LITERATURE FILIPINO WRITERS IN SPANISH
COLONIZATION
a) BROTHER AZURIN - he believes that
literature is about government and society
b) WEBSTER - he believes that literature is
written and printed as long it involves the
feelings and idea, whether it is true or a
product of an imagination
c) PANITIKANG PILIPINO - “true
literature” is a piece of written work which
is undying
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD - the first filipino
alphabet is called alibata
WRITTEN LITERATURE (PRE-
COLONIAL)
 RIDDLE OR BUGTONG – logical
thinking
 EPIGRAMS OR SALAWIKAIN –
provides good value
 POEMS OR TANAGA – poems of
indigenous people (tanaga – 7 pantig, 4
taludtod ; haiku – 17 pantig, 3 taludtod)
ORAL LITERATURE (PRE-COLONIAL)
 CHANT - used in witchcraft and
enchantment
 BALAGTASAN - a debate done in verse
(Francisco Balagtas)
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD – 3 gold (God,
Gold, Glory), manipulating literature by
monopolizing it under strict religious orders
LITERARY INFLUENCE (SPANISH
COLONIAL)
 CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE OR
DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA – first
catholic book of prayers and doctrines
(1593)
 PASYON – feeling of a mother towards a
suffering son
 JOSE RIZAL – wrote Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo
 FRANSICO BALTAZAR - wrote Florante
at Laura
AMERICAL COLONIAL PERIOD – lamination,
re-orientation, imitation, sentiments for patriotism,
and reform (Fernando Ma. Guerrero)
OF THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD - period
started during the rebirth of freedom (July 4,
1946)
a) THE STATE OF LITERATURE - post-
liberation period was marked by the
“struggle of mind and spirit”, Prose and
Poems (1952) – by Nick Joaquin
b) THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE -
writings dealt with Japanese brutalities and
the brave guerilla exploits
c) PEROID OF ACTIVISM - ask for
changes in the government
d) THE LITERARY REVOLUTION – youth
rebellious, writing on placards in red paint
with the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!)
e) WRITING DURING THE PEROID OF
ACTIVISM – bomba films (pornography),
proclamation 1081 at batas miltar (Martal
Law – Ferdinand Marcos)
f) PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY –
Zarzuela, Cenaculo and the Embayoka of
the Muslims, radio, television, comic and
magazine
g) PERIOD OF THE THIRRD REPUBLIC
– 1ST REPUBLIC – Emilio
Aguinaldo, Spanish/ Spaniards (JUNE 12,
1898)
2ND REPUBLIIC – American (JULY 4,
1946)
3RD REPUBLIC – Martial Law
(JANUARY 2 , 1981)
NOTABLE FILIPINO AUTHORS AND
THEIR WORKS
CARLOS BULOSAN - Filipino-American author,  “BANAAG AT SIKAT”
semi- fictional, semiautobiographical novel
ALEJANDRO ROCES - writer of comic short
 “THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER” stories
 “THE VOICE OF BATAAN”
 “OF COCKS AND KITES”
JOSE GARCIA VILLA - born in Manila, erotic  “FIESTA”
poems
PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ - Filipino modern
 “THE ANCHORED ANGEL” English-language short story
 “THE EMPEROR’S NEW SONNET”
 “DEAD STARS”
 “FOOTNOTE TO YOUTH”
 “A NIGHT IN THE HILLS”
NICK JOAQUIN – national artist for literature,
MANUEL AGUILA - Ilocano who wrote in
wrote largely about the Spanish colonial period
English
and the diverse heritage of the Filipino people
 “A SON IS BORN”
 “TROPICAL GOTHIC”
 “MIDSUMMER”
 “MANILA, MY MANILA: A HISTORY
FOR THE YOUNG”  “HEAT”

MERLIE ALUNAN - she was able to acquire LITERARY GENRE - categories of literary
fluency in Visayan languages compositions
PRE-COLONILA PERIOD - These were passed
 “AMINA AMONG THE ANGELS”
down from generation to generation, folk
 “TALES OF THE SPIDERWOMAN”
speeches, songs, narratives, indigenous rituals,
AMADO HERNANDEZ - playwright and and mimetic dances
novelist, one of the Filipino writers who practiced
 RIDDLES - mystifying statements or
“committed art.”
questions phrased and rhymed to require
 ”ISANG DIPANG LANGIT” ingenuity in determining its answer
 “LUHA NG BUWAYA” (Visayas – tigmo ; Ilongos – paktakon ;
 “IBONG MANDARAGIT” Tagalog – bugtong ; Bicolanos – atotodon)
 PROVERBS - prescribe codes of behavior,
LUALHATI BAUTISTA – journalist and born in mirror societal norms, traditions, and
Tondo, Manila beliefs and impart lessons in brief,
 “DEKADA ’70” rhyming verse, good values (Tagalog –
 “DESAPARESIDOS” salawikain ; Ilocano – sarsarita)
 “SONATA”  IDIOMS - These are a group of words
established by usage as having a meaning
MERLINDA BOBIS - grew up in Albay, not deducible from those of the individual
Camarines Sur, at the foot of an active volcano words.
 SONGS - forms of folk lyric speak
 “THE LEGEND OF DARAGANG
volumes of the typical rural lives and
MAGAYON”
reflect people’s aspirations and lifestyles
 “LOCUST GIRL”
(Folksongs – Awiting bayan ; Lullaby –
 “FISH- HAIR WOMAN”
Oyayi ; Serenade – Harana)
LOPE K. SANTOS - Tagalog language writer and  FOLKSONGS (SONGS) - songs with
former senator of the Philippines, Filipino lines often described as repetitive, didactic,
grammar and Tagalog Ortography. and sonorous
 LULLABY (SONGS) - soothing songs
 “LIPANG KALABAW”
often sung to put babies to sleep.
 “PUSO AT DIWA”
 SERENADE (SONGS - courtship songs
  CHANTS - used to give respect, excuse, or
apology to unseen or other elemental
spirits our ancestors believed in,
witchcrafts
 EPICS - These are long narrative accounts
of heroic exploits
 MTHYS - symbolic narratives, usually of
unknown origin and at least partly
traditional
 LEGENDS - stories that explain the origin
of things and phenomena in the
surrounding world
 FABLES - These stories use animals as
characters to represent a particular
attribute or characteristic
 FOLKTALES - stories that deal with the
power of nature-personified, their
submission to a deity (Bathala)
SPANISH PERIOD - greatly influenced our
literature for more than 300 years
 RELIGIOUS - form of prose as prayer
books, novenas, biographies of saints
(SENAKULO , PASYON, DALIT)
 SENAKULO (RELIGIOUS) - life and
times of Jesus Christ presented during the
Lent, was widely held
 PASYON (RELIGIOUS) - Passion, Death,
and Resurrection
 DALIT(REIGIOUS) - song praising God
or the Virgin
 SECULAR - non-religious literature
 AWIT (SECULAR) - slowly sung
(Florante at Laura)
 KURIDO (SECULAR) - These are
metrical romances and tales that follow a
structure of a poem (Ibong Adarna)
 KARAGATAN (SECULAR) - socio-
religious nature celebrated during the
death of a person
 DUPLO (SECULAR) - poetic joust in
speaking and reasoning
 PROSE NARRATIVE (SECULAR) -
instructional materials that teach Filipinos
proper decorum (Urbana at Feliza, 1864)
 SARSWELA - singing and dancing on
stage with lyrics alternatively spoken and
sung in operatic and popular styles
AMERICAL PERIOD - Education system in the
Philippines had been established during the
colonization of the Americans
JAPANESE PERIOD AND THE REPUBLIC -
Philippine literature came to a halt when the
Japanese came. The English language was banned
and Filipino language was mandated by the
Japanese rule
21ST CENTURY OF THE PHILIPPINES -
characterized as gender sensitive, technology
alluding, culturally pluralistic and operates on
themes such as extreme reality and extreme
fiction.
 DRAMA - meant to be dramatically or
theatrically performed, emotions and
conflicts are expressed through dialogue
and movements or actions
 CREATIVE NON-FICTION - uses
literary styles and techniques to create
factually accurate narratives
 BLOG - short articles called posts that can
be changed regularly, containing his/her
hobbies or interests, opinions, and
experiences
 POETRY - It is a verse and rhythmic
writing with imagery that evokes an
emotional response from the reader
KINDS OF POETRY
 MOBILE PHONE - consisting of four
lines with seven syllables each with the
same rhyme at the end of each line with an
AABB rhyme scheme
 HYPERPOETRY - form of digital poetry

that uses links using hypertext mark-up

related to hypertext fiction and visual arts
 SPOKEN WORD POETRY - poem that
has made its way into the hearts and souls
KINDS OF FICTION
 SHORT STORY - brief fiction that can be
read in one seating
 CHICK-LIT - genre which addresses
issues of modern womanhood, often
humorously and light-heartedly (late
1990s)
 FLASH FICTION - fictional literature or
fiction of extreme brevity, there is no
widely accepted definition of the length of
the category
 REALISTIC FICTION - a story that can
actually happen and is true to real life
 HISTORICAL FICTION - a story with
fictional characters and events in a
historical setting
 HORROR - These are frightfully
shocking, terrifying, or revolting stories
 MYSTERY - deals with unraveling of
secrets and solution of a crime
 ILLUSTRATED NOVELS - stories
through text and illustrated images
 GRAPHIC NOVELS - narratives in comic
book formats
 SPECULATIVE FICTION - more
fantastical fiction genres, specifically
science fiction, fantasy, horror, weird
fiction, supernatural fiction, superhero
 SCIENCE FICTION - impact of potential
science
 FANTASY - forming of mental images
with strange or other worldly settings or
characters and invites suspension of reality
 HUMOR - fiction full of fun, fancy, and
excitement which meant to entertain