(mena oF aaTeRAIS UCHR) VEE Stress ‘Two Primary Types of Stress . Simple and Direct Stresses . Tensile Stress Compressive Stress Shearing Stress . Bearing Stress |. Torsional Stress Bending Stress Strain, Elongation ‘Thermal Elongation and Stress Poisson’s Ratio Shear Modulus Stiffness Combined and Induced Stresses Variable Stress Q Shear, Moment and Deflection of Blastic Beams R Elements of Sections S. Solved Problems T. Supplementary Problems RDOZEF AT EP ARON RE MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER 4" EDITION By: JAS TORDILLO‘Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Materials) the ablity of a matecal to withstand load without failure ordeals withthe elastic Behaviour of loaded materia, Sees fce clos per tars, (4 Me 2) isa dined tw unt ste ot ‘material or the deforming force ating on a body. ‘A. Normal Stress, 6,-the area is normal tothe force caried, 5, Shear Stress, ,-the area ls paralel tothe force, F E FE F Normal Stress Shear Stas [Uhimate Stress (S- stress that would cause failure, Yield Stress (Sy: maximum stress without causing deformation (within elastic i) Allowable Stress (or safe stress) = _UltimateStress Factor of SaferhFS) Uhimate Stress Design Factor Design Strss(So)-stress used in the determining the sie of a member allowable stress or less ‘Working Stress (Su)= stress actualy occurring under operating conditions Endurance Limit or Fatigue Limit (5) = maximum stress that wil not causefallure when the forces reversed indefinitely Residual Stress internal, inherent, trapped, locked-up body stress that exists within ‘material as a result of things other than external loading such as cold working, heating o¢ 90ling, etching, repeated stressing and electroplating, AR ‘MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by is TORDIIO——] STRENGTH OF MATERIA rel 4. Tanslle Stress-the force per unt area which fs perpendicular to the surface that produces slretching ofa material by the aplication of pulling forces, F 2, Compressive Stress the stress state when the materia is compact. F 13; ted tine sng ie» earn Sress isa typ of sess when afore poled Tatra sang Ban ats ariel tothe ection te apple ore i Fae i 44 Bearing Stress the surface pressure acting on @ machine member as a result of applied load divided bearing area f Sr F S=T5 T resulting when one end 5. Torsional Stress - the shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting wh ‘fa machine member is twisted in one direction Te ie ey ae 16r 1ST (for sli circular shat) nD (for haltow circular shat)[MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILO ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS &_ Bending (Flexural) Siress-a compressive or tensile longitudinal stress developed In @ machine member as 2 result of curvature Induced by an external load, where: — a = dlstance of farthest fiber from neutral axs(NA) = h/2for rectangular cross sections = 4/2 for circular cross section where ds the dlameter |'= moment of inertia about the neutral axis lel Tez oe =O for rectangular section 12 r 2 =section modulus 7, Strain, Elongation (or shortening) Strain, ¢,- elongation expressed in percentage or unit elongation. Units of strain are In/n, ‘m/e, and percent, or no nits at all Strain, e= 2 7 strain A. pee aE OE ‘Actual length = + where: Y= elongation or shortening (deformation) = length F = force applied A= cross-sectional area S « stress = Modulus of Elasticity ( Young’s Modulus) = 30,000,000 ps for steel (208,788 MPa) = 10,000,000 ps for aluminium For shear stress the constant of proportionality isthe shear modulus, 6. Shear stress = G(0) where: 6 = angle Total Strain Energy. The energy stored in a loaded member is equal tothe work required to form the member. u=nny= fh " Ey} 8, Thermal Elongation and Thermal Stress BL = y= h(t) DA =VAtt ti) AV =BV (tt) Ea Thermal Stress, 5 re | ket where: Y= elongation due to temperature change, m coefficient of near thermal expansion, m/m-°C = coefficient of area thermal expansion, 1/°C 8 coefficient of volumetrle thermal expansion, 1/4 Initial temperature, °C = final temperature, °C Thermal Strain, eu enz Pe allan) 9. Poisson's Ratio (v) lateral strain Tongitudial strain & Values of Poison's ratio range between 0.25 to 0.35 for most materials 10, shear Modulus (Modulus of Elastic n hear, G) shear sresde) shear sirathy) E +0)[MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Where: ‘v= Poisson's ratio 1. Stites Sens isthe amount of fee eq to cate unt of detonation itn reer ‘toasa spring constant, ae 12. Combined and induced strestes ‘A. Combined Axial and Flexural Stress PMc Fi ar F F ‘8. Maximum shear induced by external tension and shearing loads Indie tess re those telecoms, nd ser sess Ince thin by application of external forces and/or torques onto the body. ‘i 4 C. Combined Torsional and Flexural Loadings tif 16 sp, GF an (terion 6 gas (iw +7) were: Sy = vield stress in tension Sinn * maximum tensile or compressive stres caused by the induced stresses Swe = mau shearing stress caused by the induced stresses M1 maximum bending moment sional moment = shaft diameter F = axial lad (If Fis a compressive force, multiply F/B by the bucking factor B. eth ofthe shaft ast radius of ration =) for eeular shaft 13, Variable Stress a Tar ¥ where: N= factor of safety 5 = yield point 5. = endurance limit Su = mean stress Sin 5, = variable component stress Sus ~ Sis Spas = maimuen stress Shc = minimum stressMACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by IAS TORONIO | Dee SIS A beam is» orzonal structural member used to suppor loads apple at various poins ‘ong its length. Beams are sed to support the roo, Noors and machines In bulngs mrmon shapes of ams are beam, angle beam Hear and chanel beam Comnen ‘materials are steel and wood. Beam can be sul 1 concentr ete ae ee nd won be subjected t ated loads of distributed ‘Types of Beam Loading and Support: 1. Simply supported beam with concentrated loads m Ps 2, Simply supported bear with distributed losd 3. Overhanging beam [ STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 5 Continuous bears Ps Ps 6. Beam fixed at one end and simply supported atthe other end e 7, Fixed beam Steps in drawing shear and moment diagrams: 1. Fist draw the free-body-siagram of the beam with suficient space below it for the shear and moment dlagrams. EM =0. 2. Caleulate the reaction forces by using the basic equations: ZFx = 0, TFy 3. Oraw the shear diagram under the free-body diagram. The distributed lad i the slope of the shear diagram and each load point represent a jump in the shear diagram. Label all the loads onthe shear diagram. raw a vertical ine of same length asthe value of applied force at the point. Ifthe force acting on the point is downward then the vertical line should do downward 44 Draw the moment diagram below the shear dlagram. The shear load is the slope ofthe ‘moment and point moments result in Jumps in the moment diagram. The area under the ‘hear diagram equals the change in moment over the segment considered. Label the value of the moment at allimportant points on the moment diagram.Bae a [MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by IAS TORDILNO———+di raw the shear and bending moment dlagrams for the beam end loading shown. 20 pe 2 i a ae 4 si a es eae ane ey we i ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS = EME ‘Simple Beam with Center Load Reactions: Ry Shear: Moment: Deflection: End Siope: ‘Simple Boam with Intormediate Load remaene: my = 2 sma ye a2 t Moment: Mya, = a2 L Deflection: ymax SEL axe PED End Slope:MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by ins TORDALG———] STRENGTH OF MATERIA ‘Simple Beam with Two Loads Simple Beam with Uniform Load L Reactions: Ry = Re =P Reactions i ae " Shear V = 4P Shear: Moment Moment Deflection: Deflection: eae End Slope: Reactions: Shear Moment: ct Dotecton: pm =100652 at x= 0.5101 Pes o * Reach Tut? : End Siope: 9, = 2 Iw Shear a 36087 nny a toxa Moment: oo asa 4 c Deflection: MomentFixed Beam with Uniform Load Reactions: ‘Shear: Moment Deflection: [MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO. ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS (nara nd a Cantilever Beam with End Load Reactions: Shear Moment: Deflection: End Slope: Rae V = =P (constant lost Moac © -PL ¥ ee atx i ons = shear ake Cantilever Beam with Uniform Load Reactions: Sheer: Moment emtection: End Slope Rew L ani Reactions: R Cantilever Beam with End Moment: Reactions: R= Shear veo Moment: Maa = Mi Deftoction: yy = Mek atx=0 End Siope: jer Beam with Triangular Load keer a Lo a EEi ‘MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by IAS TORDID Propped Cantilever Beam with Uniform Load Reactions: Ry = 28 fy = Suh 3 5 Sw an sien y= Sak 5 $ Moment: Mex Ms wi Sul atx= 057 128 Be Deflection: Ying, = ae atx =0.4215L S387 End Slope: 9 = RE lemons ofS Rectangle (axis through contr) ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS w (Nie ¢| f Circle (axis through center) ¥ ‘Square (axis at centor) Where: moment of inertia ection modulus ads of gyration A=nd/a an “na Ve = 246 4 2893 distance from center tothe outermost surface[MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS &- Tas i ie tlton bridge must te made to withstand pullot Sooo. Fin he diameter at the rod assuming a factor ofstety of Sand timate stress of 64,000 Ib/n® (MI Bd apr 96), AO78in ©. 0.889 8, 0.71 in* D.0.79in 2, If theultimate shear strength ofa ste! plate fs 42,000 lin what force is necessary to ‘bunch a 0.78 ineiameter hole in a 0.625 in thick pate? (ME 8d. Apr 56) A. 63,0005 ©. 61,800 bs * 8, 68,0301bs . 66, 800 tbs Slain Foree = stress xarea (rt = 42000 (a) (0.75) (0625) = 62,850 bs (5:)What force Pis required to punch a 1/2 hole on a 3/8 in thick plate the ultimate shear Strength onthe pate i 42,000 psi? (ME Bd. 0¢t 95), A. 24,940bs © 24, 620\bs 8, 24.9601bs 24,740 Ibs * Slaton Force = Stress x Area Six (xt) 42,000 (n) (1/2) (3/8)= 24,740 ts 4, 25 in ameter by 2 in ong journal bearing ito carry 2 5500 Ib loa at 3600 rom using SAE 40 lube oat 200° through a single hole at 25 psi. Compute the bearing pressure, IME ‘7A Journal bearing with diareter of 76.2 ram is subjected toa load of 4900 N while rotating ‘at 200 rpm. I its coefficient of friction is 0.02 and the L/D = 2.5, find its projected area in mm’. (ME 8d. Apr 86) 8 22,090 © 13,050 =4a00 1 8, 14168 D. 14516" Slee D=76.2 mm yp = 25 U= 0/25} 76.2125) = 190.5mm Area = OxL = 76.2190 = 14516mm? t 6, What modulus of elasticity in tension is required to obtain a unit deformation of 0.00105 nim froma load producing a unit tensile stress of 4,000 psi? (ME Bd. Oct 95) A, 42.300 10° psi 43.101 110° psi 8. 41.202 10" psi 41.905 x10" psi * Set stress _ 44000 1.905 «10° ps sirain 0.00105 32) The shaft whose torque varies from 2000 to 6000 in tbs has 1° inches in diameter and 60,000 ps yield strength. Compute for the shaft mean average stress. (ME Bd. Ape 97) 1 6036 pa? © 5162 ps 8. 6510 5550 psi Sie 2000 1-600 in be a SSE a 1a 11009 3094 a alts og = !Saia, 142000) > x(ls) Sia +Snin 905443018 oe ag) 2 2 Bd, Oct 95), s 8. How many 5/16 inch holes can be punch in one motion in a ste plate made of SAE 1010, A 1100 psi® ©. 1000 ps neat steel, 7/16 inch thick using a force of $5 tons. The ultimate strength for shear is S0 ket and 8. 900 psi D, 950i Use 2 fector of safety. (ME Bd. Apr 97) ASB Gst Sen: 8.37 0.62 D=25in State nee ial[MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Le ro. ofholes = © = 5.19605 holes 5116 " oletbeln, (/oeertid the minum meen diameter ofa ape pln for use ofa ever toa shat, ft to transmit 2 maximum torque of 700 ils The shaft ameter fe? hes and the ‘materi lowable ses 15000 px. Use factor of safety of (ME 6 Oct 37) 7.00 mn © 5.2mm 8 7.2mm D. 62mm* Stn Torque = Fr 700 ivtbs = Fx tin 2437 in = 6.19 mm €B) A tink as load factor of 08, the surface factor i 092 and the endurance strength I "2000 psi. compute the stermating stress ofthe lnk ts subjected to » teversing oad Assumes actor ofsfeyof 3. (ME Ba Ot 97) a, 8150 c. 933° 8. 10920 . 7260 Selti Sy, _ 28000 stress = Sn, = 28000 _ gs 3 ci 116 The diameter ofa brass rods 6 mm. What force wil. stretch it by 0.2% of its length E, = 9x10" Pa, "s nS ‘5090 N° ©. 9050 5. S050N ©. 6050N Set pe 4E FL (o.oo? (oxo ) F = 5080.4 .0021 12. To replace the missing stay tubes ofa Boller, the mechanics required the placing of 4 stay bolts tobe placed so that they arty equal loads. The net boiler head areas are equal and 1.75, im each. Allowable working pressure is 0.622MPa, Determine the sie of bolts to be used. ‘Assure a factor of safety of Sand a tenale strength ofthe bolt materials 420MPa, Sot reg wes 222 5 tare Force per bot = S28 75310). a72,1250 xa. 272,425" 84x = 642mm 13, Compute the induced/compressive stress in kPa, of a steel solid shafting of 50 mm diameter and 800 mm in length that is subjected to an increase of temperature by 80 deg C (Me Ba. Apr 2006) A. 196,530kP: . 162,256 KPa D. 112,187 13 induced thermal stress = c€(72—T) coefficient of thermal expansion of steel = 6.6x10* / ‘modus of elasilty of steel 30x20" psi none?) ar 5 = 66 10° (20x 104) (144)= 28,512 ps1 OLI2KP. 14a7pst = 28,512 psi ( Se 195.529 kPa 14./a rectangular metal bar has a wieth of 10 mm and can support a maximum compressive ess of 20 Mpa; determine the minimum breadth ofthe bar loaded with a force of 3 kN. (Me 8d. Apr 2008) ‘ A. 1Smm* 13mm 8 21mm D. 13mm 7 4 e380 105 b= 15mm Seea MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO il ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: 15. Awire of length 2.50 m has a percentage strain of 0.012% when loaded with tensile Es § force. Determine the extension ofthe wire. (ME Bd. Apr 2004) 101325 4Pa* MPa Oa mm ©. oa mm $536 000 px a 248.100 8. 03mm? B.o2mm i « Stn 8, The tensile stress canbe expressed a. y A 83Mpa 57 Mpa pit: 8. 38Mpa D. 75 Mpa Sti La 101325 kPa Mpa ¥23%104m=0.3 mm 5, =8240 pix MPa. 56.79MPa 16, A cantilever beam cares 3 load W uniformly eistributed over its entire length. Ifthe same load i placed atthe free end of the same cantilever, then the rato of maximum 4eflection inthe fist case to that inthe second cage willbe equal to: (ME Bd. Apr 2008) Aas cas 85/8 D. 3/a* SEI PL 3EI (oote: 117, A carbon stee| having BrinellHardness number 100 should have utimate teri strength loser to (ME Bd. Apt 2008) A 1000 N/mm? ©. 100N/mmé 18. 350 N/mm! * . 200 N/mm? Sai Tensile strength= BHN x515= 100x515 51,500 psi 0.101325 N/mm = 51,500 six 1a? pal 354.98 N/mm? 16, The yield strength ofa structural stee! member is 36,000 If’. The tensile stress is 8240 Ibn ME Bd. Apr 2004) |A. What isthe equivalent ofthe yield strength in MPa? A. 150MPa 100. MPa 8. 350MPa D. 250MPa* a ey a TAT psi “1000s . The factor of safety in tension English system) wl be A743 347 8. 495 b.aa7" Scent 2D Sr 36000 4 469 #240 1. What isthe computed safety factor of tension using I system of caleulation? 4.349 © 495 8. 439° 0, 939 Se sy St 250 _ 4.356 7 « E. ithe tensile stress is only 7,200 Ibn, what wil be the new factor of safety in tension? AB cst 810 7 Sette fs_ 58 _ 36000 St” 7200 19. A. Inch diameter 50 ft ste! rod carries a tensile load of 15,000 lof. The elongation is (0.158 in, the modulus of elasticity is 2.9 x 10'bf/in'(ME Bd. Apr 2004) ‘A. The unstretched length of the rod can be computed using the equation. ‘A. none ofthese ©. Lo= BEA/F* Bh. lo=P/3e[MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO J] ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. ny Seam re . Elongation, 8+ FE ae AE Ea F tecoe 0. The computed nsreihes enh is 8132390 8 135309 © 239.913 in 0. 328.913in F “ 1s are oxo’) 15000 F 215,000. 239.913 in . The total length ofthe rod willbe A. 170.082 in 8, 420,710in 200.071 in* D. 720.2825 Slain AL=y4L=0.158 + 239.913-240.071 in D. ifthe modulus of elasticity is 200 Gpa, the unstretched length ofthe rod will become: ‘A 8165 © 459.913 m 8 6o57m* 0, soLae4m oa 147 pst = 200% 10° kPa x re a P9015 5a ae 7 ass Jip : Sore 9.01554410°) 5000 The new computed length of rod will be 5.855 in 8. 686.0250 240.196 in * . 8.65 in Sota AL= y+» 0,0020122 + 6.097 = 6.101 m = 240.196 in 20, What isthe decrease in lateral dimension die to and aval tensile free of $0,000 Ib in = br 3 inches on each side and 6 feet long? The material is steel (E = 30x 10” ps, w = 03). (ME Be, Oct 2008) |. 5.56% 10° inch 8. 1.8510" inch * © 2.38% 104 inch 1D. 1.67 10%inch Sai Force 50,000 stress = ES OE 555556 pt ‘Area 303) i Modulus of elastic, = 7S! 555556 3x10" Strain = 2.85285 x 10° infin 21, ABin long steel has a eros-secton area of 0.25 in’. After a load of 5,000 Ibs has been applied, the lenath is found tobe 6.0065 in.(ME Bd. Oct 2003) A. Find the unit stress ‘A. S= 40,000 psi ©. $= 20,000 psi * 8. $= 60,000 psi . $= 20,000 Slate F | 5000 = 000 pst A gasijemen B, What isthe unit deformation induced? tin ‘A. 0.00083" ¢ 0.00081 8 04100 ©. 08100 Solin Unit deformation, ats ~ L . Whatisits modulus of elasticity? ‘A. 24,650,000 psi $4,960,000 psi 18, 69,240,000 psi , 46,920,000 ps stress _ 20000 Modulus of lastcty, = “278 = 24,691,358 ps MES sarain 0.00081 a0MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by 19S TORDINO | STRENGTH OF MATERIALS A 3: ine ad pps 5d what waa aeST acs A aatigien TES tSeaotg om ipa) lel nes pis pee oa “a 24, Compute forthe polar section modulus of a hollow shaft with an internal lameter of A be hoe Meant opere 2, the tee sone MEDS er BE int E. What would be the new modus of elasticity forthe applied oad of 5,00 kg? ‘A. $4,350,000 psi* 18 21,300,000 p51 Solin 3100. Modulus of Elasticity, £ ©, 32,240,000 psi , 24,000,000 pst fg, laapst on?" 1.035 kg/a 0.00081 22. Determine the maximum deflection {in mm) of a 50x 240 mm rectangular aluminum ‘beam 6 meters long subjected to a load acting downward at midpoint of BOON. (igure 6 attached sheet 1/3). (ME Bd. Ape 2003), A. 5150 8 303° Seat 3 _(0.03¥0.24? es, Tite E = 30x 10" psi =206,786 Mpa 78x10% m* _Pat(st-3) sts) 0o)-3] sel” sboqrssa0fs76107 © 130 ©. 193 0015222 =1.51 mm 23, Determine the polar section modulus 2p (In?) ofa shaft delvering 10 Hp at 250 rpm, The diameter of the shat ic 1" A. 0.663" Band allowable shear stress of 6000 pal. (ME BG. Apr 1003), © 375 364 3.4175 Aas 495, B.a75 25, Formula for maximum shear or beam as shoven on Figure onthe attached sheet 1/3, (Me Bd, Aor 2008) A ee ore nee bf Sel pee la ota wwe toed Therefore, the maximum shearisP/2. x 7” 7 Shear 26, Find the polar section modulus n cubic inch ofa shaft with dlameter 3 inches. (me Bd. oct 2002) Asa” 44s 835 0.254 26, A steel train ass 400 meters long, in March it is at -30°C and 40°C in July. What isthe thange in length in mm? Kfor steel = 11.710 m/m-*C. (ME Bd. Oct 2002) a2 ©, 328mm* 1, 303 mm . 503:mm[MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO Siam Y= KLAT= (11,7 10°(400, 40 - 30) 3276 m =327.6 mm 27, Find the polar moment oferta of a square 3” by 3%" A 2010" © 30int 8. 25in" 3. 35int Sein For squate section with side a face 85). runes 25108 28, Compute forthe loadin kN on a3 em diameter, 100 cm long rod fits maximum elongation exceed 0.12 em. (ME Bd. Apr 2002), A17* 1s 8. 196 . 287 See 8=0.12em=0.0012m L=100 em = 11m ‘a> £(0.037 =0.000707 m* for steet= 30. 10%psi= 207 x 10%Pa F() 0.000707207,000000) Fe1766N 0.001 29, Find the polar section modulus ofa hollow shaft with OD = 6° and 1D 3", (ME Bd. Apr 2002) A 2897in" © 45.45 in! 8. 39.76in! * D. 51.98in" Slatin 30, Calculate the elongation ofa sold steel shaft of SAE 1030 carbon steel 2 7/8 inches in sfiameter by 5 ft n length supporting a direct tension load of 60.000 Ibs. The factor of safety ‘set at 4 stress concentration factor k= 1 and yield strength of 40.000 ps. (ME 8, Apr 2002) A 0.020 0018s * 50015 D.0.0166 £ for steel =30x 10 ps Fi, (600005812) Pray 7st £875) ‘G0 x 10° = 0.0185 in 32, What isthe equation of the deflection in Fgure No. 82 (ME Bd. Oct 2001), A Pe. eee Pa ° 33, Determine the defection ofa 4x 8 inches steel beam in Figure No ifload and length L= 25 ft. (ME Bd, Oct 2001) oe © o14in 8 0.18in D. Lin asm azste 10001. toad «= =17067 int x Rs Taaaiia E = 30x 20° psi for stee! Tooikoo Hy aaah stn ey ** Gahoxt0°Ii7067) 34, Determine the load in kv on a 25 mm diameter x 1200 mm long steel shaft its ‘maximum elongation wil not exceed 1 mm, (ME 8d, Oct 2000) nase c 103 tus 3.53 Fl aE € forstel = 30,0000 ps = 206,786 x10" (12007) ‘hater 2 ear! aN (0.023)?m?eoq7s6 x 10°) 4 és Fenesun 45, Compute for the induced/eompressve stress, n Kp, ofa steel sold shaftng of 50 mm siometer and 800 mi in length thats subjected to an increase of temperature by 80 deg. Use for steel =0:0000119 mn. (€ = 30,00,000 psi = 206,768 Mpa] (ME Bd. Oct 2000)[a-30 | "MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILIO J ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS an iiaaie © aiaaaa ra 9 22816 D. 19660* Sa Stress =kEAt= (0,0000119}(206,786 » 10°(80) = 186,860 kPa '38. Compute for the polar section modulus of an SAE 1060 shafting having a diameter of 3 Inches. Use a factor of safety of 2 and design stress at 8000 psi. (ME Bd. Oct 2000) aar 42 B61 b.53* ‘Seti Polar Section Modulus, Ze 37. Maximum moment forma for team as shown on Figure 1 on the attached Sheet 1/3 (Me 84, oct 2000) APL ce Bm bp ‘38. & horizontal beam 36 ft long is subjected to a load of 500 Ib located to its center, ‘The dimension of the beam is 2x 4 inches respectively and its unit weight is 100 lb/ft. Find its flenural tress. (ME 8d, Aor 1998) ‘A. 11,696.34Ib/in** ©. 15,577.2Ib/in? B ioaen 0. ass0ea it Satin: okt BOR as tow | ea HUE soso as me 2088 2549) « 5200 fb Ay = 200101 IMS tree = so). 46 125,200 fly M=5,200 feb = 62,400 ini Moment ‘c= distance from the farthest fiber to the neutral axis 0 39. A steel rod 30 mm in dlameter and 800 mm long has an allowable elongation not to exceed 1.5 mm, find the allowable loadin KN. (ME Bd. Apr 1999) oan Hen 8 8N 2. 236N Set Fl iE Since Eis ot given, use E = 30 x10" ps for steel = 30% 10% psi = 206,785 MPa Subsite (0.800) ois Oe) (oso? po«7ssa) 74N 40, What i the bending moment in fb atthe fined end of » 10 ft truss with a uniform weight of 100 lot and a concentrated vereal oad atthe free end of 1200 Ibs? (ME Bd, Oct 1998) A. 15,000 © a2s0* ‘8 1800 . 17,000 Sle Bending Moment 6005) + (s00{5)= 4250 nem 41, rectangular metal bar has a width of 10 mm ané can support a maximum compressive stress of 20 Mpa; determine the minimum breadth of the bar loaded with a force of 3 kN. (mE Bd. Apr 2004) 21mm 5. 13mm a; fam ee [ayy(eer [MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO STRENGTH OF MATERIALS > ap. te 106 5mm 42. A constant force of 150 N Is applied tangentially to 2 wheel of diameter 140 mm. Determine the work done, in joules, in 12 revolutions ofthe wheel. (ME 8d. Apr 2004), ae coe a Oi Den st} (2 7‘) Problems 43-45, The bottom chord of a 10-m panel ofa bridge consists of three steel eye-tars placed side by side, each 150 mm by 25 mm. They jointly carry a pull of 1,300KN. The central bar is 0.75 ‘mm too short. Assuming the pin through the eyes tobe paral, 43, What the tensile stress in each bar assuming the bars were ofthe samme length? Solan Tensile Stress, ifthe bas ae of same length 1300 000 = 3is0e3) ‘44, What i the tensile stres ofthe outer bar if there is an inequality in length ofthe bars? ‘Assume the bars to be of uniform cross section forthe entre length. (€ for steel = 206,900 MPa. 15.55MP2 Slatin Tensile Stress of Outer Bars: Unit deformation ofthe outer bars: @o =Yo/Lo *0.25/10,000 }000 025 mm/mm Initial cornpressve stress of outer bats S, =Ee, = 206 900 0,000 025: 5.1725 MPa Net Tensile Stross of Outer Bars 15.55 ~5,3725 = 110,37MPa, 45. What isthe tensile stress ofthe central bar f there an inequality in length of the bars? Assume the bars to be of uniform cross section forthe entire length, (€ for steel = 206,900 a). Tensile tress of Central Ba: Unit deformation ofthe center bar: @¢ = Yo -¢ = 0.50/(10,000- 0.75) = 0.00005 mm/mm itil tensile stress = eg = 206900 x 0.00005 = 10.246Pa Total Tensile Strese= 125.55 + 10.38=125.89mPa 46, A ste! rod is stretched between two rigid walls and cartes a tensile load of 5000 Nat 30°C, If the allowable stress isnot to exceed 130 MPa at -20°C, what is the minimum ameter of the rod? Assume coefficient of thermal expansion of steel ex =11. 7x10 mm °C and E= 206.9 GPa, Sota yrreute—t) ‘S000 8 Tensile stress due 10 load: S.=/A=5000/ MPa suanias( 2) = tensile stress due to decrease in temperature © Ea(AT} = 206 900 (11.7 x 1050) = 121.03MPa Total Tensile stress, S = $.4+5) 130~ 520, 21.03 A A oSS7:AA mm? Solving for diameter of od 4 =26.64 mm 47, Stee railroad rails 10 m long are installed with an intial clearance of 5 mm at 10°C Lemperature. Assume coeficient of thermal expansion of steele, = 11.7410" m/m-*Cand € = 206.8 GPa.At what temperature wil the ralljust touch? Ste yee ewan) 4 $= (11.710°) (20.000 mm ) (F;~10) Te 52.73%[MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘48. From the Previous Problem, Determine the induced stress in the rails at that temperature: ifthere were no initial clearance. ‘The compressive stress inarall: Se= Ee (AT) = (206 900) (13,710) (52.73 ~ 10) =103.45 MPa 49, Ata temperature of 110°C, a steel tre 10 mm thick and 75 mm wide that sto be shrunk ‘onto a locomotive driving wheel having 2.0 m in diameter and a temperature of 30°C just fis ‘ver the wheel, What contact pressure between the tire and wheel was developed after the assembly has cooled dow to 30°C? Assume no deformation inthe wheel due tothe pressure Of the tre. Assure coefficient of thermal expansion of steele, 11. x10" m/m"C and €= 206. GPa. Solan: si PP cetan & _ xt0f206 900)117210°}110-30) _ gaygpa 2000 50. At 120°, a bronze cylinder 20 mm thick and 600 mm inside dlameter fits snugly over a stee! tube 15 mm thick. The bronze cylinder and the steel tube are both 100 mm wide. Forsteel, E= 206.9 GPa and 1.710% mfr, For bronze, E= 103.45 GPa and 19 «10° n/m, Determine the hoop tension during the deformation of bronze and steel cylinder. Sa 1209 tension, N ‘Thermal deformation of bronze cylinder: yore (AT) = (19%10(4(120-20) = 0.0019 L Deformation of bronze cylinder due to contact pressure: 1 TL —— Foy = 4.8393 x 10°TL AE (oxT0OKL0N830) ‘Thermal deformation of ste! tube: Yor @L(AI) = (21.710°)4(220-20)= OoO1a7L Deformation of ste! tube due to contact pressure zu ag sazma0%T Y "AE (15x100(206900) aaa 0.00191 ~ 4.8333 x10" = 0.001171 + 32222 10°TL 190.6213 5. From the Previous Problem, Determine the torsionsl capacity of the assembly after the Temperature has drop to 20°C Coefficient of friction between the cylinder and the tube is 10.25. Assume no buckling inthe inner tng. Sotto Force, thats resisting the hoop tensions Fa 27 =2x90621.3=181,2426N =(0xW/P) where = contact ameter = 600 mm W= width of eyinder and tube = 100 mm Pe contact pressure, MPa 1812426 ‘600(100) Frietional shearing force atthe point of contact of cinder and tube: F.= (nDW\9() = (x 600 x100¥(3.02)(0.25) = 142,318.14 3.02MP3 Be Destroys teesvaeed raapcreeae™ 52, A tensile stress of 65MPa and a shear stress of 32 MPa are induced in a brittle material winose allowable strength in straight tension is 80 MPa, Determine the maximurn thermal ‘tress ofthe material? Slaton Sram = 5+ {BF SFI = Eft SS rasan 53. tense sesso 6a anda shear srs of 226s at Induced ina duct material Shove owe sang insight orion 80 MPa Osterine the maxim sear srs themater? Sy = ASE caps = 32+ 54. A hoop tension of 65MPa and a longitudinal tension of 32M™Pa are developed in a boiler shell under an internal pressure of 7.5 MPa, Determine the maximum shear stress at the Inside ofthe shel, =45.6MPa Sette ‘The maximum shear stress is one-half the difference between the largest and the smallest 65-| Bis) =: Sroems)[MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO Mea amore eae ks 2. A journal bearing with diameter of 76.2 mm is subjected toa load of 4900 N whe rotating 31 200 rpm. I its coetclent of friction s 0.02 and the L/D = 25, find its projected area In 2, Determine the minimum mean diameter ofa taper pin for use to fx lever toa shaft, it. 's to transmit'a maximum torque of 790 in-tbs. The shaft diameter Is 2 inches and the material allowable stress is 15000 ps. Use factor of safety of 2 3. The diameter of a brass rod is 6 mm, What force wil stretch it by 0.2% ofits length. Use Eng = 9310" Pa, 4 rectangular metal bar has a width of 10 mm and can support a maximum compressive ‘ress of20 Mpa; determine the minimum breadth of the bar loaded with a force of 3 KN, 5. The vet strength of lbtfin®. Find the folowing: ‘A. What the equivalent ofthe yield strength in MPa? 8. Find the tensile stress in MPa, . Find the factor of safety in tension (English system). ©. What is the computed safety factor of tension using system af calculation? EW the tensile stress is only 7,200 lbt/in’, what wile the new factor of safety in tension? structural steel member is 36,000 bf/in’. The tensile tres s 240 ©. Whats the decrease in lateral dimension due to and axa tensile force of $0,000 Ibs in a ‘bar 3 inches on each side and 6 feet long? The material is steel (€ = 3.0% 10’ psi = 03), 7. An Binches long steel has a cross-section area of 0.25 in. After a oad of 5,000 Ibs has been applied the length is found to be 8.0065 in. Find the following [A Find the unit stress 8, What is the unit deformation induced? (© hati its modulus of elaeicity? ©. Ifthe load applied is 5,000 kg, what would be the stress? , What would be the new modulus of elasticity forthe appled load of 5,000 ke? 8. Determine the polar section modulus, 2p (in! of a shaft delivering 10 Hp at 150 rpm, The Aiameter ofthe shafts 3%" Z and allowable shear stress of 6,000 ps. 8. Compute forthe polar section modulus of hollow shaft with an internal hameter of 2° and 00 of 3°. The shaft is 48” long 10. A steel train rails s 400 meters long in March It at -20°C and 40°Cin July. What isthe change in length in mm? K for stet = 117 x 10° m/c 41. steal te rod on bridge must be made to withstand 2 pul of 6000 lbs. Find the diameter ofthe rod assuming a factor of safety of 7 and ultimate stress of 60,000 ps 32, Ifthe utimate shear strength of a stool plate is 50,000 ibn’, what force I necessary to Bunch 90.50 in diameter hoe in a 0.75 in thick plate? ae eters mee? Sine Bhat Lilie _srmenstwormarerians dS 13, What force Fis required to punch a 1/2 in hole on a 3/8 In thick pate ifthe ultimate shear strength onthe plate is 50,000 psi? 14, 2.01 dameter by 25 in lone journal bearing isto cary a 6000 Ib load at 3200 rpm Using SAE 40 lube oll at 20°F through a single hole at 25 ps. Compute the bearing pressure, 15. A Journal bearing wth dlametor of 70 mm is subjected to a load of 4900.N while rotating at 200 rpm. If Rs coefficient of friction is 0.02 and the L/D = 3.0, find its projected area in 16, What modulus of elasticity in tension is required to obtain a unit deformation of 0.00108 m/e from a load producing unit tensile stress of 46,500 psi? 17. The shaft whose torque varies from 2200 to 6500 ibs has 2 X inches in diameter and 60,000 ps yield strength. Compute forthe shaft mean average stress, 18, How many 7/16 inch holes can be punch in one mation in steel plate made of SAE 1010 steel, $/16 inch thick using a force of 60 tons. The ultimate strength for shear SO kel and Use 3a factor of safety. 19, Datermine the minimum mean diameter of a taper pin for use tof lever toa shaft Mit isto transmit a maximum torque of 800 in-lbs. The shaft diameter is 2 % inches and the ‘material allowable stressis 18000 psi, Use factor of safety of 2 20. A link has load factor of 08, the surface factor is 0.92 and the endurance strength is 30,000 psi. Compute the alternating stress ofthe link If is subjected to a reversing load Assume a factor of safety of 25. 21, The diameter of a brass tod is 10 mm, What force wil stretch i by 0.35% of its length? Faw = 910" Pa, 22. To replace the missing stay tubes of a Boller, the mechanics required the placing of 6 stay bolts to be placed so that they carry equal loads, The net boiler head areas are equal and 1.5, im each. Allowable working pressure is 0.75 MPa. Determine the size of bolts to be used Assume a factor of safety of 4.5 and a tensile strength of the bolt material is 400 MPa. 23. Compute the induced/compressve stres, in KP2, of a steal solid shafting of $0 mm ‘ameter and 800 mm in length that is subjected to an increase of temperature by 90 deg Use coefficient of thermal expansion of steel = 65 x10" /"F and modulus of elasticity of ste! =30 10° ps. 24, A rectangular metal bar has a width of 10 mm and can support a masimum compressive stress of 25 MPa, Determine the minimum breadth ofthe bar loaded with aforce of 3.25 kN. 25. Aire of length 3.0 m has a percentage strain of 0.015% when loaded witha tensile force, Determine the extension ofthe wir,[MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JAS TORDILLO ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 2 Rcaniever beam carver load W unflonmly ibted overs ena lng Whe same adi placed at the re end ofthe sare cantilever, determine theaio of mation shetection inthe sacond case to tat in theft cate 21, A catbon steel having Brinall Hardness number 80. Find the uitimate tensile strength, 28, the id strength of struct tee member 40.00 pl The ea ember 4000p. The ene srs Psi. Determine the following: ae A. Wat the equlet of he ld strength MPa? 8. Whats the eaualer rte sess expen MPa? teins he aco off meron, 28. ALinch diameter stel rod caries a tensile load of18,0001b The elongation 0.165, ‘the modulus of elasticity is 2.93 x 10” psi. Determine the following: a ' A. Find the unstretened length of the rod 8. Find the total length ofthe od 30, What isthe decrease in lateral dimension due to and axial tensile force of $0,000 Ibs in a bar 3 inches on each side and 6 feet long? The materials steel (E» 3.0 10" ps, = 03), 31. 9-nch long steel has a cros-secton area of 0.55 in’, After a load of 6,000 Ibs has been ‘pplied the length i found tobe 9.0075 in. Determine the folowing: [A Find the unt stress, . Whats the unit deformation induced? (C. Whatisits modulus of elasticity? 22. Determine te pasion motu, 29) af shat delivering 10 Hp 2150 cpm. The ‘diameter of the shaft is 1%" diameter and allowable shear stress of 6,000 psi. ke 33, Find the polar section modulus in cubic inch ofa shaft with ameter 35 inches. 234, A steel train als 300 meters long, in March tis a 20°C and 48°C in th , |2t-20'C.and 45°C in July. What isthe ‘change in length in m2 for steel = 11-7 x 10° m/m 35, Find the polar moment of inertia ofa square 3" by 3". 36. Compute forthe loadin kN on a4 em diameter, 120 cm long rod if it mama elongation will not exceed 0.15 cm. Use E for steel = 30 10"ps. 37, Find the polar section modulus ofa hollow shaft with OD = ‘and 10 3" 38, Calculate the elongation of eld steel shaft of SAE 1030 carbon steel 23/16 Inches in iameter by 6.5 fin length supporting a direct tension load of 50,000 Ibs. The factor of ‘safety is set at 4, stress concentration factor k= 1 and yield strength of 40.000 ps. 39, Determine the load In Non 2.30 nvm dlameterx 1300 mm long steel shaft its ‘maximum elongation will not exceed 3 mm. Use E for steel = 30,000,000 psi, 1D, Compute forthe induced/compressive stress, n KPs, of a steel sald shating of SO mm — tharveter ard 800 mm in length that i subjected to an increase of temperature by 70 degC Use for steel = 0.000019 m/m."Cana & = 30,000,000 pst. 41, Compute forthe polar section madulus ofan SAE 1060 shafting having a diameter of 2.5 Inches, Use a factor of safety of 2 and design stress at 8000 pl. 42, A horizontal beam 26 ft long is subjected to a load of $00 lb located to its center. The ‘imension of the beam is 1x 2 inches respectively and its unit weight is 100 lb/ft. Find its foxural stress, 43. A steel rod 35 mm in ameter and 1000 mm long has an allowable elongation not to ‘exceed 2,0 mm, find the allowable loadin KN. E= 3010" psi for steel 444. What Is the bending moment in fib atthe fed end of » 16 ft truss with a uniform weight of 100 lb/ft and a concentrated vertical load at the free end of 1800 Ibs? 45, A constant force of 200 Ns applied tangentially to a wheel of diameter 150 mm, ‘Determine the work done, in joules, n 15 revolutions ofthe wheel 46, A steel rad fs stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensle load of $500 N at WC. Ifthe allowable stress is not to exceed 140 MPa at -20°C, what fs the minimum ameter of the rod? Assume coefficient of thermal expansion of steel oy = 11. 7x10" m/m- °C and = 206.9 GPa. 47, Stee! railroad rails 12 m long are installed with an inital clearance of 45 mm at 13°C temperature. Assume costficient of thermal expansion of stele,» 12. 7x10" m/m-*Cand 206.9 GPa. At what temperature wil the ral ust touch? 48, From the Previous Problem, determine the induced stress in the rails at that temperature A here were no intial clearance 49, Ata temperature of 15°C, a stel tre 12 mm thick and 75 mm wide that sto be shrunk ‘onto a locomotive driving wheel having 2.2 min diameter and a temperature of 30°C just fits ver the wheel. What contact pressure between the tre and wheel was developed aftr the ssembly has cooled down to 35°C? Assume no deformation in the wheel due tothe pressure Othe tire, Assume coefficient of thermal expansion of steele, #11. 7x10 my/m-°C and 206..6Pa. 59, At 130°C, 8 bronze eyinder 20 mm thick and 600 mm Inside dlameter fits snugly over 2 steel tube 15 mm thick. The bronze cyinder and the ste! tube are both 100 mm wide, For steal, €=206.9 GPa and x= 11,7008 m/e. Forbronze, E= 103.45 GPa and 21910 m/m-C. Determine the hoop tension durin theé'deformation of bronze and steel cylinder. 51, From the Previous Problem, Determine the torsional capacity of the assembly after the temperature has drop to 20°C. Coefficient of fiction between the cylinder and the tube i (0.30, Assure no buckling inthe inner rng.Eu MACHINE DESIGN REVIEWER by JASTORDLLO +] 52, A tensile stress of 7OMPa and a shear stress of 30 MPa are Induced in britle material whose allowable strength in straight tension js 80 MPa, (Determine the maximum thermal stress of the material? 53. A tensile stress of 7OMPa and a shear stress of 3OMPa are induced in a ductile material Whose allowable strength in straight tension Is 80 MPs. Determine the maximum sheaf ress ofthe material? AA hoop tension of 70 MPa and a longitudinal tension of 30 MPa are developed in a bolle Shell under an internal pressure of 8.0 Ma. Determine the maximum shear stress at the Inside ofthe sh 55, Draw and moment lagram, awd determine the maximum moment figure shown, 40kN 56: beam made of titanium has a yield point of #50 MPa, The beam ha rectangular cross-section and bends about an axis parallel to the 25 mm face. if the ‘maximum bending stress 650 MPa, find the corresponding bending moment in kN-m. The maximum bending moment exstng in a steel beam is 75 kN-m, if the commercial lan fs to be seleced, and the maximum working stress in tension or compression is 2 what fs the required section modulus in mm 58. A cantilever beam 3 m long i subjected to a uniformly dlstributed load of 30 kN/m of length. The allowable working stress in either tension or compression is 150 MPa. i the «ss-section sto be rectangular, determine the dimensions of the beam (b and hin mr) th great 3s the width 58. A beam 3m in longth s simply supported at each end and bears a uniformly distributed, toad of 10 kN/m of length. The cross-section of the bar is, 75« 150 mmm. Determine the ‘maximum banding stress inthe bearn in MPa, 60. A steel cantilever beam 5 m in length Is subjected to a concentrated load of 1kN acting at the free end of the bar. The beam is, 90x 7S mm in cimension, Determine the maximum bending stress in the beam in MPa,