19K312 - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

WIND ENERGY-AVAILABILITY, WIND POWER PLANTS,

WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

21L156 – UDHAYAKALA K
21L157 – YASHWANTH T V
21L158 – YOGESHWARAN B S
21L401 – ARULARASU M
21L402 – SAKTHIVEL K

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
BRANCH: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

NOVEMBER 2022

PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
COIMBATORE – 641 004
 WIND ENERGY-AVAILABILITY, WIND POWER PLANTS,
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION:

Wind energy is electricity created from the naturally flowing air in the Earth's
atmosphere. As a renewable resource that won't get depleted through use, its
impact on the environment and climate crisis is significantly smaller than
burning fossil fuels.

IMPORTANCE:

1. Wind energy has a small carbon footprint

2. Wind energy doesn’t create pollution
3. Wind energy doesn’t harm human health
4. Wind energy uses less water
5. Wind energy creates jobs
6. Wind energy saves money
7. Wind energy is good for areas that need reliable electricity
8. Wind energy is good for farmers
9. Wind energy leads to energy independence
10. Wind energy is becoming more popular
Wind is used to produce electricity by converting the kinetic energy of air in
motion into electricity. In modern wind turbines, wind rotates the rotor blades,
which convert kinetic energy into rotational energy. This rotational energy is
transferred by a shaft which to the generator, thereby producing electrical
energy.
Wind power has grown rapidly since 2000, driven by R&D, supportive policies
and falling costs. Global installed wind generation capacity – both onshore and
offshore – has increased by a factor of 98 in the past two decades, jumping from
7.5 GW in 1997 to some 733 GW by 2018 according to IRENA’s data. Onshore
wind capacity grew from 178 GW in 2010 to 699 GW in 2020, while offshore
wind has grown proportionately more, but from a lower base, from 3.1 GW in
2010 to 34.4 GW in 2020. Production of wind power increased by a factor of
5.2 between 2009 and 2019 to reach 1412 TWh.
Both onshore and offshore wind still have tremendous potential for greater
deployment and improvement, globally.
As the technology has improved and scaled up, costs have fallen and capacity
factors have risen. Between 2010 and 2020, the global weighted-average
levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of onshore wind fell by 56%, from USD
0.089/kWh to USD 0.039/kWh. Over the same period, the LCOE of newly
commissioned offshore wind projects fell by around half (48%).
Wind turbine capacity has increased over time. In 1985, typical turbines had a
rated capacity of 0.05 MW and a rotor diameter of 15 metres. Today’s new
wind power projects have a turbine capacity in the 3-4 MW range onshore and
8-12 MW offshore.
The amount of power that can be harvested from wind depends on the size of
the turbine and the length of its blades. The output is proportional to the
dimensions of the rotor and to the cube of the wind speed. Theoretically, when
wind speed doubles, the wind power potential increases by a factor of eight.
Wind turbines first emerged more than a century ago. Following the invention
of the electric generator in the 1830s, engineers started attempting to harness
wind energy to produce electricity. Wind power generation took place in the
United Kingdom and the United States in 1887 and 1888, but modern wind
power is considered to have been first developed in Denmark, where horizontal-
axis wind turbines were built in 1891 and a 22.8 metre wind turbine began
operation in 1897. The modern wind power sector emerged in the 1980s.
Many of the benefits of wind power are common to other renewables. First of
all is its role in combatting climate change: exploiting wind power means
reducing the use of fossil fuels, thereby cutting emissions of carbon dioxide,
fine particles and other climate altering substances responsible for the
greenhouse effect. Furthermore, wind power can also help achieve energy self-
sufficiency, offering undeniable economic benefits for the countries that adopt it
while also being a step in the direction of sustainable development because it is
essentially free once the wind turbine has been installed. Moreover, wind is an
abundant source of energy that is both inexhaustible and unlimited over time,
available on most parts of the Earth’s surface.

DESCRIPTION:

Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to make

wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. Wind turns the
propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator, which
creates electricity.

Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of three concurrent

events:
1.The sun unevenly heating the atmosphere
2.Irregularities of the earth’s surface
3.The rotation of the earth.
A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic force
from the rotor blades, which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor
blade. When wind flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the
blade decreases. The difference in air pressure across the two sides of the blade
creates both lift and drag. The force of the lift is stronger than the drag and this
causes the rotor to spin. The rotor connects to the generator, either directly (if
it’s a direct drive turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox)
that speed up the rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator. This
translation of aerodynamic force to the rotation of a generator creates electricity.

EXAMPLE WITH EXPLANATION:

WIND TURBINES

Wind turbines are devices that convert kinetic energy from the wind into
electrical power, i.e., electricity. Kinetic energy is the energy that something has
because it is moving. Kinetic means relating to or resulting from motion.
The turbine has blades, which turn in the wind at between thirteen and twenty
revolutions per minute. Whether the blades revolve at a constant or variable
speed depends on the turbine’s technology.
Regarding how long turbines last, Spanish infrastructure management company
Acciona S.A. says the following:
“Wind turbines have an average life of over 25 years, although the most
widespread accounting criterion is set for periods of 20 years. Rapid evolution
of wind technology has led to an increase in the durability of wind turbines.”
A turbine works like a compressor in reverse. Static nozzles convert pressure to
velocity, and a moving section converts that velocity to rotational motion.
Again, there are two types, both centrifugal and axial, but axial turbines are far
more common.
Considerations in the design of the blades is different, however. Because the
turbine is removing pressure instead of adding it, there is a favorable pressure
gradient. Thus, much more extreme angles are possible without flow separation,
and therfore a turbine generally has far fewer stages than a compressor.
However, stress on the blades is much higher, due to the more extreme angles
and due to the heat of the flow. The buckets must also be able, at these
conditions, to withstand the forces of rotation. Indeed, turbine blade design is
currently one of the limiting factors on engine design. Buckets must be
periodically replaced because they stretch under centrifugal force, a
phenomenon known as "creep". Newer methods of casting, including
dirctionally solidified and single crystal castings, are used to lessen these
problems.

Basic Parts of a Wind Turbine

The drivetrain on a turbine with a gearbox is comprised of the rotor, main

bearing, main shaft, gearbox, and generator. The drivetrain converts the low-
speed, high-torque rotation of the turbine's rotor (blades and hub assembly) into
electrical energy

FUTURE SCOPE:

Wind energy in India has huge potential, with its cost of generation being 40 per
cent lower than that of conventional sources of power, according to the Global
Wind Energy Council, which has released a study titled “India Wind Energy
Market Outlook 2022-2026”.
The levelized cost of energy (LCOE), or the net present cost of generation for a
generator over its lifetime, for wind is expected to be Rs 2.8-3.3/Kwh, the study
says.
The prices of wind-energy instruments like turbines have risen owing to the
increase in global logistics costs and the recent surge in goods and services tax.
Despite these hiccups, India is expected to install more than 19 Gw in the next
five years, peaking in 2024, says the study.
Also, over the next five years, a transition is expected from standalone wind to
wind-solar hybrids (WSHs).
Developers are taking a greater interest in central auctions due to a change in
government policy. Due to states delaying the signing of power-sharing
agreements (PSAs), the tenders of Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)
specify which state discom would procure the power generated. This is expected
to reduce project cancellation or delay on account of signing PSAs.
Among the particular features of wind power that make it such a promising
form of green energy is the possibility to use it in combination with solar power.
In addition to coexisting at the same plant, the two forms of energy also have
several features that are complementary.
There are, however, some aspects of wind power that distinguish it from other
renewables like hydroelectric, geothermal and solar power. We’ve organized
these into 10 points to demonstrate how, moving forward, wind power can
become the second most important green energy source worldwide and the
protagonist of a sustainable future for many countries.
REFERENCES:

 https://wap.business-standard.com/
 https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/
 https://www.researchgate.net/
 https://www.energy.gov/