii. Of the answers from part ii, choose the
pair of quadrants that includes Quadrant  3
16. (a) cos −1  (b) arcsin (1)
I; this illustrates the range of  2 
 
f ( x ) = sec−1 ( x ) . Consider where the
function is undefined, and then write the 17. (a) arccos ( 3) (b) sin −1 ( 0 )
range in interval notation.
18. (a) sin −1 − 2 ( ) (b) cos −1 ( −1)
19. (a) tan −1 ( −1) (b) tan −1 ( 3)

 3
20. (a) arctan ( 0 ) (b) tan −1  −
 3 
 

 3 Use a calculator to find the value of each of the

21. (a) cot −1  − (b) cot −1 ( 0 )
 3  following expressions. Round each answer to the
  nearest thousandth. If undefined, state, “Undefined.”
22. (a) cot −1 (1) (b) cot −1 − 3 ( ) Note: To find the inverse cotangent of a negative number, such
as cot −1 ( −2.1) , first find a reference number (to be likened to a
23. (a) sec−1 ( −2 ) (b) arccsc ( −1)  1 

reference angle) by finding tan −1   ≈ 0.444 . The expression
 2.1 
cot −1 ( −2.1) can be translated as “the cotangent of a number is
−1 
2 3 −1
24. (a) csc 
 3 
(b) sec ( 0) −2.1 .” Since the range of the inverse cotangent function is
 
( 0, π ) , and the cotangent of the number is
−2.1 , a negative
 2  2 3 π 
25. (a) csc −1  (b) sec−1  −
 2   
3 
number, the solution lies in the interval  , π  . Therefore,
 2 
  
cot −1 ( −2.1) ≈ π − 0.444 ≈ 2.698 . A more exact answer can be
−1 
1
26. (a) sec −1
(− 2 ) (b) sec  − 
 2
obtained by rounding later in the calculation:
 1 
π − tan −1   ≈ 2.697 . (Either answer is acceptable.)
 2.1 
Answer True or False. Assume that all x-values are in 31. (a) cos −1 ( 0.37 ) (b) sin −1 ( −0.8 )
the domain of the given inverse functions.
−1 1 32. (a) sin −1 ( 0.9 ) (b) cos −1 ( −0.24 )

27. (a) sec ( x) =
cos −1 ( x )
 4  7
33. (a) sin −1  −  (b) arccos  − 
−1 1 −1   7  9
(b) sec ( x ) = cos  
x
 1
34. (a) cos −1 ( −3) (b) sin −1  − 
 5
1
28. (a) csc −1 ( x ) = sin −1  
x 35. (a) tan −1 ( 4 ) (b) arctan ( −0.12 )
1
(b) csc −1 ( x ) =
sin −1
( x) 36. (a) arctan ( 0.28 ) (b) tan −1 ( −30 )
3
37. (a) cot −1   (b) cot −1 ( −0.8)
−1 1 −1  8
29. (a) cot ( x ) = tan  
x
 11 
1 38. (a) cot −1 ( 6 ) (b) cot −1  − 
(b) cot −1 ( x ) =  5
tan −1 ( x )
 1
39. (a) cot −1  −  (b) arccot ( −10 )
 5
1
30. Explain why cot −1 ( x ) ≠ tan −1   . Are there
x 40. (a) cot −1 ( −7 ) (b) cot −1 ( −.62 )
1
any values for which cot −1 ( x ) = tan −1   ? If
x  10 
so, which values? 41. (a) csc −1 ( 2.4 ) (b) sec−1  − 
 3

3   3 
42. (a) sec−1   (b) csc −1 ( −7.2 ) 56. (a) tan cos −1  −  
4   2  
 31  (b) cos  tan −1 − 3 

( )
43. (a) sec−1 ( −0.71) (b) csc −1  −   
 5
  3 
44. (a) csc −1 ( −9.5 ) (b) arcsec ( 8.8) 57. (a) csc  tan −1  −  
  3  
(b) tan sec−1 ( −2 ) 

Find the exact value of each of the following
expressions. Do not use a calculator. If undefined,
state, “Undefined.”   1 
58. (a) cot  cos −1  −  
  2 
45. (a) sin sin −1 ( −0.84 )  (b) cos cos −1 ( 3 )

(b) sin  csc−1 − 2 
( )
 
  2 
46. (a) sin sin −1 ( −5)  (b) cos cos −1   
  3    4π    π 
59. (a) cos −1 cos   (b) sin −1 sin   
  3    4 
47. (a) csc  csc−1 ( 3.5 )  (b) cot  cot −1 ( −7 ) 
  π    2π  
60. (a) cos −1  cos    (b) sin −1 sin  
48. (a) sec sec −1
( −0.3)  (b) tan  tan −1
( 0.5)    6    3 
  7π     3π  
  3    8  61. (a) sec−1 sec   (b) tan −1  tan   
49. (a) sin cos −1    (b) tan sin −1      6    4 
  5    17  
  7π    4π 
  12     7  62. (a) cot −1  cot   (b) csc −1 csc  
50. (a) cos  tan −1    (b) cot  cos −1      4    3 
  5    25  
  2 
51. (a) sec  tan −1    (b) cot  csc−1 ( 5 )  Sketch the graph of each function.
  7 
63. y = cos −1 ( x − 2 )
  7 
52. (a) csc  cot −1 ( 4 )  (b) tan sec −1    64. y = arctan ( x + 1)
  4 
π
65. y = cot −1 ( x ) −
  12     1  2
53. (a) sin cos −1  −   (b) tan cos −1  −  
  13     6  66. y = csc−1 ( x ) − π
  1    3  67. y = arcsin ( x − 1) + π
54. (a) cos  tan −1  −   (b) cot sin −1  −  
  7    7 
π
68. y = cos −1 ( x + 2 ) +
2
55. (a) sin  tan −1 ( −1) 
  2 
(b) cos sin −1  −  
  2  

Exercise Set 6.1: Sum and Difference Formulas
Simplify each of the following expressions. 2

17. Given that tan (α ) = −3 and tan ( β ) = ,
5
1. sin (π − x )
evaluate tan (α + β ) .
 3π  4 1
2. cos  x +  18. Given that tan (α ) = − and tan ( β ) = − ,
 2  3 2
evaluate tan (α − β ) .
 π
3. cos  x − 
 2
Simplify each of the following expressions as much as
4. sin (π + x ) possible without a calculator.
5. ( ) (
sin 60 − θ + sin 60 + θ ) ( ) ( )
19. cos 55 cos 10 + sin 55 sin 10( ) ( )
6. ( ) (
cos 60 − θ + cos 60 + θ ) ( ) ( )
20. cos 75 cos 15 − sin 75 sin 15( ) ( )
7.
 π  π
cos  x −  + cos  x + 
( ) ( )
21. sin 45 cos 15 − cos 45 sin 15( ) ( )
 4  4
( ) ( )
22. sin 53 cos 7 + cos 53 sin 7 ( ) ( )
 π  π
8. sin  x +  + sin  x − 
 6  6 π  π   π  π 
23. cos   cos   − sin   sin  
 
10  
9  10   9 
9. ( )
sin θ − 180 + sin θ + 180( )
π  π  π  π 
24. sin   cos   − cos   sin  
( )
10. cos 90 + θ + cos 90 − θ

(
) 5 7 5 7
 13π  π   13π   π 
25. sin   cos   + cos   sin  
Answer the following.  12   12   12   12 
 3π 
11. Given that tan (α ) = −4 , evaluate tan  α + .  5π   17π   5π   17π 
 4  26. cos   cos   + sin   sin  
 12   12   12   12 
π  27. sin ( 2 A ) cos ( A ) − cos ( 2 A ) sin ( A )

12. Given that tan ( β ) = 2 , evaluate tan  − β  .
4 
28. cos ( 3α ) cos (α ) + sin ( 3α ) cos (α )
2  5π 
13. Given that tan ( x ) = , evaluate tan  x − .
3  4 
29.
( ) ( )
tan 32 + tan 2
1 
14. Given that tan ( x ) = − , evaluate tan  x +
7π  1 − tan ( 32 ) tan ( 2 )

.
5  4 
15. Given that tan ( x ) = 5 and tan ( y ) = 6 , evaluate 30.

( ) ( )
tan 49 − tan 4
1 + tan ( 49 ) tan ( 4 )

tan ( x + y ) .
16. Given that tan ( x ) = 4 and tan ( y ) = −2 ,

evaluate tan ( x − y ) .

 5π  π  38. For fractions with larger magnitude than those in

tan   − tan   Exercises 36 and 37, it can be helpful to use
31.  12   12 
π
 5π  π  larger multiples of . Rewrite each special
1 + tan   tan   4
 12   12  angle below so that it has a denominator of 12.
5π 7π
 13π   7π  (a) (b)
tan   + tan   4 4
32.  12   12 
 13π   7π  9π 11π
1 − tan  (c) (d)
 tan   4 4
 12   12 
tan ( a − b ) + tan ( b ) 39. Use the answers from Exercises 35 and 38 to

33.
1 − tan ( a − b ) tan ( b ) write each fraction below as the sum of two
special angles. (Hint: Each of the solutions
π
tan ( 2c + 3d ) − tan ( d − c ) contains a multiple of .)
34. 4
1 + tan ( 2c + 3d ) tan ( d − c )
19π 25π
(a) (b)
12 12
Answer the following. 35π 43π
(c) (d)
12 12
35. Rewrite each special angle below so that it has a
denominator of 12.
π π π 40. Use the answers from Exercises 35 and 38 to
(a) (b) (c) write each fraction below as the difference of
6 4 3 two special angles. (Hint: Each of the solutions
2π 3π 5π π
(d) (e) (f) contains a multiple of .)
3 4 6 4
19π 25π
(a) (b)
36. Use the answers from Exercise 35 to write each 12 12
fraction below as the sum of two special angles. 23π 29π
(Hint: Each of the solutions contains a multiple (c) − (d) −
12 12
π
of .)
4
41. Use the answers from Exercises 35 and 38, along
5π 7π with their negatives to write each fraction below
(a) (b)
12 12 as the difference, x − y , of two special angles,
13π 11π where x is negative and y is positive.
(c) (d)
12 12 7π 13π
(a) − (b) −
12 12
37. Use the answers from Exercise 35 to write each 29π 41π
fraction below as the difference of two special (c) − (d) −
12 12
angles. (Hint: Each of the solutions contains a
π
multiple of .)
4 42. Use the answers from Exercises 35 and 38, along
5π 7π with their negatives to write each fraction below
(a) (b) as the difference, x − y , of two special angles,
12 12
where x is negative and y is positive.
7π 5π
(c) − (d) − 5π 19π
12 12 (a) − (b) −
12 12
31π 43π
(c) − (d) −
12 12

Answer the following.  37π 

61. tan  
43. Use a sum or difference formula to prove that  12 
sin ( −θ ) = − sin (θ ) .
 29π 
62. tan  − 
 12 
44. Use a sum or difference formula to prove that
cos ( −θ ) = cos (θ ) .
Answer the following. (Hint: It may help to first draw
45. Use a sum or difference formula to prove that right triangles in the appropriate quadrants and label
the side lengths.)
tan ( −θ ) = − tan (θ ) .
4 12
63. Suppose that sin (α ) = and sin ( β ) = ,
5 13
π
π  where 0 < α < < β < π . Find:
cos  − θ  = sin (θ ) . 2
 2 
(a) sin (α − β )
(b) cos (α + β )
Find the exact value of each of the following.
(c) tan (α − β )
( )
47. cos 15
8 2
( )
48. sin 75 64. Suppose that cos (α ) =
17
and cos ( β ) = ,
3
π
(
49. sin 195 ) where 0 < β < α < . Find:
2
(
50. cos −255 ) (a) sin (α + β )
(b) cos (α − β )
(
51. tan 105 )
(c) tan (α + β )
(
52. tan 165 )
5 1
 7π  65. Suppose that tan (α ) = − and cos ( β ) = ,
53. sin  2 2

 12  3π
where < α < β < 2π . Find:
 5π  2
54. cos  
 12  (a) sin (α + β )
 17π  (b) cos (α + β )

55. cos  − 
 12  (c) tan (α − β )
 11π 
56. sin   1
 12  66. Suppose that tan (α ) = 3 and sin ( β ) = ,
4
 31π  3π π
57. cos   where π < α < and < β < π . Find:
 12  2 2
 43π  (a) sin (α − β )
58. sin  
 12  (b) cos (α − β )
 13π  (c) tan (α + β )
59. tan  − 
 12 
 7π 
60. tan  
 12 

Evaluate the following. Use right triangle ABC below to answer the following
questions regarding cofunctions, in terms of side
 1  1  lengths a, b, and c.
67. cos  tan −1   + tan −1   
  
3  2  A
  1 
68. sin  tan −1 ( 4 ) + tan −1    c
  4  b
 3  5 
69. tan cos −1   − sin −1   
 5  13   C a B
  7   4  81. (a) Find sin ( A ) .
70. tan  tan −1   + cos −1   
  24   5 
(b) Find cos ( B ) .
(c) Analyze the answers for (a) and (b). What
Simplify the following. do you notice?
(d) What is the relationship between angles A
71. cos ( A ) sin ( B )  cot ( B ) + tan ( A ) 
and B? (i.e. If you knew the measure of one
angle, how would you find the other?) Write
72. tan ( A ) cos ( B ) cos ( A ) − cos ( A ) cot ( A ) tan ( B )  answers in terms of degrees.
(e) Complete the following cofunction
73. sin ( A − B ) sin ( A + B )
relationships by filling in blank. Write your
74. cos ( A + B ) cos ( A − B ) answers in terms of A.
sin ( A ) = cos ( ________ )
Prove the following. cos ( A ) = sin ( ________ )
75. sin ( x − y ) + sin ( x + y ) = 2 sin ( x ) cos ( y )

82. (a) Find tan ( A ) .
(b) Find cot ( B ) .
76. cos ( x − y ) + cos ( x + y ) = 2 cos ( x ) cos ( y )
do you notice?
cos ( x − y ) + cos ( x + y ) (d) What is the relationship between angles A
77. = 2 cot ( x ) cot ( y )
sin ( x ) sin ( y ) and B? (i.e. If you knew the measure of one
answers in terms of degrees.
sin ( x − y ) + sin ( x + y )
78. = 2 tan ( x ) (e) Complete the following cofunction
cos ( x ) cos ( y )
relationships by filling in blank. Write your
answers in terms of A.
sin ( x − y ) tan ( x ) − tan ( y )
79. = tan ( A ) = cot ( ________ )
sin ( x + y ) tan ( x ) + tan ( y )
cot ( A ) = tan ( ________ )
cos ( x − y ) 1 + tan ( x ) tan ( y )

80. = 83. (a) Find sec ( A ) .
cos ( x + y ) 1 − tan ( x ) tan ( y )
(b) Find csc ( B ) .
do you notice?

(d) What is the relationship between angles A

and B? (i.e. If you knew the measure of one
( ) ( )
97. − sec 20 sin 70
π  π 
answers in terms of degrees. 98. cos   csc  
6 3
(e) Complete the following cofunction π   5π 
relationships by filling in the blank. Write 99. cot 2   − sec 2  
your answers in terms of A.  12   12 
sec ( A ) = csc ( _______ ) ( ) ( )

100. cos 2 72 + cos 2 18
csc ( A ) = sec ( _______ )

( )
sin 90 − θ = cos (θ ) .
Use cofunction relationships to solve the following for

acute angle x.
( )
85. sin 75 = cos ( x )
 3π 
86. cos   = sin ( x )
 10 
 2π 
87. sec   = csc ( x )
 5 
( )
88. csc 41 = sec ( x )
( )
89. tan 72 = cot ( x )
π 
90. cot   = tan ( x )
3
Simplify the following.
( )
91. cos 90 − x ⋅ csc ( x )
π 
92. sin  − x  ⋅ sec ( x )
2 
π 
93. sin  − x  ⋅ tan ( x )
2 
π 
94. csc  − x  ⋅ sin ( x )
2 
( )
95. sec 90 − θ ⋅ cos (θ )
( ) (
96. tan 90 − x ⋅ csc 90 − x )

Exercise Set 6.2: Double-Angle and Half-Angle Formulas
Answer the following. 6. Derive the formula for tan ( 2θ ) by using a sum
  π  formula on tan (θ + θ ) .
1. (a) Evaluate sin  2    .
  6 
7. The sum formula for cosine yields the equation
π 
(b) Evaluate 2 sin   . cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 (θ ) − sin 2 (θ ) . To write
6
cos ( 2θ ) strictly in terms of the sine function,
  π  π 
(c) Is sin  2    = 2sin   ?
  
6 6 (a) Using the Pythagorean identity
cos 2 (θ ) + sin 2 (θ ) = 1 , solve for cos 2 (θ ) .
(d) Graph f ( x ) = sin ( 2 x ) and g ( x ) = 2sin ( x )
on the same set of axes. (b) Substitute the result from part (a) into the
above equation for cos ( 2θ ) .
(e) Is sin ( 2 x ) = 2sin ( x ) ?
8. The sum formula for cosine yields the equation
  π  cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 (θ ) − sin 2 (θ ) . To write
2. (a) Evaluate cos  2    .
  6  cos ( 2θ ) strictly in terms of the cosine function,
π  (a) Using the Pythagorean identity

(b) Evaluate 2 cos   .
6 cos 2 (θ ) + sin 2 (θ ) = 1 , solve for sin 2 (θ ) .
  π  π  (b) Substitute the result from part (a) into the
(c) Is cos  2    = 2 cos   ?
  6  6 above equation for cos ( 2θ ) .
(d) Graph f ( x ) = cos ( 2 x ) and
g ( x ) = 2 cos ( x ) on the same set of axes. Answer the following.
12 3π
(e) Is cos ( x ) = 2 cos ( x ) ? 9. Suppose that cos (α ) = and < α < 2π .
13 2
Find:
  π  (a) sin ( 2α )
3. (a) Evaluate tan  2    .
  6  (b) cos ( 2α )
π 
(b) Evaluate 2 tan   (c) tan ( 2α )
6
  π  π  3 3π
(c) Is tan  2    = 2 tan   ? 10. Suppose that tan (α ) = and π < α < .
  
6 6 4 2
Find:
(d) Graph f ( x ) = tan ( 2 x ) and
(a) sin ( 2α )
g ( x ) = 2 tan ( x ) on the same set of axes.
(b) cos ( 2α )
(e) Is tan ( 2 x ) = 2 tan ( x ) ?
(c) tan ( 2α )
4. Derive the formula for sin ( 2θ ) by using a sum 2 π

11. Suppose that sin (α ) = and < α < π .
formula on sin (θ + θ ) . 5 2
Find:
5. Derive the formula for cos ( 2θ ) by using a sum (a) sin ( 2α )
formula on cos (θ + θ ) . (b) cos ( 2α )
(c) tan ( 2α )

12. Suppose that tan (α ) = −3 and

3π
< α < 2π . ( )
24. sin 2 67.5 − cos 2 67.5 ( )
2
Find:
(a) sin ( 2α ) 25.
( )
−2 tan 41
1 − tan ( 41 )
2
(b) cos ( 2α )
(c) tan ( 2α ) (
26. 1 − 2 cos 2 22.5 )
β 
Simplify each of the following expressions as much as 27. 2 cos 2   − 1
2
possible without a calculator.
2 tan ( 3α )
( ) ( )
13. 2 sin 15 cos 15 28.
tan 2 ( 3α ) − 1
β  β 
14. cos 2   − sin 2  
 
2 2
 x  x
The formulas for sin   and cos   both contain a
2
15. 2 cos 34 − 1 ( )
2 2
± sign, meaning that a choice must be made as to
whether or not the sign is positive or negative. For
 5π 
16. 1 − 2 sin 2   each of the following examples, first state the quadrant
 12  in which the angle lies. Then state whether the given
expression is positive or negative. (Do not evaluate the
17.
2 tan 105( ) expression.)
1 − tan 1052
( ) 29. (a) cos 105( )
18. 1 − sin 2 ( x ) (b) sin ( 67.5 )
 7π   7π 
19. −2sin 
 8
 cos 
  8 
 30. (a) sin 15( )
(b) cos (112.5 )
( ) ( )
20. 2 sin 23 cos 23
 15π 
 3π  2  3π 
31. (a) cos  
21. cos  2
 − sin    8 
 8   8 
 13π 
(b) sin  
 12 
 11π 
2 tan  
22.  12 
 11π   7π 
1 − tan 2   32. (a) sin  
 12   8 
 19π 
(b) cos  
 7π   12 
23. 2 sin 2   −1
 12 

s 35. (a) In exercise 33, it was discovered that

In the text, tan   is defined as:
 2 s 1 − cos ( s )
tan   = ± .
s sin ( s ) 2 1 + cos ( s )
tan   = .
 2  1 + cos ( s ) Rationalize the numerator by multiplying
both the numerator and denominator by
The following exercises can be used to derive this
formula along with two additional formulas for 1 − cos ( s ) . Simplify the expression and
s s
tan   . write the new result for tan   .
 2 2
s
33. (a) Write the formula for sin   . (b) A detailed analysis of the signs of the
2 trigonometric functions of s and s2 in
s various quadrants reveals that the ± symbol
(b) Write the formula for cos   .
2 in part (a) is unnecessary. (This analysis is
lengthy and will not be shown here.) Given
s
(c) Derive a new formula for tan  ` using the this fact, rewrite the formula from part (a)
2 without the ± symbol. This gives yet
sin (θ ) s another formula which can be used for
identity tan (θ ) = , where θ = .
cos (θ ) 2 s
tan   .
Leave both the numerator and denominator 2
in radical form. Show all work.
(c) Use the results from Exercises 33-35 to
s
write the three formulas for tan   . Which
34. (a) This exercise will outline the derivation for: 2
formula seems easiest to use and why?
s sin ( s )
tan   = . In exercise 33, it was Which formula seems hardest to use and
 2  1 + cos ( s ) why?
discovered that
s 1 − cos ( s )
tan   = ± . s
2 1 + cos ( s ) 36. (a) In the text, tan   is defined as:
2
Rationalize the denominator by multiplying
s sin ( s )
both the numerator and denominator by tan   = .
1 + cos ( s ) . Simplify the expression and  2  1 + cos ( s )
s Multiply both the numerator and

write the result for tan   . denominator of the right-hand side of the
2
equation by 1 − cos ( s )  . Then simplify to
(b) A detailed analysis of the signs of the s
obtain a formula for tan   . Show all
trigonometric functions of s and s2 in 2
various quadrants reveals that the ± symbol work.
in part (a) is unnecessary. (This analysis is
lengthy and will not be shown here.) Given
(b) How does the result from part (a) compare
this fact, rewrite the formula from part (a)
to the identity obtained in part (b) of
without the ± symbol.
Exercise 39?
(c) How does this result from part (b) compare
with the formula given in the text
s
for tan   ?
2

Answer the following. SHOW ALL WORK. Do not Find the exact value of each of the following by using a
leave any radicals in the denominator, i.e. rationalize half-angle formula. Do not leave any radicals in the
the denominator whenever appropriate. denominator, i.e. rationalize the denominator
whenever appropriate.
37. (a) Find cos 75 ( ) by using a sum or difference  13π 
formula. 41. (a) sin  
 12 
(b) Find cos 75 ( ) by using a half-angle  13π 
(b) cos  
formula.  12 
(c) Enter the results from parts (a) and (b) into a  13π 
calculator and round each one to the nearest (c) tan  
 12 
hundredth. Are they the same?
( )
38. (a) Find sin 165 by using a sum or difference  3π 
42. (a) sin  
formula.  8 
 3π 
( )
(b) Find sin 165 by using a half-angle (b) cos  
 8 
formula.
 3π 
(c) Enter the results from parts (a) and (b) into a (c) tan  
calculator and round each one to the nearest  8 
hundredth. Are they the same?
 11π 
43. (a) sin  
( )
39. (a) Find sin 112.5 by using a half-angle  8 
formula.  11π 
(b) cos  
( )
(b) Find cos 112.5 by using a half-angle  8 
formula.  11π 
(c) tan  
 8 
(
(c) Find tan 112.5 by computing )
(
sin 112.5 ).
cos (112.5 ) (
44. (a) sin 157.5 )
(b) cos (157.5 )
(d) Find tan (112.5 ) by using a half-angle

(c) tan (157.5 )

formula.
( )
40. (a) Find sin 105 by using a half-angle
( )
45. (a) sin 285
formula.
(b) cos ( 285 )

(b) Find cos 105 (

) by using a half-angle (c) tan ( 285 )

formula.
( ).
sin 105
( )
(c) Find tan 105 by computing
cos (105 )  17π 

46. (a) sin  
 12 
( )
(d) Find tan 105 by using a half-angle
 17π 
formula. (b) cos  
 12 
 17π 
(c) tan  
 12 

Answer the following. θ 

(g) Find the exact value of cos   .
5 3π 2
47. If cos (θ ) = and < θ < 2π ,
9 2 θ 
(h) Find the exact value of tan   .
(a) Determine the quadrant of the terminal side 2
of θ .
θ 7 π
(b) Complete the following: ___ < < ___
2 49. If tan (θ ) = − and < θ < π ,
3 2
(c) Determine the quadrant of the terminal side
θ 
θ (a) Find the exact value of sin   .
of . 2
2
(d) Based on the answer to part (c), determine θ 
(b) Find the exact value of cos   .
θ  2
the sign of sin   .
2 θ 
(c) Find the exact value of tan   .
(e) Based on the answer to part (c), determine 2
θ 
the sign of cos   .
2 5 3π
50. If cos (θ ) = and < θ < 2π ,
θ  6 2
(f) Find the exact value of sin   .
2 θ 
(a) Find the exact value of sin   .
2
θ 
(g) Find the exact value of cos   .
2 θ 
(b) Find the exact value of cos   .
2
θ 
(h) Find the exact value of tan   .
2 θ 
(c) Find the exact value of tan   .
2
21 3π Prove the following.

48. If sin (θ ) = − and π < θ < ,
5 2
(a) Determine the quadrant of the terminal side 1 − cos ( 2 x )
51. = tan ( x )
of θ . sin ( 2 x )
(b) Complete the following:
cos ( 3 x ) sin ( 3 x )
θ 52. − = −2
_____ < < _____ cos ( x ) sin ( x )
2
(c) Determine the quadrant of the terminal side 53. 1 − 2 sin ( x )  1 + 2 sin ( x )  = cos ( 2 x )
θ
of .
2 54. cos 4 ( x ) − sin 4 ( x ) = cos ( 2 x )
(d) Based on the answer to part (c), determine
x
θ  55. csc ( x ) − cot ( x ) = tan  
the sign of sin   . 2
2
(e) Based on the answer to part (c), determine x
1 + tan 2  
θ   2  = sec θ
the sign of cos   . 56. ( )
2 x
1 − tan 2  
2
θ 
(f) Find the exact value of sin   .
2

Exercise Set 6.3: Solving Trigonometric Equations
Does the given x-value represent a solution to the When solving an equation such as sin ( x ) = − 12
given trigonometric equation? Answer yes or no.
for 0 ≤ x < 360 , a typical thought process is to first
π compute sin −1 ( 12 ) to find the reference angle (in this
1. x= ; 2 cos 2 ( x ) − 7 cos ( x ) = 4
6
case, 30 ) and then use that reference angle to find
5π solutions in quadrants where the sine value is negative
2. x= ; 3 tan 2 ( x ) = 8 tan ( x ) − 5
4 (in this case, 210 and 330 . In each of the the
3π following examples of the form sin ( x ) = C ,
3. x= ; sin 3 ( x ) − 4sin 2 ( x ) − 2sin ( x ) = −3
2
(a) Use a calculator to find sin −1 C to the nearest
π
4. x=− ; 6 cos 2 ( x ) − 7 cos ( x ) − 2 = 0 tenth of a degree. This represents the
3 reference angle.
(b) Use the reference angle from part (a) to find
For each of the following equations, the solutions to the equation for
(a) Solve the equation for 0 ≤ x < 360 0 ≤ x < 360 .
(b) Solve the equation for 0 ≤ x < 2π . 4
19. sin ( x ) = −
(c) Find all solutions to the equation, in radians. 5
1 20. sin ( x ) = −0.3
5. cos ( x ) = −
2
21. sin ( x ) = −0.46
3
6. sin ( x ) =
2 2
22. sin ( x ) = −
7. tan ( x ) = −1 5
8. cos ( x ) = 0 The method in Exercises 19-22 can be used for other

trigonometric functions as well. Use a calculator to
9. sin ( x ) = 1 solve each of the following equations for 0 ≤ x < 360 .
Round answers to the nearest tenth of a degree. If no
solution exists, state “No solution.”
10. 3 cot ( x ) = −1
Note: Since calculators do not contain inverse keys for
2 3 cosecant, secant, and cotangent, use reciprocal
11. sec ( x ) = − relationships to rewrite equations in terms of sine, cosine
3
and tangent. For example, to solve the equation
12. csc ( x ) = −2 sec ( x ) = −4 , first rewrite the equation as cos ( x ) = − 14 and
then proceed to solve the equation.
13. 2 cos ( x ) = 2
3 7
23. (a) cos ( x ) = − (b) csc ( x ) =
7 5
14. sin ( x ) = 2
24. (a) tan ( x ) = −6 (b) sec ( x ) = −7
15. 2sin 2 ( x ) − 5sin ( x ) − 3 = 0
25. (a) cot ( x ) = −2.9 (b) sin ( x ) = 5.6
16. 2 cos 2 ( x ) + cos ( x ) = 1
1
26. (a) csc ( x ) = (b) tan ( x ) = 2.5
17. cos 2 ( x ) = 2 cos ( x ) − 1 4
18. 2sin 2 ( x ) = −7 sin ( x ) + 4

Answer the following. The following exercises show a method of solving an

equation of the form:
27. The following example is designed to
demonstrate a common error in solving sin ( Ax + B ) = C , for 0 ≤ x < 2π .
trigonometric equations. Consider the equation
2 cos 2 ( x ) = 3 cos ( x ) for 0 ≤ x < 2π . (The same method can be used for the other five
trigonometric functions as well, and can similarly be
(a) Divide both sides of the equation by cos ( x ) applied to intervals other than 0 ≤ x < 2π .) Answer
the following, using the method described below.
and then solve for x.
(b) Move all terms to the left side of the (a) Write the new interval obtained by
equation, and then solve for x. multiplying each term in the solution interval
(in this case, 0 ≤ x < 2π ) by A and then
(c) Are the answers in parts (a) and (b) the adding B.
same? (b) Let u = Ax + B . Find all solutions to
(d) Which method is correct, part (a) or (b)? sin ( u ) = C within the interval obtained in
Why is the other method incorrect? part (a).
(c) For each solution u from part (b), set up and

28. The following example is designed to solve u = Ax + B for x. These x-values
demonstrate a common error in solving represent all solutions to the initial equation.
trigonometric equations. Consider the equation
tan 2 ( x ) = tan ( x ) for 0 ≤ x < 360 . 2
37. sin ( 2 x ) =
2
(a) Divide both sides of the equation by tan ( x )
and then solve for x. 1
38. sin ( 3x ) = −
(b) Move all terms to the left side of the 2
equation, and then solve for x.
(c) Are the answers in parts (a) and (b) the  π 3
39. sin  x −  = −
same?  2 2
(d) Which method is correct, part (a) or (b)?
Why is the other method incorrect?  π 2
40. sin  x +  = −
 4  2
Solve the following equations for 0 ≤ x < 360 . If no 41. sin ( 3x + π ) = 0

solution exists, state “No solution.”
29. 2 sin 2 ( x ) = sin ( x ) x π 1

42. sin  −  =
2 3 2
30. cos 2 ( x ) = − cos ( x )
Solve the following, using either the method above or

31. 3 tan 2 ( x ) = − tan ( x )
the method described in the text. If no solution exists,
state “No solution.”
32. 2sin 2 ( x ) = sin ( x )
43. 2 cos ( 2 x ) = 2 , for 0 ≤ x < 2π
33. 4sin 2 ( x ) cos ( x ) − cos ( x ) = 0
44. 3 tan ( 2 x ) + 1 = 0 , for 0 ≤ x < 360
34. sin ( x ) tan 2 ( x ) = sin ( x )
35. 2 cos3 ( x ) = −3cos 2 ( x ) − cos ( x ) 45. csc ( 2 x ) = − 2 , for 0 ≤ x < 360
36. 2sin 3 ( x ) + 9sin 2 ( x ) = 5sin ( x ) 46. sec ( 2 x ) = 2 , for 0 ≤ x < 2π

x Use a calculator to solve each of the following

47. 2sin   = −1 , for 0 ≤ x < 2π
2 equations for 0 ≤ x < 360 . Round answers to the
nearest tenth of a degree. If no solution exists, state
“No solution.”
48. tan ( 3x ) = 3 , for 0 ≤ x < 360
63. 15sin 2 ( x ) = 6sin ( x )
49. 2sin ( 3x ) + 3 = 0 , for 0 ≤ x < 360

64. 6 tan 2 ( x ) − tan ( x ) = 1

x
50. 2 cos   = 3 , for 0 ≤ x < 360
2 65. 3cot 2 ( x ) = 5cot ( x ) + 2
51. 2 cos ( 4 x ) = − 3 , for 0 ≤ x < 2π 66. 4 csc 2 ( x ) − 8csc ( x ) = −3
52. csc ( 5 x ) = −1 , for 0 ≤ x < 2π 67. sec2 ( x ) = 16
( )
53. tan x + 90 = 1 , for 0 ≤ x < 360 68. 3cos 2 ( x ) = −2 cos ( x )
( )
54. 2 cos x − 45 = −1 , for 0 ≤ x < 360
Solve the following for 0 ≤ x < 2π . If no solution
exists, state “No solution.”
 5π 
55. 3 sec  x −  + 2 = 0 , for 0 ≤ x < 2π 69. 2sin 2 ( x ) − cos ( x ) = 1
 6 
56. cot ( x + π ) = 0 , for 0 ≤ x < 2π 70. 6 cos 2 x − 13sin ( x ) − 11 = 0
( )
57. sin 2 x − 270 = 1 , for 0 ≤ x < 360 71. cot 2 ( x ) + csc ( x ) − 1 = 0
58. tan ( 3x + 2π ) = 0 , for 0 ≤ x < 2π . 72. sec2 ( x ) + 2 tan ( x ) = 0
x  73. tan ( x ) = 3
59. tan  + 60  = 1 , for 0 ≤ x < 360
 2 
74. sec ( x ) = 1
x π
60. cos  −  + 1 = 0 , for 0 ≤ x < 2π .
3 3
75. log 2  cos ( x )  = −1
( )
61. 2 cos 45 − 2 x = 3 , for 0 ≤ x < 360
1
76. log3 cot ( x )  =
2
 π
62. 2sin  −3x −  = 2 , for 0 ≤ x < 2π .
 4 77. log3  tan ( x )  = 0
78. log 2
 csc ( x )  = 1

Exercise Set 7.1: Solving Right Triangles
For each of the following examples, 6. y

(a) Write a trigonometric equation that can be x
used to find x, and write a trigonometric 30o
equation that can be used to find y. Each 15
equation should involve the given acute angle
and the given side length from the diagram.
(Do not solve the equations in this step.)
7.
(b) Solve the equations from part (a) to find exact 45 7 2
values for x and y. x
(c) As an alternative solution to the method
above, use properties of special right triangles
(from Section 4.1) to find exact values of x and y
y.
1. 10 8.
y 45o
11
30o x
x
y
2.
y 45o
x Use a calculator to evaluate the following. Round
answers to the nearest ten-thousandth.
7 9. ( )
(a) sin 48 ( )
(b) cos 73
2
3. 10. (a) cos 16 ( ) ( )

(b) tan 67
y
7 3 π   2π 
11. (a) tan   (b) sin  
9  7 
60o
x π   3π 
12. (a) sin   (b) cos  
 10   11 
4.
In the equations below, x represents an acute angle of
x a triangle. Use a calculator to solve for x. Round
y
answers to the nearest hundredth of a degree.
60o 13. sin ( x ) = 0.7481

9
14. cos ( x ) = 0.0256
5.
15. tan ( x ) = 4
y
5
8
45o
16. tan ( x ) =
15
x

16 25. In ∆GEO with right angle E, GE = 9 cm and

17. cos ( x ) =
17 OE = 7 cm . Find ∠G .
4
18. sin ( x ) = 26. In ∆CAR with right angle R, CA = 11 in and
7
AR = 8 in . Find ∠A .
Find the indicated side or angle measures (where

angles are measured in degrees). Round answers to the Solve each of the following triangles, i.e. find all
nearest hundredth. missing side and angle measures (where angles are
measured in degrees). Round all answers to the
nearest hundredth.
19. Find x.
27. J
23
38o
3
x
61
20. Find x. M D
x 54o
28. C
14
7
21. In ∆ABC with right angle C, ∠A = 74 and

U 12 B
BC = 32 in . Find AC .
22. In ∆QRS with right angle R, QR = 7 in and

∠Q = 12 . Find QS . 29. P
8
3
23. Find ∠H .
H L
H
17
I 13 30. T
J
8 47
24. Find θ .
4
I R
θ
3

For each of the following examples, 41. Jeremy is flying his kite at Lake Michigan and
(a) Draw a diagram to represent the given lets out 200 feet of string. If his eyes are 6 feet
situation. from the ground as he sights the kite at an 55
(b) Find the indicated measure, to the nearest angle of elevation, how high is the kite?
tenth. (Assume that he is holding the kite near his
eyes.)
31. An isosceles triangle has sides measuring 9
inches, 14 inches, and 14 inches. What are the 42. Pam is flying a kite at the beach and lets out 120
measures of its angles? feet of string. If her eyes are 5 feet from the
ground as she sights the kite at a 64 angle of
32. An isosceles triangle has sides measuring 10 elevation, how high is the kite? (Assume that she
inches, 7 inches, and 7 inches. What are the is also holding the kite near her eyes.)
measures of its angles?
43. Doug is out hiking and walks to the edge of a
33. An 8-foot ladder is leaned against the side of the cliff to enjoy the view. He looks down and sights
house. If the ladder makes a 72 angle with the a cougar at a 41 angle of depression. If the cliff
ground, how high up does the ladder reach? is 60 meters high, approximately how far is the
cougar from the base of the cliff? (Disregard
34. A 14-foot ladder is leaned against the side of the Doug’s height in your calculations.)
house. If the ladder makes a 63 angle with the
ground, how high up does the ladder reach? 44. Juliette wakes up in the morning and looks out
her window into the back yard. She sights a
35. The angle of elevation to the top of a flagpole squirrel at a 54 angle of depression. If Juliette
from a point on the ground 40 ft from the base of is looking out the window at a point which is 28
the flagpole is 51 . Find the height of the feet from the ground, how far is the squirrel from
flagpole. the base of the house?
36. The angle of elevation to the top of a flagpole 45. From a point on the ground, the angle of
from a point on the ground 18 meters from the elevation to the top of a mountain is 42 .
base of the flagpole is 43 . Find the height of the Moving out a distance of 150 m (on a level
flagpole. plane) to another point on the ground, the angle
of elevation is 33 . Find the height of the
37. A loading dock is 8 feet high. If a ramp makes an mountain.
angle of 34 with the ground and is attached to
the loading dock, how long is the ramp? 46. From a point on the ground, the angle of
elevation to the top of a mountain is 31 .
38. A loading dock is 5 feet high. If a ramp makes an Moving out a distance of 200 m (on a level
angle of 25 with the ground and is attached to plane) to another point on the ground, the angle
the loading dock, how long is the ramp? of elevation is 18 . Find the height of the
mountain.
39. Silas stands 600 feet from the base of the Sears
Tower and sights the top of the tower. If the
Sears Tower is 1,450 feet tall, approximate the
angle of elevation from Silas’ perspective as he
sights the top of the tower. (Disregard Silas’
height in your calculations.)
40. Mimi is sitting in her boat and sees a lighthouse

which is 20 meters tall. If she sights the top of
the lighthouse at a 32 angle of elevation,
approximately how far is Mimi’s boat from the
base of the lighthouse? (Disregard Mimi’s
distance from the water in your calculations.)

Exercise Set 7.2: Area of a Triangle
Use the formula A = 12 bh to find the area of each of 7.

the following triangles. (You may need to find the base
and/or the height first, using trigonometric ratios or
the Pythagorean Theorem.) Give exact values
whenever possible. Otherwise, round answers to the
nearest hundredth. 57o
Note: Figures may not be drawn to scale. 9 in
1.
8.
8 cm 38o
10 cm
7m
2.
In ∆ABC below, AD ⊥ BC . Use the diagram below
7 in to answer the following questions.
A
3 in b
c
h
3. 8 ft
C D B
3 ft
a
9. (a) Use ∆ACD to write a trigonometric ratio

that involves ∠C , b, and h.
4. (b) Using the equation from part (a), solve for h.
61 cm
(c) If a represents the base of ∆ABC , and h
represents the height, then the area K of
6 cm ∆ABC is K = 12 ah . Substitute the equation
from part (b) into this equation to obtain a
formula for the area of ∆ABC that no
longer contains h.
5. 10 m 10. (a) Use ∆ABD to write a trigonometric ratio
that involves ∠B , c, and h.
30o
(b) Using the equation from part (a), solve for h.
(c) If a represents the base of ∆ABC , and h
represents the height, then the area K of
6.
∆ABC is K = 12 ah . Substitute the equation
8m
from part (b) into this equation to obtain a
formula for the area of ∆ABC that no
45o longer contains h.

C
Find the area of each of the following triangles. Give 16.
exact values whenever possible. Otherwise, round
50o
answers to the nearest hundredth. 8 cm
Note: Figures may not be drawn to scale. 4 cm
11. B
6 in 120o 10 in A T
A C
17. J
12. B 53o
4.1 m
11 cm
30o 36o
A
A 10 cm C M 5.6 m
S
18.
13. L
7.9 m 21o
9m
Q 125o
45o 3.5 m
R
J 8m K
14. F
Answer the following. Give exact values whenever
possible. Otherwise, round answers to the nearest
5 ft hundredth.
135o
D E 19. Find the area of an isosceles triangle with legs
7 ft
measuring 7 inches and base angles measuring
22.5 .
15. G
20. Find the area of an isosceles triangle with legs
12 m
measuring 10 cm and base angles measuring
75 .
28o 21. Find the area of ∆GHJ , where ∠G = 120 ,

D 8m O h = 8 cm , and j = 15 cm .
22. Find the area of ∆PQR , where ∠R = 47 ,

p = 7 in , and q = 10 in .

23. Find the area of ∆TUV , where ∠T = 28 , In the following questions, the radius of circle O is
given, as well as the measure of central angle AOB.
∠U = 81 , t = 12 m , and u = 6.5 m .
Find the area of the segment of circle O bounded by
AB and AB . Give exact values whenever possible.
24. Find the area of ∆FUN , where ∠F = 92 , Otherwise, round answers to the nearest hundredth.
∠N = 28 , f = 9 cm , and n = 8 cm .
25. (a) Find all solutions to sin ( x ) = 0.5 for

O B
0 < x < 180 .
(b) If the area of ∆RST is 20 cm2, r = 16 cm
and t = 5 cm , find all possible measures for
A
∠S .
26. (a) Find all solutions to sin ( x ) = 0.2 for 37. Radius: 8 cm
3π
0 < x < 180 . Central Angle:
7
(b) If the area of ∆PHL is 12 m2, p = 10 m and
h = 6 m , find all possible measures for ∠L . 38. Radius: 7 in
4π
Central Angle:
2
27. If the area of ∆TRG is 37 in , t = 8 in and 5
g = 12.5 in , find all possible measures for ∠R .
39. Radius: 4 in
π
28. If the area of ∆PSU is 20 2 cm2, p = 4 cm Central Angle:
3
and s = 5 cm , find all possible measures for
∠U . 40. Radius: 6 cm
3π
29. A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle of Central Angle:
4
radius 12 in. Find the area of the octagon.
30. A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle of

radius 11 cm. Find the area of the hexagon.
31. A regular hexagon is circumscribed about a

circle of radius 6 in. Find the area of the
hexagon.
32. A regular hexagon is circumscribed about a

circle of radius 10 cm. Find the area of the
hexagon.
33. Find the area of an equilateral triangle with side

length 4 ft.
34. Find the area of a regular hexagon with side

length 10 cm.
35. Find the area of a regular decagon with side

length 8 in.
36. Find the area of a regular octagon with side

length 12 m.

Exercise Set 7.3: The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines
Find the indicated part of each triangle. Give exact 7. ∆SUN

values whenever possible. Otherwise, round answers n = 10 cm
to the nearest hundredth. If no such triangle exists,
∠N = 63
state “No such triangle exists.”
∠S = 48
s=?
1. ∆ABC
a=9m
c=5m 8. ∆PSU
∠B = 71 s = 2.5 in
b=? ∠P = 112
∠U = 37
p=?
2. ∆ABC
a = 16 cm
∠A = 35 9. ∆CAN
∠B = 65 c = 11 cm
b=? a = 9 cm
n = 14 cm
∠C = ?
3. ∆ABC
a = 9 in
∠A = 60 10. ∆HAT
a = 14 mm
∠C = 45
c=? ∠A = 45
∠T = 15
h=?
4. ∆RST
s = 8 mm
11. ∆RST
∠S = 135
r = 9 mm
∠T = 30 s = 15 in
t =?
t = 4 in
∠R = ?
5. ∆NAP
n = 5 in
12. ∆BOX
a = 10 in o = 10 cm
p = 7 in x = 7 cm
∠N = ?
∠B = 43
b=?
6. ∆KLM
k = 3 in
13. ∆TRY
l = 4 in y = 12 cm
m = 8 in
∠T = 30
∠M = ?
∠R = 105
t =?

14. ∆WIN 20. ∆ABC

w = 4.9 ft b = 10 ft
∠I = 42 c = 7 ft
∠N = 100 ∠B = 70
n=? ∠A = ?
21. ∆ANT
Find all possible measures for the indicated angle of n = 12 cm
the triangle. (There may be 0, 1, or 2 triangles with the t = 15 cm
given measures.) Round answers to the nearest
hundredth. If no such triangle exists, state “No such ∠T = 129
triangle exists.” ∠A = ?
15. ∆DEF 22. ∆JAY

d = 25 mm
j = 15 in
e = 13 mm
y = 9 in
∠E = 21
∠D = ? ∠Y = 160
∠J = ?
16. ∆CAR
c = 3 cm Solve each of the following triangles, i.e. find all
missing side and angle measures. There may be two
r = 7 cm groups of answers for some exercises. Round answers
∠C = 15 to the nearest hundredth. If no such triangle exists,
∠R = ? state “No such triangle exists.”
Note: Figures may not be drawn to scale.
17. ∆ABC
b = 9 cm 23. F
c = 6 cm
35o

∠B = 95
∠C = ? 125o
D 9.42 ft E
18. ∆BUS
b = 18 mm 24. C
u = 16 mm
∠B = 120 50o
4 cm 8 cm
∠U = ?
19. ∆GEO
g = 11 cm A T
o = 4 cm
∠O = 33 25. ∆WHY
∠G = ? h = 8 in
y = 4 in
∠Y = 28

26. ∆ABC 34. ∆SEA

a = 12 in s = 8 cm
b = 17 in e = 9 cm
c = 6 in a = 21 cm
27. ∆RUN
r = 7 cm Find the area of each of the following quadrilaterals.
Round all intermediate computations to the nearest
u = 12 cm
hundredth, and then round the area of the
n = 4 cm quadrilateral to the nearest tenth.
28. ∆JKL
j=6m
35. U
k =5m
∠J = 74 25 cm
R
128o
29. ∆PEZ
p = 12 mm 17 cm
z = 10 mm
∠E = 130 T 30 cm S
30. ∆BAD
O
b = 11 ft 36.
a = 9 ft
C 18 cm
d = 5 ft
8 cm
49o
31. ∆PIG G 23 cm U
p = 6 cm
i = 13 cm
g = 11 cm 37. U
Q
32. ∆QIZ 15 in
12 in
i = 12.4 mm 122o 115o
z = 11.5 mm D 17 in A

∠Z = 66
38. C
33. ∆DEF 20 in
A
d = 10 mm
123o
f = 3 mm 19 in

14 in
∠F = 21
E 33 in K

Answer the following. Round answers to the nearest

hundredth.
39. (a) Use the Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines

to find the measures of the acute angles of a
3-4-5 right triangle.
(b) Use right triangle trigonometry to find the
measures of the acute angles of a 3-4-5 right
triangle.
40. (a) Use the Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines

to find the measures of the acute angles of a
7-24-25 right triangle.
(b) Use right triangle trigonometry to find the
measures of the acute angles of a 7-24-25
right triangle.
5
41. In ∆HEY , ∠H = 125 and h = y . Find the
4
measures of ∠E and ∠Y .
2
42. In ∆FUN , ∠F = 100 and u = f . Find the
3
measures of ∠U and ∠N .
43. Find the length of AD .

A
7 mm 11 mm
B 6 mm D 8 mm C
44. Find the length of AD .

A
14 mm
6 mm
B 8 mm D 5 mm C

Exercise Set 8.1: Parabolas
Write each of the following equations in the standard 13. ( x − 2 )2 = 8 ( y + 5 )

form for the equation of a parabola, where the
standard form is represented by one of the following
equations:
14. ( y − 4 )2 = 16 x
15. y 2 = 4 ( x − 3)
( x − h)2 = 4 p ( y − k ) ( x − h ) 2 = −4 p ( y − k )
2 2
( y − k ) = 4 p ( x − h) ( y − k ) = −4 p ( x − h ) 16. ( x + 3)2 = 4 ( y − 1)
17. ( x + 5)2 = −2 ( y − 4 )
1. y 2 − 14 y − 2 x + 43 = 0
2. x 2 + 10 x − 12 y = −61 18. ( y + 1)2 = −10 ( x + 3)

3. −9 y = x 2 − 8 x − 10 19. ( y − 6 ) 2 = −1 ( x − 2 )
4. −7 x = y 2 − 10 y + 24 20. ( x − 1)2 = −8 ( y − 6 )
5. x = 3 y 2 − 24 y + 50 21. x 2 + 12 x − 6 y + 24 = 0
6. y = 2 x 2 + 12 x + 15 22. x 2 − 2 y = 8 x − 10
7. 3x 2 − 3x − 5 − y = 0 23. y 2 − 8 x = 4 y + 36
8. 5 y2 + 5 y = x − 6 24. y 2 + 6 y − 4 x + 5 = 0
25. x 2 + 25 = −16 y − 10 x
For each of the following parabolas,
26. y 2 + 10 y + x + 28 = 0
(a) Write the given equation in the standard form
for the equation of a parabola. (Some 27. y 2 − 4 y + 2 x − 4 = 0
equations may already be given in standard
form.) 28. 12 y + x 2 − 4 x = −16
It may be helpful to begin sketching the graph for
part (h) as a visual aid to answer the questions 29. 3 y 2 + 30 y − 8 x + 67 = 0
below.
30. 5 x 2 + 30 x − 16 y = 19
(b) State the equation of the axis.
(c) State the coordinates of the vertex. 31. 2 x 2 − 8 x + 7 y = 34
(d) State the equation of the directrix. 32. 4 y 2 − 8 y + 9 x + 40 = 0
(e) State the coordinates of the focus.
(f) State the focal width.
(g) State the coordinates of the endpoints of the Use the given features of each of the following
focal chord. parabolas to write an equation for the parabola in
standard form.
(h) Sketch a graph of the parabola which includes
the features from (c)-(e) and (g). Label the
vertex V and the focus F. 33. Vertex: ( −2, 5 )
Focus: ( 4, 5 )
9. x2 − 4 y = 0
34. Vertex: (1, − 3)
10. y 2 − 12 x = 0
Focus: (1, 0 )
11. −10x = y 2
12. −6 y = x 2

35. Vertex: ( 2, 0 ) 48. Endpoints of focal chord: ( −2, 3) and ( 6, 3)

Focus: ( 2, − 4 ) Opens downward
36. Vertex: ( −4, − 2 )

Focus: ( −6, − 2 ) Answer the following.
49. Write an equation of the line tangent to the

37. Focus: ( −2, − 3)
parabola with equation f ( x ) = x 2 + 5 x + 4 at:
Directrix: y = −9
(a) x = 3
(b) x = −2
38. Focus: ( 4, 1)
Directrix: y = 5 50. Write an equation of the line tangent to the
parabola with equation f ( x ) = −3x 2 + 6 x + 1 at:
39. Focus: ( 4, − 1) (a) x = 0
Directrix: x = 7 12 (b) x = −1
40. Focus: ( −3, 5) 51. Write an equation of the line tangent to the
Directrix: x = −4 parabola with equation f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 5 x − 1 at:
(a) x = −1
41. Focus: ( −4, − 2 ) (b) x =
1
Opens downward 2
p=7
42. Focus: (1, 5 ) parabola with equation f ( x ) = − x 2 + 4 x − 2 at:
Opens to the right (a) x = −3
p=3 3
(b) x =
2
43. Vertex: ( 5, 6 )
Opens upward 53. Write an equation of the line tangent to the
Length of focal chord: 6 parabola with equation f ( x ) = 4 x 2 − 5 x − 3 at
the point (1, − 4 ) .
 1
44. Vertex:  0, 
 2
Opens to the left 54. Write an equation of the line tangent to the
Length of focal chord: 2 parabola with equation f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 5 x + 4 at
the point ( −3, 7 ) .
45. Vertex: ( −3, 2 )
Horizontal axis
Passes through ( 6, 5 )
parabola with equation f ( x ) = − x 2 − 6 x + 1 at
46. Vertex: ( 2,1) the point ( −5, 6 ) .

Vertical axis
Passes through ( 8, 5) 56. Write an equation of the line tangent to the
parabola with equation f ( x ) = −3x 2 + 4 x + 9 at
47. Endpoints of focal chord: ( 0, 5) and ( 0, − 5 ) the point ( 2, 5 ) .
Opens to the left

Give the point(s) of intersection of the parabola and

the line whose equations are given.
57. f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 11
g ( x ) = 5x − 3
58. f ( x ) = x 2 − 8 x + 1
g ( x ) = −2 x − 10
59. f ( x ) = x 2 + 10 x + 10
g ( x ) = 8x + 9
60. f ( x ) = x 2 − 5 x − 10
g ( x ) = −7 x + 14
61. f ( x ) = − x 2 + 6 x − 5
g ( x ) = 6 x − 14
62. f ( x ) = − x 2 + 3x − 2
g ( x ) = −5 x + 13
63. f ( x ) = −3x 2 + 6 x + 1
g ( x ) = −3 x + 7
64. f ( x ) = −2 x 2 + 8 x − 5
g ( x) = 6x − 5

Exercise Set 8.2: Ellipses
Write each of the following equations in the standard (e) State the coordinates of the foci.
form for the equation of an ellipse, where the standard (f) State the eccentricity.
form is represented by one of the following equations:
(g) Sketch a graph of the ellipse which includes
the features from (b)-(e). Label the center C,
( x − h)2 ( y − k )2 ( x − h)2 ( y − k )2 and the foci F1 and F2.
+
+ =1 + + =1
a2 b2 b2 a2
x2 y2
1. 2 2
25 x + 4 y − 100 = 0 11. + =1
9 49
2. 9 x 2 + 16 y 2 − 144 = 0 x2 y2
12. + =1
3. 9 x 2 − 36 x + 4 y 2 − 32 y + 64 = 0 36 4
2
4. 4 x 2 + 24 x + 16 y 2 − 32 y − 12 = 0 13.
( x − 2) +
y2
=1
16 4
5. 3x 2 + 2 y 2 − 30 x − 12 y = −87 2
x 2 ( y + 1)
14. + =1
6. x 2 + 8 y 2 + 113 = 14 x + 48 y 9 5
7. 16 x 2 − 16 x − 64 = −8 y 2 − 24 y + 42 ( x − 2)
2
( y + 3)
2
15. + =1
25 16
8. 18 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 153 − 24 x + 6 y
2 2
16.
( x + 5) +
( y + 2) =1
Answer the following. 16 25
9. (a) What is the equation for the eccentricity, e, ( x + 4)
2
( y − 3)
2
of an ellipse? 17. + =1
(b) As e approaches 1, the ellipse appears to 9 1
become more (choose one): 2 2
elongated circular 18.
( x + 2) +
( y + 3) =1
(c) If e = 0 , the ellipse is a __________. 36 16
10. The sum of the focal radii of an ellipse is always ( x − 2 )2 ( y + 4 )2

19. + =1
equal to __________. 11 36
2 2
20.
( x + 3) +
( y − 5) =1
Answer the following for each ellipse. For answers 20 4
involving radicals, give exact answers and then round
to the nearest tenth. 21. 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 36 = 0
for the equation of an ellipse. (Some equations 22. 4 x 2 + y 2 = 1
may already be given in standard form.)
23. 25 x 2 + 16 y 2 − 311 = 50 x − 64 y
It may be helpful to begin sketching the graph for
part (g) as a visual aid to answer the questions
24. 16 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 150 y + 175
below.
(b) State the coordinates of the center. 25. 16 x 2 − 32 x + 4 y 2 − 40 y + 52 = 0
(c) State the coordinates of the vertices of the
major axis, and then state the length of the 26. 25 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 100 x + 54 y − 44 = 0
major axis.
(d) State the coordinates of the vertices of the 27. 16 x 2 + 7 y 2 + 64 x − 42 y + 15 = 0
minor axis, and then state the length of the
minor axis. 28. 4 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 16 x + 6 y − 29 = 0

Use the given features of each of the the following 38. Foci: ( −2, −3) and ( −2, 5 )
ellipses to write an equation for the ellipse in standard
a =8
form.
29. Center: ( 0, 0 ) 39. Foci: ( −1, 2 ) and ( 7, 2 )

a =8 Passes through the point ( 3, 5)
b=5
Horizontal Major Axis
40. Foci: ( −3, 4 ) and ( 7, 4 )
30. Center: ( 0, 0 ) Passes through the point ( 2,1)
a=7
b=3 41. Center: ( −5, 2 )
Vertical Major Axis
a =8
3
e=
31. Center: ( −4, 7 ) 4
a=5 Vertical major axis
b=3
Vertical Major Axis
42. Center: ( −4, − 2 )
a=6
32. Center: ( 2, − 4 ) 2
e=
a =5 3
b=2 Horizontal major axis
43. Foci: ( 0, 4 ) and ( 0, 8 )
33. Center: ( −3, − 5) 1
e=
Length of major axis = 6 3
Length of minor axis = 4
44. Foci: (1, 5 ) and (1, − 3)
1
34. Center: ( 2,1) e=
2
Length of major axis = 10
Length of minor axis = 2
Vertical Major Axis 45. Foci: ( 2, 3) and ( 6, 3)
e = 0.4
35. Foci: ( 2, 5 ) and ( 2, − 5 )
a =9 46. Foci: ( 2,1) and (10, 1)
e = 0.8
36. Foci: ( 4, −3) and ( −4, − 3)
a=7 47. Foci: ( 3, 0 ) and ( −3, 0 )
Sum of the focal radii = 8
37. Foci: ( −8, 1) and ( 2, 1)
a=6 48. Foci: ( 0, )
11 and 0, − 11( )
Sum of the focal radii = 12

A circle is a special case of an ellipse where a = b . It Circle is tangent to the y-axis

2 2 2 2 2
then follows that c = a − b = a − a = 0 , so c = 0 .
(Therefore, the foci are at the center of the circle, and
this is simply labeled as the center and not the focus.) Answer the following for each circle. For answers
The standard form for the equation of a circle is to the nearest tenth.
( x − h) 2 + ( y − k )2 = r 2 (a) Write the given equation in the standard form
for the equation of a circle. (Some equations
(Note: If each term in the above equation were may already be given in standard form.)
divided by r 2 , it would look like the standard form for
an ellipse, with a = b = r .) (b) State the coordinates of the center.
(c) State the length of the radius.
Using the above information, use the given features of (d) Sketch a graph of the circle which includes
each of the following circles to write an equation for the features from (b) and (c). Label the center
the circle in standard form. C and show four points on the circle itself
(these four points are equivalent to the
49. Center: ( 0, 0 ) vertices of the major and minor axes for an
ellipse).
Radius: 9
61. x 2 + y 2 − 36 = 0
50. Center: ( 0, 0 )
Radius: 5 62. x 2 + y 2 − 8 = 0
2 2
51. Center: ( 7, − 2 ) ( x − 3) ( y + 2)
63. + =1
Radius: 10 16 16
2
52. Center: ( −2, 5 ) x2 ( y + 2)
64. + =1
Radius: 7 9 9
53. Center: ( −3, − 4 ) 65. ( x + 5 ) 2 + ( y − 2 )2 = 4

Radius: 3 2
66. ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 4 )2 = 36
54. Center: ( −8, 0 )
67. ( x + 4 )2 + ( y + 3)2 = 12
Radius: 2 5
55. Center: ( 2, − 5 ) 68. ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 5 )2 = 7

Passes through the point ( 7, − 6 ) 69. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 10 y + 17 = 0
56. Center: ( −6, − 3) 70. x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 2 y − 6 = 0

Passes through the point ( −8, − 2 )
71. x 2 + y 2 + 10 x − 8 y + 36 = 0
57. Endpoints of diameter: ( −4, − 6 ) and ( −2, 0 )
72. x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 14 y + 50 = 0
58. Endpoints of diameter: ( 3, 0 ) and ( 7,10 ) 73. 3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 18 x − 24 y + 63 = 0
59. Center: ( −3, 5) 74. 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 10 x + 12 y + 52 = 10

Circle is tangent to the x-axis
60. Center: ( −3, 5)


75. A circle passes through the points ( 7, 6 ) ,
( 7, − 2 ) and (1, 6 ) . Write the equation of the
circle in standard form.
76. A circle passes through the points ( −4, 3) ,

( −2, 3) and ( −2, − 1) . Write the equation of the
77. A circle passes through the points ( 2,1) ,

( 2, − 3) and ( 8, 1) . Write the equation of the
78. A circle passes through the points ( −7, − 8 ) ,

( −7, 2 ) and ( −1, 2 ) . Write the equation of the

Exercise Set 8.3: Hyperbolas
Identify the type of conic section (parabola, ellipse, 17. The following questions establish the formulas
circle, or hyperbola) represented by each of the for the slant asymptotes of
following equations. (In the case of a circle, identify
the conic section as a circle rather than an ellipse.) Do ( y − k )2 − ( x − h )2 =1 .
NOT write the equations in standard form; these a2 b2
questions can instead be answered by looking at the
signs of the quadratic terms. (a) State the point-slope equation for a line.
(b) Substitute the center of the hyperbola,
1. 2 y + x2 + 9 x = 0
( h, k ) into the equation from part (a).
2. 14 x 2 + 7 x − 12 y = −6 y 2 + 95
(c) Recall that the formula for slope is
3. 2 2
7 x − 3 y = 5 x − y + 40 rise
represented by . In the equation
run
4. y2 + 9 = 9 y − x ( y − k )2 − ( x − h )2
= 1 , what is the “rise” of
2 2 a2 b2
5. 3x − 7 x + 3 y = −12 y + 13
each slant asymptote from the center? What
is the “run” of each slant asymptote from the
6. x 2 + 10 x = −2 y − y 2 + 5
center?
7. 4 y2 + 2 x2 = 8 y − 6 x + 9 (d) Based on the answers to part (c), what is the
slope of each of the asymptotes for the graph
8. 8 y 2 + 24 x = 8 x 2 + 30
of
( y − k )2 − ( x − h )2
= 1 ? (Remember that
a2 b2
there are two slant asymptotes passing
Write each of the following equations in the standard
through the center of the hyperbola, one
form for the equation of a hyperbola, where the
having positive slope and one having
standard form is represented by one of the following
negative slope.)
equations:
(e) Substitute the slopes from part (d) into the
( x − h)2 ( y − k )2 ( y − k )2 ( x − h)2 equation from part (b) to obtain the
−
− =1 −− =1
a2 b2 a2 b2 equations of the slant asymptotes.
9. y 2 − 8x2 − 8 = 0 18. The following questions establish the formulas

for the slant asymptotes of
10. 3x 2 − 10 y 2 − 30 = 0
( x − h )2 − ( y − k )2 =1 .
2 2
11. x − y − 6 x = −2 y − 3 a2 b2
12. 9 x 2 − 3 y 2 = 48 y + 192 (a) State the point-slope equation for a line.
(b) Substitute the center of the hyperbola,
13. 7 x 2 − 5 y 2 + 14 x + 20 y − 48 = 0
( h, k ) into the equation from part (a).
14. 9 y 2 − 2 x 2 + 90 y + 16 x + 175 = 0 (c) Recall that the formula for slope is
rise
represented by . In the equation
Answer the following. run
15. The length of the transverse axis of a hyperbola ( x − h )2 − ( y − k )2

= 1 , what is the “rise” of
is __________. a2 b2
each slant asymptote from the center? What
16. The length of the conjugate axis of a hyperbola is is the “run” of each slant asymptote from the
__________. center?
(d) Based on the answers to part (c), what is the
slope of each of the asymptotes for the graph

of
( x − h )2 − ( y − k )2
= 1 ? (Remember that 22.
x2 y2
− =1
a2 b2 36 25
there are two slant asymptotes passing
23. 9 x 2 − 25 y 2 − 225 = 0
through the center of the hyperbola, one
having positive slope and one having
24. 16 y 2 − x 2 − 16 = 0
negative slope.)
(e) Substitute the slopes from part (d) into the ( x + 1)2 ( y − 5 )2
equation from part (b) to obtain the 25. − =1
16 9
equations of the slant asymptotes.
2 2
26.
( x + 5) −
( y + 2) =1
19. In the standard form for the equation of a 4 16
hyperbola, a 2 represents (choose one): 2 2
the larger denominator 27.
( y − 3) −
( x − 1) =1
the denominator of the first term 25 36
2 2
28.
( y − 6) −
( x + 4) =1
20. In the standard form for the equation of a
64 36
hyperbola, b 2 represents (choose one):
the smaller denominator 29. x 2 − 25 y 2 + 8 x − 150 y − 234 = 0
the denominator of the second term
30. 4 y 2 − 81x 2 = −162 x + 405
Answer the following for each hyperbola. For answers 31. 64 x 2 − 9 y 2 + 18 y = 521 − 128 x
to the nearest tenth. 32. 16 x 2 − 9 y 2 − 64 x − 18 y − 89 = 0
33. 5 y 2 − 4 x 2 − 50 y − 24 x + 69 = 0
for the equation of a hyperbola. (Some
equations may already be given in standard
34. 7 x 2 − 9 y 2 − 72 y = 32 − 70 x
form.)
It may be helpful to begin sketching the graph for 35. x 2 − 3 y 2 = 18 x + 27
part (h) as a visual aid to answer the questions
below. 36. 4 y 2 − 21x 2 − 8 y − 42 x − 89 = 0
(b) State the coordinates of the center.
(c) State the coordinates of the vertices, and then Use the given features of each of the following
state the length of the transverse axis. hyperbolas to write an equation for the hyperbola in
standard form.
(d) State the coordinates of the endpoints of the
conjugate axis, and then state the length of the 37. Center: ( 0, 0 )
conjugate axis. a =8
(e) State the coordinates of the foci. b=5
(f) State the equations of the asymptotes. Horizontal Transverse Axis
(Answers may be left in point-slope form.)
(g) State the eccentricity. 38. Center: ( 0, 0 )
(h) Sketch a graph of the hyperbola which a=7
includes the features from (b)-(f), along with b=3
the central rectangle. Label the center C, the Vertical Transverse Axis
vertices V1 and V2, and the foci F1 and F2.
39. Center: ( −2, − 5 )
y2 x2 a=2
21. − =1
9 49 b = 10
Vertical Transverse Axis

40. Center: ( 3, − 4 ) 52. Center: ( −1, 2 )

a =1 Vertex: ( 3, 2 )
b=6 Equation of one asymptote:
Horizontal Transverse Axis
6 x + 5 y = −7
41. Center: ( −6, 1)
Length of transverse axis: 10
53. Vertices: ( −1, 4 ) and ( 7, 4 )
Length of conjugate axis: 8 e=3
Vertical Transverse Axis
54. Vertices: ( 2, 6 ) and ( 2, − 1)
42. Center: ( 2, 5 ) 7
e=
Length of transverse axis: 6 3
Length of conjugate axis: 14
Horizontal Transverse Axis 55. Center: ( 4, − 3)
One focus is at ( 4, 6 )
43. Foci: ( 0, 9 ) and ( 0, − 9 )
e=
2
44. Foci: ( 5, 0 ) and ( −5, 0 )
56. Center: ( −1, − 2 )
One focus is at ( 9, − 2 )
45. Foci: ( −2, 3) and (10, 3) 5
e=
Length of conjugate axis: 10 2
46. Foci: ( −3, 8 ) and ( −3, − 6 ) 57. Foci: ( 3, 0 ) and ( 3, 8 )

e=
3
47. Vertices: ( 4, − 7 ) and ( 4, 9 )
b=4 58. Foci: ( −6, − 5 ) and ( −6, 7 )
e=2
48. Vertices: (1, 6 ) and ( 7, 6 )
b=7
49. Center: ( 5, 3)
One focus is at ( 5, 8)
One vertex is at ( 5, 6 )
50. Center: ( −3, − 4 )

One focus is at ( 7, − 4 )
One vertex is at ( 5, − 4 )
51. Center: ( −1, 2 )

Vertex: ( 3, 2 )
Equation of one asymptote:
7 x − 4 y = −15

Exercise Set A.1: Factoring Polynomials
At times, it can be difficult to tell whether or not a 21. x 2 + 16 x + 64

quadratic of the form ax 2 + bx + c can be factored
22. x 2 − 6 x + 9
into the form ( dx + e ) ( fx + g ) , where a, b, c, d, e, f,
and g are integers. If b 2 − 4ac is a perfect square, then 23. x 2 − 15 x + 56
the quadratic can be factored in the above manner.
24. x 2 − 6 x − 27
For each of the following problems,
(a) Compute b 2 − 4ac . 25. x 2 − 11x − 60
(b) Use the information from part (a) to
26. x 2 + 19 x + 48
determine whether or not the quadratic can
be written as factors with integer coefficients. 27. x 2 + 17 x + 42
(Do not factor; simply answer Yes or No.)
28. x 2 − 12 x − 64
2
1. x − 5x + 3
2
29. x 2 − 49
2. x − 7 x + 10
30. x 2 + 36
3. x 2 + 6 x − 16
31. x 2 − 3
4. x2 + 6 x + 4
32. x 2 − 8
5. 9 − x2
33. 9 x 2 + 25
6. 7x − x 2
7. 2 x2 − 7 x − 4 34. 16 x 2 − 81
8. 6 x2 − x −1 35. 2 x 2 − 5 x − 3
9. 2 x2 + 2 x + 5 36. 3x 2 + 16 x + 15
10. 5 x 2 − 4 x + 1 37. 8 x 2 − 2 x − 3
38. 4 x 2 − 16 x + 15
Factor the following polynomials. If the polynomial
can not be rewritten as factors with integer 39. 9 x 2 + 9 x − 4
coefficients, then write the original polynomial as your
40. 5 x 2 + 17 x + 6
answer.
11. x 2 + 4 x − 5 41. 4 x 2 − 3x − 10
12. x 2 + 9 x + 14 42. 9 x 2 + 21x + 10
13. x 2 − 5 x + 6 43. 12 x 2 − 17 x + 6
14. x 2 − x − 6 44. 8 x 2 + 26 x − 7
15. x 2 − 7 x − 12
Factor the following. Remember to first factor out the
16. x 2 − 8 x + 15 Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of the terms of the
17. x 2 + 12 x + 20 polynomial, and to factor out a negative if the leading
coefficient is negative.
18. x 2 + 7 x + 18
45. x 2 + 9 x
19. x 2 − 5 x − 24
2
46. x 2 − 16 x
20. x + 9 x − 36
47. −5 x 2 + 20 x

Exercise Set A.1: Factoring Polynomials
48. 4 x 2 − 28 x
49. 2 x 2 − 18
50. −8 x 2 + 8
51. −5 x 4 + 20 x 2
52. 3x3 − 75 x
53. 2 x 2 + 10 x + 8
54. 3x 2 + 12 x − 63
55. −10 x 2 + 10 x + 420
56. −4 x 2 + 40 x − 100
57. x 3 + 9 x 2 − 22 x
58. x 3 − 7 x 2 − 6 x
59. − x3 − 4 x 2 − 4 x
60. x 5 + 10 x 4 + 21x3
61. x 4 + 6 x3 + 6 x 2
62. − x 3 − 2 x 2 + 80 x
63. 9 x5 − 100 x3
64. 49 x12 − 64 x10
65. 50 x 2 + 55 x + 15
66. 30 x 2 + 24 x − 72
Factor the following polynomials. (Hint: Factor first

by grouping, and then continue to factor if possible.)
67. x 3 + 2 x 2 − 25 x − 50
68. x 3 − 3x 2 − 4 x + 12
69. x 3 − 5 x 2 + 4 x − 20
70. 9 x3 + 18 x 2 − 25 x − 50
71. 4 x 3 + 36 x 2 − x − 9
72. 9 x3 − 27 x 2 + 4 x − 12

Exercise Set A.2: Dividing Polynomials
Use long division to find the quotient and the Use synthetic division to find the quotient and the
remainder. remainder.
x 2 − 6 x + 11 x2 − 8x + 4
73. 87.
x−2 x − 10
x 2 + 5 x + 12 x2 − 4x − 6
74. 88.
x+3 x+3
x2 + 7 x − 2 3x 3 + 13 x 2 − 6 x + 28
75. 89.
x +1 x+5
x2 − 6 x − 5 2 x3 − x 2 − 31x
76. 90.
x−4 x−4
x3 − 2 x 2 − 19 x − 12 x 4 + 3x 2 − 4
77. 91.
x+3 x +1
x 3 − 2 x 2 − 22 x + 33 2 x5 + 3 x 4 − 7 x + 8
78. 92.
x−5 x −1
6 x3 + 5 x 2 + 6 x − 12 3 x 4 − 11x3 − 27 x 2 + 18 x + 10
79. 93.
2x −1 x −5
12 x 3 + 13 x 2 − 22 x − 14 2 x 4 + 3 x3 − 18 x 2 + 5 x − 12
80. 94.
x−2
3x + 4
2 x3 + 13x 2 + 28 x + 21 x3 + 8
81. 95.
x+2
x2 + 3x + 1
x 4 − 81
x 4 − 7 x 3 + 4 x 2 − 42 x − 12 96.
82. x+3
x2 − 7 x − 2
4 x3 − 7 x + 5
2 x5 + 32 x 4 + 3 x3 + 44 x 2 − 14 97.
83. x − 12
4x2 + 6
6 x 4 + x3 − 10 x 2 + 9
10 x8 + 20 x 6 + x 4 + 2 x3 + 28 x 2 + 4 98.
84. x − 13
2x4 + 6x2 + 3
3x 4 − x3 − 15
85. Evaluate P(c) using the following two methods:
x2 + 5
(a) Substitute c into the function.
3x 5 − 4 x3 − 2 x + 7 (b) Use synthetic division along with the
86. Remainder Theorem.
x2 − 2x
99. P( x ) = x3 − 4 x 2 + 5 x + 2; c = 2
100. P( x) = 5 x 3 + 7 x 2 − 8 x − 3; c = −1

Exercise Set A.2: Dividing Polynomials
101. P( x ) = 7 x3 + 8 x 2 − 4 x − 12; c = −1 2 x2 + 7 x + 5
113.
x +1
102. P( x) = 2 x 4 − 7 x3 + 6 x − 14; c = 3
5 x 2 + 4 x − 12
114.
x+2
Evaluate P(c) using synthetic division along with the

Remainder Theorem. (Notice that substitution without
a calculator would be quite tedious in these examples,
so synthetic division is particularly useful.)
103. P( x ) = 3x 7 − 8 x 6 − 38 x5 + 70 x3 + 21x 2 + 3; c = 5
104. P( x ) = x 6 + 3x 5 + 10 x 4 − 35 x 2 − 2 x − 11; c = −2
105. P( x ) = 4 x 4 − 5 x3 − 22 x 2 − 1; c = − 34
106. P( x ) = 6 x 6 − 19 x5 + x 4 − 32 x 3 + 59 x + 13; c = 72
When the remainder is zero, the dividend can be

written as a product of two factors (the divisor and the
quotient), as shown below.
30
= 6 , so 30 = 5 ⋅ 6 .
5
x2 + x − 6
= x − 2 , so x 2 + x − 6 = ( x + 3 ) ( x − 2 )
x+3
In the following examples, use either long division or

synthetic division to find the quotient, and then write
the dividend as a product of two factors.
x 2 − 11x + 24
107.
x −8
x 2 + 3 x − 40
108.
x−5
x 2 − 7 x − 18
109.
x+2
x 2 + 10 x + 21
110.
x+3
4 x 2 − 25 x − 21
111.
x−7
3 x 2 − 22 x + 24
112.
x−6

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.1: An Introduction to Functions
1. This mapping does not make sense, since Erik could 31. (a) Domain: [ 0, ∞ )
not record two different temperatures at 9AM.
Range: [ 0, ∞ )
No, the mapping is not a function.
(b) Domain: [ 0, ∞ )
3. Yes, the mapping is a function.
Domain: {−3, 7, 9}
Range: [ −6, ∞ )
Range: {0, 4, 5} (c) Domain: [ 6, ∞ )
Range: [ 0, ∞ )
5. No, the mapping is not a function.
(d) Domain: [ 6, ∞ )
x
7. f ( x) = + 4 Range: [3, ∞ )
7
9. f ( x) = x − 6 33. (a) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )

Range: [ −4, ∞ )
11. x ≠ 3
Interval Notation: ( −∞, 3) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) (b) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
Range: ( −∞, 4]
13. x ≠ 3 and x ≠ −3
Interval Notation: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, 3) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) (c) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
Range: [ 4, ∞ )
15. x ≠ 4 and x ≠ 7
Interval Notation: ( −∞, 4 ) ∪ ( 4, 7 ) ∪ ( 7, ∞ )
(d) Domain: ( −∞, − 2] ∪ [ 2, ∞ )
Range: [ 0, ∞ )
17. t ≥ 0
(e) Domain: [ −2, 2]
Interval Notation: [ 0, ∞ )
Range: ( −∞, 2]
19. All real numbers (f) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
Interval Notation: ( −∞, ∞ )
Range: [ 2, ∞ )
21. x ≥ 5
Interval Notation: [5, ∞ )
35. (a) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
Range: [ 0, ∞ )
23. x ≤ 3 and x ≠ −4
2 (b) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
Interval Notation: ( −∞, − 4 ) ∪ ( −4, 2
3
 Range: [ 0, ∞ )
25. All real numbers (c) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
Interval Notation: ( −∞, ∞ ) Range: ( −∞, 9]
27. t ≠ −5 37. (a) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
Interval Notation: ( −∞, − 5 ) ∪ ( −5, ∞ )
Range: [3, ∞ )
29. t ≤ 4 and t ≥ 6 (b) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
Interval Notation: ( −∞, 4] ∪ [ 6, ∞ ) Range: [ −1, ∞ )
(c) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
Range: [11, ∞ )

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.1: An Introduction to Functions
39. Domain: ( −∞, ∞ ) 51. f (6) = 7

Range: [5, ∞ ) f (2) = −1
f (−3) = −6
41. Domain: ( −∞, ∞ ) f (0) = 3
Range: ( −∞, ∞ ) f ( 4) = 3
f (92 ) = 4
43. (a) Domain: ( −∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( −2, ∞ )
Range: ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ) 53. f (0) = 4
(b) Domain: ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) f (−6) = 108
Range: ( −∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞ ) f ( 2) = 7
45. f (3) = 11 f (1) = 4
f ( 4) = 9
( )
f − 12 = − 13
2
f ( a ) = 5a − 4
f (32 ) = 4
f (a + 3) = 5a + 11
55. Yes
f (a ) + 3 = 5a − 1
57. Yes
f (a ) + f (3) = 5a + 7
59. No
47. g (0) = 4
61. Yes
g− ( )=1
4
37
8
63. Yes
2
g ( x + 5) = x + 7 x + 14
65. No
1 − 3a + 4 a 2
g (a1 ) = a1 − a3 + 4 =
2
a2
67. f ( x + h) = 7 x + 7h − 4
2
g (3a ) = 9a − 9a + 4
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
2
=7
3 g (a ) = 3a − 9a + 12 h
69. f ( x + h) = x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 5 x + 5h − 2
49. f (−7) = 12
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f (0) = − 23 = 2x + h + 5
h
f (35 ) = − 1312 71. f ( x + h) = −8
2 +t
f (t ) = f ( x + h) − f ( x )
t−3 =0
h
(
f t2 − 3 = ) t2− 1
t2 − 6 1
73. f ( x + h) =
x+h
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) −1
=
h x ( x + h)

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.2: Functions and Graphs
1. No, the graph does not represent a function. 17. (a) Domain: ( −∞, 6 )
3. Yes, the graph represents a function. (b) Range: ( −∞, 5]
(c) The function has two x-intercepts.
5. Yes, the graph represents a function.
(d) g (−2) = 1
7. No, the graph does not represent a function. g (0) = 5
g (2) = −1
9. Yes, the graph represents a function.
g (4) = 1
11. (a) y g (6) is undefined
6 (e) g (−2) is greater than g (3) , since 1 > 0 .
(f) g is increasing on the interval ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ ( 2, 6 ) .
4
(g) g is increasing on the interval ( 0, 2 ) .
19. (a) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )

x
(b) x-intercept: 4; y-intercept: 6
−4 −2 2 4
(c) x f ( x ) = − 32 x + 6
−2
−2 9
(b) No, the set of points does not represent a −1 15 = 7.5
2
function. The graph does not pass the vertical
0 6
line test at x = 2 .
1 9 = 4.5
2
13. If each x value is paired with only one y value, then 2 3
the set of points represents a function. If an x value is
paired with more than one y value (i.e. two or more
y
coordinates have the same x value but different y 10
values), then the set of points does not represent a
function. 8
15. (a) Domain: [ −4, 6] 6
(b) Range: [ −3, 9] 4
(c) y-intercept: −3
2
(d) f (−2) = 3 x
f (0) = −3 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
f (4) = 9 −2
f (6) = 3
(e) x = −4 , x = 4
(f) f is increasing on the interval ( 0, 4 ) .
21. (a) Domain: [ −1, 3)
(g) f is decreasing on the interval ( −4, 0 ) ∪ ( 4, 6 ) . 5
(b) x-intercept: ; y-intercept: −5
(h) The maximum value of the function is 9 . 3
(i) The minimum value of the function is −3 .

21. (c) x h( x ) = 3 x − 5 25. (a) Domain: [3, ∞ )

−1 −8 (b) x-intercept: 3; y-intercept: None
0 −5 (c) x f ( x) = x − 3
1 −2 3 0
2 1 4 1
3 undefined 5 2 ≈ 1.4
(open circle at y = 4 )
7 2
y
12 3
4
2
y
x 8
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
6
−2
4
−4
2
−6
x
−8 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12
−2
−10
−4
−6
23. (a) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
(b) x-intercept: 3; y-intercept: 3
27. (a) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
(c) x g( x ) = x − 3 (b) x-intercepts: 0, 4 y-intercept: 0
1 2 (c) x F ( x) = x 2 − 4 x
2 1 −1 5
3 0 0 0
4 1 1 −3
5 2 2 −4
y
3 −3
y
4 6
4
2
2
x
x
−2 2 4 6 8
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2 −2
−4
−6

29. (a) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ ) 31. (c) Graph:

(b) x-intercept: −1 ; y-intercept: 1
(c)
x f ( x ) = x3 + 1
−2 −7
−1 0
0 1
1 2
2 9
y
8
4
33. (a) Domain: [ −2, 5]
2
x
(b) y-intercept: 4
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
(c)
−2
x f ( x)
−4 −2 0
−6 −1 2
0 4
1 2
31. (a) Domain: (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ) (open circle at y = 6 )
(b) x-intercepts: None; y-intercept: None 2 1

3 0
(c)
x g( x ) = 12x 4 −1
−6 −2 5 −2
−4 −3
y
−3 −4
6
−2 −6
2 6 4
3 4
2
4 3
x
6 2
−4 −2 2 4 6
−2

35. (a) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ ) 39. (a) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )

(b) y-intercept: −5 (b) y-intercept: 0
(c)
(c) x f ( x) x f ( x)
−6 3 −6 −6
−2 −5 −3 −3
2 −5 −2 4
−1 1
y 0 0
4
1 1
2
2 4
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4
5 4
−2
10 y
8
−4
6
−6
4
2
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
37. (a) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ ) −2
(b) y-intercept: 1 −4
−6
(c)
x f ( x)
−3 4
0 1 41. (a) origin
(open circle at y = 3 ) (b) y-axis
1 2
2 5
43. ( 3, − 6 )
45. Odd
6 y 47. Even
49. Neither
4
x
−4 −2 2 4
−2

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.3: Transformations of Graphs
1. (a) Shift right 3 units. 17. E

(b) Reflect in the y-axis.
(c) Stretch vertically by a factor of 2. 19. Note: When two equations are given, either is
(d) Shift upward 4 units. acceptable.
3
(a) f ( x ) = −5 ( x − 7 ) + 1
3. (a) Jack is correct.
3
(b) Analysis of Jack’s Method: (b) f ( x ) = −5 ( x − 7 ) + 1
y = x2 f ( x ) = − 5 ( x − 7 ) + 1 = −5 ( x − 7 ) − 1
Base graph 3 3
(c)
 
Reflect in the x-axis y = − x2
 3
 3
(d) f ( x ) = −5 ( x − 7 ) + 1 = −5 ( x − 7 ) − 5
Shift upward 2 units y = − x 2 + 2 = 2 − x2  
3
(e) f ( x ) = −5 ( x + 7 ) + 1
Analysis of Jill’s Method:
(f) The equations in parts (a) and (b) are equivalent.
Base graph y = x2
Shift upward 2 units y = x2 + 2
21. Reflect in the y-axis, then shift downward 2 units.
Reflect in the x-axis ( )
y = − x 2 + 2 = −2 − x 2
23. Shift right 2 units, then stretch vertically by a factor
of 5, then reflect in the x-axis, then shift upward 1
Jack’s method is correct, as the final result
unit.
matches the given equation, y = 2 − x 2 . Jill’s
method, however, is incorrect, as it yields the 25. Shift left 8 units, then stretch vertically by a factor of
equation y = −2 − x 2 . 3, then shift upward 2 units.
27. Shift upward 1 unit.

5. (a) Tony is correct.
(b) Analysis of Tony’s Method: 29. Reflect in the y-axis, then shift upward 3 units.
Base graph y= x
31. Shift right 2 units, then shrink vertically by a factor
Shift right 2 units y = x−2
of 14 , then reflect in the x-axis, then shift downward
Reflect in the y-axis y = − x − 2 = −2 − x 5 units.
Analysis of Maria’s Method: 33. Shift left 7 units, then reflect in the y-axis, then shift
Base graph y= x upward 2 units.
Reflect in the y-axis y = −x 35. y
Shift right 2 units y = − ( x − 2) = 2 − x 2
Tony’s method is correct, as the final result −4 −2 2 4 6
matches the given equation, y = −2 − x . −2
Maria’s method, however, is incorrect, as it −4
yields the equation y = − ( x − 2 ) = 2 − x .

−6
7. D
37. y
4
9. F
2
11. A x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
13. K −2
−4
15. C

y
39. 10
49. 8 y
6
8
4
6
2
4
x
2 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2
x −2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−4
y
41. y 51. 4
6
2
4
x
2 −2 2 4 6
x −2
−4 −2 2 4
−4
−2
y
53. Notice the
43. 4
y 10
asymptotes
2
8 (the blue
x 6 dotted lines)
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 4 at x = 3 and
−2 y = 6.
2
−4 x
−2 2 4 6 8 10
−6
−8
55. y
8
Notice the
asymptotes
6
45. 8 y (the blue
4 dotted lines)
6
2 at x = 0 and
x
4
y = 3.
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
2
−2 2 4 6
y
57. 8
6
4
47. 8 y
2
x
6
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
4
−4
2 −6
x
−4 −2 2 4 6
−2 59. All of the points with negative y-values have
reflected over the x-axis so that they have positive y-
values.

61. (a) y 67. 10 y

8
6
8
4
2
x 6
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−2
4
−4
−6 2
−8
x
−10
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
(b) −2
y
8
6
−4
4
−6
2
x
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 −8
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
69. 10 y
63. 10 y 8
6
8
4
6
2
4
x
2 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
x −2
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−4
−2
−6
−4
−8
−6
−8
71. 10 y
65. 10 y
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2 x
x −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 −2
−2
−4
−4
−6
−6
−8
−8

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.4: Operations on Functions
1. (a) f (−3) + g (−3) = 4 + 0 = 4 . 3x

(c) ( fg )( x) =
( x − 1)( x + 2)
(b) f (0) + g (0) = 2 + 3 = 5 .
Domain: (− ∞, − 2) ∪ (−2, 1) ∪ (1, ∞),
(c) f (−6) + g (−6) is undefined, since g (−6) is
i.e. x ≠ −2 and x ≠ 1 .
undefined.
(d) f (5) + g (5) = 0 + 6 = 6 .  f  3x + 6
(d)  ( x) =
(e) f (7) + g (7) is undefined, since f (7) is g
  x ( x − 1)
undefined.
Domain: (− ∞, − 2) ∪ (−2, 0) ∪ (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞),
(f) Graph of f + g :
i.e. x ≠ −2 and x ≠ 0 and x ≠ 1 .
y
8
f+g
6
7. (a) ( f + g )( x ) = x − 6 + 10 − x
4 Domain: [6, 10]
2
x (b) ( f − g )( x) = x − 6 − 10 − x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 Domain: [6, 10]
−2
−4 (c) ( fg )( x) = x − 6 ⋅ 10 − x = − x 2 + 16 x − 60
−6 Domain: [6, 10]
−8
 f  x−6 x−6
(d)  ( x) = =
g  10 − x 10 −x
(g) The domain of f + g is [− 3, 6] , since this is
where the domains of f and g intersect (overlap).
Domain: [6, 10 ) .
3. (a) ( f + g )( x ) = x 2 − 2 x − 9 9. (a) ( f + g )( x ) = x 2 − 9 + x 2 + 4
Domain: (− ∞, ∞ ) Domain: (− ∞, − 3] ∪ [3, ∞ )
(b) ( f − g )( x) = − x 2 + 6 x + 15
(b) ( f − g )( x) = x 2 − 9 − x 2 + 4
Domain: (− ∞, ∞ )
Domain: (− ∞, − 3] ∪ [3, ∞ )
(c) ( fg )( x) = 2 x3 − 5 x 2 − 36 x − 36
Domain: (− ∞, ∞ ) (c) ( fg )( x) = x 2 − 9 ⋅ x 2 + 4 = x 4 − 5 x 2 − 36
Domain: (− ∞, − 3] ∪ [3, ∞ )
 f  2x + 3 2x + 3
(d)  ( x) = =
g
 
2
x − 4 x + 12 ( x + 2)( x − 6)  f  x2 − 9 x2 − 9
(d)  ( x) = =
g  x2 + 4 x2 + 4
Domain: (− ∞, − 2) ∪ (−2, 6) ∪ (6, ∞),
i.e. x ≠ −2 and x ≠ 6 .
Domain: (− ∞, − 3] ∪ [3, ∞ ) .
11. [1, 3) ∪ (3, ∞ )

x2 + 2x + 6
5. (a) ( f + g )( x) =
( x − 1)( x + 2)
13. (− ∞, 2 ) ∪ (2, 7) ∪ (7, ∞)
Domain: (− ∞, − 2) ∪ (−2, 1) ∪ (1, ∞),
i.e. x ≠ −2 and x ≠ 1 . 15. [− 2, 5) ∪ (5, ∞ )
− x2 + 4x + 6 17. (a) g (2) = 5 (b) f (g (2)) = 0

(b) ( f − g )( x) =
( x − 1)( x + 2) (c) f (2) = 0 (d) g ( f (2)) = 3
Domain: (− ∞, − 2) ∪ (−2, 1) ∪ (1, ∞),
19. (a) ( f g )(− 3) = 2 (b) (g f )(− 3) = 6
i.e. x ≠ −2 and x ≠ 1 .

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.4: Operations on Functions
21. (a) ( f f )(3) = 3 (b) (g g )(− 2) = 4 43. (a) f (g (1)) = 11

(b) g ( f (1)) = 7
23. (a) ( f g )(4) is undefined, since f (6) is undefined. (c) f (g (x )) = 25 x 2 − 80 x + 66
(b) (g f )(4) = 1
(d) g ( f (x )) = 5 x 2 + 2
25. (a) g (0) = 4 (b) f (g (0 )) = −5 (e) f ( f (1)) = 11
(c) f (0) = 3 (d) g ( f (0 )) = −2 (f) g (g (1)) = −23
(g) f ( f (x )) = x 4 + 4 x 2 + 6
27. (a) ( f g )(− 2) = −33 (b) (g f )(− 2) = 18 (h) g (g (x )) = 25 x − 48
29. (a) ( f f )(6) = 21 (b) (g g )(6) = 54 45. (a) f (g (− 2 )) = − 174

(b) g ( f (− 2 )) = − 12
31. (a) ( f g )(x ) = −2 x 2 + 10 x − 5 19
x−2
(b) (g f )(x ) = 4 x 2 − 2 x − 2 (c) f (g (x )) =
13 − 2 x
3x − 6
33. (a) { x | x ≥ 5 } (d) g ( f (x )) =
11 − 4 x
1
(b) ( f g )( x ) =
x−5
(c) { x | x ≠ 5 } 47. (a) f (g (h(2 ))) = 195
(b) g (h( f (3))) = −50
(d) { x | x > 5 } ; Interval Notation: ( 5, ∞ )
(c) ( f g h )(x ) = 36 x 2 + 24 x + 3
35. (a) { x | x ≥ 6 } (d) (g h f )(x ) = 4 − 6 x 2
3
(b) ( f g )( x ) =
x − 10
49. (a) h( f (g (4 ))) = 23
(c) { x | x ≠ 10 }
(b) f (g (h(0 ))) = 8
(d) { x | x ≥ 6 and x ≠ 10 } ; (c) ( f g h )(x ) = 2 x + 8
Interval Notation: [6, 10 ) ∪ (10, ∞ ) (d) (h f g )(x ) = 2 x + 15
37. (a) ( f g )(x ) = 4 x 2 − 22 x + 28

51. x 0 1 2 4
Domain of f g : (−∞, ∞)
f ( g ( x )) 7 undefined 2 4
2
(b) (g f )(x ) = 2 x + 6x − 7
Domain of g f : (−∞, ∞)
53. x 0 1 2 4
1 f ( f ( x ))
39. (a) ( f g )(x ) = 4 7 7 undefined
x−4
Domain of f g : (4, ∞)
1
(b) (g f )(x ) =
2
x −4
Domain of g f : (−∞, − 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
41. (a) ( f g )(x ) =

2− x
Domain of f g : (− ∞, 2]
(b) (g f )(x ) = −5 −
x+7
Domain of g f : [− 7, ∞ )

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.5: Inverse Functions
1. No, it is not a one-to-one function. 19. (c) Domain of f −1 : ( −∞, ∞ )

Explanation: The graph passes the vertical line test, −1
so it represents a function; but it does not pass the
Range of f : ( −∞, ∞ )
horizontal line test, so it is does not represent a one-
to-one function. 21. (a) Domain of f : [ −2, 9 )
Range of f : [1, 8 )
3. No, it is not a one-to-one function.
Explanation: The graph does not pass the vertical 10 y
(b)
line test, so it does not represent a function; therefore, 8
it cannot be a one-to-one function.
6 f -1
5. Yes, it is a one-to-one function. 4
Explanation: The graph passes the vertical line test, 2
so it represents a function; it also passes the x
horizontal line test, so it represents a one-to-one −2 2 4 6 8 10
function. −2
7. Yes, the function is one-to-one.

(c) Domain of f −1 : [1, 8 )
9. Yes, the function is one-to-one. Range of f −1 : [ −2, 9 )
11. No, the function is not one-to-one.
23. 4
13. No, the function is not one-to-one.
25. −3
15. (a) Interchange the x and y values.
(b) Reflect the graph of f over the line y = x. 27. 3
29. 2
17. x f −1
( x)
31. 4
−4 3
7 2 33. 3 (Extraneous information is given in this problem.
Note that for any inverse functions f and g,
5 −4
f  g ( x )  = x and g  f ( x )  = x. )
0 5
3 0 x+3
35. f −1 ( x ) =
5
8x − 3 3 − 8x
19. (a) Domain of f : ( −∞, ∞ ) 37. f −1 ( x ) = =
−2 2
Range of f : ( −∞, ∞ )
39. f −1 ( x ) = x − 1, where x ≥ 1
(b) 6 y
4
x+7
-1
41. f −1 ( x ) = 3
f 2
4
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4
3 − 2x
−2
43. f −1 ( x ) =
x
−4
−6

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 1.5: Inverse Functions
4x + 3
45. f −1 ( x ) =
x−2
x2 − 7 7 − x2
47. f −1 ( x ) = =
−2 2
49. No, f and g are not inverses of each other, since

f  g ( x )  ≠ x and g  f ( x )  ≠ x .
51. Yes, f and g are inverses of each other, since

f  g ( x )  = x and g  f ( x )  = x .

f  g ( x )  = x and g  f ( x )  = x .

f  g ( x )  = x and g  f ( x )  = x .
57. f −1 (500) represents the number of tickets sold when

the revenue is $500.
59. Yes, f is one-to-one.
61. Yes, f is one-to-one.
63. No, f is not one-to-one.

Using x1 = 3 and x2 = −3 , for example, it can be
shown that f ( x 1 ) = f ( x2 ) . However, x1 ≠ x2 , and
therefore f is not one-to-one. (Answers vary for this
counterexample.)
65. No, f is not one-to-one.

Using x1 = 2 and x2 = −2 for example, it can be
shown that f ( x 1 ) = f ( x2 ) . However, x1 ≠ x2 , and
therefore f is not one-to-one. (Answers vary for this
counterexample.)

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 2.1: Linear and Quadratic Functions
5 4
1. − 15. (a) y = x+3
4 3
4
3. 0 (b) f ( x) = x + 3
3
4
3 (c) Slope:
5. 3
4 (d) y-intercept: 3
(e) Graph:
7. Undefined y
8
4
9. f ( x) = x−2 6
3
11. (a) y = −2 x + 5 4
(b) f ( x ) = −2 x + 5
2
(c) Slope: −2
(d) y-intercept: 5 x
(e) Graph: −4 −2 2 4
y
−2
6
4
4
17. f ( x ) = − x + 3
7
2
2 4
x 19. f ( x ) = − x +
−2 2 4 6
9 3
−2
21. f ( x ) = 2 x + 7
5
1 23. f ( x ) = x −5
13. (a) y = − x 7
4
1 3
(b) f ( x ) = − x 25. f ( x ) = − x + 6
4 2
1
(c) Slope: −
4 27. f ( x ) = 5
(d) y-intercept: 0
(e) Graph:
29. f ( x ) = −5 x + 18
4 y
5
2 31. f ( x ) = x−2
2
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 2 19
33. f ( x ) = − x +
5 5
−2
35. f ( x ) = −6 x + 18
−4
37. f ( x ) = x + 8
−6

1
39. f ( x ) = x − 5 (d) Minimum value: 3
3
(e) Axis of symmetry: x = 2
8
41. f ( x ) = x − 8
3
51. (a) f ( x) = −( x + 4)2 + 7
43. C ( x ) = 800 x + 6200
(b) Vertex: (−4, 7)
45. (a) f ( x) = ( x + 3)2 − 2 (c) y
6
(b) Vertex: (−3, − 2)
4
(c) y
4
2
2 x
x −8 −6 −4 −2 2
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 −2
−2
(d) Maximum value: 7
−4
(e) Axis of symmetry: x = − 4
(d) Minimum value: −2
(e) Axis of symmetry: x = −3
53. (a) f ( x) = −4( x − 3)2 + 9
(b) Vertex: (3, 9)
47. (a) f ( x) = ( x − 1)2 − 1 y
(c) 10
(b) Vertex: (1, − 1) 8
6
(c) y
6 4
2
4 x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
2 −2
x −4
−4 −2 2 4 6
(d) Maximum value: 9
−2
(d) Minimum value: −1
(e) Axis of symmetry: x = 1 ( )2
55. (a) f ( x) = x − 52 − 134
(b) Vertex: (52 , − 134 )

49. (a) f ( x) = 2( x − 2) 2 + 3
y
(c)
(b) Vertex: ( 2, 3) 4
(c) y 2
8
x
6 −2 2 4 6
−2
4
−4
2
−4 −2 2 4 6
(d) Minimum value: − 134

(e) Axis of symmetry: x = 5 67. (a) x-intercepts: −6, 2

2
(b) y-intercept: −36
(c) Vertex: ( −2, − 48 )
( )2
57. (a) f ( x) = −4 x + 83 + 16
41
(d) Minimum Value: −48
(b) Vertex: (− 83 , 1641 ) (e) Axis of symmetry: x = −2
(f) 18 y
(c) 3 y
12
6
2 x
−12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
1 −6
−12
x
−18
−2 −1 1 2
−24
−1
−30
−36
(d) Maximum value: 41 −42

16
−48
(e) Axis of symmetry: x = − 83 −54
−60
59. (a) Vertex: (6, 14)

(b) MinimumValue: 14
69. (a) x-intercepts: 1,
2
− 52
61. (a) Vertex: (4, 23)
(b) y-intercept: 5
(b) MaximumValue: 23
(c) Vertex: ( −1, 9 )
63. (a) Vertex: (94 , 1058 ) (d) Maximum Value: 9
105 (e) Axis of symmetry: x = −1
(b) MaximumValue: 8
(f) y
10
65. (a) x-intercepts: −3, 5 8
(b) y-intercept: −15

(c) Vertex: (1, − 16 ) 6
(d) Minimum value: −16 4

2
(f) y
2
x
x
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12
−14
−16
−18

71. (a) x-intercepts: 3 ± 6 (approx. 0.55 and 5.45) 75. (a) x-intercepts: 3, − 32
2
(b) y-intercept: 3 (b) y-intercept: 9
(c) Vertex: ( 3, − 6 ) (c) Vertex: ( 0, 9 )
(d) Minimum Value: −6 (d) Maximum Value: 9
(e) Axis of symmetry: x = 3 (e) Axis of symmetry: x = 0
(f) y (f) y
10
10
8
8
6
4 6
2 4
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2
−2 x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−4
−2
−6
−8 −4
2
77. f ( x ) = 3 ( x − 2 ) − 5
73. (a) x-intercepts: None
(b) y-intercept: 5 3 2
79. f ( x ) = − ( x − 5) + 7
(c) Vertex: (1, 4 ) 4
(d) Minimum Value: 4 81. The largest possible product is 25.
(e) Axis of symmetry: x = −1
(f) 83. (a) 2.5 seconds
y
10
(b) 100 feet
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 2.2: Polynomial Functions
1. (a) Yes 25. 8 y

6
(b) Degree: 3
4
(c) Binomial
2
x
3. (a) Yes −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
(b) Degree: 1
−4
(c) Binomial
−6
−8
5. (a) No
(b) N/A
(c) N/A 27. 8 y
6
7. (a) Yes 4
(b) Degree: 2 2
x
(c) Trinomial
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
9. (a) Yes −4
(b) Degree: 4 −6
(c) Trinomial −8
11. (a) No 29. y
(b) N/A
(c) N/A Note: The scale on the
y-axis will vary,
x
13. (a) No depending on
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
(b) N/A the value of n.
(c) N/A
15. (a) Yes

(b) Degree: 7
(c) Binomial 31. (a) y = x3
17. (a) No (b) y = x 2

(b) N/A (c) x 6
(c) N/A
19. (a) Yes 33. E

(b) Degree: 9
(c) Trinomial 35. B
21. (a) False 37. F

(b) True
(c) True 39. (a) x-intercepts: 5, − 3 y-intercept: −15
(d) False
(b) y
23. (a) True 5

(b) False x
(c) False −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
(d) True −5
−10
−15

41. (a) x-intercept: 6 y-intercept: −36 49. (a) x-intercepts: 2 , − 4, 5, − 1 y-intercept: 40

3
(b) 12 y
(b)
x
80 y
−2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 40 x
−12 −4 −2 −40 2 4 6
−80
−24 −120
−160
−200
−36 −240
−280
−48 −320
−360
−400
−440
43. (a) x-intercepts: 5, − 2, − 6 y-intercept: −60 51. (a) x-intercepts: 0, − 2, 4, − 6 y-intercept: 0
(b) y
(b) y
30
100
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
50
−30
x
−60
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−90
−50
−120
45. (a) x-intercepts: 4, 1, − 3 y-intercept: −6 53. (a) x-intercepts: 3, − 4 y-intercept: 144
(b) 9 y (b) y
144
6
3
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 72
−3
−6
x
−9
−6 −4 −2 2 4
−12
−15
47. (a) x-intercepts: −2, 4 y-intercept: −16 55. (a) x-intercepts: −5, 4 y-intercept: −500
(b) 8
y (b) y
x
250
−4 −2 2 4 6 x
−8
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−16 −250
−24
−500
−32
−750
−40

57. (a) x-intercepts: −3, 4 y-intercept: −576 65. (a) x-intercepts: 0, − 5, 5 y-intercept: 0
(b) 288
y (b) y
60
x 40
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 20
x
−288 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−20
−40
−576
−60
−80
59. (a) x-intercepts: 0, 2, − 3, 4 y-intercept: 0 67. (a) x-intercepts: 0, 4, − 3 y-intercept: 0
(b) y (b) y
60
100
40
x
20
−4 −2 2 4 6 x
−4 −2 2 4 6
−100
−20
−40
−200
−60
−300 −80
61. (a) x-intercepts: 0, 1, − 1 y-intercept: 0 69. (a) x-intercepts: 0, − 3, 3 y-intercept: 0
(b) y (b) y
60
0.002 40
20
0.001 x
−4 −2 2 4
x −20
−1 1 −40
−0.001 −60
−80
63. (a) x-intercepts: 0, 2, 4 y-intercept: 0 71. (a) x-intercepts: −4, 1, − 1 y-intercept: −4
(b) y (b) y
4 8
2 4
x
x
2 4 6
−4 −2 2
−2
−4
−4
−8
−6

73. (a) x-intercepts: 3, − 3, 2, − 2 y-intercept: 36
(b) 45
y
36
27
18
9
x
−4 −2 2 4
−9
−18
1
75. P ( x ) = − ( x + 4 )( x − 1)( x − 3)
2
2 2
77. P ( x ) = 3 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1)
79. y
10
−4 −2 2 4
−5
81. 10 y
2
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
83. 2 y
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
−4
85. 2 y
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4
−2
−4
−6
−8

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 2.3: Rational Functions
1. Odd (f) Horizontal Asymptote: y=0

(g) Slant Asymptote(s): None
3. Even
(h) Graph: 6
y
5. Neither 4
2
7. (a) 6
y x
−2 2 4 6 8 10 12
−2
4
−4
2 −6
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
13. (a) Domain: ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ (0, ∞)
−4
(b) Hole(s): None
−6 (c) x-intercept: − 32
(d) y-intercept(s): None

(b) 6
y (e) Vertical Asymptote: x = 0
(f) Horizontal Asymptote: y=2
4
2 (h) Graph: 8
y
x 6
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
4
−2 2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−4
−2
−4
−6
9. (a) Hole: when x = −8 15. (a) Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ (−3, ∞)

(b) x-intercept: 4
(b) Hole(s): None
(c) y-intercept: −6
(c) x-intercept: 6
(d) Vertical Asymptote: x = −2
(d) y-intercept: −2
(e) Horizontal Asymptote: y=3
(e) Vertical Asymptote: x = −3
(f) Horizontal Asymptote: y =1
11. (a) Domain: ( −∞, 5 ) ∪ (5, ∞) (g) Slant Asymptote(s): None
(b) Hole(s): None (h) Graph: y
8
(c) x-intercept(s): None 6
(d) y-intercept: − 35 4
2
x
(e) Vertical Asymptote: x=5
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
Continued in the next column… −6
−8

17. (a) Domain: ( −∞, − 32 ) ∪ (− 32 , ∞) (g) Slant Asymptote(s): None

(Note: There is no slant asymptote when the
(b) Hole(s): None remainder after performing long division is zero.
(c) x-intercept: 2 The graph of this function is simply a line with a
(d) y-intercept: 8 removable discontinuity / hole at x = 4 .)
3
(h) Graph:
(e) Vertical Asymptote: x = − 32 y
(f) Horizontal Asymptote: y = −2 8
(g) Slant Asymptote(s): None 6
(h) Graph: y 4
4
2
2 x
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 −2
−2
−4
−6
23. (a) Domain: ( −∞, − 1) ∪ (−1, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
−8
(b) Hole(s): None
(c) x-intercept: 0
19. (a) Domain: ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ (2, 4) ∪ (4, ∞) (d) y-intercept: 0
(b) Hole: when x = 2 (e) Vertical Asymptotes: x = −1, x = 1
(c) x-intercept: −3 (f) Horizontal Asymptote(s): None
(d) y-intercept: − 34 (g) Slant Asymptote: y = 4x
(h) Graph:
y
16

(h) Graph: y
8
6
4
4 x
2 −4 −2 2 4
x
−4
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−2 −8
−4 −12
−6 −16
−20
21. (a) Domain: ( −∞, 4 ) ∪ (4, ∞)

(b) Hole: when x = 4
(c) x-intercept: −5
25. (a) Domain: ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ (0, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
(d) y-intercept: 5 (b) Hole: when x = 2
(e) Vertical Asymptote(s): None (c) x-intercepts: − 53
(f) Horizontal Asymptote(s): None (d) y-intercepts: None

(f) Horizontal Asymptote: y = −3 (h) Graph:

y
4
(h) Graph: y
2
2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x
−2 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−4
−2
−6
−8 −4
−6
27. (a) Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ (−3, − 1) ∪ (−1, ∞)

(b) Hole: when x = −3 31. (a) Domain: ( −∞, − 2 ) ∪ (−2, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
(c) x-intercept: 3 (b) Hole(s): None
(d) y-intercept: −6 (c) x-intercept(s): None
(e) Vertical Asymptote: x = −1 (d) y-intercept: −2
(f) Horizontal Asymptote: y=2 (e) Vertical Asymptotes: x = −2, x = 2
(g) Slant Asymptote(s): None (f) Horizontal Asymptotes: y=0

(h) Graph: y (g) Slant Asymptote(s): None
6
(h) Graph: y
4 4
2
x 2
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4
−6 −4
−6
29. (a) Domain: ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ (0, ∞) 33. (a) Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ (−3, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)
(b) Hole(s): None
(b) Hole(s): None
(c) x-intercept(s): −2, 2 (c) x-intercept: 1
(d) y-intercept(s): None (d) y-intercept: 1
2
(e) Vertical Asymptotes: x = −3, x = 4
(f) Horizontal Asymptote: None
(f) Horizontal Asymptote: y=0
(g) Slant Asymptote(s): y = − 12 x
(h) Graph: y
Continued in the next column… 6
2
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
−6

35. (a) Domain: ( −∞, − 1) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, 4) ∪ (4, ∞) (h) Graph: y

8
(b) Hole: when x = 4 6
(c) x-intercepts: −2, 3 4
(d) y-intercept: 3 2
(e) Vertical Asymptotes: x = −1, x = 2 x

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2

−4
(h) Graph: y
6
−6
4
−8
2
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 5 13
−2
41. (a) x-intercepts: x = ± ;
2 2
−4 x ≈ 0.7 ; x ≈ 4.3
(b) Vertical Asymptotes:
1 10 1 10
x=− − ; x=− +
37. (a) Domain: ( −∞, − 1) ∪ (−1, 3) ∪ (3, ∞) 3 3 3 3
x ≈ −1.4; x ≈ 0.7
(b) Holes: when x = −1 and x = 3
(c) x-intercept: 0, 5
(d) y-intercept: 0 43. (a) y = 1
(e) Vertical Asymptote(s): None (b) x = −2
(f) Horizontal Asymptote(s): None (c) ( −2, 1)
(h) Graph: y 1
6
45. (a) y =
2
4
7
2
(b) x =
x 2
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 7 1
−2 (c)  , 
2 2
−4
−6
47. (a) y = 4
19
(b) x =
39. (a) Domain: ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ (0, ∞) 16
 19 
(b) Hole(s): None (c)  , 4 
 16 
(c) x-intercepts: x = −3, x = −2, x = 3
(d) y-intercept: None 49. (a) (1, 0 ) y
(e) Vertical Asymptote: x=0 (b) 6
(f) Horizontal Asymptote(s): None 4
2
(g) Slant Asymptote: y = x+2 x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
−6

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 2.4: Applications and Writing Functions
1. (a) A ( w ) = 27 w − w2 31. (a) d ( x ) = x 4 − 19 x 2 + 100

27
(b) A is greatest when w = = 13.5 ft. (b) d ( x ) = x 4 − 15 x 2 + 64
2
(c) The maximum area of the rectangle is
729 33. A ( r ) = 4r 2
A= = 182.25 ft 2 .
4
35. (a) P ( w ) = 2w + 2 64 − w2
3. d ( t ) = 130t
(b) A ( w ) = w 64 − w2
5. 100
( P − 2x ) 4 Px − x 2
7. 16 37. (a) A ( x ) =
4
9. 375 ft × 750 ft (where the 750 ft side is parallel to P P
(b) Domain of A: <x<
the river) 4 2
11. 20,000 ft 2 39. (a) d ( t ) = 2500t 2 − 360t + 13

(b) Note: To minimize d ( t ) , minimize the
x
13. A ( x ) = 36 − x 2 quadratic under the radical sign.
2 9
t= hr = 0.072 hr = 4.32 min
125
44 2 2 + 44
15. P ( ) = 2 + =

41. d = 20 2 cm ≈ 28.28 cm
Note: See the hint in the solutions for numbers 39
17. (a) A ( x ) = 18 x − 2 x3 and 40 for minimizing the function.
(b) P ( x ) = 4 x + 18 − 2 x 2
2π x 2π x 3
43. C ( x ) = =
3 3
19. V ( r ) = 2π r 3
600
21. (a) L ( r ) =
r
600 2π r 3 + 600
(b) S ( r ) = + 2π r 2 =
r r
4π r 3
23. V ( r ) =
3
80 x3 + 80
25. S ( x ) = x 2 + =
x x
27. (a) S ( x ) = 120 x − 6 x 2

(b) 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm
(c) 1000 cm2
29. (a) C ( x ) = x
x2
(b) A ( x ) =
4π

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 3.1: Exponential Equations and Functions
7 13. (a)
1. (a) No solution (b) x =
2
4 5
3. (a) x = (b) x =
3 6
5. (a) x = 1 (b) No solution

29 1
7. (a) x = − (b) x = −
6 4
9.
Horizontal Asymptote at y = 0
Passes through ( 0, 1)
(b)
x f ( x) Horizontal Horizontal Asymptote at y = 0

0 1 Asymptote Passes through ( 0, 1)
at y = 0
1 3
(c) The two graphs have the point ( 0, 1) in
−1 1
3 common.
(d) Both graphs have a horizontal asymptote at
y = 0.
11.
15. (a)
Horizontal Asymptote at y = 0
x f ( x) Horizontal Both graphs pass through ( 0, 1)
0 1 Asymptote
at y = 0 (b) To obtain the graph of g , reflect the graph of f
1 1
2
across the y-axis.
−1 2

x 23. (a) x-intercept(s): None

1 x
 
6
( )
(c) g ( x ) =   = 6 −1 = 6− x . Therefore,
y-intercept:
1
2
g ( x ) = f ( − x ) . It is known from previous
lessons on transformations that to obtain the (b)
graph of g ( x ) = 6− x , the graph of f ( x ) = 6 x is
reflected in the y-axis.
17.
(c) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ )
Range: (0, ∞ )
(d) Increasing
19.
25. (a) x-intercept(s): None

y-intercept: −1
(b)
21.
(c) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ )
Range: (− ∞, 0)
(d) Decreasing

27. (a) x-intercept(s): None 1

y-intercept: 1 31. (a) x-intercept: −
2
y-intercept: 54
(b)
(b)
(c) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ )
Note: The graph passes through ( −2, − 26 ) .
Range: (0, ∞ )
(d) Decreasing
(c) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ )
Range: ( −27, ∞ )
(d) Increasing
29. (a) x-intercept: −2
y-intercept: −3
(b) 1
33. (a) x-intercept: −
2
y-intercept: −2
(b)
(c) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ )
Range: ( −4, ∞ )
(d) Decreasing
(c) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ )
Range: ( −∞, 2 )
(d) Decreasing
35. (a) x-intercept: −2

y-intercept: −72  8 
39. (a) x-intercept: − , 0
 3 
(b)
y-intercept: ( 0, − 31 78 )
(b)
Note: The graph passes through ( −4, 8 ) .
(c) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ ) Note: The graph passes through ( −1, − 31) .

Range: ( −∞, 9 )
(c) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
(d) Decreasing
Range: ( −32, ∞ )
(d) Decreasing
37. (a) x-intercept: None

y-intercept: 9 41. (a) x-intercept(s): None
y-intercept: −37
(b)
(b)
(c) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ )
Range: (0, ∞ ) The graph passes through the point ( 0, − 37 ) .
(d) Decreasing (c) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )

Range: ( −∞, − 36 )
(d) Increasing

43. (a) x-intercept: None 61. Graph:

y-intercept: 2
(b)
(a) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ )
(b) Range: (0, ∞ )
(c) Domain: (− ∞, ∞ ) (c) Horizontal Asymptote at y = 0
Range: (0, ∞ ) (d) y-intercept: 1
(d) Increasing
63.
45. f ( x) = 4 ⋅ 2 x
47. f ( x) = 2 ⋅ 7 x
49. True
51. True
53. False
55. False
Domain: (− ∞, ∞ ) ; Range: (− ∞, 0)
57. True
59.
65.
Domain: (− ∞, ∞ ) ; Range: (− 6, ∞ )

67.
Domain: (− ∞, ∞ ) ; Range: ( 3, ∞ )
69.
Domain: (− ∞, ∞ ) ; Range: (− ∞, − 5)
71.
Domain: (− ∞, ∞ ) ; Range: (− 3, ∞ )

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 3.2: Logarithmic Functions
1. (a) 34 = 81 (b) 26 = 64 2

45. (a) x = log   ≈ −0.398
5
3. (a) 5x = 7 (b) e8 = x 2
(b) x = ln   = −0.916
5
5. (a) log 6 (1) = 0 (b) log10 ( 1
10,000 ) = −4
2 + log ( 6 )
47. x = ≈ 0.926
7. (a) log 7 ( 7 ) = 1 (b) ln ( x ) = 4 3
9. (a) ln ( 7 ) = x (b) ln ( y ) = x − 2 ln ( 40 )
49. x = ± ≈ ± 0.960
2
11. (a) 3 (b) 0
51. (a) and (b): See graph below
13. (a) 1 (b) 2 f
y
8
1
15. (a) (b) −1 6
2
4
f -1
2
1 x
17. (a) (b) −2
3 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
1 −4
19. (a) −1 (b)
4
(c) The inverse of y = 2 x is y = log 2 ( x ) .
1 5
21. (a) − (b)
2 3 53. (a) Graph:
y
23. (a) 1 (b) 4
Note: The scale on
1 the y-axis varies,
25. (a) −6 (b)
3 x depending on the
−2 0 2 4 6 8 value of b.
27. (a) −4 (b) x
29. (a) 5 (b) 3

(b) The x-intercept is 1. There are no y-intercepts.
4
31. (a) 6 (b) x (c) There is a vertical asymptote at x = 0 .
33. (a) x = 5 (b) x = 3

55. (a) y
6
35. (a) x = 49 (b) x = 9
4
3
37. (a) x = (b) x = 2 2
2
x
39. (a) x = −97; x = 103 (b) x = 4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
Vertical asymptote at x = 0 .
4 2
41. (a) x = e (b) x = e − 5 Graph passes through (1, 3)
43. (a) x = log ( 20 ) ≈ 1.301 (b) Domain: ( 0, ∞ ) ; Range: ( −∞, ∞ )

(b) x = ln ( 20 ) ≈ 2.996 (c) Increasing

57. (a) 6 y 63. (a) y

2
4
x
−4 −2 2 4
2
x −2 Vertical Asymptote at x = 0
−2 2 4 6
Graph passes through ( −1, 0 )
−2 −4
Vertical Asymptote at x = 0
Graph passes through (1, 0 )
(b) Domain: ( −∞, 0 )
(b) Domain: ( 0, ∞ )
Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
Range: ( −∞, ∞ ) (c) Decreasing
(c) Decreasing
y
65. (a)
4
Vertical Asymptote at x = −4
59. (a) y
2
2 Graph passes through ( −3, 0 )
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4
x
−2
−2 2 4 6 8
−4
−2
Vertical Asymptote at x = 5 (b) Domain: ( −4, ∞ )

Graph passes through ( 6, 0 )
Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
(b) Domain: ( 5, ∞ ) (c) Decreasing
Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
(c) Increasing y
67. (a)
6
Vertical Asymptote at x = 0
4
61. (a) y
Passes through ( −1, 5)
2
2
x
−2 2 4 x
−4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−2
−4
Vertical Asymptote at x = −1
Graph passes through ( 0, − 4 )
−6
(b) Domain: ( −∞, 0 )
Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
(b) Domain: ( −1, ∞ )
(c) Increasing
Range: ( −∞, ∞ )
(c) Increasing

69. ( 0, ∞ )
71. ( 0, ∞ )
73. ( −2, ∞ )
75. ( −∞, 0 )
 5
77.  −∞, 
 2
79. ( −∞, ∞ )
81. ( −∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 3.3: Laws of Logarithms
1. True  K 4 P3 
41. log 
 Q 
3. False  
5. False  3 
43. log 7 
( x − 2)

7. False  5 x 2 − 3 ( x + 5 )4 
 
9. True
45. log 7 ( 40 )
11. False
13. False (
47. ln x 2 + 5 x + 6 )
15. True 6 5 2 
x ( x + 3)
49. ln  
17. True  4 
 (
x2 + 5 ) 
19. False
51. 3
21. log5 ( 9 ) + log 5 ( C ) + log 5 ( D )
9
53. 2 14 , or
4
23. log 7 ( K ) + log 7 ( P ) − log 7 ( L )
55. 3
25. 2 ln ( B ) + 3ln ( P ) + 16 ln ( K )
57. 3
27. log ( 9 ) + 2log ( k ) + 3log ( m ) − 4log ( p ) − log ( w )
3
59.
29. 1
ln ( x ) + ln( y + 3) 2
2
3
31. 1
log3 ( 7 ) + 14 log 3 ( x ) 61.
4 2
33. 4 ln ( x ) + ln( x − 5) − 12 ln( x + 3) 63. 25
65. 81
35. 1
2
log (x 2
) ( )
− 7 − 12 log x 2 + 3 − log ( x − 4 )
67. 34
 AB 
37. (a) log 5  
 C  69. 320
(b) 1 = log 5 ( 5 )
71. 30
 5 AB 
(c) log5  
 C  73. y = x3
 AB  7
(d) log 5   75. y =
 5C  x5
 YW  x4 ( x + 2)
3
39. ln   77. y =
 Z  7

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 3.3: Laws of Logarithms
ln ( 2 )
79. (a) ≈ 0.431
ln ( 5 )
ln (17.2 )
(b) ≈ 1.588
ln ( 6 )
log ( 4 )
81. (a) ≈ 0.631
log ( 9 )
log ( 8.9 )
(b) ≈ 1.577
log ( 4 )
83. 3
85. 24
87. (a) ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 3)
(b) 2 log ( 2 ) + log ( 7 )
89. (a) 2 log ( 2 ) + log ( 3) + log ( 5 )

(b) 3ln ( 3) + ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 5 )
91. (a) A + C
(b) − B
93. (a) A − C
(b) 2C
95. (a) 2B + C
(b) 3B − 2 A − C
2 1
97. (a) A+ B
3 3
(b) 2 B − 2C − 2 A
99. (a) 2 A + 2C + 1
C
(b)
B

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 3.4:
Exponential and Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities
ln (12 ) ln (10 ) − 4 ln ( 7 )
1. (a) x = 15. (a) x =
ln ( 7 ) ln ( 7 )
2ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 3) ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 5 ) − 4ln ( 7 )
(b) x = (b) x =
ln ( 7 ) ln ( 7 )
(c) x ≈ 1.277 (c) x ≈ −2.817
3. (a) x = ln ( 22 ) 3ln ( 20 )
17. (a) x =
ln ( 32 )
(b) x = ln ( 2 ) + ln (11)
6ln ( 2 ) + 3ln ( 5 )
(c) x ≈ 3.091 (b) x =
5ln ( 2 )
ln (14 ) (c) x ≈ 2.593

5. (a) x =
ln ( 6 )
− ln ( 6 ) ln ( 6 )
ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 7 ) 19. (a) x = =
(b) x = 4ln ( 5 ) − 7 ln ( 6 ) 7 ln ( 6 ) − 4ln ( 5 )
ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 3)
− ln ( 2 ) − ln ( 3)
(c) x ≈ 1.473 (b) x =
4ln ( 5 ) − 7 ln ( 2 ) − 7 ln ( 3)
7. (a) – (c) No solution ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 3)

=
7 ln ( 2 ) + 7 ln ( 3) − 4 ln ( 5 )
ln ( 7 )
9. (a) x = −
3ln (19 ) (c) x ≈ 0.294
ln ( 7 )
(b) x = − ln ( 2 ) + 5ln ( 8 )
3ln (19 ) 21. (a) x =
3ln ( 2 ) − 2ln ( 8 )
(c) x ≈ −0.220
16ln ( 2 ) 16  16 
(b) x = =− − is the final answer 
−3ln ( 2 ) 3  3 
 13 
11. (a) x = ln  
6 (c) x ≈ −5.333
(b) x = ln (13) − ln ( 2 ) − ln ( 3) −1
 16   16  7 
23. (a) x = − ln   = ln   = ln  
(c) x ≈ 0.773 7 7  16 
(b) x = ln ( 7 ) − 4 ln ( 2 )
ln ( 36 ) − 4 (c) x ≈ −0.827
13. (a) x =
5
2 ln ( 2 ) + 2ln ( 3) − 4 25. (a) x = ln ( 8)
(b) x =
5
(b) x = 3ln ( 2 )
(c) x ≈ −0.083
(c) x ≈ 2.079
27. (a) – (c) x = 1

ln ( 3 ) 57. x = 3
29. (a) x =
ln ( 7 )
36
59. No solution. (Note: x = − is not a solution; if it is
ln ( 3 ) 7
(b) x = plugged into the original equation, the resulting
ln ( 7 )
equation contains logarithms of negative numbers,
(c) x ≈ 0.565 which are undefined.)
27
31. (a) – (c) x = −3, x = 3 61. x =
2
33. (a) – (c) x = −1, x = 5 63. x = 6 (Note: x = −4 is not a solution; if it is plugged

into the original equation, the resulting equation
7 contains the logarithms of negative numbers, which
35. (a) – (c) x >
3 are undefined.)
Note: The answer is not all real numbers. Recall the
domain of log 2 ( 3 x − 7 ) . The inner portion of a  1 
 5
e −5 e 
logarithmic function must be positive, i.e. 3x − 7 > 0 . 65. x = e =e
37. x = e8 67. x = 5
1 69. x > 0 (Note: The answer is not all real numbers.

39. x = e −7 = Recall the domain of ln ( x ) . The inner portion of a
e7
logarithmic function must be positive, i.e. x > 0 .)
41. x = 1,000
71. No solution. (Note: x = 0 is not a solution; if it is
43. x = 24 plugged into the original equation, the resulting
equation contains the logarithm of zero, which is
101 undefined.)
45. x =
4
73. x = 5 (Note: x = −5 is not a solution; if it is
plugged into the original equation, the resulting
e9 − 8 equation contains the logarithm of a negative
47. x =
3 number, which is undefined.)

75. (a) The following answers are equivalent; either one
is acceptable:
which are undefined.) ln (15 ) − 3ln ( 8 ) ln (15)
x> ; x> −3
ln ( 8) ln ( 8 )
(b) The following answers are equivalent; either one
is acceptable:
which are undefined.)
53. x = −1 (Note: x = −4 is not a solution; if it is ln ( 5 ) + ln ( 3) − 9 ln ( 2 )

x>
plugged into the original equation, the resulting 3ln ( 2 )
which are undefined.) ln ( 5 ) + ln ( 3)
x> −3
3ln ( 2 )
28
55. x =
3 Continued on the next page…

Interval Notation:  125 

ln  
83. (a) x < 
 ln ( 5 ) + ln ( 3) − 9 ln ( 2 )  8 
 , ∞
 ln ( 0.4 )
 3ln ( 2 ) 
 ln ( 5) + ln ( 3)  Note: ln ( 0.4 ) is negative; dividing by ln ( 0.4 )
Also acceptable:  − 3, ∞ 
 3ln ( 2 )  has reversed the inequality symbol.
 
(b) Solution: x < −3

(c) x > −1.698 ; Interval Notation: ( −1.698, ∞ )
The final simplification steps for this problem
are shown below:
77. (a) The solution is all real numbers. We cannot take 3ln ( 5 ) − 3ln ( 2 )
the logarithm of both sides of the inequality x<
ln ( 2 ) − ln ( 5 )
7 x > 0 , since ln ( 0 ) is undefined. Regardless of
the value of x, the function f ( x ) = 7 x is always 3  ln ( 5 ) − ln ( 2 )  ln ( 5 ) − ln ( 2 )
x<  Note : = −1
positive. Therefore, the solution is all real ln ( 2 ) − ln ( 5 ) ln ( 2 ) − ln ( 5 )
numbers.
Therefore, x < −3.
(b) All real numbers; ( −∞, ∞ )
Interval Notation: ( −∞, − 3)
(c) All real numbers; ( −∞, ∞ )
(c) x < −3; Interval Notation: ( −∞, − 3)
79. (a) x ≥ 2 − ln ( 9 )
85. (a) No solution
(b) x ≥ 2 − 2 ln ( 3)
Note: The solution process yields the equation
Interval Notation:  2 − 2 ln ( 3) , ∞ )
46
ex ≤ − . There is no solution, since e x
(c) x ≥ −0.197 ; Interval Notation: [ −0.197, ∞ ) 5
is always positive.
(b) No solution
ln ( 7 )
81. (a) x > (c) No solution
ln ( 0.2 )
Note: ln ( 0.2 ) is negative; dividing by ln ( 0.2 ) 87. (a) Solution: x ≥ 1

has reversed the inequality symbol. Explanation:
First, find the domain of log 2 ( x ) . The domain
ln ( 7 )
(b) x > − of log 2 ( x ) is x > 0 .
ln ( 5 )
 ln ( 7 )  Next, isolate x in the given inequality:
Interval Notation:  − , ∞ 
 ln ( 5 )  log 2 ( x ) ≥ 0
log 2 ( x )
(c) x > −1.209 ; Interval Notation: ( −1.209, ∞ ) 2 ≥ 20
x ≥1
The solution must satisfy both x > 0 and x ≥ 1 .
The intersection of these two sets is x ≥ 1 , which
is the solution to the inequality.

(b) x ≥ 1 ; Interval Notation: [1, ∞ )
(c) x ≥ 1 ; Interval Notation: [1, ∞ )
7
89. (a) Solution: 2 ≤ x <
3
Explanation:
First find the domain of ln ( 7 − 3x ) :
7 − 3x > 0
−3x > −7
7
x<
3
Next, isolate x in the given inequality:
ln ( 7 − 3 x ) ≤ 0
e ( )
ln 7 − 3 x
≤ e0
7 − 3x ≤ 1
−3 x ≤ −6
x≥2
7
The solution must satisfy both x < and x ≥ 2 .
3
7
The intersection of these two sets is 2 ≤ x < ,
3
which is the solution to the inequality.
7  7
(b) 2 ≤ x < ; Interval Notation:  2, 3 
3  
7  7
(c) 2 ≤ x < ; Interval Notation:  2, 
3  3

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 3.5: Applications of Exponential Functions
1. A(t) = the total amount of money in the investment 27. (a) m(t ) = 75e −0.0139t
after t years
(b) 24.67 grams
P = the principal, i.e. the original amount of money (c) 144.96 years
invested
r = the interest rate, expressed as a decimal (rather
than a percent)
n = the number of times that the interest is
compounded each year
t = the number of years for which the money is
invested
3. (a) P
(b) A(t )
5. (a) $5,901.45
(b) $5,969.37
(c) $6,004.79
(d) $6,028.98
(e) $6,041.26
7. $10,133.46
9. 6.14%
11. Option (a) is a better investment (7.5%, compounded

quarterly).
13. (a) 250 rabbits

(b) 2% per day
(c) 271 rabbits
(d) 380 rabbits
(e) 34.66 days
15. (a) N (t ) = 18,000e0.75t

(b) 7,261,718 bacteria
(c) 2.27 hours
17. 3,113 people
19. (a) 317 buffalo

(b) 387 buffalo
(c) 57.44 years
21. (a) 70 grams

(b) 27.62 grams
(c) 39.46%
(d) 11.18 days
23. (a) $28,319.85

(b) 13.95 years
25. (a) $17,926.76

(b) 5.60 years

Special Right Triangles and Trigonometric Ratios
1. angles
(
15. (a) x = 8 2 ) 2, so x = 16
3. 180 2 2
(b) (8 2 ) + (8 2 ) = x2
5. largest, smallest
64 ( 2 ) + 64 ( 2 ) = x 2
7. (a) x = 5 2 128 + 128 = x 2
(b) 52 + 52 = x 2 256 = x 2
x = 16
25 + 25 = x 2
50 = x 2
2 3 2 3 2 2 6
x = 50 = 25 2 17. (a) x = = ⋅ = , so x = 6
2 2 2 2
x=5 2
2
(b) x 2 + x 2 = 2 3 ( )
4 2 2 x 2 = 4 ( 3) = 12
9. (a) x = , so x = 4
2
x2 = 6
2
(
(b) x 2 + x 2 = 4 2 ) x= 6
2 x 2 = 16 ( 2 ) = 32
19. 60
x 2 = 16
x=4 21. (a) a = b = 5
(b) The altitude divides the equilateral triangle into
8 8 2 8 2 two congruent 30o-60o-90o triangles. Therefore,
11. (a) x = = ⋅ = , so x = 4 2 a = b . Since a + b = 10 , then a + a = 10 , so
2 2 2 2
a = 5 . Hence a = b = 5 .
(b) x 2 + x 2 = 82
2 x 2 = 64 (c) 52 + c 2 = 102
x 2 = 32 25 + c 2 = 100
x = 32 = 16 2 c 2 = 75
x=4 2 c = 75 = 25 3
c=5 3
9 9 2 9 2
13. (a) x = = ⋅ , so x = 23. x = 14, y = 7 3
2 2 2 2
(b) x 2 + x 2 = 92 25. x = 12, y = 6
2 x 2 = 81
5 5 3
81 27. x = , y =
x2 = 2 2
2
81 9 9 2 29. x = 4 3, y = 2 3
x= = = ⋅
2 2 2 2
9 2 31. x = 15, y = 10 3
x=
2

33. (a) ( BC )2 + 152 = 17 2 45. (a) 42 + 82 = x 2

2
( BC ) + 225 = 289 16 + 64 = x 2
x 2 = 80
( BC )2 = 64
BC = 8 x = 80 = 16 5
x=4 5
8 15
(b) sin ( A) = sin ( B ) =
17 17 2 5 5
(b) sin (α ) = csc (α ) =
15 8 5 2
cos ( A ) = cos ( B ) =
17 17 5
cos (α ) = sec (α ) = 5
8 15 5
tan ( A ) = tan ( B ) =
15 8 1
tan (α ) = 2 cot (α ) =
2
2 6 5 6
35. cos (θ ) = , tan (θ ) =
7 12 5
(c) sin ( β ) = csc ( β ) = 5
5
37. cosecant
2 5 5
cos ( β ) = sec ( β ) =
39. cotangent 5 2
41. cosine 1
tan ( β ) = cot ( β ) = 2
2
43. (a) x 2 + 52 = 62
x 2 + 25 = 36 3 7
47. sin (θ ) = csc (θ ) =
x 2 = 11 7 3
x = 11 2 10 7 10
cos (θ ) = sec (θ ) =
7 20
5 6
(b) sin (α ) = csc (α ) =
6 5 3 10 2 10
tan (θ ) = cot (θ ) =
20 3
11 6 11
cos (α ) = sec (α ) =
6 11
5 11 11 Continued on the next page…
tan (α ) = cot (α ) =
11 5
11 6 11
(c) sin ( β ) = csc ( β ) =
6 11
5 6
cos ( β ) = sec ( β ) =
6 5
11 5 11
tan ( β ) = cot ( β ) =
5 11

49. (a) 1
3 2
( )
that cos 60 =
2
in both exercises. In fact, the
3 4 60o 1
o o
2 ( )
value of cos 60 is always , and the
2
45 30
trigonometric ratio of any given number is
3 2 3 constant.
2 In addition to the observations above, the following

( )
(b) sin 45 =
2
( )
csc 45 = 2
formulas, known as the cofunction identities, are
illustrated in parts (b) – (d), and will be covered in
( ) 22
cos 45 = ( )
sec 45 = 2 more detail in Chapter 6.
tan ( 45 ) = 1

cot ( 45 ) = 1

( )
sin (θ ) = cos 90 − θ ,
e.g. sin ( 30 ) = cos ( 60 )

1 sin ( 60 ) = cos ( 30 )

( )
(c) sin 30 =
2
( )
csc 30 = 2
sin ( 45 ) = cos ( 45 )

3 2 3
( )
cos 30 =
2
( )
sec 30 =
3
( )
sec (θ ) = csc 90 − θ ,
3
( )
tan 30 = ( )
cot 30 = 3 e.g. sec ( 30 ) = csc ( 60 )

3
sec ( 60 ) = csc ( 30 )

3 2 3 sec ( 45 ) = csc ( 45 )

( )
(d) sin 60 =
2
( )
csc 60 =
3
1 ( )
tan (θ ) = cot 90 − θ ,
( )
cos 60 =
( )
sec 60 = 2
2 e.g. tan ( 30 ) = cot ( 60 )

3
( )
tan 60 = 3 ( )
cot 60 =
3
tan ( 60 ) = cot ( 30 )

tan ( 45 ) = cot ( 45 )

51. Answers vary, but some important observations are

below.
First, notice that when comparing Exercises 49 and

50:
The answers to part (b) are identical, for each
respective trigonometric function. So, for
2
( )
example, sin 45 =
2
in both examples.
Similarly, the answers to part (c) are identical.
3
So, for example, tan 30 = ( ) 3
regardless of
the triangle being used to compute the ratio.
Along the same lines, the answers to part (d) in
both exercises are identical. Notice, for example,

Radians, Arc Length, and the Area of a Sector
1. θ =4 25. s = 5π ft
3. θ = 240 21π
27. s = yd
2
1
5. θ=
2
29. s = 2π ft
7. (a) There are slightly more than 6 radians in one
revolution, as shown in the figure below. π
31. θ = ; s = 4π cm (Notice that s = 4π cm in the
2 radians
3
1 radian solution for Exercise 23.)
3 radians 5π
0 radians
33. θ = ; s = 5π ft (Notice that s = 5π ft in the
6 radians 4
solution for Exercise 25.)
4 radians
5 radians
15π
(b) There are 2π radians in a complete revolution. 35. s = in
2
Justification:
The arc length in this case is the circumference C 37. s = 10π cm
of the circle, so s = C = 2π r . Therefore,
s 2π r
θ= = = 2π . 24
r r 39. r = m = 4.8 m
5
Comparison to part (a):
2π ≈ 6.28 , and it can be seen from part (a) that 28
41. r = ft ≈ 2.97 ft
there are slightly more than 6 radians in one 3π
revolution.
12
43. r = in = 2.4 in
5
π π 3π
9. (a) ≈ 0.52 (b) ≈ 1.57 (c) ≈ 2.36
6 2 4 10
45. r = m ≈ 3.18 m
π
2π 5π 11π
11. (a) ≈ 2.09 (b) ≈ 3.93 (c) ≈ 5.76
3 4 6  4π 
47. P =  + 16  cm ≈ 20.19 cm
 3 
19π 2π 2π
13. (a) ≈ 0.33 (b) ≈ 0.70 (c) ≈ 1.26
180 9 5 49. A = 24π cm 2
15. (a) 45 (b) 240 (c) 150

51. A = 10π ft 2
17. (a) 180 (b) 165 (c) 305 189π

53. A = yd 2
4
19. (a) 143.24 (b) 28.99
55. A = 2π ft 2
31π
21.
60 57. θ = 3; A = 24π cm 2 (Notice that A = 24π cm 2 in
the solution for Exercise 49.)
23. s = 4π cm

5π (b) Three methods of solution are shown below:

59. θ = ; A = 10π ft 2 (Notice that A = 10π ft 2 in the
4
solution for Exercise 51.) Method 1: (shown in the text)
The linear speed v can be found using the
61. r = 7 cm d
formula v = , where d is the distance traveled
t
4 by the point on the CD in time t.
63. r = in
5
900
Since the rate of turn is 900 / sec = , we
7π 1 sec
65. θ =
4 note that θ = 900 and t = 1 sec .
67. (a) Two methods of solution are shown below.

To find d, use the formula d = rθ (equivalent to
the formula for arc length, s = rθ ). We must
Method 1: (shown in the text)
The angular speed ω can be found using the first convert θ = 900 to radians:
5
θ π π
formula ω = , where θ is in radians. Since the θ = 900 ×
= 900 × = 5π
t 180 180

900
rate of turn is 900 / sec = , we note that
1 sec Then d = rθ = ( 6cm )( 5π ) = 30π cm .
θ = 900 and t = 1 sec .
Finally, use the formula for linear speed:

First, convert 900 to radians: d 30π cm
v= = = 30π cm/sec
5 t 1 sec
π π
θ = 900 × = 900 × = 5π
180 180 Method 2:
Another formula for the linear speed v is v = rω ,
θ 5π radians where ω is the angular speed. (This can be
Then ω = = = 5π radians/sec
t 1 sec derived from previous formulas, since
d rθ θ 
v= = = r   = rω .)
Method 2: t t t
Take the given rate of turn, 900 / sec , equivalent
900 It is given that r = 6 cm , and it is known from
to , and use unit conversion ratios to part (a) that w = 5π radians/sec, so:
1 sec
change this rate of turn from degrees/sec to v = rw = ( 6 cm )( 5π radians/sec ) = 30π cm/sec .
radians/sec, as shown below: (Remember that units are not written for radians,
with the exception of angular speed.)
5
900 π radians 900 π radians Method 3:
× = ×
1 sec 180 1 sec 180 Take the given rate of turn, 900 / sec , equivalent
900
= 5π radians/sec to , and use unit conversion ratios to
1 sec
change this rate of turn from degrees/sec to
cm/sec, as shown below.

(Note that in one revolution, the circumference derived from previous formulas, since
of the circle with a 6 cm radius is d rθ θ 
v= = = r   = rω .)
C = 2π r = 2π ( 6 ) = 12π cm , hence the unit t t t
12π cm 
conversion ratio . The CD has a radius of 6 cm, so the desired
1 revolution 
radius of the point halfway between the center of
1
the CD and its outer edge is r = ( 6 ) = 3 cm .
2
900 π radians 1 revolution 12π cm
× × × It is known from part (a) that w = 5π

1 sec 180 2π radians 1 revolution radians/sec, so:
5
6 v = rw = ( 3 cm )( 5π radians/sec ) = 15π cm/sec .
900 π radians 1 revolution 12π cm
= × × × (Remember that units are not written for radians,
1 sec 2π radians 1 revolution
180 with the exception of angular speed.)
= 30π cm/sec
Method 3:
Take the given rate of turn, 900 / sec , equivalent
(c) This problem can be solved in one of three ways: 900
to , and use unit conversion ratios to
1 sec
Method 1:
The linear speed v can be found using the change this rate of turn from degrees/sec to
d cm/sec, as shown below.
formula v = , where d is the distance traveled
t
(Note that in one revolution, the circumference
by the point on the CD in time t.
of the circle with a 3 cm radius is
C = 2π r = 2π ( 3) = 6π cm , hence the unit
900
Since the rate of turn is 900 / sec = , we 6π cm 
1 sec conversion ratio .
1 revolution 
note that θ = 900 and t = 1 sec .
To find d, use the formula d = rθ (equivalent to 900 π radians 1 revolution 6π cm

× × ×
the formula for arc length, s = rθ ). We must 1 sec 180 2π radians 1 revolution
first convert θ = 900 to radians: 5
3
5 900 π radians 1 revolution 6π cm
π π = × × ×
θ = 900 × = 900 × = 5π 1 sec 180 2π radians 1 revolution
180 180
= 15π cm/sec
The CD has a radius of 6 cm, so the desired
radius of the point halfway between the center of
1 69. Since the diameter is 26 inches, the radius, r = 13 in.
the CD and its outer edge is r = ( 6 ) = 3 cm . Take the given rate of turn, 20 miles/hr, equivalent to
2
Then d = rθ = ( 3cm )( 5π ) = 15π cm . 20 miles
, and use unit conversion ratios to change
1 hr
Finally, use the formula for linear speed: this rate of turn from miles/hr to rev/min, as shown
d 15π cm below.
v= = = 15π cm/sec
t 1 sec
Method 2:
Another formula for the linear speed v is v = rω ,
where ω is the angular speed. (This can be

(Note that in one revolution, the circumference of the 73. Hour Hand:
circle with a 13 in radius is r = 4 in
C = 2π r = 2π (13) = 26π in , hence the unit 1 revolution
Rate of turn:
1 revolution  12 hours
conversion ratio .
26π in 
(Note that in one revolution, the circumference of the
20 miles 5280 ft 12 in 1 hr 1 revolution circle with a 4 in radius is C = 2π r = 2π ( 4 ) = 8π in ,
× × × ×
1 hr 1 mile 1 ft 60 min 26π in 1 revolution 
hence the unit conversion ratio .
20 miles 5280 ft 12 in 1 hr 1 revolution 8π in 
= × × × ×
1 hr 1 mile 1 ft 60 min 26π in
1 hr 1 revolution 8π in
20 min × × ×
≈ 258.57 rev/min, or 258.57 rpm 60 min 12 hr 1 revolution
1 hr 1 revolution 8π in
= 20 min × × ×
71. Numbers 67 and 68 show various methods for solving 60 min 12 hr 1 revolution
these types of problems. One method is shown below 2π
for each question. = in
9
(a) Take the given rate of turn, 4 revolutions per
4 revolutions
second, equivalent to , and Minute Hand:
1 sec r = 5 in
use unit conversion ratios to change this rate
1 revolution
of turn from revolutions/sec to radians/sec, Rate of turn:
as shown below. 60 min
4 revolutions 2π radians (Note that in one revolution, the circumference of the

× circle with a 5 in radius is
1 second 1 revolution
C = 2π r = 2π ( 5 ) = 10π in , hence the unit
4 revolutions 2π radians
= × 1 revolution 
1 second 1 revolution conversion ratio .
10π in 
= 8π radians/sec
(b) v = rω = (10 in )( 8π radians/sec ) , so 1 revolution 10π in

20 min × ×
v = 80π in/sec 60 min 1 revolution
1 revolution 10π in
(c) Use the linear speed from part (b), = 20 min × ×
60 min 1 revolution
v = 80π in/sec , and then use unit conversion
10π
ratios to change this from in/sec to miles/hr, = in
as shown below: 3
80π in 1 ft 1 mile 60 sec 1 min 1

× × × × × Second Hand:
1 sec 12 in 5280 ft 1 60 sec 60 min r = 6 in
80π in 1 ft 1 mile 60 sec 60 min 1 revolution
= × × × × Rate of turn:
1 sec 12 in 5280 ft 1 min 1 hr 1 min
= 14.28 miles per hour (mph)

(Note that in one revolution, the circumference of the

circle with a 6 in radius is
C = 2π r = 2π ( 6 ) = 12π in , hence the unit
1 revolution 
conversion ratio .
12π in 
20 min × ×
1 min 1 revolution
= 20 min × ×
1 min 1 revolution
= 240π in

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 4.3: Unit Circle Trigonometry
1. (a) y
30
x
(b) y 5. (a)
y
x 90
x

−135
(c) y (b) y
300
x x
−π
3. (a) y (c) y
π
3
x x

450
(b) y 7. (a) y
7π
4
x x

−240
(c)
y
(b) y (b) The reference angle is 30 , shown in blue below.

y
x
13π
6
−30
x
30
(c) y
(c) The reference angle is 60 , shown in blue below.

y
x
−510
60
60
x
9. (a) −310 , 410 , 770

(b) −560 , 160 , 520
8π 12π 22π
11. (a) − , ,
5 5 5 π
3π π 5π 19. (a) The reference angle is , shown in blue below.
(b) − , , 6
2 2 2 y
13. 0 , 90 , 180 , 270

7π
6
7π 9π 11π 13π x
15. , , ,
4 4 4 4 π
6

17. (a) The reference angle is 60 , shown in blue below.
y
π
(b) The reference angle is , shown in blue below.
3
y
240
x
5π
60 3
x
π
3


π 23. y
(c) The reference angle is , shown in blue below.
4 π
y 2
1
7π π π
− 0
4 4
-1 1
x
x 2π
-1
3π
2
21. (a) The reference angle is 60 , shown in blue below. 25. y
y
2π π
3 3
840 1
60
π 0
x -1 1
x
2π
-1
4π 5π
3 3
π
(b) The reference angle is , shown in blue below. y
6 27.
y
π
37π 2π 2 π
−
6 3 1 3
3π π
4 4
x 5π π
π 6 6
6
π 0
-1 1
x
2π
(c) The reference angle is 60 , shown in blue below.

7π 11π
y 6
6
5π 7π
-1 4
4 4π 5π
−660 60
3 3π 3
2
x
29. II
31. III
33. IV
35. =
51. The terminal side of the angle intersects the unit

37. < circle at the point ( 0, − 1) .
39. >
 5π   5π 
sin  −  = −1 csc  −  = −1
2 3  2   2 
41. sin (θ ) = csc (θ ) =
3 2  5π   5π 
cos  − =0 sec  −  is undefined
 2   2 
5 3 5
cos (θ ) = sec (θ ) =  5π   5π 
3 5 tan  −  is undefined cot  − =0
 2   2 
2 5 5
tan (θ ) = cot (θ ) =
5 2 53. (a) cos ( 300 ) = cos ( 60 )
( )
(b) tan 135 = − tan 45 ( )
3 5
43. sin (θ ) = − csc (θ ) = −
5 3 (
55. (a) sin 140 = sin 40) ( )
4 5  2π  π 
cos (θ ) = sec (θ ) = (b) sec  −
5 4  = − sec  
 3  3
3 4
tan (θ ) = − cot (θ ) = −
4 3  25π  π 
57. (a) csc   = csc  
 6  6
2 6 5 6
(
(b) cot −460 = cot 80 ) ( )
45. sin (θ ) = csc (θ ) =
5 12
1 59. The terminal side of the angle intersects the unit
cos (θ ) = − sec (θ ) = −5
5  2 2
circle at the point 
 2 2 
, .
6  
tan (θ ) = −2 6 cot (θ ) = −
12
2
( )
sin 45 =
2
( )
csc 45 = 2
circle at the point ( 0, 1) . ( ) 22
cos 45 = ( )
sec 45 = 2
tan ( 45 ) = 1

cot ( 45 ) = 1

( )
sin 90 = 1 ( )
csc 90 = 1
cos ( 90 ) = 0

sec ( 90 ) is undefined


tan ( 90 ) is undefined

cot ( 90 ) = 0
 3 1
circle at the point  − ,− .
 2 2 

49. The terminal side of the angle intersects the unit 1
circle at the point (1, 0 ) . (
sin 210 = − ) 2
( )
csc 210 = −2
sin ( −2π ) = 0 csc ( −2π ) is undefined 3 2 3

(
cos 210 = − ) 2
(
sec 210 = −) 3
cos ( −2π ) = 1 sec ( −2π ) = 1
3
tan ( −2π ) = 0 cot ( −2π ) is undefined (
tan 210 = ) 3
(
cot 210 = 3)

63. The terminal side of the angle intersects the unit 3

1 67. (a) − (b) −1
3 2
circle at the point  , − .
2 2 

2 2 3
 5π  3  5π  2 3 69. (a) (b)
sin  =− csc  =− 2 3
 3  2  3  3
 5π  1  5π  3 2
cos  = sec  =2 71. (a) (b) −
 3  2  3  3 2
 5π   5π  3 73. (a) −2 (b) −1
tan  =− 3 cot  =−
 3   3  3
2
75. (a) 0 (b) −
2
65. (a)
10 60o 6 60o
5 3 1
30 o
30 o 77. (a) Undefined (b) −
2
5 3 3 3
Diagram 1 Diagram 2 2 3
79. (a) (b) −1
3
5 1 5 3 3
(b) sin ( 30 ) = ( )

= sin 60 = =
10 2 10 2 3
81. (a) − (b) 2
5 3 3 5 1 3
( )
cos 30 =
10
=
2
cos 60 = =( )
10 2

83. (a) 0.6018 (b) −0.7813

3 5 5 3
( )
tan 30 =
5 3
=
3
tan 60 =
5
( )

= 3
85. (a) −5.2408 (b) 2.6051
87. (a) 0.8090 (b) 1.0257

3 1 3 3 3
(c) sin ( 30 ) = ( )

= sin 60 = =
6 2 6 2 89. (a) −4.6373 (b) −1.0101
3 3 3 3 1
( )
cos 30 =
6
=
2
( )
cos 60 = =
6 2
3 3 3 3
( )
tan 30 =
3 3
=
3
( )
tan 60 =
3
= 3
1 3
(d) sin ( 30 ) = 2 ( )

sin 60 =
2
3 1
( )
cos 30 =
2
cos 60 = ( ) 2
3
( )
tan 30 =
3
( )
tan 60 = 3
(e) The methods in parts (b) – (d) all yield the same
results.

Trigonometric Expressions and Identities
1. cos 2 (θ ) + sin 2 (θ ) = 1 27. sin (θ )
cos 2 (θ ) sin 2 (θ ) 1 29. sec 2 ( x )

2
+ 2
= 2
cos (θ ) cos (θ ) cos (θ )
31. sec ( x )
1 + tan 2 (θ ) = sec2 (θ )
33. cos 2 ( x )
12 12
3. sin (θ ) = − ; tan (θ ) = −
13 5 35. tan 2 (θ )
1 37. cos 2 (θ )
5. sin (θ ) = − ( given ) csc (θ ) = −9
9
39. 1
4 5 9 5
cos (θ ) = − sec (θ ) = −
9 20 41. sec ( x )
5 43. 1
tan (θ ) = cot (θ ) = 4 5
20
45. sin ( x )
65 4 47. tan ( x )
7. cot (θ ) = − ; sin (θ ) = − ;
4 9
49. 2 tan ( x )
7 6
9. csc (θ ) = ; sin (θ ) = 51. −1
6 7
Notes for 53-69: The symbol ∴ means, “therefore.”

3 5
11. sin (θ ) = − csc (θ ) = − Q.E.D is an abbreviation for the Latin term, “Quod
5 3 Erat Demonstrandum”—Latin for “which was to be
4 5 demonstrated”—and is frequently written when a
cos (θ ) = − sec (θ ) = − proof is complete.
5 4
3 4 ?
tan (θ ) = ( given ) cot (θ ) =
4 3 53. sec ( x ) − sin ( x ) tan ( x ) = cos ( x )
13. sin 2 (θ ) + 2sin (θ ) − 15 Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side

sec ( x ) − sin ( x ) tan ( x ) cos ( x )
15. csc 2 ( x ) − 6 csc ( x ) + 9
1 sin ( x )
= − sin ( x )
3sin (θ ) − 7 cos (θ ) cos ( x ) cos ( x )
17.
cos (θ ) sin (θ ) 1 − sin 2 ( x )
=
cos ( x )
19. −3 tan (θ ) sin (θ )
cos 2 ( x )
=
21. 5sin (θ ) + 7 cos (θ )  5sin (θ ) − 7 cos (θ )  cos ( x )
= cos ( x )
23. sec (θ ) − 3 sec (θ ) − 4 
∴ sec ( x ) − sin ( x ) tan ( x ) = cos ( x ) Q.E.D.
25. 5cot (θ ) + 1  2 cot (θ ) − 3

?
sec (θ ) csc (θ ) ?
55. 59. cot 2 ( x ) − cos 2 ( x ) = cot 2 ( x ) cos 2 ( x )
= 1
tan (θ ) + cot (θ ) Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side
2 2
Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side cot ( x ) − cos ( x ) cot 2 ( x ) cos 2 ( x )
sec (θ ) csc (θ ) 1 cos 2 ( x )
tan (θ ) + cot (θ ) = − cos 2 ( x )
sin 2 ( x )
1 1
⋅ cos 2 ( x ) − cos 2 ( x ) sin 2 ( x )
cos (θ ) sin (θ ) =
= sin 2 ( x )
sin (θ ) cos (θ )
+
cos (θ ) sin (θ ) cos 2 ( x ) 1 − sin 2 ( x ) 
=
1 sin 2 ( x )
cos (θ ) sin (θ )
= cos 2 ( x ) cos 2 ( x )
sin 2 (θ ) + cos 2 (θ ) =
sin 2 ( x )
cos (θ ) sin (θ )
1 = cot 2 ( x ) cos 2 ( x )
cos (θ ) sin (θ )
= ∴ cot 2 ( x ) − cos 2 ( x ) = cot 2 ( x ) cos 2 ( x ) Q.E.D.
1
cos (θ ) sin (θ )
1 cos (θ ) sin (θ ) cot ( x ) − tan ( x ) ?

=
cos (θ ) sin (θ )
⋅
1
61. = csc 2 ( x ) − sec2 ( x )
sin ( x ) cos ( x )
=1
Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side
sec (θ ) csc (θ ) cot ( x ) − tan ( x ) csc 2 ( x ) − sec 2 ( x )
∴ tan (θ ) + cot (θ )
= 1 Q.E.D. sin ( x ) cos ( x )
cos ( x ) sin ( x )
−
? sin ( x ) cos ( x )
=
57. tan ( x ) − sin ( x ) cos ( x ) = tan ( x ) sin 2 ( x ) sin ( x ) cos ( x )
cos 2 ( x ) − sin 2 ( x )
sin ( x ) cos ( x )
tan ( x ) − sin ( x ) cos ( x ) tan ( x ) sin 2 ( x ) =
sin ( x ) cos ( x )
sin ( x )
= − sin ( x ) cos ( x ) cos 2 ( x ) − sin 2 ( x ) 1
cos ( x ) = ⋅
sin ( x ) cos ( x ) sin ( x ) cos ( x )
sin ( x ) − sin ( x ) cos 2 ( x )
= cos 2 ( x ) − sin 2 ( x )
cos ( x ) =
sin 2 ( x ) cos 2 ( x )
sin ( x ) 1 − cos 2 ( x ) 
= cos 2 ( x ) sin 2 ( x )
cos ( x ) = 2 2
− 2
sin ( x ) cos ( x ) sin ( x ) cos2 ( x )
sin ( x ) sin 2 ( x ) 1 1
= = −
cos ( x ) sin 2
( x) cos 2 ( x )
2
= tan ( x ) sin ( x) = csc 2 ( x ) − sec 2 ( x )
∴ tan ( x ) − sin ( x ) cos ( x ) = tan ( x ) sin 2 ( x ) cot ( x ) − tan ( x )

∴ = csc 2 ( x ) − sec 2 ( x )
Q.E.D. sin ( x ) cos ( x )
Q.E.D.

?
63. 2 cos 2 ( x ) + 5sin 2 ( x ) = 2 + 3sin 2 ( x ) 67. Two methods of proof are shown. (Either method is
sufficient.)
Method 1: Work with the left-hand side and show
2
2cos ( x ) + 5sin 2
( x) 2 + 3sin 2 ( x )
that it is equal to the right-hand side.
= 2cos 2 ( x ) + 2sin 2 ( x ) + 3sin 2 ( x ) ?
sin ( x )
= csc ( x ) − cot ( x )
= 2 cos ( x ) + sin
2 2
( x ) + 3sin ( x )
2
1 + cos ( x )
= 2 (1) + 3sin 2 ( x )
2
= 2 + 3sin ( x) sin ( x ) csc ( x ) − cot ( x )
1 + cos ( x )
∴ 2 cos 2 ( x ) + 5sin 2 ( x ) = 2 + 3sin 2 ( x )
sin ( x ) 1 − cos ( x )
Q.E.D. = ⋅
1 + cos ( x ) 1 − cos ( x )
sin ( x ) 1 − cos ( x ) 

=
1 − cos 2 ( x )
? sin ( x ) 1 − cos ( x ) 

=
65. tan 4 (θ ) + tan 2 (θ ) = sec4 (θ ) − sec 2 (θ ) sin 2 ( x )
1 − cos ( x )
Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side =
sin ( x )
tan 4 (θ ) + tan 2 (θ ) sec 4 (θ ) − sec 2 (θ )
1 cos ( x )
= −
= tan 2 (θ )  tan 2 (θ ) + 1 sin ( x ) sin ( x )
= tan 2 (θ ) sec 2 (θ ) = csc ( x ) − cot ( x )
= sec 2 (θ ) − 1 sec 2 (θ ) sin ( x )

∴ = csc ( x ) − cot ( x ) Q.E.D.
4 2 1 + cos ( x )
= sec (θ ) − sec (θ )
∴ tan 4 (θ ) + tan 2 (θ ) = sec4 (θ ) − sec 2 (θ )

Q.E.D.

Method 2: Work with the right-hand side and show 69. Two methods of proof are shown. (Either method is
that it is equal to the left-hand side. sufficient.)
sin ( x ) ?
= csc ( x ) − cot ( x )
1 + cos ( x ) that it is equal to the right-hand side.
cos ( x ) ? 1 − sin ( x )
Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side =
1 + sin ( x ) cos ( x )
sin ( x ) csc ( x ) − cot ( x )
1 + cos ( x )
1 cos ( x ) Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side
= −
sin ( x ) sin ( x ) cos ( x ) 1 − sin ( x )
1 + sin ( x ) cos ( x )
1 − cos ( x )
=
sin ( x ) cos ( x ) 1 − sin ( x )
= ⋅
1 + sin ( x ) 1 − sin ( x )
1 − cos ( x )  1 + cos ( x ) 
= ⋅
sin ( x ) 1 + cos ( x )  cos ( x ) 1 − sin ( x ) 
=
1 − sin 2 ( x )
1 − cos 2 ( x )
=
sin ( x ) 1 + cos ( x )  cos ( x ) 1 − sin ( x ) 
=
cos 2 ( x )
sin 2 ( x )
=
sin ( x ) 1 + cos ( x )  1 − sin ( x )
=
cos ( x )
sin ( x )
=
1 + cos ( x )
cos ( x ) 1 − sin ( x )
∴ 1 + sin ( x )
=
cos ( x )
Q.E.D.
sin ( x )
∴ = csc ( x ) − cot ( x ) Q.E.D.
1 + cos ( x )

Method 2: Work with the right-hand side and show 73.

y
that it is equal to the left-hand side.
cos ( x ) ? 1 − sin ( x ) 7
= 3 5
1 + sin ( x ) cos ( x ) α
θ
x
Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side −2
cos ( x ) 1 − sin ( x )
1 + sin ( x ) cos ( x )
Note: The triangle may not be drawn to scale.
1 − sin ( x )  1 + sin ( x ) 
= ⋅
cos ( x ) 1 + sin ( x ) 
3 5 7 5
1 − sin 2 ( x ) sin (θ ) = csc (θ ) =
= 7 15
cos ( x ) 1 + sin ( x ) 
2 7
cos 2 ( x ) cos (θ ) = − sec (θ ) = − ( given )
= 7 2
cos ( x ) 1 + sin ( x ) 
3 5 2 5
cos ( x ) tan (θ ) = − cot (θ ) = −
= 2 15
1 + sin ( x )
cos ( x ) 1 − sin ( x )
∴ 1 + sin ( x )
=
cos ( x )
Q.E.D. 75. y
−5
x
71. y −2 α
29
θ
15
x Note: The triangle may not be drawn to scale.
α
−1
4
2 29 29
sin (θ ) = − csc (θ ) = −
Note: The triangle may not be drawn to scale. 29 2
5 29 29
cos (θ ) = − sec (θ ) = −
29 5
1 2 5
sin (θ ) = − ( given ) csc (θ ) = −4 tan (θ ) = ( given ) cot (θ ) =
4 5 2
15 4 15
cos (θ ) = sec (θ ) =
4 15 5 13
77. sin (θ ) = − csc (θ ) = −
13 5
15
tan (θ ) = − cot (θ ) = − 15 12 13
15 cos (θ ) = sec (θ ) =
13 12
−5 12
tan (θ ) = cot (θ ) = −
12 5

10
79. sin (θ ) = − csc (θ ) = − 10
10
3 10 10
cos (θ ) = − sec (θ ) = −
10 3
1
tan (θ ) = cot (θ ) = 3
3

Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers
2 7 2
1. sin ( t ) = − ( given ) csc ( t ) = − 9. (a) (b) −2
7 2 2
3 5 7 5
cos ( t ) = sec ( t ) = 3
7 15 11. (a) − (b) Undefined
2
2 5 3 5
tan ( t ) = − cot ( t ) = −
15 2 13. (a) −2 (b) 3
2 3
15. (a) (b) −
2 3
15 4 15
3. sin ( t ) = csc ( t ) =
4 15 17. (a) 0 (b) 2
1
cos ( t ) = − sec ( t ) = −4 ( given ) 1
4 19. (a) Undefined (b)
2
15
tan ( t ) = − 15 cot ( t ) = −
15
2 3
21. (a) (b)
2 4
3 5 3
5. sin ( t ) = − csc ( t ) = − 23. (a) 1 (b) −
5 3 4
4 5 25. −1
cos ( t ) = − sec ( t ) = −
5 4
3 4 27. − csc ( t )
tan ( t ) = cot ( t ) = ( given )
4 3
29. − sec ( t )
31. sec ( t )
2 10 7 10
7. sin ( t ) = − csc ( t ) = −
7 20 33. − csc ( t )
3 7
cos ( t ) = sec ( t ) =
7 3 35. 1
2 10 3 10 37. tan ( t )
tan ( t ) = − ( given ) cot ( t ) = −
3 20

Notes for 39-45: The symbol ∴ means, “therefore.” Method 2: Work with the right-hand side and show
Q.E.D is an abbreviation for the Latin term, “Quod that it is equal to the left-hand side.
Erat Demonstrandum”—Latin for “which was to be
cos ( −t ) ?
demonstrated”—and is frequently written when a
= sec ( −t ) + tan ( −t )
proof is complete. 1 − sin ( −t )

39. Two methods of proof are shown. (Either method is
sufficient.) cos ( −t ) sec ( −t ) + tan ( −t )
1 − sin ( −t )
Method 1: Work with the left-hand side and show = sec ( t ) − tan ( t )
that it is equal to the right-hand side. sin ( t )
1
= −
cos ( −t ) ? cos ( t ) cos ( t )
= sec ( −t ) + tan ( −t )
1 − sin ( −t ) 1 − sin ( t )
=
cos ( t )
1 − sin ( t ) 1 + sin ( t )
cos ( −t ) sec ( −t ) + tan ( −t ) = ⋅
cos ( t ) 1 + sin ( t )
1 − sin ( −t )
1 − sin 2 ( t )
cos ( t ) =
= cos ( t ) 1 + sin ( t ) 
1 + sin ( t )
cos 2 ( t )
cos ( t ) 1 − sin ( t ) =
= ⋅ cos ( t ) 1 + sin ( t ) 
1 + sin ( t ) 1 − sin ( t )
cos ( t )
cos ( t ) 1 − sin ( t )  =
= 1 + sin ( t )
1 − sin 2 ( t )
cos ( −t )
cos ( t ) 1 − sin ( t )  =
= 1 − sin ( −t )
cos 2 ( t )
1 − sin ( t ) cos ( −t )
= ∴ = sec ( −t ) + tan ( −t )
cos ( t ) 1 − sin ( −t )
sin ( t )
Q.E.D.
1
= −
cos ( t ) cos ( t )
= sec ( t ) − tan ( t )
= sec ( −t ) + tan ( −t ) Continued on the next page…
cos ( −t )
∴ = sec ( −t ) + tan ( −t )
1 − sin ( −t )
Q.E.D.

41. Two methods of proof are shown. (Either method is Method 2: Work with the right-hand side and show
sufficient.) that it is equal to the left-hand side.
sin ( t ) ? 1 + cos ( −t )
=
that it is equal to the right-hand side. cos ( −t ) − 1 sin ( −t )
sin ( t ) ? 1 + cos ( −t )
= Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side
cos ( −t ) − 1 sin ( −t )
sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( −t )
cos ( −t ) − 1 sin ( −t )
sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( −t ) 1 + cos ( t )
=
cos ( −t ) − 1 sin ( −t ) − sin ( t )
sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( t )  1 − cos ( t ) 

= = ⋅
cos ( t ) − 1 − sin ( t ) 1 − cos ( t ) 
sin ( t ) cos ( t ) + 1 1 − cos 2 ( t )

= ⋅ =
cos ( t ) − 1 cos ( t ) + 1 − sin ( t ) 1 − cos ( t ) 
sin ( t ) cos ( t ) + 1 sin 2 ( t )

= =
cos 2 ( t ) − 1 − sin ( t ) 1 − cos ( t ) 
− sin ( t ) cos ( t ) + 1 − sin ( t )

= =
1 − cos ( t )2 1 − cos ( t )
− sin ( t ) cos ( t ) + 1 sin ( t )

=
= 2 cos ( t ) − 1
sin ( t )
sin ( t )
cos ( t ) + 1 =
= cos ( −t ) − 1
− sin ( t )
1 + cos ( −t ) sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( −t )

=
sin ( −t ) ∴ = Q.E.D.
cos ( −t ) − 1 sin ( −t )
sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( −t )
∴ = Q.E.D.
cos ( −t ) − 1 sin ( −t )

1 + sec ( −t ) ? sin ( t − 4π ) 1 + cos ( t − 2π ) ?

43. = sin ( −t ) + tan ( −t ) 45. + = 2 csc ( t + 4π )
csc ( −t ) 1 + cos ( t + 2π ) sin ( t + 6π )
Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side

1 + sec ( −t ) sin ( −t ) + tan ( −t )
sin ( t − 4π ) 1 + cos ( t − 2π ) 2csc ( t + 4π )
csc ( −t ) +
1 + cos ( t + 2π ) sin ( t + 6π )
1 + sec ( t )
= sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( t )
− csc ( t ) = +
1 + cos ( t ) sin ( t )
1
1+
cos ( t ) sin 2 ( t ) + 1 + cos ( t ) 
2
=
1 =
− sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( t ) 
sin ( t )
cos ( t ) + 1 sin 2 ( t ) + 1 + 2cos ( t ) + cos 2 ( t )

=
cos ( t ) sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( t ) 
=
1
−
sin ( t ) 1 + sin 2 ( t ) + cos 2 ( t )  + 2cos ( t )
=
sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( t ) 
cos ( t ) + 1 − sin ( t ) 
= ⋅
cos ( t ) 1 1 + 1 + 2cos ( t )
=
− sin ( t ) cos ( t ) − sin ( t ) sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( t ) 
=
cos ( t )
2 + 2cos ( t )
− sin ( t ) cos ( t ) sin ( t ) =
= − sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( t ) 
cos ( t ) cos ( t )
2 1 + cos ( t ) 
= − sin ( t ) − tan ( t ) =
sin ( t ) 1 + cos ( t ) 
= − sin ( −t ) + tan ( −t )
2
=
1 + sec ( −t ) sin ( t )
∴ = sin ( −t ) + tan ( −t )
csc ( −t )
= 2csc ( t )
Q.E.D.
= 2csc ( t + 4π )
sin ( t − 4π ) 1 + cos ( t − 2π )
∴ 1 + cos ( t + 2π )
+
sin ( t + 6π )
= 2csc ( t + 4π )
Q.E.D.

Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions
1. (a) Period: 6 (d) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )

(b) Amplitude: 2
Range: [ −1, 1]
3. (a) Period: 2
(b) Amplitude: 5 (e) Amplitude: 1
Period: 2π
5. (a) Period: π
(b) Amplitude: 4 (f) Answers vary. Following are some intervals on
which f ( x ) = sin ( x ) is increasing. (Any one
7. (a) interval is sufficient.)
x y = sin ( x ) x y = sin ( x )
 π π  3π 5π   7π 9π 
0 0 π 0 − ,   ,   , 
 2 2  2 2   2 2 
π 1 7π 1
= 0.5 − = −0.5  5π 3π   9π 7π 
6 2 6 2 − , −  − , −  etc…
 2 2   2 2 
π 2 5π 2
≈ 0.71 − ≈ −0.71
4 2 4 2 Note: Some textbooks indicate closed intervals
π 3 4π 3 rather than open intervals for the solutions
≈ 0.87 − ≈ −0.87
3 3
2 2  π π
π 3π
above, e.g.  − ,  , etc.
1 −1  2 2
2 2
2π 3 5π 3
≈ 0.87 − ≈ −0.87
3 3
2 2  3π   5π 
9. A − , 0  ; B ( π , − 1) ; C ( 2π , 1) ; D , 0
3π 2
≈ 0.71
7π
−
2
≈ −0.71  2   2 
4 2 4 2
5π 1 11π 1 11. (a) 1
= 0.5 − = −0.5
6 2 6 2 (b) 0
2π 0 (c) 1
(d) 0
π
(b) 1.2 y 13. (a) x =
1.0 2
0.8
0.6
(b) x = 0, x = π
0.4
0.2 x 3π
(c) x =
−0.2
π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6 π 7π/6 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 11π/6 2π 2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
15. (a) x = −π
−1.0
−1.2
(b) x = −2π
π 3π
(c) x = − , x = −
2 2
(c) y
17. y
1
1
x
x
−4π −7π/2 −3π −5π/2 −2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π
−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−1
−1

19. D 41. (a) Period: 2π

(b) Amplitude: 6
21. A (c) Phase Shift: 0
(d) Vertical Shift: −2
23. K
(e) y
4
25. B
2
x
27. H π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−2
29. C −4
−6
31. F −8
−10
33. C
35. A
37. (a) Period: 2π 43. (a) Period: π

(b) Amplitude: 4 (b) Amplitude: 1
(c) Phase Shift: 0 (c) Phase Shift: 0
(d) Vertical Shift: 0 (d) Vertical Shift: 0
(e) y
(e) y
2
4
1
2
x x
π/2 π 3π/2 2π π/4 π/2 3π/4 π
−2 −1
−4
−2
−6
39. (a) Period: 2π 45. (a) Period: 8π

(c) Phase Shift: 0 (c) Phase Shift: 0
(d) Vertical Shift: 0 (d) Vertical Shift: 0
(e) (e) y
6 y 2
4
1
2
x x
2π 4π 6π 8π
π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−2 −1
−4
−2
−6

47. (a) Period: 2 53. (a) Period: 2

3
(c) Phase Shift: −1
(c) Phase Shift: 0
(d) Vertical Shift: 0
(e) 4 y
(e) y
3
4
/
3 2
1
x
x
−1 1
1 2 −1
−2
-4 / −3
3
−4
55. (a) Period: π

49. (a) Period: 4
(b) Amplitude: 1
(b) Amplitude: 1
(c) Phase Shift: 0 (c) Phase Shift: − 32π
(d) Vertical Shift: −1 (d) Vertical Shift: 0
(e) 1
y (e) y
x 1
1 2 3 4
x
−1
−3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2
−2
−1
−3
51. (a) Period: 2π 57. (a) Period: π

2
(b) Amplitude: 1
π (b) Amplitude: 7
(c) Phase Shift: 2 π
(c) Phase Shift: 4
(e) y
(e) 8 y
1
6
4
x 2
x
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2
π/8 π/4 3π/8 π/2 5π/8 3π/4 7π/8
−2
−4
−1
−6
−8

59. (a) Period: 1 63. (a) Period: 2π (*See note in left column)
(c) Phase Shift: 1 (c) Phase Shift: Omit (**See note in left column)
3
(e) 8 y
(e) y
6
8
4
6 2
x
4 −2π −3π/2 −π −π/2
−2
2
−4
−6
1/3 2/3 1 4/3 x
−8
−2
65. (a) Period: 1 (*See note in left column)

61. (a) Period: 4π
(b) Amplitude: 2
(b) Amplitude: 4
(c) Phase Shift: Omit (**See note in left column)
(c) Phase Shift: π
(d) Vertical Shift: −2
(e) 3 y
(e) 4 y
2
2
x 1
π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π x
−1.25 −1.00 −0.75 −0.50 −0.25 0.25
−2
−1
−4
−2
−6
−3
−8
67. (a) Period: 2π (*See note in left column)

(b) Amplitude: 4
(c) Phase Shift: Omit (**See note in left column)
Notes for 63-67: For the equations
f ( x ) = A sin ( Bx − C ) + D and
(e) 8 y
f ( x ) = A cos ( Bx − C ) + D : 7
6
2π
* The period of the function is when B < 0 . 5
B 4
3
** The text only defines phase shift for B > 0 .
2
Therefore, the phase shift portion of the exercises 1
x
has been omitted.
−3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π
−1
−2

69. (a) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below. (b) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.
(Intermediate steps are shown in gray.) (Intermediate steps are shown in gray.)
f ( x ) = 4 sin ( 2 x ) π 
f ( x ) = −3cos  x 
  π  2 
f ( x ) = −4sin  2  x −   = −4 sin ( 2 x − π )
  2  π  π 
f ( x ) = 3cos  ( x − 2 )  = 3cos  x − π 
  π   2   2 
f ( x ) = −4sin  2  x +   = −4sin ( 2 x + π ) π  π 
  2  f ( x ) = −3cos  ( x − 4 )  = −3cos  x − 2π 
2  2 
f ( x ) = 4 sin  2 ( x − π )  = 4 sin ( 2 x − 2π )
π  π 
f ( x ) = 3cos  ( x + 2 )  = 3cos  x + π 
2  2 
(b) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below. π  π 
(Intermediate steps are shown in gray.) f ( x ) = −3cos  ( x + 4 )  = −3cos  x + 2π 
2  2 
  π   π
f ( x ) = 4 cos  2  x −   = 4 cos  2 x − 
  4   2
  3π    3π  73. (a) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.
f ( x ) = 4 cos  2  x +   = 4 cos  2 x + 
  4    2  (Intermediate steps are shown in gray.)
  π   π f ( x ) = −5sin ( 4 x ) − 2
f ( x ) = −4 cos  2  x +   = −4 cos  2 x + 
  4   2   π 
f ( x ) = −5sin  4  x −   − 2 = −5sin ( 4 x − 2π ) − 2
  3π    3π    2 
f ( x ) = −4 cos  2  x −   = −4 cos  2 x − 
  4   2    π 
f ( x ) = 5sin  4  x −   − 2 = 5sin ( 4 x − π ) − 2
  4 
  π 
f ( x ) = 5sin  4  x +   − 2 = 5sin ( 4 x + π ) − 2
71. (a) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.   4 
(Intermediate steps are shown in gray.)
π  π π (b) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.

f ( x ) = 3sin  ( x − 1)  = 3 sin  x −  (Intermediate steps are shown in gray.)
2  2 2
π  π 3π    π   π
f ( x ) = 3sin  ( x + 3)  = 3sin  x + f ( x ) = 5cos  4  x +   − 2 = 5cos  4 x +  − 2
   8   2
 2   2 2 
π  π 5π    3π    3π 
f ( x ) = 3sin  ( x − 5)  = 3sin  x − f ( x ) = 5 cos  4  x −  − 2 = 5cos  4 x − −2
2  2

2    8    2 
π  π π   π   π
f ( x ) = −3sin  ( x + 1)  = −3sin  x +  f ( x ) = −5cos  4  x −   − 2 = −5cos  4 x −  − 2
2  2 2   8    2
π  π 3π    3π    3π 
f ( x ) = −3sin  ( x − 3)  = −3sin  x − f ( x ) = −5cos  4  x +   − 2 = −5cos  4 x + −2
   8   2 
2  2 2 
  5π   5π 
f ( x ) = −5cos  4  x −   − 2 = −5cos  4 x − −2
π  π 5π    8   2 
f ( x ) = −3sin  ( x + 5 )  = −3sin  x + 
2  2 2 


75. (a) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.

π  π π
f ( x ) = −2sin  ( x + 1)  + 3 = −2sin  x +  + 3
4  4 4
π  π 3π 
f ( x ) = 2sin  ( x − 3)  + 3 = 2sin  x − +3
4  4 4 
π  π 5π 
f ( x ) = 2sin  ( x + 5 )  + 3 = 2sin  x + +3
4  4 4 
(b) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.

π  π 3π 
f ( x ) = 2cos  ( x + 3)  + 3 = 2cos  x + +3
4  4 4 
π  π 5π 
f ( x ) = 2cos  ( x − 5 )  + 3 = 2cos  x − +3
4  4 4 
π  π π
f ( x ) = −2cos  ( x − 1)  + 3 = −2cos  x −  + 3
 4   4 4
77. (a) D (t ) = 2 cos  ( t − 2 )  + 4 = 2 cos 

2π 2π t 4π 
− +4
 13   13 13 
(b) 3.52 meters

Graphs of the Tangent, Cotangent, Secant, and Cosecant Functions
1. (a) (f) Answers vary. Following are some intervals on

x y = tan ( x ) x y = tan ( x ) which f ( x ) = tan ( x ) is increasing. (Any one
π interval is sufficient.)
0 0 Undefined
2
π 7π  π π  π 3π   3π 5π 
0.27 −3.73 − ,   ,   , 
12 12  2 2 2 2   2 2 
π 2π  3π π  5π 3π 
0.58 −1.73 etc…
6 3 − , −  − , − 
 2 2  2 2 
π 3π
1 −1
4 4
π 5π
1.73 −0.58 There are no intervals on which f ( x ) = tan ( x )
3 6
5π 11π is decreasing.
3.73 −0.27
12 12
π 0
3. (a)
x y = sec ( x ) x y = sec ( x )
(b) 4.0 y 0 1 π −1
3.0
π 7π
2.0 1.15 −1.15
6 6
1.0
x π 5π
π/12 π/6 π/4 π/3 5π/12 π/2 7π/12 2π/3 3π/4 5π/6 11π/12 π
1.41 −1.41
4 4
−1.0
π 4π
−2.0 2 −2
3 3
−3.0
π 3π
−4.0 Undefined Undefined
2 2
2π 5π
−2 2
3 3
(c) 4.0 y
3π 7π
3.0 −1.41 1.41
4 4
2.0
5π 11π
1.0
x −1.15 1.15
6 6
−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−1.0 2π 1
−2.0
−3.0
−4.0
(b) 2.5
y
2.0
 π 3π 5π  1.5
(d) Domain: x x ≠ ± , ± , ± ,... 1.0
 2 2 2  0.5 x
Range: ( −∞, ∞ ) −0.5
π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6 π 7π/6 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 11π/6 2π
−1.0
(e) Period: π −1.5

−2.0
−2.5
−3.0

(c) 4.0 y (g) Answers vary. Following are some intervals on

3.0
which f ( x ) = sec ( x ) is increasing. (Any two of
2.0
1.0
these intervals are sufficient.)
x
−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
 π π   5π 
−1.0
 0,   ,π   2π , 
−2.0  2 2   2 
−3.0  3π   3π 
− , −π   −2π , −  etc…
−4.0  2   2 
5. C
(d) The graph of h ( x ) = cos ( x ) is shown in green
below, superimposed on the graph of 7. A
f ( x ) = sec ( x ) , shown in blue. (Asymptotes of
9. G
f ( x ) = sec ( x ) are shown in red.)
11. F
4.0 y
3.0 13. D
2.0
1.0 15. B
x
−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−1.0 17. C
−2.0
−3.0 19. F
−4.0
21. (a) Period: π
(b) y
Notice that the graphs of f ( x ) = sec ( x ) and 8
6
h ( x ) = cos ( x ) coincide at the points on the 4

2
graphs where y = ±1 . The asymptotes of x
−3π/4 −π/2 −π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4
f ( x ) = sec ( x ) occur at the same x-values as the −2
−4
x-intercepts of h ( x ) = cos ( x ) . −6
−8
−10
When the graph of f ( x ) = sec ( x ) is desired,
one can begin with the graph of h ( x ) = cos ( x ) ,
and then use the key points mentioned above to 23. (a) Period: π
create the graph of f ( x ) = sec ( x ) .
(b) y
8
6
 π 3π 5π 
(e) Domain: x x ≠ ± , ± , ± ,... 4
 2 2 2  2
x
Range: ( −∞, 1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) −3π/4 −π/2 −π/4
−2
π/4 π/2 3π/4
−4
−6
(f) Period: 2π −8
−10

25. (a) Period: π3 33. (a) Period: 2π
(b) y (b) 2 y
x
4
−π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−2
2
x −4
−π/12 π/12 π/6 π/4 π/3 5π/12 −6
−2 −8
−10
−4
−12
27. (a) Period: 4π 35. (a) Period: 1

(b) 8 y (b) y
6
6
4 4
2 2
x
x
−5π −4π −3π −2π −π π
−0.75 −0.50 −0.25 0.25 0.50 0.75
−2
−2
−4
−4
37. (a) The graph of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) is shown in green

29. (a) Period: 1
4 below, superimposed on the graph of
(b) y g ( x ) = csc ( x ) , shown in blue. (Asymptotes of
6
4 g ( x ) = csc ( x ) are shown in red.)
2
4.0 y
-1/4 -3/16 -1/8 -1/16 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 x
−2
3.0
−4
−6 2.0
−8 1.0
x
−10
−12 −2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−14 −1.0
−2.0
−3.0
−4.0
31. (a) Period: π

(b) 3 y (b) The x-intercepts of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) occur at
2 x = −2π , − π , 0, π , 2π .
1
x
−2π/3 −π/2 −π/3 −π/6 π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6 π 7π/6
(c) The asymptotes of g ( x ) = csc ( x ) are
−1 x = −2π , x = −π , x = 0, x = π , x = 2π . The
−2 asymptotes of g ( x ) = csc ( x ) occur at the same
−3
x-values as the x-intercepts of f ( x ) = sin ( x ) .

(d) 6 y 39. (a) Period: 2π

4
(b) 16 y
2 12
x
8
−2π/3 −π/3 π/3 2π/3
4
−2 x
−4 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−4
−6
−8
−12
−16
(e) 6 y
2
x 41. (a) Period: 2π
−2π/3 −π/3 π/3 2π/3
−2
(b) 15 y
12
−4
9
−6
6
3
x
π/2 π 3π/2 2π
(f) 6
y −3
4 −6
2 x
−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−2
−4
−6 43. (a) Period: 4π
−8
−10 (b) 4 y
−12 3
−14
2
1
x
(g) 6
y π 2π 3π 4π
−1
4
2 x −2
−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π −3

−2
−4
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12
45. (a) Period: 2π
−14 3
(b) 12
y
3
x
π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3
−3
−6
−9
−12
−15

47. (a) Period: 1 55. (a) Period: 2π

3
(b) 7.0 y
6.0 (b) 6.0 y
5.0
4.0 4.0
3.0
2.0 2.0
1.0 x x
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 −π/3 −π/6 π/6 π/3
−1.0
−2.0 −2.0
−3.0
−4.0 −4.0
−5.0
−6.0 −6.0
49. (a) Period: 6

57. (a) Period: 6π
(b) 14.0
y
12.0
(b) 10.0
y
10.0
8.0
8.0
6.0 6.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
x
2.0
−6.0 −4.5 −3.0 −1.5 x
−2.0
−4.0 π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π 7π 8π
−6.0 −2.0
51. (a) Period: 2π 59. (a) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.
(b) 6.0 y (Intermediate steps are shown in gray.)
4.0
f ( x ) = 5 tan ( x ) + 3
2.0
x
f ( x ) = 5 tan ( x − π ) + 3
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π
−2.0
f ( x ) = 5 tan ( x + π ) + 3
−4.0
−6.0
−8.0 (b) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.

−10.0 (Intermediate steps are shown in gray.)
 π
f ( x ) = −5cot  x −  + 3
 2
53. (a) Period: 2
 π
f ( x ) = −5cot  x +  + 3
(b) 6.0 y  2
4.0  3π
f ( x ) = −5cot  x + +3
2.0  2 
x
−0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5
−2.0 Continued on the next page…

−4.0
−6.0

61. (a) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below. 65. (a) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.
(Intermediate steps are shown in gray.) (Intermediate steps are shown in gray.)
  π   π π  π π
f ( x ) = −3 tan  2  x +   − 3 = −3 tan  2 x +  − 3 f ( x ) = 4 csc  ( x + 1)  + 3 = 4 csc  x +  + 3
  8   4 4  4 4
  3π    3π  π  π 5π 
f ( x ) = −3 tan  2  x − f ( x ) = −4 csc  ( x + 5 )  + 3 = −4 csc  x + +3
  − 3 = −3 tan  2 x − −3 4  4 4 
  8   4 
  5π    5π 
f ( x ) = −3 tan  2  x +   − 3 = −3 tan  2 x + −3
  8   4  (b) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.
(Intermediate steps are shown in gray.) π  π π
f ( x ) = 4sec  ( x − 1)  + 3 = 4sec  x −  + 3
4  4 4
  π   π
f ( x ) = 3cot  2  x −   − 3 = 3cot  2 x −  − 3 π  π 3π 
   4 f ( x ) = −4sec  ( x + 3)  + 3 = −4sec  x + +3
 8  4  4 4 
  3π    3π 
f ( x ) = 3 cot  2  x +   − 3 = 3cot  2 x + −3
  8   4 
  7π    7π 
f ( x ) = 3 cot  2  x +   − 3 = 3cot  2 x + −3
  8   4 
63. (a) Answers vary. Some solutions are shown below.

 π
f ( x ) = 3sec  x −  − 1
 2
 π
f ( x ) = −3sec  x +  − 1
 2
 3π 
f ( x ) = 3sec  x +  −1
 2 
 3π 
f ( x ) = −3sec  x −  −1
 2 

f ( x ) = 3csc ( x ) − 1
f ( x ) = −3csc ( x − π ) − 1
f ( x ) = −3csc ( x + π ) − 1
f ( x ) = 3csc ( x + 2π ) − 1

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 5.4: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1. (a) (e) The inverse relation in part (d) is not a function.

x y = cos ( x ) x y = cos ( x ) The graph does not pass the vertical line test.
0 1
(f) i. 2π y
π π
0 − 0 3π/2
2 2
π
π −1 −π −1
π/2
3π 3π
0 − 0 x
2 2 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
−π/2
2π 1 −2π 1
−π
−3π/2
(b) y
−2π
1
The above graph represents a function.

x
−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
ii. 2π y
3π/2
−1
π/2
(c) x
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
x = cos ( y ) y x = cos ( y ) y
−π/2
1 0 −π
π π
0 0 − −3π/2
2 2
−2π
−1 π −1 −π
3π 3π The above graph does not represent a

0 0 − function.
2 2
1 2π 1 −2π
iii. 2π y
3π/2
(d) 2π y
π
3π/2
π/2
π x
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
π/2 −π/2
x
−π
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
−3π/2
−π/2
−2π
−π
−3π/2 The above graph represents a function.

−2π


iv. 2π y 3. (a)
3π/2 x y = tan ( x ) x y = tan ( x )
π 0 0
π/2 π π
x 1 − −1
4 4
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
π π
−π/2 Undefined − Undefined
2 2
−π 3π 3π
−1 − 1
4 4
−3π/2
π 0 −π 0
−2π
The above graph does not represent a

(b) y
function. 1.2
1.0
0.8
(g) The graph of f ( x ) = cos −1 x can be seen in 0.6
0.4
subsection i of part (f), with a range of [ 0, π ] . 0.2 x
−π −3π/4 −π/2 −π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π
Of the graphs in part (f), only two are functions – −0.2
−0.4
one with a range of [ 0, π ] and the other with a −0.6
range of [ −π , 0] . The range of [ 0, π ] −0.8

−1.0
encompasses angles with positive measure rather −1.2
than negative measure. In terms of the unit

circle, [ 0, π ] encompasses first quadrant angles (c)
(along with second quadrant angles as well), x = tan ( y ) y x = tan ( y ) y
while the range of [ −π , 0] encompasses third 0 0
and fourth quadrant angles.
π π
1 −1 −
4 4
(h) i. y
π π
Cosine Undefined Undefined −
π 2 2
2 3π 3π
−1 1 −
− 1
+ 4 4
0 π 0 −π
π 0
-1 1
x
(d) π y
− -1 + 3π/4
π
−
2 π/2
ii. Quadrants I and II; Quadrants III and IV π/4
x
iii. Quadrants I and II; the range of −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
f ( x ) = cos −1 ( x ) is [ 0, π ] . −π/4
−π/2
−3π/4
−π

(e) The inverse relation in part (d) is not a function. iv. π y

The graph does not pass the vertical line test.
3π/4
(f) i. π y π/2
3π/4 π/4
x
π/2
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
π/4 −π/4
x
−π/2
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
−π/4 −3π/4
−π/2 −π
−3π/4 The above graph represents a function.

−π
The above graph represents a function. (g) The graph of f ( x ) = tan −1 x can be seen in
subsection iv of part (f), with a range of
ii.  π π
 − ,  . Of the graphs in part (f), the
π y
3π/4
 2 2
following represent functions:
π/2
 π  π 
i.  0,  ∪  , π 
π/4  2 2 
 π  π 
x
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 ii.  −π , −  ∪  − , 0 
−π/4  2  2 
 π π
−π/2 iv.  − , 
 2 2
−3π/4
Unlike the other two functions in part (f),

−π
 π π
 − ,  can be represented by a single
The above graph represents a function.  2 2
interval. In terms of the unit circle, the interval
 π π
iii. π y  − ,  also encompasses first quadrant
 2 2
3π/4
angles (along with second quadrant angles as
π/2 well).
π/4
(h) i. y
x
Tangent
−1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 π
(Tangent is undefined )
−π/4 2
1
−π/2
− +
−3π/4 π 0 x
-1 1
−π
The above graph does not represent a + -1 −

function. π
− (Tangent is undefined )
2


ii. Quadrants I and II; Quadrants II and III; (d) 2π

y
Quadrants III and IV; Quadrants I and IV
3π/2
iii. Quadrants I and II; Quadrants I and IV. π
Quadrants I and II would produce a range of π/2

x
 π  π 
0, 2  ∪  2 , π  . Quadrants I and IV
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
    −π/2
 π π −π
would produce a range of  − ,  . The
 2 2 −3π/2
 π π
range of f ( x ) = tan −1 ( x ) is  − ,  . −2π
 2 2
5. (a) (e) The inverse relation in part (d) is not a function.

x y = csc ( x ) x y = csc ( x ) The graph does not pass the vertical line test.
0 Undefined
(f) i. y
π π 2π
1 − −1
2 2 3π/2
π Undefined −π Undefined π
π/2
3π 3π
−1 − 1 x
2 2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−π/2
2π Undefined −2π Undefined
−π
−3π/2
(b) 4 y
3 −2π
2
The above graph does not represent a
1
x function.
−2π −3π/2 −π −π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
−1
−2
ii. 2π
y
−3
−4 3π/2
π/2
(c) x
x = csc ( y ) y x = csc ( y ) y −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−π/2
Undefined 0 −π
π π −3π/2
1 −1 −
2 2 −2π
Undefined π Undefined −π
The above graph represents a function.
3π 3π
−1 1 −
2 2
Undefined 2π Undefined −2π


iii. y  π   π
2π
f ( x ) = csc −1 x is  − , 0  ∪  0,  . These
3π/2  2   2
π
two ranges are identical with the exception of
π/2 y = 0 , where f ( x ) = csc −1 x is undefined.
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−π/2 (h) i. y
−π Cosecant
π
−3π/2 2
−2π + 1
+
(Cosecant is (Cosecant is
The above graph does not represent a undefined at π ) π 0 undefined at 0)
function. -1 1
x
iv. 2π
y − -1 −
π
3π/2
−
2
π
π/2
x ii. Quadrants I and IV; Quadrants II and III
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−π/2 iii. Quadrants I and IV; the range of
 π   π
−π
f ( x ) = csc −1 x is  − , 0  ∪  0,  .
−3π/2  2   2
−2π
 1
The above graph represents a function. 7. (a) cos −1  −  = the number (in the interval [ 0, π ] )
 2
1
whose cosine is − .
(g) The graph of f ( x ) = csc −1 x can be seen in 2
subsection iv of part (f), with a range of  1  2π
Therefore, cos −1  −  = .
 π   π  2 3
 − 2 , 0  ∪  0, 2  . Of the graphs in part (f),
   
the following represent functions: Continued in the next column…
π   3π  (b) tan −1 (1) = the number (in the interval ( − π2 , π2 ) )

ii.  , π  ∪  π ,
2   2  whose tangent is 1 .
 π   π π
iv.  − , 0  ∪  0,  Therefore, tan −1 (1) = .
 2   2 4
In terms of the unit circle, the interval

9. (a) sin −1 ( −1) = the number (in the interval
 π   π
 − 2 , 0  ∪  0, 2  encompasses first quadrant  − π2 , π2  ) whose sine is −1 .
   
angles (along with second quadrant angles as π
well). Therefore, sin −1 ( −1) = − .
2
1
Recall that csc ( x ) =
sin ( x )
. The range of (b) sec−1 ( 2 ) = the number (in the interval
0, π2 ) ∪ ( π2 , π  ) whose secant is 2.
−1  π π
g ( x ) = sin ( x ) is  − ,  , and the range of
 2 2 Therefore, sec−1 ( 2 ) = π4 .

11. sin sin −1 ( 0.2 )  = the sine of the number (in the 45. (a) −0.84 (b) Undefined
interval  − π2 , π2  ) whose sine is 0.2 . 47. (a) 3.5 (b) −7

Therefore, sin sin −1
( 0.2 )  = 0.2 .
4 8
49. (a) (b)
5 15
13. tan arctan ( 4 )  = the tangent of the number (in the
interval ( − π2 , π2 ) ) whose tangent is 4 . 53
51. (a) (b) 2 6
Therefore, tan arctan ( 4 )  = 4 . 7
5
π 53. (a) (b) − 35
15. (a) (b) 0 13
6
17. (a) Undefined (b) 0 2 2

55. (a) − (b)
2 2
π π
19. (a) − (b) 57. (a) −2 (b) − 3
4 3
2π π 2π π
21. (a) (b) 59. (a) (b)
3 2 3 4
2π π 5π π
23. (a) (b) − 61. (a) (b) −
3 2 6 4
5π 63. y
25. (a) Undefined (b)
6 π
27. (a) False (b) True

π/2
29. (a) False (b) False
31. (a) 1.192 (b) −0.927 x

−0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
33. (a) −0.608 (b) −2.462
−π/2
35. (a) 1.326 (b) −0.119
37. (a) 1.212 (b) 2.246

65. y
π/2
39. (a) 1.768 (π − tan (5) )
−1
or
1.769 (π − 1.373) π/4
x
(b) 3.042
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−π/4
41. (a) 0.430 (b) 1.875
−π/2
43. (a) Undefined (b) −0.162

67. y
3π/2
π/2
x
−0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 6.1: Sum and Difference Formulas
1. sin ( x ) 5π 8π 3π 2π π
37. (a) = − = − OR
12 12 12 3 4
3. sin ( x )
5π 9π 4π 3π π
= − = −
12 12 12 4 3
5. 3 cos (θ )
7π 9π 2π 3π π
7. 2 cos ( x ) (b) = − = − OR
12 12 12 4 6
9. −2sin (θ ) 7π 10π 3π 5π π
= − = −
12 12 12 6 4
5
11.
3 7π 2π 9π π 3π
(c) − = − = − OR
12 12 12 6 4
1
13. − 7π 3π 10π π 5π
5 − = − = −
12 12 12 4 6
11
15. −
29 5π 3π 8π π 2π
(d) − = − = − OR
12 12 12 4 3
13
17. − 5π 4π 9π π 3π
11 − = − = −
12 12 12 3 4
2
19.
2
19π 15π 4π 5π π
1 39. (a) = + = + OR
21. 12 12 12 4 3
2
19π 9π 10π 3π 5π
= + = +
 19π  12 12 12 4 6
23. cos  
 90 
25π 15π 10π 5π 5π
1 (b) = + = + OR
25. − 12 12 12 4 6
2
25π 21π 4π 7π π
27. sin ( A ) = + = +
12 12 12 4 3
29. tan 34 ( ) 35π 27π 8π 9π 2π

(c) = + = + OR
12 12 12 4 3
31. 3
35π 33π 2π 11π π
= + = +
33. tan ( a ) 12 12 12 4 6
π 2π π 3π π 4π 43π 33π 10π 11π 5π

35. (a) = (b) = (c) = (d) = + = +
6 12 4 12 3 12 12 12 12 4 6
2π 8π 3π 9π 5π 10π
(d) = (e) = (f) =
3 12 4 12 6 12

7π 3π 4π π π ?
41. (a) − =− − =− − 43. sin ( −θ ) = − sin (θ )
12 12 12 4 3
4π 3π π π Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side
=− − =− −
12 12 3 4
sin ( −θ ) − sin (θ )
= sin ( 0 − θ )
13π 9π 4π 3π π
(b) − =− − =− − = sin ( 0 ) cos (θ ) − cos ( 0 ) sin (θ )
12 12 12 4 3
4π 9π π 3π = 0 ⋅ cos (θ ) − 1 ⋅ sin (θ )
=− − =− −
12 12 3 4 = − sin (θ )
OR
∴ sin ( −θ ) = − sin (θ ) Q.E.D.
13π 10π 3π 5π π
− =− − =− − ?
12 12 12 6 4
45. tan ( −θ ) = − tan (θ )
3π 10π π 5π
=− − =− −
12 12 4 6 Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side
tan ( −θ ) − tan (θ )
29π 2π 27π π 9π = tan ( 0 − θ )

(c) − =− − =− −
12 12 12 6 4
tan ( 0 ) − tan (θ )
27π 2π 9π π =
=− − =− − 1 + tan ( 0 ) tan (θ )
12 12 4 6
0 − tan (θ )
=
OR 1 + 0 ⋅ tan (θ )
= − tan (θ )
29π 8π 21π 2π 7π
− =− − =− −
12 12 12 3 4
∴ tan ( −θ ) = − tan (θ ) Q.E.D.
21π 8π 7π 2π
=− − =− −
12 12 4 3
6+ 2
47.
4
41π 33π 8π 11π 2π
(d) − =− − =− −
12 12 12 4 3 2− 6
49.
8π 33π 2π 11π 4
=− − =− −
12 12 3 4
51. −2 − 3
6+ 2
53.
4
2− 6
55.
4
2− 6
57.
4

59. −2 + 3 65. The following diagrams, though not required, may be

helpful in setting up the problems:
61. 2 − 3 y sin (α ) = −
5
=−
5 29
29 29
2 2 29
cos (α ) = =
63. The following diagrams, though not required, may be α 29 29
helpful in setting up the problems: 2 5
x tan (α ) = −
2
y 4
sin (α ) = −5
5
29
3
5 cos (α ) =
4 5
4
α tan (α ) = Note: The triangle may not be drawn to scale.
3
x
3
3
y sin ( β ) = −
2
Note: The triangle may not be drawn to scale. 1
cos ( β ) =
2
β
1 tan ( β ) = − 3
x
y 12 − 3
sin ( β ) =
13 2
5
cos ( β ) = −
13 13
12 β 12
tan ( β ) = −
5 Note: The triangle may not be drawn to scale.
x
−5
Note: The triangle may not be drawn to scale. Answers:

−5 29 − 2 87
(a)
58
Answers: 2 29 − 5 87
(b)
56 58
(a) −
65
40 − 29 3
63 (c)
(b) − 71
65
56 2
(c) − 67.
33 2
33
69.
56
71. cos ( A − B )
73. sin 2 ( A ) − sin 2 ( B ) OR

cos 2 ( B ) − cos 2 ( A )

? sin ( x − y ) ? tan ( x ) − tan ( y )

75. sin ( x − y ) + sin ( x + y ) = 2 sin ( x ) cos ( y ) 79. =
sin ( x + y ) tan ( x ) + tan ( y )
sin ( x − y ) + sin ( x + y ) 2sin ( x ) cos ( y )
sin ( x − y ) tan ( x ) − tan ( y )
= sin ( x ) cos ( y ) − cos ( x ) sin ( y ) + sin ( x + y ) tan ( x ) + tan ( y )
sin ( x ) sin ( y )
sin ( x ) cos ( y ) + cos ( x ) sin ( y ) −
cos( x ) cos ( y )
=
sin ( x ) sin ( y )
= 2sin ( x ) cos ( y ) +
cos ( x ) cos ( y )
sin ( x ) cos( y ) − cos( x ) sin ( y )

∴ sin ( x − y ) + sin ( x + y ) = 2 sin ( x ) cos ( y ) cos( x ) cos( y )
=
Q.E.D. sin ( x ) cos ( y ) + cos ( x ) sin ( y )
cos( x ) cos( y )
sin ( x − y )
cos( x ) cos( y )
=
? sin ( x + y )
77. cos ( x − y ) + cos ( x + y )
= 2 cot ( x ) cot ( y ) cos( x ) cos( y )
sin ( x ) sin ( y )
sin ( x − y ) cos ( x ) cos ( y )
=
cos ( x ) cos ( y ) sin ( x + y )
cos ( x − y ) + cos ( x + y ) 2cot ( x ) cot ( y ) sin ( x − y )
=
sin ( x ) sin ( y ) sin ( x + y )
cos ( x ) cos ( y ) + sin ( x ) sin ( y )

= + ∴ sin ( x − y ) tan ( x ) − tan ( y )
sin ( x ) sin ( y ) = Q.E.D.
sin ( x + y ) tan ( x ) + tan ( y )
cos ( x ) cos ( y ) − sin ( x ) sin ( y )
sin ( x ) sin ( y )
2cos ( x ) cos ( y ) a
= 81. (a) sin ( A ) =
sin ( x ) sin ( y ) c
2cos ( x ) cos ( y ) a
= ⋅ (b) cos ( B ) =
sin ( x ) sin ( y ) c
= 2cot ( x ) cot ( y )
(c) sin ( A ) = cos ( B )
(d) A = 90 − B
cos ( x − y ) + cos ( x + y ) B = 90 − A
∴ = 2cot ( x ) cot ( y )
sin ( x ) sin ( y )
(
(e) sin ( A ) = cos 90 − A )
cos ( A ) = sin ( 90
− A)

c
83. (a) sec ( A ) =
b
c
(b) csc ( B ) =
b
(c) sec ( A ) = csc ( B )
(d) A = 90 − B
B = 90 − A
(
(e) sec ( A ) = csc 90 − A )
csc ( A) = sec ( 90
− A)
85. x = 15
π
87. x =
10
89. x = 18
91. 1
93. sin ( x )
95. cot (θ )
97. −1
99. −1

Double-Angle and Half-Angle Formulas
3 4 21 17 −4 21
1. (a) (b) 1 (c) No 11. (a) − (b) (c)
2 25 25 17
(d) y g(x)
1
2 13.
f(x) 2
1
x
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 15. cos 68 ( )
−1
−2 3
17.
−3 3
(e) No
19. 2
2 3 2
3. (a) 3 (b) (c) No 21. −
3 2
(d) 6 y
f(x) 3
4 g(x) 23.
2
2
x
−π/2 −π/4
−2
π/4 π/2 25. − tan 82 ( )
−4
27. cos ( β )
−6
Notes: 29. (a) Quadrant II; Negative

Only one ‘branch’ of each graph is shown. In the (b) Quadrant I; Positive
portion of each graph shown,
f ( x ) has asymptotes at x = ± π4 , and 31. (a) Quadrant IV; Positive
(b) Quadrant III; Negative
g ( x ) has asymptotes at x = ± π2 .
s 1 − cos ( s )
(e) No 33. (a) sin   = ±
 
2 2
5. cos ( 2θ ) = cos (θ + θ ) s 1 + cos ( s )

(b) cos   = ±
= cos (θ ) cos (θ ) − sin (θ ) sin (θ ) 2 2
= cos 2 (θ ) − sin 2 (θ ) 1 − cos ( s ) 1 − cos ( s )

±
s 2 2
7. (a) cos 2 (θ ) = 1 − sin 2 (θ ) (c) tan   = =±
2 1 + cos ( s ) 1 + cos ( s )
±
(b) cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 (θ ) − sin 2 (θ ) 2 2
= 1 − sin 2 (θ )  − sin 2 (θ )
1 − cos ( s ) 2
=± ⋅
= 1 − 2 sin 2 (θ ) 2 1 + cos ( s )
120 119 120 1 − cos ( s )

9. (a) − (b) (c) − =±
169 169 119 1 + cos ( s )

s
35. (a) tan   = ±
1 − cos ( s ) ( ) (
37. (a) cos 75 = cos 45 + 30 )
2 1 + cos ( s ) = cos ( 45 ) cos ( 30 ) − sin ( 45 ) sin ( 30 )

1 − cos ( s ) 1 − cos ( s ) 1 − cos ( s ) 2 3 2 1 6 2

=± ⋅ =± = ⋅ − ⋅ = −
1 + cos ( s ) 1 − cos ( s ) 1 − cos 2
(s) 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 − cos ( s ) 1 − cos ( s ) 6− 2
=
=± =± 2
sin 2
(s) sin ( s )
Other numbers may be chosen that have a sum or
 s  1 − cos ( s ) (
difference of 75 , such as cos 105 − 30 , but )
(b) tan   =
2 sin ( s ) the end result is the same.
s
(c) tan   = ±
1 − cos ( s )
( )
(b) cos 75 = + (
1 + cos 150 )= 1+ ( − 23 )
2 1 + cos ( s ) 2 2
s sin ( s ) 2− 3
tan   = 2 2− 3
 2  1 + cos ( s ) = =
2 4
 s  1 − cos ( s )
tan   = 2− 3
2 sin ( s ) =
2
 s  1 − cos ( s )
Of the formulas above, tan   = is 6− 2 2− 3
2 sin ( s ) (c) ≈ 0.26 ; ≈ 0.26 .
4 2
generally easiest to use, since the denominator
They are the same.
contains only one term. This is particularly true
when the denominator needs to be rationalized.
In the case where the denominator does not
s sin ( s ) 2+ 2
contain a radical sign, tan   = is 39. (a)
 2  1 + cos ( s ) 2
equally easy to use. 2− 2
(b) −
2
s 1 − cos ( s )
Of the formulas above, tan   = ± (c) 2 −1
2 1 + cos ( s )
is generally the most difficult to use. One must (d) 2 −1
always choose whether or not the answer is
positive or negative, as well as rationalizing the
denominator. (One advantage of this formula is
2− 3
that it does not require the user to find sin ( s ) 41. (a) −
2
before computing the answer.)
2+ 3
(b) −
2
(c) 2 − 3

1 − cos ( 2 x ) ?
2+ 2
43. (a) − 51. = tan ( x )
2 sin ( 2 x )
2− 2 Left-Hand Side Right-Hand Side

(b) −
2 1 − cos ( 2 x ) tan ( x )
(c) 2 +1 sin ( 2 x )
1 − 1 − 2sin 2 ( x ) 
=
2sin ( x ) cos ( x )
2+ 3
45. (a) −
2 1 − 1 + 2sin 2 ( x )
=
2− 3
(b)
2 2sin 2 ( x )
=
(c) −2 − 3
sin ( x )
=
cos ( x )
47. (a) IV
= tan ( x )
3π θ
(b) < <π
4 2 ∴ 1 − cos ( 2 x ) = tan ( x ) Q.E.D.
(c) II sin ( 2 x )
(d) Positive
(e) Negative
?
2 53. 1 − 2 sin ( x )  1 + 2 sin ( x )  = cos ( 2 x )
(f)   
3
7
(g) −
3 1 − 2 sin ( x )  1 + 2 sin ( x )  cos ( 2 x )
  
14 = 1 − 2sin 2 ( x )
(h) −
7 = cos ( 2 x )
14 ∴ 1 − 2 sin ( x )  1 + 2 sin ( x )  = cos ( 2 x )

49. (a)   
4
Q.E.D.
2
(b)
4
(c) 7

?
= tan  
x
55. csc ( x ) − cot ( x )
2

x
csc ( x ) − cot ( x ) tan  
2
1 cos ( x )
= −
sin ( x ) sin ( x )
*
1 − cos ( x )
=
sin ( x )
1 − cos ( x )  1 + cos ( x ) 

= ⋅
sin ( x ) 1 + cos ( x ) 
1 − cos 2 ( x )
=
sin ( x ) 1 + cos ( x ) 
sin 2 ( x )
=
sin ( x ) 1 + cos ( x ) 
sin ( x )
=
1 + cos ( x )
 x
= tan  
2
x
csc ( x ) − cot ( x ) = tan   Q.E.D.
2
*Note about the proof above: Exercise 35

 x  1 − cos ( x )
establishes the identity tan   = . If
2 sin ( x )
this identity is used, several steps can be omitted
from the proof above. In the proof above, the
x sin ( x )
identity from the text, tan   = was
 2  1 + cos ( x )
used.

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 6.3: Solving Trigonometric Equations
1. No 17. (a) x = 0
3. Yes (b) x = 0
(c) x = 2kπ , where k is any integer.

5. (a) x = 120 , x = 240
2π 4π 19. (a) 53.1
(b) x = , x=
3 3 (b) x ≈ 233.1 , x ≈ 306.9
2π 4π
(c) x = + 2kπ and x = + 2kπ , where k is any
3 3 21. (a) 27.4
integer.
(b) x ≈ 207.4 , x ≈ 332.6
7. (a) x = 135 , x = 315 23. (a) x ≈ 115.4 , x ≈ 244.6

3π 7π
(b) x = , x= (b) x ≈ 45.6 , x ≈ 134.4
4 4
3π 25. (a) x ≈ 161.0 , x ≈ 341.0
(c) x = + kπ , where k is any integer.
4
(b) No solution
9. (a) x = 90 π 11π

27. (a) x = , x=
π 6 6
(b) x =
2 π 3π π 11π
(b) x = , x= , x= , x=
π 2 2 6 6
(c) x = + 2kπ , where k is any integer.
2 (c) No
(d) Part (b) is correct. Part (a) is incorrect because
11. (a) x = 150 , x = 210 dividing by cos ( x ) causes loss of the solutions
5π 7π of cos ( x ) = 0 .
(b) x = , x=
6 6
5π 7π 29. x = 0 , x = 180 , x = 45 , x = 135
6 6
integer. 31. x = 0 , x = 180 , x = 150 , x = 330
13. (a) x = 45 , x = 315 33. x = 90 , x = 270 , x = 30 , x = 150 , x = 210 , x = 330
π 7π
(b) x = , x= 35. x = 90 , x = 270 , x = 120 , x = 240 , x = 180
4 4
π 7π 37. (a) 0 ≤ 2 x < 4π
4 4
(b) Let u = 2 x ;
integer.
π 3π 9π 11π
u= , u= , u= , u=
4 4 4 4
15. (a) x = 210 , x = 330
π 3π 9π 11π
7π 11π (c) x = , x= , x= , x=
(b) x = , x= 8 8 8 8
6 6
7π 11π
(c) x = + 2kπ and x = + 2kπ , where k is
6 6
any integer.

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 6.3: Solving Trigonometric Equations
π π 3π π 5π
39. (a) − ≤ x− < 69. x = , x= , x =π
2 2 2 3 3
π π 4π
(b) Let u = x − ; u=− , u= 7π 11π π
2 3 3 71. x = , x= , x=
6 6 2
π 11π
(c) x = , x =
6 6 π 2π 4π 5π
73. x = , x= , x= , x=
3 3 3 3
41. (a) π ≤ 3x + π < 7π
(b) Let u = 3x + π ;
π 5π
75. x = , x=
3 3
u = π , u = 2π , u = 3π , u = 4π , u = 5π , u = 6π
π 2π 4π 5π
π 5π
77. x = , x=
(c) x = 0, x = , x= , x =π, x = , x= 4 4
3 3 3 3
π 7π 9π 15π
43. x = , x= , x= , x=
8 8 8 8
45. x = 112.5 , x = 157.5 , x = 292.5 , x = 337.5
47. No solution
49. x = 80 , x = 100 , x = 200 , x = 220 , x = 320 , x = 340
5π 7π 17π 19π 29π

51. x = , x= , x= , x= , x= ,
24 24 24 24 24
31π 41π 43π
x= , x= , x=
24 24 24
53. x = 135 , x = 315
5π
55. x = 0, x =
3
57. x = 0 , x = 180
59. x = 330
61. x = 7.5 , x = 37.5 , x = 187.5 , x = 217.5
63. x = 0 , x = 180 , x ≈ 23.6 , x ≈ 156.4
65. x ≈ 108.4 , x ≈ 288.4 , x ≈ 26.6 , x ≈ 206.6
67. x ≈ 75.5 , x ≈ 104.4 , x ≈ 255.5 , x ≈ 284.5

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 7.1: Solving Right Triangles
x y 13. x ≈ 48.43
1. ( )
(a) cos 30 =
10
; ( )
sin 30 =
10
15. x ≈ 75.96
(b) x = 5 3; y = 10
(c) In a 30o-60o-90o triangle, the length of the 17. x ≈ 19.75

hypotenuse (in this case, 10), is two times the
length of the shorter leg (in this case, y). 19. x ≈ 18.12
Therefore, 10 = 2 y , so y = 5 . The length of the
longer leg (in this case, x) is 3 times the length 21. AC ≈ 9.18 in
of the shorter leg (in this case, 5). Therefore,
x=5 3. 23. ∠H ≈ 49.88
7 3 7 3 25. ∠G ≈ 37.87
3. ( )
(a) tan 60 =
x
; ( )
sin 60 =
y
27. ∠M = 61 (given)
(b) x = 7; y = 14
∠D = 90 (given)
o o o
(c) In a 30 -60 -90 triangle, the length of the longer ∠J = 29
leg (in this case, 7 3 ) is 3 times the length of
JD = 3 (given)
the shorter leg (in this case, x). Therefore,
MD ≈ 1.66
7 3 = x 3 , so x = 7 . The length of the
hypotenuse (in this case, y), is two times the JM ≈ 3.43
length of the shorter leg (in this case, 7).
Therefore, y = 2 ( 7 ) = 14 . 29. ∠H = 90 (given)
∠L ≈ 22.02
5 5 ∠P ≈ 67.98
5. ( )
(a) tan 45 =
x
; ( )
sin 45 =
y PH = 3 (given)
(b) x = 5; y=5 2 PL = 8 (given)
HL = 55 ≈ 7.42
(c) In a 45o-45o-90o triangle, the legs are congruent,
so x = 5 . The length of the hypotenuse (in this
case, y) is 2 times the length of either leg (in
this case, 5). Therefore, y = 5 2 . Note: The diagrams in 31-45 may not be drawn to scale.
31. (a)
x y
7. ( )
(a) cos 45 =
7 2
; ( )
sin 45 =
7 2 14 in 14 in 14 in 14 in
(b) x = 7; y=7
(c) In a 45 -45o-90o triangle, the legs are congruent,

o
so x = y . The length of the hypotenuse (in this 9 in

4.5 in
case, 7 2 ) is 2 times the length of either leg
(in this case, we will use y). Therefore, The second diagram above may be useful, since
7 2 = y 2 , so y = 7 . Since the legs are right triangle trigonometry can be used to find
congruent, x = y = 7 . the missing angles.
(b) The measures of the angles are:

9. (a) 0.7431 (b) 0.2924
71.3 , 71.3 , and 31.4 (or 31.5 , depending on
11. (a) 0.3640 (b) 0.7818 rounding and the method of solution).

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 7.1: Solving Right Triangles
33. (a) 41. (a) KITE
H
O
Ladder U 200 ft
8 ft S
E
o
72
55 o
(b) 7.6 ft
6 ft
Jeremy
35. (a)
(b) 169.8 ft
Flagpole
o
51
40 ft DOUG
43. (a) o
41
(b) 49.4 ft C
L
I 60
F
F m
37. (a)
RAM P COUGAR
8 ft
o
34
(b) 69.0 m
DOCK
(b) 14.3 ft
45. (a)
39. (a)
Sears
Tower MOUNTAIN
1,450
ft o o
33 42
150 m
Silas
600 ft
(b) 388.1 m
(b) 67.5

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 7.2: Area of a Triangle
1. A = 40 cm 2  8π 
39. A =  − 4 3  in 2
 3 
3 55 2
3. A= ft
2
25 3 2
5. A= m
2
7. A ≈ 62.36 in 2
h
9. (a) sin ( C ) =
b
(b) h = b sin ( C )
(c) K = 12 ab sin ( C )
11. A = 15 3 in 2
13. A = 18 2 m 2
15. A ≈ 22.53 m 2
17. A ≈ 11.48 m 2
49 2 2
19. A = in
4
21. A = 30 3 cm 2
23. A ≈ 36.88 m 2
25. (a) x = 30 , x = 150

(b) ∠S = 30 or ∠S = 150
27. ∠R ≈ 47.73 or ∠R ≈ 132.27
29. A = 288 2 in 2
31. A = 72 3 in 2
33. 4 3 ft 2
35. 492.43 in 2
37. A ≈ 11.89 cm 2

The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines
1. b ≈ 8.76 m 31. ∠P ≈ 27.36

∠I ≈ 95.22
3. c = 3 6 in
∠G ≈ 57.42
p = 6 cm (given)
5. ∠N ≈ 27.66
i = 13 cm (given)
7. s ≈ 8.34 cm g = 11 cm (given)
9. ∠C ≈ 51.75 33. No such triangle exists.
11. No such triangle exists. 35. 653.3 cm 2
13. t = 6 2 cm
37. 277.5 in 2
15. ∠D ≈ 43.56 or ∠D ≈ 136.44

39. (a) 36.87 , 53.13
17. ∠C ≈ 41.62 (b) 36.87 , 53.13
19. No such triangle exists. 41. ∠E ≈ 14.06 , ∠Y ≈ 40.94
21. ∠A ≈ 12.56 43. AD ≈ 5.64 mm
23. ∠D = 20
∠E = 125 (given)
∠F = 35 (given)
d ≈ 5.62 ft
e ≈ 13.45 ft
f = 9.42 ft (given)
25. ∠W ≈ 82.13 ∠W ≈ 41.87

∠H ≈ 69.87 ∠H ≈ 110.13
∠Y = 28 (given) ∠Y = 28 (given)
w ≈ 8.44 in w ≈ 5.69 in
h = 8 in (given) h = 8 in (given)
y = 4 in (given) y = 4 in (given)
27. No such triangle exists.
29. ∠P ≈ 27.42
∠E = 130 (given)
∠Z ≈ 22.58
p = 12 mm (given)
e ≈ 19.96 mm
z = 10 mm (given)

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 8.1: Parabolas
1. ( y − 7 ) 2 = 2 ( x + 3) 11. (a) Equation: y 2 = −10 x

(b) Axis: y=0
( x − 4 )2 = −9  y −
26  (c) Vertex: ( 0, 0 )
3. 
 9  (d) Directrix: x = 2 12
2 1 (e) Focus: ( −2 12 , 0 )
5. ( y − 4) = ( x − 2)
(f) Focal Width: 10
3
(g) Endpoints of focal chord: ( −2 12 , − 5) , ( −2 12 , 5)
2
 1 1 23  (h) Graph:
7. x−  =  y+ 
 2 3 4  y
6
5
4
9. (a) Equation: x2 = 4 y 3
(b) Axis: x=0 2
(c) Vertex: ( 0, 0 ) F 1
V x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
(d) Directrix: y = −1 −1
(e) Focus: ( 0, 1) −2
−3
(f) Focal Width: 4
−4
(g) Endpoints of focal chord: ( −2, 1) , ( 2, 1) −5
(h) Graph: −6
−7
y
3
F
13. (a) Equation: ( x − 2 )2 = 8 ( y + 5 )
1 (b) Axis: x=2
x (c) Vertex: ( 2, − 5 )
−3 −2 −1 V 1 2 3
(d) Directrix: y = −7
−1
(e) Focus: ( 2, − 3)
−2 (f) Focal Width: 8
−3
(g) Endpoints of focal chord: ( −2, − 3) , ( 6, − 3)
(h) Graph:
y
1
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12
−1
−2
F
−3
−4
−5
V
−6
−7
−8
−9

15. (a) Equation: y 2 = 4 ( x − 3) 19. (a) Equation: ( y − 6 ) 2 = −1 ( x − 2 )

(b) Axis: y=0 (b) Axis: y=6
(c) Vertex: ( 3, 0 ) (c) Vertex: ( 2, 6 )
(d) Directrix: x=2 (d) Directrix: x = 2 14
(e) Focus: ( 4, 0 )
(f) Focal Width: 4
(e) Focus: (1 34 , 6 )
(f) Focal Width: 1
(g) Endpoints of focal chord: ( 4, − 2 ) , ( 4, 2 )
(h) Graph:
(g) Endpoints of focal chord: (1 34 , 5 12 ) , (1 34 , 6 12 )
(h) Graph:
y
6
y
5 8
4
7
3
2 6 F V
1 5
V F x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4
−1
−2 3
−3
2
−4
−5 1
x
−6
−0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
−7
−1
17. (a) Equation: ( x + 5 ) 2 = −2 ( y − 4 ) 21. (a) Equation: ( x + 6 )2 = 6 ( y + 2 )

(b) Axis: x = −5 (b) Axis: x = −6
(c) Vertex: ( −5, 4 ) (c) Vertex: ( −6, − 2 )
(d) Directrix: y = 4 12 (d) Directrix: y = −3 12
(e) Focus: ( −5, 3 12 ) (e) Focus: ( −6, − 12 )
(f) Focal Width: 2 (f) Focal Width: 6
(g) Endpoints of focal chord: ( −6, 3 12 ), ( −4, 3 12 ) (g) Endpoints of focal chord: ( −9, − 12 ) , ( −3, − 12 )
(h) Graph:
(h) Graph:
y
5 y
V 1
4
x
F 3 −11 −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
F
2 −1
1 −2
x
V
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 −3
−1
−4

23. (a) Equation: ( y − 2 )2 = 8 ( x + 5) 27. (a) Equation: ( y − 2 )2 = −2 ( x − 4 )

(b) Axis: y=2 (b) Axis: y=2
(c) Vertex: ( −5, 2 ) (c) Vertex: ( 4, 2 )
(d) Directrix: x = −7 (d) Directrix: x = 4 12
(e) Focus: ( −3, 2 ) (e) Focus: ( 3 12 , 2 )
(f) Focal Width: 8
(f) Focal Width: 2
(g) Endpoints of focal chord: ( −3, − 2 ) , ( −3, 6 )
(h) Graph:
(g) Endpoints of focal chord: ( 3 12 , 1) , (3 12 , 3)
y
(h) Graph:
8
7 y
5
6
5
4
4
3 3
V F 2
1 2 F V
x
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 1
−1
x
−2
1 2 3 4 5
−3
−4 −1
−2
8
25. (a) Equation: ( x + 5)2 = −16 y 29. (a) Equation: ( y + 5 )2 = ( x + 1)
3
(b) Axis: x = −5
(b) Axis: y = −5
(c) Vertex: ( −5, 0 )
(c) Vertex: ( −1, − 5 )
(d) Directrix: y=4
(d) Directrix: x = −1 23
(e) Focus: ( −5, − 4 )
(f) Focal Width: 16 (e) Focus: ( − 13 , − 5)
(g) Endpoints of focal chord: ( −13, − 4 ) , ( 3, − 4 ) (f) Focal Width:
8
(h) Graph: 3
(g) Endpoints of focal chord:
y
5
4
( − 13 , − 6 13 ) , ( − 13 , − 3 32 )
3 (h) Graph:
2
V 1 1 y
x
x
−14 −12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−1 −2 −1 1
−2 −1
−3
−2
−4
F −5 −3
−6
−4
−7
−8 V F −5
−9
−6
−10
−7
−8

31. (a) Equation:

7
( x − 2 )2 = − ( y − 6 ) 43. ( x − 5 )2 = 6 ( y − 6 )
2
(b) Axis: x=2
45. ( y − 2 )2 = x + 3
(c) Vertex: ( 2, 6 )
(d) Directrix: y = 6 78
47. y 2 = −10 ( x − 2 12 )
(e) Focus: ( 2, 5 18 )
7 49. (a) y = 11x − 5
(f) Focal Width:
2 (b) y = x
(g) Endpoints of focal chord:
( 14 , 5 81 ) , (3 34 , 5 81 ) 51. (a) y = x − 3
(h) Graph: 3
(b) y = 7 x −
2
y
53. y = 3 x − 7
7
55. y = 4 x + 26
V
6
57. ( 2, 7 ) and ( 7, 32 )
5 F
59. ( −1, 1)
4
61. ( −3, − 32 ) and ( 3, 4 )
3
63. ( 2, 1) and (1, 4 )
x
1 2 3 4
−1
33. ( y − 5)2 = 24 ( x + 2 )
35. ( x − 2 )2 = 16 y
37. ( x + 2 )2 = 12 ( y + 6 )
2
39. ( y + 1) = −7 ( x − 5 34 )
41. ( x + 4 )2 = −28 ( y − 5 )

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 8.2: Ellipses
x2 y2 ( x − 2 )2 y2
1. + =1 13. (a) Equation: + =1
4 25 16 4
(b) Center: ( 2, 0 )
( x − 2 )2 ( y − 4 )2
3. + =1
4 9 (c) Vertices of Major Axis: ( −2, 0 ) , ( 6, 0 )
Length of Major Axis: 8
2 2
( x − 5) ( y − 3) (d) Vertices of Minor Axis: ( 2, − 2 ) , ( 2, 2 )
5. + =1
2 3 Length of Minor Axis: 4
2
( x − 12 ) + ( y + 32 )
2 (e) Foci: (2 − 2 ) (
3, 0 , 2 + 2 3, 0 ) (exact)
7. =1
8 16 ( −1.5, 0 ) , ( 5.5, 0 ) (decimal)
3
c (f) Eccentricity: e= ≈ 0.9
9. (a) e = 2
a
(b) elongated (g) Graph:
4 y
(c) circle 3
2
2 2
x y F1
1
C F2 x
11. (a) Equation: + =1
9 49 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−1
(b) Center: ( 0, 0 ) −2
−3
(c) Vertices of Major Axis: ( 0, − 7 ) , ( 0, 7 )
−4
(d) Vertices of Minor Axis: ( −3, 0 ) , ( 3, 0 ) ( x − 2 )2 ( y + 3)2
Length of Minor Axis: 6 15. (a) Equation: + =1
25 16
(e) Foci: ( 0, − 2 10 ) , ( 0, 2 10 ) (exact) (b) Center: ( 2, − 3)
( 0, − 6.3) , ( 0, 6.3) (decimal) (c) Vertices of Major Axis: ( −3, − 3) , ( 7, − 3)
2 10
(f) Eccentricity: e= ≈ 0.9
7 (d) Vertices of Minor Axis: ( 2, − 7 ) , ( 2, 1)
(g) Graph: Length of Minor Axis: 8
7
y (e) Foci: ( −1, − 3) , ( 5, − 3)
6 F2
5
3
(f) Eccentricity: e=
4 5
3
2 (g) Graph:
1
C x 2 y
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 x
−1
−2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1
−3
−2 C
−4 F1 F2
−3
−5
−6 F1 −4
−7 −5
−8 −6
−7
−8

(g) Graph:
( x + 4 )2 ( y − 3)2
17. (a) Equation: + =1 3 y
9 1 2
(b) Center: ( −4, 3) 1 F2 x

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(c) Vertices of Major Axis: ( −7, 3) , ( −1, 3) −1
Length of Major Axis: 6 −2

−3
(d) Vertices of Minor Axis: ( −4, 2 ) , ( −4, 4 ) −4 C
−5
Length of Minor Axis: 2
−6
(e) Foci: ( ) (
−4 − 2, 3 , −4 + 2, 3 ) (exact) −7
−8
( −5.4, 3) , ( −2.6, 3) (decimal) −9 F1
−10
2 −11
3
(g) Graph:
5 y
x2 y2
4 21. (a) Equation: + =1
9 4
3
F1 C F2 (b) Center: ( 0, 0 )
2
1
(c) Vertices of Major Axis: ( −3, 0 ) , ( 3, 0 )
x Length of Major Axis: 6
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
(d) Vertices of Minor Axis: ( 0, − 2 ) , ( 0, 2 )
2 2
(e) Foci: (− 5, 0 , ) ( 5, 0 ) (exact)
( x − 2) ( y + 4) ( −2.2, 0 ) , ( 2.2, 0 ) (decimal)
11 36
5
(b) Center: ( 2, − 4 ) (f) Eccentricity: e= ≈ 0.7
3
(c) Vertices of Major Axis: ( 2, − 10 ) , ( 2, 2 )
(g) Graph:
3 y
(d) Vertices of Minor Axis:
2
(2 − ) (
11, − 4 , 2 + 11, − 4 ) (exact)
1
( −1.3, − 4 ) , ( 5.3, − 4 ) (decimal) F1 C F2 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
Length of Minor Axis: 2 11 ≈ 6.6 −1
(e) Foci: ( 2, − 9 ) , ( 2, 1) −2
−3
5
6

(g) Graph:
( x − 1)2 ( y + 2 )2
23. (a) Equation: + =1 y
16 25 9
(b) Center: (1, − 2 ) 8 F2
(c) Vertices of Major Axis: (1, − 7 ) , (1, 3) 7
Length of Major Axis: 10 6
(d) Vertices of Minor Axis: ( −3, − 2 ) , ( 5, − 2 ) 5

C
Length of Minor Axis: 8 4
(e) Foci: (1, − 5 ) , (1, 1) 3
2 F1
3
(f) Eccentricity: e= 1
5 x
(g) Graph: −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
4 y
3
2
1 F2 x ( x + 2 )2 ( y − 3)2
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 16
−2 C (b) Center: ( −2, 3)
−3
−4 (c) Vertices of Major Axis: ( −2, − 1) , ( −2, 7 )
−5 F1
−6
−7
(d) Vertices of Minor Axis:
−8
( −2 − ) (
7, 3 , −2 + 7, 3 ) (exact)
( −4.6, 3) , ( 0.6, 3) (decimal)
Length of Minor Axis: 2 7 ≈ 5.3
( x − 1)2 ( y + 5)2
4 16 (e) Foci: ( −2, 0 ) , ( −2, 6 )
(b) Center: (1, 5 ) 3
4
(c) Vertices of Major Axis: (1, 1) , (1, 9 )
Length of Major Axis: 8 (g) Graph:
y
(d) Vertices of Minor Axis: ( −1, 5) , ( 3, 5 ) 7
6
F2
( ) (
(e) Foci: 1, 5 − 2 3 , 1, 5 + 2 3 ) (exact) 5
(1, 8.5 ) , (1, 1.5 ) (decimal) 4
3
3 C
2 2
Continued in the next column… F1 x

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−1
−2

x2 y2 61. (a) Equation: x 2 + y 2 = 36

29. + =1
64 25 (b) Center: ( 0, 0 )
(c) Radius: 6
( x + 4 )2 ( y − 7 )2 (d) Graph:
31. + =1
9 25 7 y
6
5
( x + 3 )2 ( y + 5 )2 4
3
33. + =1
9 4 2
1
C x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−1
( x − 2 )2 y2 −2
35. + =1 −3
56 81 −4
−5
−6
( x + 3)2 ( y − 1)2 −7
37. + =1
36 11
( x − 3 )2 ( y − 2 )2 63. (a) Equation: ( x − 3)2 + ( y + 2 )2 = 16

39. + =1
25 9 (b) Center: ( 3, − 2 )
(c) Radius: 4
( x + 5 )2 ( y − 2 )2 (d) Graph:
41. + =1
28 64 3
y
2
2
x2 ( y − 6) 1
43. + =1 x
32 36
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1
2 2
( x − 4) ( y − 3) −2
C
45. + =1
25 21 −3
−4
2 2
x y −5
47. + =1
16 7 −6
−7
2 2
49. x + y = 81
51. ( x − 7 )2 + ( y + 2 )2 = 100 65. (a) Equation: ( x + 5 ) 2 + ( y − 2 )2 = 4

(b) Center: ( −5, 2 )
53. ( x + 3)2 + ( y + 4 )2 = 18 (c) Radius: 2
(d) Graph:
55. ( x − 2 )2 + ( y + 5 )2 = 26 y
4
57. ( x + 3)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 10 3
2
C
2 2
59. ( x + 3) + ( y − 5 ) = 25 1
x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1

67. (a) Equation: ( x + 4 )2 + ( y + 3)2 = 12 73. (a) Equation: ( x + 3)2 + ( y − 4 )2 = 4

(b) Center: ( −4, − 3) (b) Center: ( −3, 4 )
(c) Radius: 2 3 ≈ 3.5 (c) Radius: 2
(d) Graph: (d) Graph:
1 yx y
6
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1 5
−2
4
−3 C
C 3
−4
−5 2
−6
1
−7 x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
2 2
69. (a) Equation: ( x + 1) + ( y − 5) =9
(b) Center: ( −1, 5) 75. ( x − 3)2 + ( y − 2 )2 = 32
(c) Radius: 3
(d) Graph:
9
77. ( x − 5 )2 + ( y + 1)2 = 13
y
8
6
C 5
1
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
71. (a) Equation: ( x + 5 ) 2 + ( y − 4 )2 = 5

(b) Center: ( −5, 4 )
(c) Radius: 5 ≈ 2.2
(d) Graph:
7
y
4
C
3
1
x
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set 8.3: Hyperbolas
1. Parabola 3
(f) Asymptotes: y=± x
7
3. Hyperbola
58
5. Circle (g) Eccentricity: e= ≈ 2.5
3
7. Ellipse (h) Graph:
y2 x2
9. − =1
8 1
( x − 3)2 ( y − 1)2
11. − =1
5 5
( x + 1)2 ( y − 2 )2
13. − =1
5 7
15. 2a
17. (a) y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
x2 y2
(b) y − k = m ( x − h ) 23. (a) Equation: − =1
25 9
(c) Rise: ±a (b) Center: ( 0, 0 )
Run: ±b
a a a
(c) Vertices: ( −5, 0 ) , ( 5, 0 )
(d) Slopes: , − ; i.e. ± Length of transverse axis: 10
b b b
a a (d) Endpoints of conjugate axis: ( 0, − 3) , ( 0, 3)
(e) y − k = ( x − h) , y − k = − ( x − h); Length of conjugate axis: 6
b b
a
i.e. y − k = ± ( x − h )
b
(e) Foci: (− 34, 0 ,) ( 34, 0 ) (exact)
( −5.8, 0 ) , ( 5.8, 0 ) (decimal)
19. In the standard form for the equation of a hyperbola, 3
a 2 represents the denominator of the first term. (f) Asymptotes: y=± x
5
34
y2 x2 (g) Eccentricity: e= ≈ 1.2
21. (a) Equation: − =1 5
9 49
(h) Graph:
(b) Center: ( 0, 0 )
(c) Vertices: ( 0, − 3) , ( 0, 3)
(d) Endpoints of conjugate axis: ( −7, 0 ) , ( 7, 0 )

(e) Foci: ( 0, − ) (
58 , 0, 58 ) (exact)
( 0, − 7.6 ) , ( 0, 7.6 ) (decimal)

(h) Graph:
( x + 1)2 ( y − 5 )2
25. (a) Equation: − =1
16 9
(b) Center: ( −1, 5)
(c) Vertices: ( −5, 5) , ( 3, 5 )
(d) Endpoints of conjugate axis: ( −1, 2 ) , ( −1, 8 )

(e) Foci: ( −6, 5 ) , ( 4, 5 )

3
(f) Asymptotes: y −5 = ± ( x + 1)
4
(g) Eccentricity: e=
5 ( x + 4 )2 ( y + 3)2
4 29. (a) Equation: − =1
25 1
(h) Graph: (b) Center: ( −4, − 3)
(c) Vertices: ( −9, − 3) , (1, − 3)
(d) Endpoints of conjugate axis: ( −4, − 4 ) , ( −4, − 2 )

(e) Foci: ( −4 − )(
26, − 3 , −4 + 26, − 3 ) (exact)
( −9.1, − 3) , (1.1, − 3) (decimal)
1
(f) Asymptotes: y+3 = ± ( x + 4)
2 2 5
( y − 3) ( x − 1)
25 36 26
(g) Eccentricity: e= ≈ 1.0
5
(b) Center: (1, 3)
(h) Graph:
(c) Vertices: (1, − 2 ) , (1, 8 )
(d) Endpoints of conjugate axis: ( −5, 3) , ( 7, 3)

(e) Foci: (1, 3 ± 61 ) (exact)

(1, − 4.8 ) , (1, 10.8 ) (decimal)
5
(f) Asymptotes: y −3 = ± ( x − 1)
6
Note: The foci are very close to the vertices in
61 the above diagram.
5

( x + 1)2 ( y − 1)2 (f) Asymptotes: y − 5 = ±

2 5
( x + 3) (exact)
9 64 5
y − 5 ≈ ±0.9 ( x + 3) (decimal)
(b) Center: ( −1, 1)
(c) Vertices: ( −4, 1) , ( 2, 1) (g) Eccentricity: e=
41
≈ 3.2
(d) Endpoints of conjugate axis: ( −1, − 7 ) , ( −1, 9 ) (h) Graph:

(e) Foci: ( −1 − ) (
73, 1 , −1 + 73, 1 ) (exact)
( −9.5, 1) , ( 7.5, 1) (decimal)
8
(f) Asymptotes: y −1 = ± ( x + 1)
3
73
3
(h) Graph:
Numbers 35-57 can be found on the next page…
( y − 5 )2 ( x + 3)2
4 5
(b) Center: ( −3, 5 )
(c) Vertices: ( −3, 3) , ( −3, 7 )
(d) Endpoints of conjugate axis:
( −3 − ) (
5, 5 , −3 + 5, 5 ) (exact)
( −5.2, 5 ) , ( −0.7, 5 ) (decimal)
Length of conjugate axis: 2 5 ≈ 4.5
(e) Foci: ( −3, 5 − ) (

41 , −3, 5 + 41 ) (exact)
( −3, − 1.4 ) , ( −3, 11.4 ) (decimal)

( x − 9 )2 y2
35. (a) Equation: − =1 ( y − 3 )2 ( x − 5 )2
108 36 49. − =1
9 16
(b) Center: ( 9, 0 )
(c) Vertices: (9 − 6 ) (
3, 0 , 9 + 6 3, 0 ) (exact)
51.
( x + 1)2 ( y − 2 )2
− =1
( −1.4, 0 ) , (19.4, 0 ) 16 49
Length of transverse axis: 12 3 ≈ 20.8

( x − 3 )2 ( y − 4 )2
53. − =1
(d) Endpoints of conjugate axis: ( 9, − 6 ) , ( 9, 6 ) 16 128
Length of conjugate axis: 12 ( y + 3)2 ( x − 4 )2
55. − =1
(e) Foci: ( −3, 0 ) , ( 21, 0 ) 36 45
3
(f) Asymptotes: y=± ( x − 9 ) (exact) ( y − 4 )2 ( x − 3 )2
3 57. − =1
y ≈ 0.6 ( x − 9 ) (decimal) 9 7
2 3
3
(h) Graph:
x2 y2
37. − =1
64 25
( y + 5 )2 ( x + 2 )2
39. − =1
4 100
( y − 1)2 ( x + 6 )2
41. − =1
25 16
y2 x2
43. − =1
9 72
( x − 4 )2 ( y − 3 )2
45. − =1
11 25
( y − 1)2 ( x − 4 )2
47. − =1
64 16
Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set A.1:
Factoring Polynomials
1. (a) 13 51. −5 x 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
(b) No
53. 2 ( x + 4 )( x + 1)
3. (a) 100
(b) Yes 55. −10 ( x − 7 )( x + 6 )
5. (a) 36 57. x ( x + 11)( x − 2 )

(b) Yes
2
59. − x ( x + 2 )
7. (a) 81
(b) Yes
(
61. x 2 x 2 + 6 x + 6 )
9. (a) −36
(b) No 63. x 3 ( 3 x + 10 )( 3 x − 10 )
65. 5 ( 2 x + 1)( 5 x + 3 )
11. ( x + 5 )( x − 1)
13. ( x − 3)( x − 2 )
67. ( x + 2 )( x + 5 )( x − 5)
15. x 2 − 7 x − 12
69. ( x − 5) ( x2 + 4)
17. ( x + 10 )( x + 2 ) 71. ( x + 9 )( 2 x + 1)( 2 x − 1)
19. ( x + 3)( x − 8 )
21. ( x + 8 )2
23. ( x − 7 )( x − 8 )
25. ( x + 4 )( x − 15 )
27. ( x + 3)( x + 14 )
29. ( x + 7 )( x − 7 )
31. x 2 − 3
33. 9 x 2 + 25
35. ( 2 x + 1)( x − 3)
37. ( 2 x + 1)( 4 x − 3)
39. ( 3x + 4 )( 3x − 1)
41. ( 4 x + 5 )( x − 2 )
43. ( 4 x − 3)( 3x − 2 )
45. x ( x + 9 )
47. −5 x ( x − 4 )
49. 2 ( x + 3)( x − 3)

Odd-Numbered Answers to Exercise Set A.2
Dividing Polynomials
1. Quotient: x−4; 35. x 2 − 11x + 24 = ( x − 8 )( x − 3)

Remainder: 3
3. Quotient: x+6; 37. x 2 − 7 x − 18 = ( x + 2 )( x − 9 )

Remainder: −8
39. 4 x 2 − 25 x − 21 = ( x − 7 )( 4 x + 3)
5. Quotient: x2 − 5x − 4 ;
Remainder: 0 41. 2 x 2 + 7 x + 5 = ( x + 1)( 2 x + 5 )
7. Quotient: 3x 2 + 4 x + 5 ;
Remainder: −7
9. Quotient: 2x + 7 ;
Remainder: 5 x + 14
11. Quotient: 1 x3 + 8x2 − 1 ;

2
Remainder: −8
13. Quotient: 3 x 2 − x − 15 ;
Remainder: 5 x + 60
15. Quotient: x+2;

Remainder: 24
17. Quotient: 3x 2 − 2 x + 4 ;
Remainder: 8
19. Quotient: x3 − x 2 + 4 x − 4 ;
Remainder: 0
21. Quotient: 3 x3 + 4 x 2 − 7 x − 17 ;
Remainder: −75
23. Quotient: x2 − 2x + 4 ;
Remainder: 0
25. Quotient: 4x2 + 2x − 6 ;

Remainder: 2
27. (a) Using substitution, P(2) = 4

(b) The remainder is 4 , so P(2) = 4 .
29. (a) P(−1) = −7

(b) The remainder is −7 , so P(−1) = −7 .
31. P(5) = −97
( )
33. P − 34 = −10

Math1330 Printable Exercises and Solutions

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Math1330 Printable Exercises and Solutions

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MATH 1330

Exercise Set 1.1: An Introduction to Functions ........................................................................ 1

Exercise Set 1.2: Functions and Graphs ................................................................................... 5

Exercise Set 1.3: Transformations of Graphs ........................................................................... 9

Exercise Set 1.4: Operations on Functions ............................................................................. 13

Exercise Set 1.5: Inverse Functions ........................................................................................ 16

Exercise Set 2.1: Linear and Quadratic Functions.................................................................. 19

Exercise Set 2.2: Polynomial Functions ................................................................................. 23

Exercise Set 2.3: Rational Functions ...................................................................................... 26

Exercise Set 2.4: Applications and Writing Functions ........................................................... 29

Exercise Set 3.1: Exponential Functions ................................................................................ 32

Exercise Set 3.2: Logarithmic Functions ................................................................................ 35

Exercise Set 3.3: Laws of Logarithms .................................................................................... 38

Exercise Set 3.5: Applications of Exponential Functions....................................................... 45

MATH 1330 Precalculus i

Exercise Set 4.1: Special Right Triangles and Trigonometric Ratios..................................... 48

Exercise Set 4.3: Unit Circle Trigonometry ........................................................................... 57

Exercise Set 4.4: Trigonometric Expressions and Identities .................................................. 62

Exercise Set 5.1: Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers ................................................ 65

Exercise Set 5.3: Graphs of the Other Trigonometric Functions -

Exercise Set 5.4: Inverse Trigonometric Functions................................................................ 80

Exercise Set 6.1: Sum and Difference Formulas .................................................................... 89

Exercise Set 6.2: Double-Angle and Half-Angle Formulas.................................................... 94

Exercise Set 6.3: Solving Trigonometric Equations ............................................................... 99

Exercise Set 7.1: Solving Right Triangles ............................................................................ 102

Exercise Set 7.2: Area of a Triangle ..................................................................................... 105

ii University of Houston Department of Mathematics

Exercise Set 8.1: Parabolas ................................................................................................... 112

Exercise Set 8.2: Ellipses ...................................................................................................... 115

Exercise Set 8.3: Hyperbolas ................................................................................................ 119

Exercise Set A.1: Factoring Polynomials ............................................................................. 122

Exercise Set A.2: Dividing Polynomials .............................................................................. 124

ODD-NUMBERED ANSWERS TO EXERCISE SETS

Chapter 1 Odd Answers ....................................................................................................... 126

Chapter 2 Odd Answers ....................................................................................................... 139

Chapter 3 Odd Answers ....................................................................................................... 152

Chapter 4 Odd Answers ....................................................................................................... 168

Chapter 5 Odd Answers ....................................................................................................... 187

Chapter 6 Odd Answers ....................................................................................................... 210

Chapter 7 Odd Answers ....................................................................................................... 221

Chapter 8 Odd Answers ....................................................................................................... 225

Appendix Odd Answers........................................................................................................ 238

MATH 1330 Precalculus iii

Math 1330 Printed Textbook:

Math 1330 Online:

iv University of Houston Department of Mathematics

MATH 1330 Precalculus 1

25. f ( x) = 3 x − 5 35. (a) f (t ) = t

Find the domain and range of each of the following

31. (a) f ( x) = x (b) g (t ) = t 2 + 6 + 7

(b) g ( x) = x − 6 (c) h(t ) = − 13 t 2 + 6 − 8

32. (a) f (t ) = 3 − t 40. h(t ) = 6 − t − 1

2 University of Houston Department of Mathematics

Evaluate the following. 3x 2 , if x < 0

48. If h(t ) = t 2 + 2t − 5 , find:

f (−7), f (0), f (35 ), f (t ), f (t 2 − 3) 57. x 2 + y = 3

f (−5), f (3), f (0 ), f (1), f (−2), f − 10

MATH 1330 Precalculus 3

For each of the following problems:

4 University of Houston Department of Mathematics

Determine whether or not each of the following graphs 9. y

13. Analyze the coordinates in each of the sets

MATH 1330 Precalculus 5