What is the K to 12 Program?

The Scientific Method

Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education 1. Make an observation
mastery of concepts and skills, lifelong learners, middle 2. Ask a question
level skills development employment and 3. Do some background research
entrepreneurship. 4. Make a hypothesis
5. Make a prediction
Salient Features 6. Do an experiment
Strengthening Early Childhood Education 7. Analyze your data
Making the Curriculum Relevant to the Learners 8. Draw your conclusion
Ensuring Integrated and Seamless Learning 9. Tell people about what you found out
Gearing Up for the Future
Building Proficiency through Language The Six Basic Science Process Skills
Nurturing the Holistically Developed Filipino 1. Observation
2. Communication
The DepEd Framework for Teaching Science 3. Measurement
Emphasizes the need to develop science literacy and culture 4. Classification
among the Filipinos. 5. Inference
6. Prediction
The Nature of Science
Understanding the world, The Six Integrated Science Process Skills
Connect the past with the present 1. Identifying and controlling variables
We can understand things by receiving accurate information 2. Formulating and testing hypothesis
thru senses 3. Defining operationally
4. Interpreting data
Questions we asks 5. Experimenting
What is this? 6. Constructing models
How does it works?
How did it become like this? 5 Attributes Needed in Science
1. Effective communicators
Scientific Ways 2. Critical and Creative Problem Solvers
Relies on evidence from the natural world. 3. Informed Decision Makers
Scientific process guided by some parameters 4. Innovative or Inventive Thinkers
Embedded within the times 5. Responsible Stewards of Nature

Scientific Principles Learning Theories and Teaching Approaches

Assumes that we can learn about the world by gathering 1. Constructivism
evidence using our senses 2. Social Cognition Learning Model
Uses and tests evidence from the natural world 3. Learning Style Theory (MI Theory)
Process of continuously learning about the world 4. Brain-Based Learning
Science claims are tested 4.1. Approach
4.2. Priming
4.3. Novelty
4.4. Motivational Strategy
TEACHING BIOLOGY Dicots VS Monocots
Parts and Functions of Plants Cotyledons
Land plants enabled other organisms, to survive the dry land. Monocots - one cotyledon
Plants gives oxygen, nourishment, and habitats to other Dicots - two cotyledons
organisms.
Organs: Plant Cell Types
Root Parenchyma cells
Stem Walls are thin and flexible
Leaves Metabolic functions in plants (photosynthesis)
Tissues: Collenchyma
Ground tissue Elongated living cells, support
Vascular tissue Sclerenchyma
Dermal tissue Very rigid with thick secondary walls
Cells: Meristems
Ground tissue cells: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Divide to form new organs
Sclerenchyma Apical meristem
Vascular tissue cells: Tracheids and Vessel Elements; Sieve Capable of division and growth in plants (shoot & root tip)
Tubes and Companion Cells Primary growth
Dermal tissue cells: Epidermal cells, Stomata, Trichomes Rapidly dividing cells in the apical meristems
Lateral meristems
Plant Tissues Increase in stem thickness
Dermal tissues
Outer layer of all plant organs (stems, roots, leaves, flowers) Annual, Biennials, Perennials
First line of defense against damage and bacteria. Annual plants
Epidermis Set seed and die all in one year
Outer layer of skin Biennial plants
Periderm Two years - grow one year, die the following
Found in woody plants Perennial plants
Old trees - bark - periderm. Grows and flowers for many years
Trichomes
Hair-like structures that grow out from epidermis Nodes
Cuticle - diffusion barrier limiting water and solute transport Points of attachment for leaves, aerial roots, flowers
across Internode
Stem region between two nodes
Vascular Tissues
Transport or conduction of water and other materials Axillary bud
Xylem Found in the axil
Transport of water and nutrients Axil
Phloem Area between base of leaf and stem
Upward and downward movement of sugars and other solutes Apex (tip)
Contains apical meristem within the apical bud
Ground Tissues
Soft parts of the plants, such as cortex, pith, pericycle, etc.
Makes up the most of the plant, structure and storage.
Plant Organs GENETICS AND HEREDITY
Plant stems, Above or below ground Traits
Plant Organs Characteristics.
Rhizome Same hair color, eye color, or skin color.
Modified stem that grows horizontally underground Genetics
Has nodes and internodes Science of heredity.
Corns Heredity
Similar to rhizomes Traits are passed on from parent to offspring
More rounded and fleshy
Stolons Variation
Stems that run almost parallel to the ground Traits an organism inherits is determined in the life process of
Runners reproduction.
Type of stolon that runs above the ground and produces new More variation (differences) are found in sexual reproduction
clone than by asexual reproduction.
Tubers
Modified stems that store starch, as seen in the potato Gregor Mendel
Arise as swollen ends of stolons Father of genetics
Contains unusual buds Mendel’s Experiments
Bulb Conducted heredity experiments using common garden pea
Underground storage unit plants
Enlarged fleshy leaves
The Gene-Chromosome Theory
Chromosomes are made of genes.
Genes carry hereditary information and are found at specific
locations along chromosomes.
Centromere
Middle of chromosomes

Tendrills Torns
Alleles
Pairs of genes, same traits, found at the same locations on
Leaf Arrangement
pairs of chromosomes.
Phyllotaxy
Each chromosome may contain several hundred genes
Arrangement of leaves around the stem

Genetic Terms
Roots
Homozygous Trait
Dicots
Both genes are the same.
Tap root system
Heterozygous Trait
Monocots
Both genes are not the same.
Fibrous root system
Root structures
Aerial roots and prop roots
Tap roots
For storage
Epiphytic roots
Enable a plant to grow on another plant.
UNDERSTANDING BY DESIGN (UBD) 4. Perspective
Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe Give a credible perspective.
Constructivism 5. Empathy
Internalizing something new, influenced by our past Sensitively empathize with others.
Backward Design 6. Self-knowledge
Beginning with the end in mind Show they are aware of themselves.
More of planning
Stage 2: ASSESSMENT EVIDENCE
3 major stages: 1. PERFORMANCE TASK/S
Identifying the desired results; Authentic performances
Determining evidence to show that the lesson was learned; G-R-A-S-P-S
Planning the learning experiences to make sure that the 1. GOAL
desired results will be achieved Provide a statement of the task.
2. ROLE
Assessment was planned first, but not given first when Define the role of the students in the task,
teaching. 3. AUDIENCE
Assessment is planned first to make sure that that all the Identify the target audience in the context of the scenario.
activities in the lesson lead to how it will be assessed. That is 4. SITUATION
why it is called “backward design. Set the context of the scenario.
5. PRODUCTS or PERFORMANCES
Stage 1: DESIRED RESULTS What the students should create and why they should create it.
1. ESTABLISHED GOALS 6. STANDARD or CRITERIA
Based on Curriculum, Objectives Provide clear picture of success, with specific standards.
2. ENDURING UNDERSTANDING (EU) 2. OTHER TASK/S
a. Understandings Quizzes, tests, observations, homework, journal, etc.
Students to understand by the end of the unit
b. Transfer Stage 3: THE LEARNING PLAN
Students to accomplish in the long run These are all learner-centered and hands-on.
3. ESSENTIAL QUESTION (EQ) W-H-E-R-E-T-O
Thought-provoking questions 1. WHERE
4. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL Make a statement of your learning objectives.
a. Knowledge 2. HOOK and HOLD
Assessed in examinations Motivation
b. Skills 3. EQUIP and EXPERIENCE
Assessed through demonstrations or performance tasks Equip with knowledge. Provide with experience
4. RETHINK and REVISE
Six (6) Facets of Understanding Reflections
If the students really understood they can… 5. EVALUATE
1. Explanation Students evaluate or assess their own work
Give an accurate explanation of a phenomenon 6. TAILORED
2. Interpretation Personalized lesson according to the needs of students
Give meaningful interpretations. 7. ORGANIZED
3. Application Simple to complex and from concrete to abstract
Effectively apply what they learned to real-life situations.
HUMAN BODY SYSTEM Small intestine
Human Body Organization Absorb small nutrient molecules.
The Human Body Large intestine
is composed of Absorbs water from undigested food
Organ Systems
are composed of Respiratory System
Organs Functions
are composed of Moves air in and out of lungs; controls gas exchange between
Tissues blood and lungs
are composed of Major Structures
Cells Lungs, nose, mouth, trachea

Circulatory System Excretory System

Function Functions
Transport oxygen & nutrients in the body & get rid of wastes Removes cellular wastes from blood and the body
Major Organs Wastes and water filters by the kidney.
Arteries, Veins, Heart, Blood The kidneys form the liquid waste URINE.
Heart pumps blood through the body. Major Structures
Types Of Blood Vessels Kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, skin, lungs
Artery
Move blood away from heart Muscular System
Veins Function
Move blood toward the heart Movement
Capillaries Major Structures
Are microscopic blood vessels. Skeletal – Attached to bones for voluntary actions
Connect arteries to veins. Smooth – In digestive tract, blood vessels move food & blood.
Their walls are only one cell thick! Cardiac – Heart muscle cells are involuntary.
White blood cells
Fight Infection Skeletal System
Red blood cells Functions
Transport O2 Protects organs
Platelets Major Structures
Help clot blood Bones and joints
Plasma
Contains nutrients & minerals, the liquid part of blood Reproductive System
Functions
Digestive System Produces gametes, reproduction
Function Eggs (female)
Digestion, breaking food in small molecules, absorbed by body Sperm (male)
Nutrients, substances in food provides energy Major Structures
Major Organs : Ovaries, uterus (in females)
Mouth Testes, penis (in males)
Esophagus: muscular tube that connects throat to stomach.
Stomach: chemical and mechanical digestion continue;
Nervous System TEACHING CHEMISTRY
Major Structures Properties of Matter
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Matter is the "stuff" that makes up the universe
Functions All matter is made up of atoms, which are in turn made up of
Regulates behavior; regulates other organ systems protons, neutrons and electrons.
Central Nervous System - Analyzing information. All materials around us consist of matter.
Peripheral Nervous System - Receives information
Brain Matter has three states:
Cerebrum – Voluntary activities of the body 1. Solid
Cerebellum – Muscle movement and balance 2. Liquid
Brain Stem – Pass message between brain and body 3. Gas
(Plasma, Bose-Einstein Condensate)
Endocrine System
Functions: Mass and Weight
Regulates body activities Mass
Temperature, metabolism Quantity of matter which a body possesses
The body makes over 20 hormones, each with a different job Weight
to do. Measure of the Earth’s attraction on a body
Hormones affect human
Major Glands (organs): Volume and Density
Hypothalamus, pituitary, Pancreas, Adrenal, Thyroid, testes Volume
and ovaries Amount of space matter occupies
Density
Mass contained in a substance for a given volume

Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical Properties
Observed & measured w/out changes
Color, odor, solubility, hardness, crystalline
Chemical Properties
Chemical activity or behavior
Observed & measured w/changes

Classes of Matter
Homogeneous Mixtures
Ex. Powder and Water; Polar
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Ex. Cement & Grava, Cereals; Non-Polar

Pure Substance
Elements
Table of Elements, each.
Compound
Table of Elements, combine