CORRECTIONS

ON TAPING
CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE
Where:
s = measured slope distance
between points A and B
h = difference in elevation
between A and B
d = equivalent horizontal
distance AC
Ch = slope correction or the
difference between the slope
length and the horizontal
distance
CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE
𝒅 = 𝒔 − 𝑪𝒉
APPROXIMATE SLOPE CORRECTION FORMULA
1. Gentle Slopes (less than 20%)
𝒉𝟐
𝑪𝒉 =
𝟐𝒔
2. Steep Slopes (between 20% and 30%)
𝒉𝟐 𝒉 𝟒
𝑪𝒉 = + 𝟑
𝟐𝒔 𝟖𝒔
3. Very Steep Slopes (greater than 30%)
𝑪𝒉 = 𝒔 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
SAMPLE NO. 1
Slope distances AB and BC measures 330.49 m
and 660.97 m, respectively. The differences in
elevation are 12.22 m for points A and B, and
10.85 m for points B and C. Using the
approximate slope correction formula for gentle
slopes, determine the horizontal length of line
ABC. Assume that line AB has a rising slope and
BC a falling slope.
SAMPLE NO. 2
A line AB cannot be measured directly because
of an obstruction on line. Accordingly, the two
lines AC and CB were measured as 2400.85 m
and 1320.42 m, respectively. Point C was set at a
perpendicular distance of 155 m from point D on
line AB. Using the approximate slope correction
formula for steep slopes, determine the length
of AB.
CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE

𝑪𝒕 = 𝑪𝑳 𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔
Where:
C = coefficient of linear expansion (0.0000116/°C for
steel tape)
L = length of tape
T = observed temperature of the tape during
measurement
Ts = temperature at which the tape was standardized
SAMPLE NO. 3
A steel tape with a coefficient of linear expansion of
0.0000116/°C is known to be 50 m long at 20°C. The
tape was used to measure a line which was found to
be 532.28 meters long when the temperature was
35°C. Determine:
a. Temperature correction per tape length
b. Temperature correction for the measured line
c. Correct length of the line
SAMPLE NO. 4
A 50-m steel tape, known to be at standard
length at 20°C, is used in laying out a runway
2500.00 m long. If its coefficient of linear
expansion is 0.0000116/°C, determine the
temperature correction and the correct length to
be laid out when the temperature is 42°C.
CORRECTION DUE TO TENSION
𝑷𝒎 − 𝑷 𝒔 𝑳
𝑪𝒑 =
𝑨𝑬
Where:
Cp = elongation in tape length due to pull (m)
Pm = pull applied to the tape during measurement (kg)
Ps = standard pull for the tape (kg)
L = Length of the tape (m)
A = cross-sectional area of the tape (cm2)
E = modulus of elasticity of the tape (kg/cm2)
CORRECTION DUE TO TENSION
𝑾
𝑨=
𝑳(𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕)
Where:
W = weight of the tape
L = Length of the tape (m)
SAMPLE NO. 5
A heavy 50-m steel tape having a cross-sectional
area of 0.05cm2, has been standardized at a
tension of 5.5 kg. if E=2.10x106 kg/cm2,
determine the elongation of the tape if a pull of
12 kg is applied.
SAMPLE NO. 6
A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.45 kg is of standard
length under a pull of 5 kg, supported for full length.
The tape was used in measuring a line 938.55 m long
on a smooth level ground under a steady pull of 10
kg. Assuming E=2.0x106 kg/cm2 and the unit weight
of steel to be 7.9x10-3 kg/cm3, determine:
a. cross-sectional area of the tape
b. Correction for increase in tension
c. Correct length of line measured
CORRECTION DUE TO SAG
𝝎 𝟐 𝒍𝟑 𝑾𝟐 𝒍
𝑪𝒔 = 𝑪𝒔 =
𝟐𝟒𝑷𝟐 𝟐𝟒𝑷𝟐
Where:
Cs = correction due to sag (m)
ω = weight of tape per unit length (kg/m)
W = total weight of tape between supports (kg)
l = interval between supports or the unsupported length of
tape(m)
A = cross-sectional area of the tape (cm2)
P = tension or pull applied on the tape (kg)
SAMPLE NO. 7
A 30-m tape is supported only at its ends and
under a steady pull of 8 kg. if the tape weighs
0.91 kg, determine the sag correction and the
correct distance between the ends of the tape.
SAMPLE NO. 8
A 50-m steel tape weighs 0.04 kg/m and is
supported at its end points and at the 8-m and 25-m
marks. If a pull of 6 kg is applied, determine
a. Correction due to sag between the marks
b. Correction due to sag for one tape length
c. Correct distance between the ends of the tape
SAMPLE NO. 9
A 50-m steel tape weighs 0.035 kg/m is constantly
supported at mid-length and at its end points, and is
used to measure a line AB with a steady pull of 6.5 kg. if
the measured length of AB is 1268.256 m, determine:
a. Correction due to sag between supports and for the
whole tape
b. Total sag correction for the whole length measured
c. Correct length of line AB
COMBINED CORRECTIONS
The corrections for the effects of incorrect length
of tape, temperature, tension, slope and sag
may be combined as a single net correction per
tape length. Each correction is computed
separately and it is important to identify which
correction tends to make the tape too long or
too short.
SAMPLE NO. 10
A line was determined to be 2395.25m when
measured with a 30m steel tape supported
throughout its length under a pull of 4 kg and at a
mean temperature of 35°C. determine the correct
length of the line if the tape used is of standard
length at 20°C under a pull of 5 kg. the cross-
sectional area of the tape is 0.03cm2, its coefficient
of linear expansion is 0.0000116/°C, and the
modulus of elasticity of steel is 2.0x106 kg/cm2.
SAMPLE NO. 11
A 50-m steel tape is of standard length under a pull
of 5.5 kg when supported throughout its entire
length. The tape weighs 0.05 kg/m, has a cross-
sectional area of 0.04 cm2 and being made of steel,
its modulus of elasticity is 2.10x106 kg/cm2. the tape
was used in the field to measure a distance that was
determined to be 458.650 m. At the time the
measurement was made, the constant pull applied
was 8 kg with the tape supported only at its end
points. Determine the correct length of line.
SAMPLE NO. 12
From the previous problem, if the tape used was
standardized at 20°C and during the
measurement the mean temperature observed
was 18°C, determine the correct length of line
for the combined effects of tension, sag, and
temperature. Assume the coefficient of linear
expansion to be equal to 0.0000116/°C