ce ME POWER Rand INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING REVIEWER 2ND EDITION INCLUDES: * 2 fens eet ee a + Over 100150 with | 'Internal Combustion Engines WAS Tordillo, MME}) . a2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, CE Type ofEngine FuslUsed Method ofgnidon Operating 3 Gasoline Engine Gasoline Spark ov Kerosene Engine Kerosene Spark oto Gas Engine Gaseous Fuel Spark ote Diesel Engine Diesel Heat Compression Diesel Oi-Diesel Engine Fuel Gils Heatof compression Diese! umber of strokes per cycle: Method of starting: “Two-stroke Manual: crank rope, kick Four-stroke lec: battery compressed Air Number of Cylinders: ‘Using other engine Single-cyinger Two-cylinder Application: ‘Thee-cjlinder, ete ‘Asorive lane Postion of eyincers: Indust Verical Stationary Power Horizontal Locomotve tnelne Aiea ‘Arrangement of eyindere: Number of piston sides working: ‘rsine 'Single-2cting Radial Double-acting Opposed cylinder 2 ‘Opposed piston Intake pressure viype Natural asprctes ‘Supercharged Mathod ef coating: ‘ir cooled Water cooled POWER AND INDUSTRIAL Pu ycle Analysis of 4Stroke Air-standard Otto Cycle hes four p piston movements which are required te Fequires two complete crankshaf revolutions Four-strokes (piston movement ‘1. Suction (intake) stroke > T= down, and bringing ae-uel mace 2. Compression stroke > Bo the piston compresses the a-fue 3. Power stroke > Sot) sam combustion occurs by spark gn 4. Exhaust stroke > The == and the piston forces the produc = Process 1-2: Process 2 — 3: Process 3 4: Process 4— 1: Heat Added, Qu Heat Rejected, Qe Net Work, Waa = (Cycle Efficiency = =POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SRR SSC ‘Air-standard Otto Cycle has four processes and is a four stroke cyde wit four Piston movements which are requred to complete the processes.” Otto. cycle Tequies two complete crankshaft revolutions to complete the Tour srs. (cxnaner) PSV cometary N 41. Suction (intake) stroke > The intake valve is open while the piston moves down, and bringing ai-fuel mixture into the cylinder. 2. Compression stroke -> Both valves are closed (intake and exhausts valves) and the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture by moving upward 3. Power stroke > Both valves are closed (intake and exhausts valves) ‘combustion occurs by spark ignition and forcing the piston to move downward. 4. Exhaust stroke > The intake valve is closed and the exhausts valve is open, ‘and the piston forces the products of combustion by moving upward Process 1 +2: Isentropic compression Process 2— 3 Constant volume heat addition Process 3 4: Isentropic expansion Process 4 1: Constant volume heat rejection Heat Added, Q, = mO,(Ts-T2) Heat Rejected, Qe = mCATe-T:) NetWork, Wor = Qk ~ Op Cyc Etcency = Yea = San rs Oh.aa INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Cycle Efficiency = 1 - Cains ot V"= V5_6°s ConpreionRefone + Si = 128 rat eet Comancerata, c= Yes re ‘Vo = piston volume displacement In a two-stroke cycle gasoline engine, air-fuel mixture enters the crankcase. Initially the piston is at the bottom of the cylinder, the intake port is open and the ait- fuel mixture enters the cylinder. Compression starts as the piston moves upward. ‘Combustion occurs at limit piston movernent and expansion of gases forces the piston downward, The exhaust port is open, compressed mixture from crankcase enters the cylinder and the incoming fresh air-fuel mixture pushes the products of combustion ‘ut ofthe cylinder. Process 1+ 2: Isentropic compression Process 2 — 3: Constant volume heat addition Process 3-4 Isentropic expansion Process 41 Constant volume heat rejection POWER AND INDUSTRIAL ompression'ratio. Diesel engine has no s Compression. Diesel fuel is injected into temperature of compressed ir’ Heat Is pressure process Sar Four-strokes (piston movement 4. Suction (intake) stroke > Tm land bringing fresh air into the cyisee 2. Compression stroke > Bom the piston compresses the fresh 2 Se limit piston movement, 3. Power stroke “> Both vale: == Occurs and forcing the piston io =a A Eshauat stroke, > The me a and the piston forces the proc Process 1 — 2 a Process 2 — 3: — Process 3 4 = Process 4— 1 — Heat Added, Q, = ~ Heat Rejected, 2. Net work, Woe = ©POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING Cycle Analysis of 4-Stroke Diesol Engine (Diesel Cycle) ‘Air-standard diesel cycle is less efficient than air-standard Otto cycle for the same. ‘compression ratio. Diesel engine has no spark plugs and ignition = done by heat of Compression Ciesel fuel is injected into the cylinder and ignition is due to nigh ‘temperature of compressed air Heat is added in a diesel engine during constant pressure process ne FA Four-strokes (piston movements}: 4. Suction (intake) stroke “> The intake valve is open while the piston moves down, and bringing fresh air ito the oyinder 2. Compression stroke > Both valves are closed (intake and exhausts valves) and the piston compresses the fresh air by moving upward. Diesel fuel is injected at the limit piston movement 3.Power stroke > Both valves are closed (inlake and exhausts valves), combustion _ccurs and forcing the piston to move downward. 4. Exhaust stroke > The intake valve is closed and the exhausts valve is open, land the piston forces the products of combustion by moving upward. PES nn Process 1 —-2 Isentropic compression Process 2— 3, ‘Constant pressure heat addition Process 34 Isertropic expansion Process 4— 1 Constant volume heat rejection Heat Added, Qx = mG,(TTs) Heat Rejected, Og = mC\TeT) Net work, Won = Qe - Qa 44-6 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (yet Etsoney = Mou . Sa-Se on Cycle Efficiency Compression Ratio, = Yi = EE Cutoff Ratio, ro = Yb z ve ‘Specific Heat Ratio, k = 1.4 for air standard Clearance Ratio, ¢ In.a two-stroke cycle fenters the crankcase and fuel in injected into the cylinder Inttaly the piston is at the Bottom of the cylinder, the intake port i ‘open and fresh air enters the cylinder. Compression stars as the piston moves ‘upward. Fuel is injected at limit piston movement, combustion is due to high ai temperature and expansion of gases forces the piston downward. The exhaust por ‘open, compressed air from crankcase enters the cylinder and the incoming fresh air Pushes the products of combustion out ofthe cylinder. Process 1 —+ 2 Isantropie compression Process 2— 3: ‘Constant pressure heat addition Process 3+ 4 Iseniropic expansion Process 4— 1 ‘Constant volume heat rejection REE Ait-standard dual cycle is an ies spark-ignition internal combustion ‘cles. "In air-standard dual cycle. ‘at constant pressure. Process 1 2: Isentrooe Process 2 — 3: Const Process 3— 4: Const Process 4 — 5: Isentroo= Process § = 1 Constant Basic Formulas: - Heat Added, Qx = mC,T-"s =a Heat Rejected, Ox = me. Cree Eficency = Met Cycle Efficiency = Where Compression Ratio, r< = Pressure ratio,aeeaed Wl POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 47 Air-standard dual eycle is an ideal cycle that approximates the performance of @ ‘spariignition intemal combustion engine and is @ combination of Diesel and Otto ‘cycles. In air-standard dual cycle, heat is added party at constant volume and party at constant pressure, Isentropic compression Process 2— 3. Constant volume heat addition Process 3 — 4: Constant pressure heat addition Process 4 — 5: Isentropic expansion Process 51 Constant volume heat rejection Basie Formulas: Heat Added, Qy = mCATxTs) + mCs(Te-Ts) Heat Rejected, Qy = mC,(Ts-T1) = Mins, Qn=On, Cycle Eticiency = Wat = S455 orceemcney «1-3 ene | Were: cones Rt. = = 128 Pressure ratio,4-8 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Stirling cycle was not used to model actual engines and was illustrated with the use of regenerator, absorbs heat and transfer it to the working fluid. Thermal efficiency of the stiring eycle.can equal the efficiency of the Camm" de. Process 12. Constant temperature compression and cooling Process 23: Constant volume heat addition Process 3— 4) Constant temperature expansion and heating Process 4— 1: Constant volume heat rejection Wat _ Qin=Gour _ Wout = Win Gin Oy On Cycle Efficioncy Cycle Efficiency = TH=T Ericson Cycle is not used to medel actual engines. The key element ofthis cycle is the regenerator in which heat must be stored during constant temperature ‘compression and reused during constant *~ perature expansion, Process 1-=+2: Process 2-3. Process 3— 4 Process 41or ae "OWER AND INOUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING Process 2: Constant pressure heating Process 2-3: Constant temperature compression Process 3-4: Constant pressure cooling Process 4 1: Constant temperature expansion Gye Eticency = Yow. n=Sout . Moun Soe ee oye onsy = eke a | A Basic Formulas: OT Heat Generated = m x Q) kw where: By = fuel consumption, kg/sec Q = heating value of fuel, Kilkg FETE ratio = Ba at fuelrato = Ba SRe4:10 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Vo= (Z)D"NC msec where: D = bore, m L = length of stroke, m N= speed, revisec’ (for 2stroke) N= speedi2, revisec (for 4-stroke) & = numberof eyes Piston Speed = 21N, msec Where 2L = Gistance traveled by pistomin one revolution See — Measuring instruments used: Engine indicator traces actual P-V diagram, Planimeter > measures area of P-V diagram Tachometer > measures speed Indicated Power = PriXxV> kw x spring scale Where: Vo = piston volume displacement, m/sec Pp = indicated mean effective pressure, KPa [a ‘> power developed by the engine Measuring instruments ust Dynamameter > measures the torque: Tachometer} measures the speed rake Power = 25TN, kw where: T = torque, kN N = speed, revisec Calculation of brake power using brake mean effective pressure: Brake Power = Pn x Vo, kw POWER AND INDUS where: Pee = brake mean Friction Power = Indicated Brake Power = Indicated Pome ean Brake Power inaestos Power Pa Brake Power Ind Power = Generator Output = Brae = a. ny = indicated themes bine = brake thermar ng = combined c = =a am = ind. spec b. me = brake sPOWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING an Where: Pre = brake mean effective pressure, kPa Fricion Power = Indicated Power- Brake Power Brake Power = Indicated Power - Friction Power Generator Output Bako Power Generator Output = Brake Power (r.) = Ind Power (Mm x Ma) 2. 9 = indicated thermal effcleney . ne = brake thermal efficiency © me= combined or overall thermal eiciency = Sen Oueut ee eam nea ep aa woo ae tm 5 spe fo coven, = ae oa = brake spec. fuel consumption 2 ‘BraxePowera2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES :m, = combined o vera epee el consumption a eo Bedok Fee sy0H000) td 8 Indcates Heat Hate = “2800, A », Engine Heat Rate ine-Generator = Se «¢ Engine-Generator Heat Rate om AT 0 N where: N = speod, rpm No. of poles (even) P f= frequency (usually 60 hz) Useful Output (Brake Power), 34% Cooling Loss... 20% Exhaust Loss. 26% Friction, Raliation, EtG nuns 10% Heat input byFuel, 100% STE ‘Supercharging > admittance into the eylinder of an air charge with density higher than that ofthe surrounding air Reasons for supercharging: 4. to reduce the weight+o-pawer ratio 2. to compensate for power oss due to high alitude ‘Types of superchargers: 1. Engine-drven compressor 2. Exhaust-driven compressor (turbo-charger) 3, Seperstely-criven compressor 1. Fuel system Fuel storage tank, ful iter 2. Cooling system: ‘Cooling water pump, heat: Cooling tower, raw water si 3. Lubrication System ‘Lub ol tank, lub oll pure: 4, Intake and Exhaust System Ar filer, intake pipe, = 5. Starting System: ‘Air compressor, air sam ‘Advantages of Diesel Eng 4. Low fuel cost 2 High Erficiency 3. Needs no large water sam 4. No longer warm-up Samm 5. Simple plant layout hr = = -_ Foot af Heat Baisn== = whereg POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 1. Fuel system: Fuel storage tank, fuel fiter, transfer pump, day tank, fuel pump 2. Cooling system: Cooling water pump, heat exchanger, surge tank cooling tower, raw waterside 2. Lubrication System: Lub oil tank, lub ol pump, ol fite, oil cooler, lubricators 4, Intake and Exhaust System: Air fiter, intake pipe, exhaust pipe, silencer 5. Starting System: ‘A compressor, air storage tank ‘Advantages of Diesel Engine over other 4. Low fuel cost 2. High Efficiency 3. Needs no large water supply 4. No longer warm-up period 5. Simple plant layout mE Heat Balance in the Boiler: Fosgate MCs -te)-= MaMa) Where: Cpg = specific heat of exhaust gasan INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES wale standard power or power at sea level B = new pressure or actual barometric pressure, in Ho (decrease in pressure, approx. 1 in Hg per 1000 ft) T = new temperature or actual absolute temperature, °R (cecrease in temperature approx. 36°F per 1000 A) 29.92 inHg = standard atmospheric pressure 520°R = temperature at sea level PATNA] DES ‘The compression ratio of an ideal Otto cycle 's 6:1. Initial conditions are 101.3 kPa and 20 deg C. Find the pressure and temperature at the end of adiabatic compression A. 1244.5 kPa, 599.95 °K B 1244.5 kPa, 60°C C. 1244.5 kPa, gage, 60°C D. 1244.5 kPa, 599,96°C =6 %. (mJ T Va. Pet = Pavat Laat ea ‘ Boe Th = 999.96% a - (4) Pe Angurer: Daa In an air standard Otto cycle, the clearance volume is 18% of the displacement volume. Find the compression rato and thermal efficiency. A052 C053 8055 D. 060 In an air standard diesel cycle, ‘compression ratio is 16 to 1. The ‘the thermal efficiency A 803% |B 620% Process 1-2, isentropic process. pe | pace acre | Sa Th Ts ok aan | Va T ~ Sona Cycle Thermal Efficiency = 1 ~ ‘A diesel engine is operating on = brake. The compression rst = the brake engine efficiency? A 635 Bs2oe POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 4-15 Antwort Ee EUS g In an air standard diesel cycle, compression starts at 100 kPa and 300 K. the ‘compression ratio 2031 K. Detérmine Process 2-2, isobaric process: Mie bo em a Ot Va 7 Th 7 30943 Cycle Thermal Efficiency = 1 - 22394 ~ 142.233-) ‘A diesel engine is operating on a 4-stroke cycle, has a heat rate of 11.3156 kifkw-hr brake, The compression ratio is 13, The cut-off ratio is 2. Using k= 1.32, what is the brake engine efficiency? A635 738 B S12 04534:16 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES fe = brake thermal efficiency te (0 °°) TIBIS6 kd ‘np = brake engine efficiency = (03181 = 63.5% (5010 Answer A. 63. o Lc IBUSTION ‘An Otto engine has clearance volume of 7%. It produces 300 kw Bower. What is the ‘amount of heat rejected in kw? A170 c. 152 8 160 D145, = 14007 15.206 007 EN {An air standard engine has a compression ratio of 20 and a cut-off ratio of 5. Ifthe intake sir pressure and temperature are 100 kPa and 27°C, find the work in kl per kg. A2578 ©. 2437 8 2168 D. 2751 = 0541 hoe Ti (J : Me Ts = T2(M2) = 994.3406) = 497 Na Qk = mOHTs-Te) = (1.006) e= Wo cy W = (0.541) (4001.3) = 2165s Ansucers — B. 2466 ‘An aic-standard Diesel cycle has 2: ‘compression process, airis at 100 1362 KPa and the heat of. A 40% B 50% Solving for Vs (volume flow of PV = mRT 400Vs = (0.287415 + 273) Vs = 0.82656 mig Solving for Ve ate ‘Solving for net work, We Me = 5 1362 aamse-oone W = 1083 kistis the POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 4-7 = 0541 = 54.1% eh het (#) = 300(20)'*"" = 94.34% Na, bet es = 996.3446) = 49717°% Ve Qk = mCp(Ts-Ta) = (1.006) (4971.7 -904,34) = 4001.3 kg we On W = (0.541) (4001.3) = 2165 kK Answer: B. 2166 EEE ‘An air-standard Diesel cycie has a compression ratio of 18, Atthe beginning of the ‘compression process, airis at 100 kPa and 15°C. Ifthe mean effective pressure is. 11362 kPa and the heat of combustion is 1800 kifkg find the thermal efficiency. A 40% ©. 65% B 59% D. 75% ‘Solving for Vs (volume fow of air per kg): Py = mRT 400Vs = 1(0.287)(15 + 273) Vs = 0.82656 m'kg ‘Solving for Va yo = 222686 0.04592 mg Song for net work, We ee MEP = 3 1282 = Gaaass-ane W = 1083 kilkga reco olson EONS POWER AND NOUSTUALPLA Thema Een "4 eeraanog = 4416 fe ate wo eo (4.416)'*"" INTERNAL COMBUSTION [A standard eycle for gasoline engine has a compression ratio of 8. The initial pressure and temperature are 100 kPa and 25°C: Ifthe heat added is 1850 kik, what isthe temperature after isentropic expansion? A Ma7K ©. 1267K 8 1033K D. 143K oe ratio = r= 8 Seo Te = 685K a=} 2 = mon) ! 1850 = 1(0.716)(Ts - 685) * rs = 3269K 5 a EH he rece tn beings eno coorason nan Ot dn eng ae {Egan ae Eggo pectic tao saa congo ay A Sao om 8 a eee | Compression ratio of an engine is A stroke (L) = clearance (L) B (displacement volume + clearance . (displacement volume) / (clearance D. 078540 x L + 078540+L o+Ve Ve Answer: _B, (displacement volume: Compression Ratio, = k= SN ‘What isthe efficiency of an Otto cyst is air A0488 < 80.191 2 For an Otto Cycle: Efficiency = 1 = 0512 ‘The compression rato ofan idea 68°F. Find the pressure and: A. 1606 psia, 1089°R 139°FPOWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 419 0.448 = 44.8% Compression ratio of an engine is A stroke (L) + clearance (L) Bi (cisplacement volume + clegrance volumeY/(clearance volume) C. (alisplacement volume) / (clearance volume) D. 07854 x L + 0.78540 +L Compression Ratio, = Mi - Yo+¥e Ve Ve Answer: _B. (displacement volume + clearance volume)(clearance volume) TEES ‘What isthe efficiency of an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 6:17 The gas used is air. A048 c. osi2 80191 D 0187 For an Otto Cycle: Efficiency = 1 = 0512 Ansurer: 6. 0.512 Te |S ‘The compression rato ofan ideal air Oto cycle is 6:1, psub is 14.7 psia, Tsubt is 68°F. Find the pressure and temperature at state 2. ‘A180 psia, 1081°R ©. 180.6 psia, 199° B. 1806 psia, 13°F D. 180.6 psig, 1081°R. Mw a meas 6 4 Vy Pivit = Pave i P, -(#) Py = (6)'* (14.7) = 1806 psia Vs4-20 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES | POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLA er | fotr a ganda an ety 18 RW | ora steadystte condton? 1 We | a 28Gaiimin Te = (6!*"(68 + 460) = 1081.179R | B.20Galmin = mathete) 45(424) = my{168.07- 158.03) ‘An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. Find its efficiency at cold air A 254% C. 585% B 45.4% D. 768% 0.5647 = 58.47% ‘A six cylinder, four stroke diesel engine with 76mm bore x 89mm stroke was run in the laboratory at 200 rpm, when it was found that the engine torque was 153.5 Nem with all cylinders fing but 123 N-m when one cylinder was out. The engine consumed 42.2 kg of fuel per hour with 2 heating value of 54,120 kilkg and 252.2 kg of air at 456°C per hour. Determine the indicated power. Rene pea Slaake 5 a8 ane Bee Power = 2204 tin = ano.iss( 2) 32.15 kw Ee « Ficon Powe Patines af) See naff) - moe) BS 1.031 kw Friction Power (Total) = 1.031(6)=6 19 kw Indicated Power = Brake Power + Friction Power 38.34 kw ne In test laboratory, it was found out that of the 80 Bhp developed by an engine on test, 45 Hp are sbsogbed by the cooling water that is pumped through the water jacket and the radiator. The water enters the top of the radiator at 200°F. At that ‘temperature, enthalpy of the water is 168.07 Btu/bm. Water leaves the bottom of the my = 190.04 b/min Va= BOCk = 3.0455 Yimin aa aenlt48)) = ee Annwer: 6.23 Galimin IE PES ‘A single-acting, four cylinder, 4-stroke 21.50 x 27.94 om, operating at 275 ro. valve is 43,961.4 kilkg. The indicates load on the brake arm, which is $3.56 effective pressure in kPa? A.415.20 B 12417 Vo 0 Torque = 113.4(0 ozsserozr % ‘8.2000 kw diesel engine nt am Efficiency of generator is $= indicated work in kes? A 4,580,323. ks 8.2,140,323 ws ‘bbl = 42.Gallonsnin the Lm with nsumed of air POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 4-21 radiator at 190°F and with an enthalpy of 158.03 Btullem. What isthe water flow rate fora steady-state condition? A.25.Galimin ©.23.Galimin B 20 Gatimin D. 24Galimin Q = male) 45(42.4) = ma(168.07 - 158,03) my = 190.04 Tomi Vex Ot = 9.0455 timin Va 3,0455(7.481) = 22.8 Gal/min Answer: €.23Gal/min ‘A single-acting, four cylinder, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine with a bore to stroke of 21.59 x 27.94 cm, operating at 275 rpm, consumes 8,169 kgfhr of fuel whose heating Value is 43,961.4 kifkg. The indicated mean effective is 475.7 kPa. The load on the brake arm, which is $3.98 cm is 113.4 kg. (What is the brake a effective pressure in KPa? 41520, ©.319.95 B 12417 645.53 Ve = piston volume dspiacement = (3)D°LNC (4) = 0.09376 miisee = (Jjoztsere27en( 24) T = Torque = 113.4(0.0098190:9996) = 1.045 KN-m 2nTN = 30kw Brake Power = DEES i ‘A 2000 kw diesel engine unit uses 1 bbl cil per 825 kw-hr produced. Oil is 25%APL. Efficiency of generator is 99%, mechanical efficiency of engine is 80%. What is the indicated workin kw-s? A 1,840,323 kw ©. 2540323 hws 82,140,323 ws 2,940,223. kw. 1 bbl = 42 Gallons4222 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ‘Solving forthe density: wor BE os = 1318 Le ise SGue = 0808 Density, p = 0.904(1) = 0.904 kof my = fuel consumed = 42(3.7854)0.004) = 143.724 kg Q = 41,130 + 139.6°AP}) 41130 + 1386(25) = 44,620 kg Indicate es 645 whe Work = SH = 706. = 705,645(3600) = 2,540,323 kw or ki Answer, 6. 2,540,323 ks A supercharged siccylinder four-stroke cycle Diesel engine of 10.48 cm bore and 12.7 em stroke has a compression ratio of 16. When itis tested on a dynamometer with a 63.34 om arm at 2500 rpm, the scale reads 81.65 kg, 2.86 kg of fuel of 45,822.20 kulkg heating value ere burned during a 6 min test, and air metered to the cylinders atthe rate of 0.162 kg/sec. Find the brake thermal efficiency. A037 ©0307, 80367 D o2s7 T = 01,65(0.00001)(05934) = 042725 kK-m Brake Power = 2eTN = 2x(0.42726)(222) = 111.884 kw fot Naw Fee Danae re Siasna2 ™ = ae) fae sna SrakaPower fie aay Qh, Woomey ese a0) Answer: C. 0.307 (EEE ‘A certain diese! engine with the following specications, 8 cylinder, 400 mm x 600 mn, four stroke cycle has a fuel consumption of 0.6 ibsinp-hr based on 19,100 Btu, Engine speed is 280 RPM with an indicated mean effective pressure of 130 psi Ifthe Jacket water carries away an estimated 25% of the heat supplied, find Its capacity (GPM) required if the allowable rise is 40°F. A218 ©. 249.1 82385 D. 2687, Vo (ZJestos) 41407433500 msec Indicated Power = Pm Vo = 1902 | 1.407433608) = 1261.16kw = 1,600.56 Pe sm = fuel consumption = O6(t¥ Heat Supplied = mQn = 4,014. 193736196 Blue Heat carried by jacket water = = 4.843,454.4 Blut = 60) Q = mcpiaT) 80,724.24. = (1.040) m = 2018108 lb/min V = (2,018.108/62.4) «7.462 = 241.9 Galimin Answer A. 241.9 Find the power which a 25 Mime 1981.2 meters taking into ‘A the pressure change alone B pressure and temperature ‘the pressure change 3m “The decrease in pessue oe eriecoh eres a= 2060 -1(020) = Power developed at an atime P= Psa 2s (33) = 1.957 MW Answer, 1.957 0POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING Vo = piston volume displacement = (z)oe -(¢ 20 = (Fesro0(2e (8) re = 1407433509 m’isec ba Indicated Power = Px Vo Siena = 130{!1525) 1 47ag0s00) = 1,261.16 kw = 1,690.56 hp Coating Water fr es Coxing ae ‘Ry = fuel consumption = 0,6(1,690.56) = 1,014.336 lbe/nr Supplied = mQy = 1,014:338(19,100) = 193736196 Bluthr Heat carried by jacket water = 0.25(19,373.817.6) = 4,843,454.4 Blur = 80,724.24 Btulmin Q = mep(aT) 80,724.24 = m(1.0)(40) m= 2,018,108 Ibvmin v (2,018 106/62.4) x 7.482 241.8 Galtmin Answer A.241.9 DEEL N Find the power which a 2.5 MW natural gas engine can develop at an altitude of 1981.2 meters taking into consideration: ‘A the pressure change alone B. pressure and temperature change AA the pressure change alone ‘The decrease in pressure due to elevation is approximately 1 in Hg per 1000 f, therefore B= 2092 - 1(2) = 2242inHg Power developed at an altitude: rela = 25 (28) = 1957 Mw Answer 1.957 MW "4-28 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. B. pressure and temperature change: ‘The decrease in temperature with elevation is approximately 36°F per 1000 ft, therefore T = 20 - a6 Power developed at an altitude: P= 29(BE}/98 “= 1912 ww Answer 1.912 MW. TN ‘The thermal efficiency of a particular engine operating on an ideal cycle is 35%. Calculate the heat supplied per 1200 watt of work developed in kd A 12349 C. 14,218 B 10216 ©. 11,108 W = 1200watt-hr 1.2 kw-he = 1.2(3600) = 4320 kw-sec or kd w Efficiency = ys 4320 0.35 = 4320 Q, a. = 12940K9 Answer: Qu = 12,3624) In 8 double acing, 2 stoke compression inition engine, e-yinder, the camel of the cylinder is 700 mm, stroke is 1350 mm and the piston rod diameter is 250 mm. When running at 108 rom, the indicated mean effective pressures above and below the pistons are § 0 bar and 4 90 bar respectively. Calulete the brake power ofthe ‘engine witha mechanical efciency of 80% in kiowats 6080 © 6010 B 6030 . 6970 Solving forthe Indicated Power at Head End: Vor = (3) prune 4 #) ronan (8 ia (Florras9(4)@ Sten = 7.481 m/s POWER AND INDUSTRIAL Indicated Power (1) = Pa x Vor = 5.80(100\7.481) = 4, ‘Solving for the Indicated Power at Crank Ve = (3)t08 apne (F)uo7? - 25 6527 nsec Indicated Power (2) = Pr x Veo 4.9(160)6527) = 338 ‘otal Indicated Power = 4,399 +3,198 = Brake Power = 7,537 x 0.80 = 6,030km Answer: B.6030 Thetiegeos ir inahal sake A 60 deg c 8 s0deg 5 Degrees fring inieral = 282 = $28! Answer 0. 120 deg SEIS IBUSTION Calculate the bore and stroke of a 41800 rpm. The ratio of stroke to Bore pressure in the cylinder to be $0 p=: A. ¥ bore, 4.18" stroke c B. 297° bore, 4.15" stroke 2 Solving for the indicated power (IP BP = IP x he 30 = IP 085 IP = 353hp Solving for piston displacement. Wa IP = Px Ve 35:3 (33/000) = 90(144) x ¥e Vo = 86.87 ft/min = 155255 Ve = Spc a where: UD = %, thereto5 35%. owe POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 4:25 Indicated Power (1) = Prax Vo = 5.80(100)(7.481) = 4,330 kw ‘Solving for the Indicated Power at Crank End: You = (r o?- ILNC (Guo? - 2sr1.20)(28) \a 6.827 misec Indicated Power (2) = Pru x Vox = 4.9(100)6 627) = 3,198 msec Tota Indicated Power = 4.5384 3,198 = 7.597 kw Broke Power = 7.537 x 0.80 = 6,030 kw Answer: 8.6030 om ETSI ‘The degrees fring interval ofa stroke cycle, 6-cyinder engine AO dog ©. 120 eg 8. 90 de D180 eg Degrees fring interval =2%2 = 120 deg Answer: ©. 120,deg TEES Calculate the bore and stroke of a 6-cylinder automobile motor to deliver 30 BHP at 4800 rpm. The ratio of stroke to bore is being 1.6. Assume the mean effective pressure in the cylinder to be 90 psi and the mechanical efficiency 85 percent. A. ¥ bore, 4.18" sroke ©. 3" bore, 4.20" stroke B 297’ bore, 415° stroke D. 297 bore, 4.20" stroke ‘Solving forthe indicated power (IP) BP = IP Xm 30 = IPx085 iP = 353hp Solving for piston displacement, Ve: IP = Po Va 35.3 (33,000) = 90(144) x Ve Vs = 89.87 f/min = 185,296.36 in'imin = Zt Ve = Spine where: UD = therefore L = 1.40,wu enna comausvion enaes Power no mous Brake Power = (1.11 x 10°45 x 10°(0.25) tas2203 = So?aoylas Bic rone = Sop D= 257m PEGE = a1sin Answer _h. 107 Antuer: _B. 287" bore, 4.15" stroke ‘An engine has an efficiency of 26%. It uses 2 gallons of gasoline per hour. Gasoline has a heating value of 20,500 BTUMlbm and a specific gravity of 0.80. What isthe power output of the engin A 4LT kw ©.033kw B 200kw D. 208kw my = fuel consumption 3 = eal, 03 o.neray i NE ag ae Power Output = my Qy x eff 13.3461 hr 20S00Btu ,1.055k = — SE 0.26 fr “3800se0" Ib * Btu = 208kw Answer _D. 20.8 kw What isthe eff ency of an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 6:1. The gas used is air A 412% ©. 812% 8 512% 712% eM == B= 1 = as + 0512 = 51.2% Answer B. 61.2% DEES ‘An engine burns alter of fuel each 12 minutes. The fuel has specic gravity of 0.8, land a heating valve of 45 Mikg, The engine has an efciency of 25%. What is the broke horsepower ofthe engine? A187 © 147 B 157 D137 Brake Thermal Eff = Sate fewer Brake Power = mq x Brake Thermal Eff 2222090 = 1312107 Msg A device produces 37.5 ki per cycle. There the power output if the device is run at 45 A 28260 e B 262hw 5 Power Output = 37 5th x45 tx Answer A. 282 kw SS ‘A diesel generating set consumes 235: produces 800 kw power. The density of Specific fuel consumption ofthe diesel A 0234 80.243 Over-all spe. fuel consumption = 0234 ‘An ideal Otto cycle, the inital pressure ‘90 kPa and 12 deg C. Determine the C, and the compression ratio is 6. A. 2885.88 kPa c 8 80.94KPa o ‘The maximum pressure in the oycte is 90 KPa $2deg C Te = 350degC Th = 1280degC an6 B= @M P= 1105.74 KPaPOWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING a7 SO es tasers, 5 A device produces 37.5 ki per cycle. There is one power stroke per cycle, Calculate the power output if the device is run at 45 rpm. A282 kw C262 kw B 262 kw D222 kw = 37s vas DE: Power Output = 37.5 x45 A diesel generating set consumes 235 ters of fuel during one hour operation and reduces 900 kw power. The density of fuel used is 0.8955 kg/iter. Determine the Specific fuel consumption of the diesel generating set in kg per kwh, A 0234 © 0254 B 0243, D. 0.245 Overall spec fuel consumption = 3S eng9ss i = 0204-1 Anower: 0234 [An ideal Oto cycle, the inital pressure and temperature of air during compression a ‘90 kPa and 12 deg C. Determine the maximum pressure occurring in the cycte ithe inal and fal emperature during heat adction process are 350 deg C and 1250 deg C, and the compression rato is 6 ‘A: 2085 68 kPa ©. 48.05 KPa B. 80.9¢KPa D, 98.04KPa ‘The maximum pressure inthe cycle is pressure 3, P, Pr = 90KPa Ty = 12degC T, = 360dagC ‘Ts = 1280 degC nee ‘Solving for pressure 2, Ps: Be Boo P, = 110s.7aea4-28 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, ‘We have to check the given Ts if itis comect: Be Gh hn (itt Ty 2583 58K = 310,58°C (ths isthe exact valve of T:) Solving for the maximum pressure, Py ak 2088 67'kPa ‘An 850-kwh diesel generating unt has a generator efficiency of $0 percent. Ifthe ‘mass of the fuel is 208 kilograms, then compute for the engine fuel rate? BR setgtewn 25 kg B. 022 Khun B Oat gan Generator Output = 850 kwhe Brake Power Output = B= 94446 haehr Engine fuel-rate = Tha [2 — = 0.2212 kofkwh Answer: B. 0.22 kgfkw-h EEE ‘The heat transferred to air during a constant-volume heat addition process of an ideal (Otto cycle is 750 kulkg, The heat rejected is 300 kifkg. Determine the thermal ceffciency of the cycle. A 40% ©. 75% B 60% D. 50% = 750 kilkg Qe = 300K, We = Qh—Qe = 750-300 = 450kiag Ettcency = t= 2 = 00% Answer: 8 60% POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLAS INTERNAL TEESE ‘A prony brake test was done for an electric mot per minute with a torque of 3 Newton-meter. Gs watts. A 168.68 watts ©. $400 _B 565.44 watts 0. 600 Motor Power * Brake Power = 2nTN ‘A diesel generating unit, with a generator 1 ne mase ofl 200g, comput A 0.80 kg/kwhr B. 0.19 kgkw-hr 5 Generator Output = Brake Power x Eff 900 = BPx0.85, BP = 1058.82 kw-hr maw flow race kiikg. The heat rejected is 200 kes A. 38.33% A diese! generating unit. with a hr. the mass of fuel is 200 ko A 080 B 019 mf 100 Hag eat taPOWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING NEE N ‘A prony brake test was done for an elecic motor. The motor turns 1,800 revolutions ‘per minute with a torque of 3 Newion-meter. Calculate the motor power output in watts, A. 186.66 watts ©. §,400 watts B, 565.44 watts D. 600 watts ator Power = Bate Power = 20TH = an) (28) = 905-48 wats Answer B. 585.44 watts NEE ‘A diesel generating unt, with a generator efficiency of 85%, has an Cutput of 900 kw- hr. Ifthe mass of felis 200 kg, compute the fuel rate of the engine. A. 0.80 kg/kw-hr C. 0.40 kg/kshr B. 0.19 kghkw-hr D. 0.95 kokkwhr Generator Output = Brake Power x Eff 900 = BPx0.85 BP = 1058.82 kw-hr = 0188 kg/kwene ‘The heat transferred to air during a heat addition process of an ideal Otto cycie is 600 ilk. The heat rejected is 200 kkg. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycie. A. 33.33% C. 55.55%. 8 44.40% 3. 66.66% On-On = 0.56568 = 65.55% D. 65.65% i ‘A diesel generating unit, with a generator efficiency of 85%, has an output of 900 kww- fr. ifthe mass of fuel is 200 kg, compute the fuel rate ofthe engine in kg per kwsbr. A080 C040 , B 019 0.095 mf. _ 200 Bo wa ont4-30 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. In anideat Otto cycle, the intial pressure and temperature of air are 100 kPa and 18 {degree C. Determine the maximum pressure in the cycle if the maximum temperature in the cycle is 600 degree C, and the compression ratio 8 ‘A 2400 kPa . 1890 kPa B 2240KPa D. 1500 kPa ge Rut TeSegiet wer” Ta= 668.54 % P Brat Fg oo P= 1837.91 kPa Sie nh Py usa moe” ont y= 2400 KPa: ‘an internal combustion engine at an inital pressure and temperature of 95 kPa and 28 deg C. A four cylinder, single-acting, 40mm x 55 mm, {our stroke engine runs at 2800 rpm. The mass flow rate of air per seconds is 0.01 kg. What isthe volumetric efficiency ofthe engine? A 12% ©. 87% B at% D. 97.7%. Py =mRT 95 = 0.01(0.287)28 +273) Ws’ 0.008083 m/sec wef ver famwrousfR Vo 01036725 m/sec or) ps Mn 200009 cer nee 3 Tovoenss 7% Answer C. POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLAS ne ‘420 cm x 36 cm, twin cylinder, wo stroke: ‘The engine rate is 112 kw. Determine the brake horsepower 000163, ©. of 8. 0.16300 D. of Somton( Swim A. 0.00163 Determine the air-standard effctencs the suction pressure is 09.97 KPa ane! clearance volume is 8% of the sii neo MON Mo teats | v7 88S cee Ves 0omyp one: 65 a ‘iMr 8.20 om x 36 om, twin cylinder, to stroke cycle diesel engine running at 650 rpm. ‘The engine rate is 112 kw. Determine the engine displacement in cubic meterisec per brake horsepower. & o0otes ©. 00163 8. 0.18300 ©. 00831 gett) aot Answer A, 0.00163 ME nm ‘A.1000 kw-hr diesel generating set has a generator efficiency of 85%, Ifthe mass of the fuels 150 kg, compute the engine fuel rate. A. 0.15 kglkw-he ©. 0.1975 kghkw-hr B. 0.127 kglkwehr D. 22.7 kghw-hr Shag -0 rm Ansucer: _B. 0.127 kgikw-hr DEES Determine the air-standard effisency of an engine operating on the diese! cycle when the suction pressure i 99.97 kPa and the fuels injected for 6% of the stroke, the ‘clearance volume is 8% of the stroke, Assume k= 1.4 A 60% ©. 80% B 58% ©. 60% Vo=Vi—Va P| Va=0.08V0 Vp=-Vz=0.06Ve ML MBS%e . YD#0:88¥0 155 Vp” 608M Vi We 008p 0004006 | Woe 008 [ies] partes] 1a = 0% Ansurer: % 0%4-32 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. ___ Power ano INDUSTRIAL Pus Me TEE } MEI im Inprobler No. 4, what th compresion ao? From Problem No. 45, What heh be os 6 20s 5 Be o4 & nt __0ash Aner A138 Wa = 2 scene wan ae Answer A. 2208 Aa C8 | B6 D. 175 NEE Answer, DATS From Problem No, 45, Determine the A. 1952 Iters c TEED B 2052 liters 5 Inpproblem No. 41, what s the clearance ratio as a percentage of the piston volume Nout et ae displacernent? Ath ©. 10% Answer D. $292 ters Bax Son en Mi = 20D «00g INTERNAL COMBUSTION Yo" Yo From Problem No, 45, Find the cos : 2 SEE BLN | A. P4207 ; B P42,710 TST Gost = P7.95 x $292 = BEDE A650 bhp diesel engine uses fuel oil of 28°API gravity at 45 deg C, fuel consumption ‘0.56 Ibs per bhp-hr. Cost of fuel is P7.95 per iter. What is the density of the fuel Answer A. P4071 sed in kgf? | oo ¢ gas . ee ‘An otto engine has a clearance «= the heat rejected in kw? A 170 B. 160 SGres = 0.887 SG, = SGrse{1 - 0.0007(t -15.6)] SGae = 0.86711 ~ 0.0007(45~ 15.8)) SGay = 0.8687 Density of fuel = 0.8687 (1) = 8687 kgf [ Answer: B. 0.869‘POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 4-33 EOL my “ From Problem No. 45, What isthe fuel consumption in iters per hr? A 2205 ©. 2250 B 2025 0 2585 Vp = OL 5 285 cesoenpx 1 A =. orp 1 Taosbe * T3979 Vp = 20-shi 0 Answer A. 2205 DEE From Problem No. 45, Determine the minimum volume of the required day tank. = A. 1952 liters ©. 5192 liters 8 2082 ters D. 5292 iters : Volume = 220.5 (24) = 5292 iters Answer D. 6282 liters D | __ From Problem No. 45, Find the cost of fuel per day. — A Pazort C. Pai271 B P42,710 D. 40,701 Cost = P7.95 x 5292 li = P42,071.4 per day en i Answer: AL PA2074 ESS ‘An otto engine has a clearance volume of 7%. It produces 300 kw power! What is the heat rejected in kw? | ato c. 182 3 160 5 vs O09 538 oF 1 ‘ eee | Gs.28¥ 3 310 oes 380 9 a y=We oe 451.8 = 300 + xcoe INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES > POWER AND INDUSTRIAL! NE Performance values of a 3 MW Diesel Fuel rate, 1.5 barrels for 900 kwh of Generator efficiency, 92 percent ‘Mechanical efficiency, 81 percent Votage, 440/220, ‘4.2000 kw diese! engine unit uses 1 bbl of el per $25 kw-hr produced. Oilis 25°API. Peers he retoeoreie ome Efficiency of generator is 92% and mechanical eciency of engine is 60%, What is A2r2kg qi the thermal efficiency ofthe engine based on indicated power (%). B27 1kg 2 AST ©. 2067 8 398 Bate fais banal x22 yo sou89 barat 2° ‘bbl = 42 Gal m= 274.29 ‘SoWving for the density ° Bis | as = eee Answer: A. 27.29 Density = 0.904 kgf imy= fuel consumed = 42(3.7854)(0.0904) = 143.724 kg | Q, = 41,130 = 139.6(25) = 44,620 kJ/kg ndeoted Work = — 525» 056434 093 x 080 = 70s 6(9800) = 2.540, 23 sori | 2s4a323 Indicated thermal of = 2540523 —_ 396 : 143.724(44,620), it. Anger: 8, 398 | eee . | Fromm Problem No, 52, Determine Fmd the power of rotating sf with a tore of 18 N-m and rotting a 1350 rpm. ee Asso he ene ee B 1tss HP D. ise7 HP 0) = 41,190 +, 190.6(25) = 44828 Power = 20TW= 2 can '2) 2 4 [ere ama ts = oe » 7H6 wae 2457787 Wats x Answer A. 35.8 HPPOWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 4-35 m Performance values of a 3 MW Diesel generating set are as follows: Fuel rate, 1.5 barrels for 900 kwh of 25 deg API fuel Generator efficiency, $2 percent Mechanical efficiency, 81 percent Voltage, 4401220, three-phase, 60 hertz Determine the fuel consumed for 960 kwh eneray produced. A 2 2kg © 1722kg B 227 1kg D. 122.79 5 barrel x 22 5059580 a ener infor. barelx B28 xo90s49 sr me = 271.2k9 eraur Site" | BA fai Dewleae || Lp eac rome Answer A. B12 kg Conia Going vine Ost INTERNAL COMBUSTION — 63} From Problem No, 52, Determine the engine-Wvel rate in kg per kw-hr. A030, ©. 0277 8. 0.229 D o.1a7 Broke Power « 9% 9752660 = ot ani2 oF oR 270 wb Answer: _C. 0277 EES From Fzoblem No. 52, Determine the brake thermal efficiency. Aa 3% © 34.1% B 411% D. 23.1% = 44,130 + 1996(25) = 44,620 kik ‘Brake Theat Er, 1 Roy 7n.6 ae « 26005 u, i ™ 22 Ag (ws he = 29.1% Answer 0. 294%4-36 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES EST z From Problem No. 52, Determine the indicated thermal efficiency. A 877% ©. 42.5% B 512% D. 35.5% Indented Pome, = 2P = 782 «199 oy ne 139 8 ne aia ig moe) Ne = 35.5% SE ‘A car engine produce an average of 40 kw of power in a period of 15min during which 1.5 kg of gasoline is consumed. Ifthe heating value of gasoline is 44,050 Jka, the efficiency ofthis engine during this period is. A 345% ©. 525% B 485% ©. 54.5% "= 0.5448 = 54.48% EES {A Diese! engine consumed 500 liters of fuel having a density of 870 amsfiter and a heating value of 43,700 kiikg. I the thermal efficiency is 28%, how many hp-hrs wall bbe generated” A 2678 ©. 1912 B 2052 D. 1982 my = $00(0.87) = 435 kg wp = 522268010 IP = 5,322,660 bf x A = 1478.51 kw-hr = 147951 knee x Avner: 0. 1982 = 1981.92 np-nr POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLA DES ‘The compression ratio of an airstandard 4700 Kika. If the: intial pressure an reapecivey, determine th emprahe iy C4 B fer D 4 = gsyiet = 671.85 = 398.65°C %= Gm-7) Troo = 0.716(Ts- 671.65) Ta = 3,045.95 beg sass 7 gi! Te = 13605°K = 1087.5°C Ansurer, _D. 1087.5 INTERNAL COMBUSTION Calculate the thermal efficiency of == pale) NES Calculate the thermal efficiency = Compression ratio of 22, ints: = respectively, a pressure limit o* A 56% B 43% 2 @” B= cayPOWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 47 ESN ‘The compression ratio of an air-standard gasoline engine is 7.5. The heat added is 1700 kilkg. If the intial pressure and temperature are 100 KPa and 27°C respectively, determine the ternperature in°C at the end ofthe isentropic expansion, A 868, ©. 17655 B 1047 D. 1087.5 = @syint aa Ta = 671.65% = 39865°C t= a= Foo = 0716(%3- 671.65) Th 500395K t Se = (7.5)'*"" Ts = 1360.5% = 1087.5%C Answer, BD. 1087.5 NEES Calculate the thermal efficiency of an alr-standard Diesel cycle operating with a Compression ratio of 22 and cut-off ratio of 2.5. A 50.9% ©. 63.9% B 550% ©. 70.9% ET Calculate the thermal efficiency of an air standard limited pressure cycle with a Compression ratio of 22, intial pressure and temperature of 100 KPa and 27°C. respectively, a pressure limit of 13 MPa, and total heat input of 1800 kifkg of ar. A 59% C. 71% 8 43% D. 63% Bag eae '4-33 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES t= 108297 a= metrs-19) [an Otto cycle has a compression rato of7 5 ‘e00 = (1 yg, ~ 1032.97) [Alto Bainiog of he compression stoke Th 2euesrk ‘norking fd ee 100 KP and 25°C Bones dsruroons how mur we prodicd eee Be BZ e274 Bea i nono See 3 aeokng Bi efi ei Beings = 056936 1h [a2 » ossas = ef = 1-phea [2] = ome = 2.00% oe ar Anewers _D, 63% Pa ase TES Ta = 687.17°K T= 950 ~ 000% ‘A four cylinder four-stroke Diesel engine with 20 cm bore and 30 cm stroke running at 1200 rpm has a reading of 400 kPa mean effective pressure in the indicator diaphragm. Calculate the indicated power generated in kw. ‘A 283.70 ©. 329.41 8 21460 ©. 15079 be eto) IP = Vox Pn ioe IP = (037689400) = 150,78kw — Siidbad Anywer: —D. 160.79 ‘A prony brake for measuring the power generated of a six-cylinder, two-stroke Diese! ‘engine running at 2500 rpm indicates a reading of 300 N. The length ofthe arm of the [prony brake is 1.5 m. In an hour operation it consumes 20 kg of fuel with a heating ‘value of 48,000 kifkg. Determine the brake thermal efficiency. ‘A 02167 C. 0.3583 8. 03867 D. 04617 BP = 2n(0:3x15) (2) = 117.8 kw co = git = asi Answer _D. 0487 = (1.0\1023 66? ‘A Bilter(Sliter per revolution at ‘engine has a compression ratio of 7 Considering a cold ai-standard Oxo: Broauce when operating at 2800 ram A T5hp B 120hp = 1 = sae = en =1- ve = 8400 lin = p= (Shona ste m = pV = 1.2(6.4) = 10.08kome Qa = 10.08(2300) = 23,184 Km =POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING ‘An Otto cycie has a compression ratio of 7.5 and @ maximum temperature of 750°C. At the beginning of the compression stroke, the pressure and temperature ofthe working fid are 100 kPa and 26°C. Based upon the cold air-standard analysis, ‘assumptions, how much work is produced per cycle completion? A 93.8 kg C. 127.44 kilkg B. 125.6 keg D. 196.88 King 55304 Bip = ose Te = 607,17% 1 780°C © 102% Oy = meqiTs= TH) = (1041023 687.17) = 955.89 kung ef = ae sss = Haz Ws = 198.88 kiteg Answer: _D. 196.80 kikg SS AUGORE aches eee tiene Ong SEE TS AG lite (ter per revolution at standard pressure and temperature) spark ignition ‘engine has a compression ratio of 7 and 2300 kifkg heat addition by fuid combustion, ‘Considering @ cold air-standard Otto cycle model, how much power will the engine [produce when operating at 2800 rpm?” A 75ho ©. 187 hp B 120hp D. 20h f= 1- sea = 0.5408 ae 24 MBC = 400 min = 8.4 mma 12 kgim at STP 1008 kgmin We = Power produced = 208.96 kw = 280.11 hp Ansuer —D. 280hp. ee eee4-40 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ‘A pure Diesel cyole operates with a compression ratio of 18, and cutoff ratio of 269 ‘What isthe rate of heat input in klisec required for this cyce to produce 400 hp? AS C445, B 351 D496 et = 1- ot [Ot=8] = oso. mao eos = 2 (x = 665.1% hp = 496.17 kw (kulsec) Answer, De 496 {A Sterling engine uses an eneray source whose temperature is 750°C and eneray ‘sink whose temperature is 50°C. How much heat must be added to the engine ‘produce 5.0 units work? fe crs een 683 ef = te = TRAE = 1.4614 ao" tsi tt Ox = 7.307 unts Answer: INTERI Calevate the volimetne efficiency of @ four stoke six-cylinder car engine of 10 cm bore and 10 am stoke running et 2600 rpm with 3.0 mimin of entering air é A832 623 8 701 D508 Y= EoRLNC hin m= B= & = 08009 = socee | Answer _D. 8 POWER AND INDI NEE ‘A18om x 24 om single-acting, B-cylinder rpm. The load on the brake arm which = mean effective pressure in kPa? A 445.9 KPa & B S47 9kPa o Vo= Potac = F000 %(020 (aa)e Vo = 0.6107 m/sec BP = PaaVo BRIN © Pano an(100%9 811.05) (*2) Paw = 264,941 65 P Answer C. 264.9KPa EI ‘A diesel engine takes in air at‘ bar Calculate the operating clearance A845 B 685 aos tt co = 06526 = 5.26% Answer 5.28 ‘An air standard Otto cycie has = ‘compression the pressure an ‘The heat added is 1650 Kies A 1068 5 B 11565| POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING at DEES ‘A.18 cm x 24 om single-actng, 8-cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine operates at 1500 rpm. The load on the brake arm which is 105 om length is 100 kg. What is the brake mean effective pressure in KP2? eas 94a ©. 26494Pe 8 547 kPa D, S058 KPa Yp= ED2NC = Za1)t02» (2)a Vo = 0.8107 m/sec BP = PraVo BHTN © Poe Vo 2x (10019 811.05 (#22) = Pya(06107) Pm = 264941 66 Pa = 264.9KPa Antwur 0. 264.9kPa NTERNAL COMBUSTION E ‘A diesel engine takes in ar at 1 bar, 27°C subjected to 9 compression of 20. Calculate the operating clearance in percent A945 ©. 752 B 685 D. 5.26 EE ‘An air standard Otto oycle has a compression ralio of 7.5. At the beginning of the ‘compression the pressure and temperature of ar are 100 kPa and 27°C, respectively ‘The heal added is 1650 kilkg, Caloulate the mean effective pressure in kPa. A 10455 C. 19695 B 1186.5 ©, 12235 en =1-4-42 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Pave RTs 100(v1) vy = 01861 mig W = Pap Vo = Pro (Vs—Va) 912.945 = Paa(0.881 0.1148) Pr = 1223.45 kPa Ansurer —D. 1223.5 TEESE “The cycle work of an air standard Otlo engine is 1100 kilkg. The maximum cycle temperature is 3300°C and the temperature at the end of isentropic compression is 700°C. Calculate the compression rato of the engine. A625 C856 B 778 D934 mCAT3~T2) (0.746(3300 ~ 700) 1861.6 Kikg = 059089 Answer DEES D. 934 Calculate the thermal efficiency of an air standard diesel cycle with minimum temperature and pressure of 27°C and 100 kPa, and maximum temperature of 1300°C. The heat added is 1000 kha, A 185% © 245% 8 215% Das Qk = mOs(Ts- Ts) 4000 = (1.0)(1573 -T2) Ta = 573° 42 POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLAN ‘A gasoline engine generates 300 kw while ‘fiction power is 50 kw. The higher Calculate the indicated thermal efficiency. A 175% i B 215% D FP = IP-BP 50 = IP-300 IP = 350kw Tamsansey = 9929 = ‘The following data are the results on 1m; indicated mean effective pressure = fuel heating value = 43,000 kilkg; bore: ‘Calculate the brake mean effective A 3205 c 8. 456.9 3 BP = 2ntN BP = antt.6(%) = 75.29 kw Yo = E0*LNC ve = $(025)4(035) (2) = 0.1148 BP = Pra Vo sh 75.9 = Pra(0.1145) Pre= 658.42 kPa Anpwer _D. 6584POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 4-43 0.2447 = 24.47% ‘A gasoline engine generates 300 kw while consuming 0.025 kg/sec of fuel, The fiction power is 50 kw. The higher heating value of the fuel is 42,500 kik. Calculate the indicated thermal efficiency. A 175% © 329% B 215% D. 455%. FP = IP-BP 50 = IP-300 IP = 350kw eft, = 4 350 — = 0.329 = 229 yon = Tames Answers 0. 32.9% EIS (aT ‘The following data are the results on a test of an Otto cycle engine: torque = 1800 N= 'm; indicated mean effective pressure = 700 kPa; fuel consumption = 0.006 kg/sec; {uel heating value = 43,000 Kulkg; bore x stroke = 25 om x 35 om; speed = 400 rpm, Calculate the brake mean effective pressure. A 3205 ©, 5556 B 4569 D 658.4 BP = 2nTN BP = 2n(1.0)(2%) = 76.0hw Yo = S0*UNC Foastos9 (2) % 0.1145 msec BP = PreVo 75.39 = Pog (0.1145) Pre = 88842 KPa Answer: D. 658.4aaa INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES POWER AND INDUSTRIAL Pts DE SSE | Vo = piston spacement 2 280 ‘Aciese| engine is operating a 4stoke cycle has heat rate of 8000 Btu per Bhp. } = HoaPio{ 22 )o) = 140res ‘The compression rato is 13, the cut-of ratio is 2, k= 1.92, Find the Cycle Efficiency, 8 fon 5mm | cat Power = Px Vo ke } 101.28) Cyd Enceney = 1-5] fe} sof. 25) 40783) ‘my = fuel consumption = 0.6 (1,690.56) = = 50.10% Heat supplied = mQ, = 1,014:336 (19: Heat carried by jacket water = 0.25 (1 | = 4843,454.4 Blufhr = = moar : 2072426 = m(t 0/40) In Pte N73 Finn ake eel ey Bar Fe B. 41.8% 0. 61.8% v= BORIS 7.401 = 241.96PM ‘@, = brake thermal efficiency = pee an, Answer _B, 242 Bu Libba WX 2S 9 che Sere OT on ABI 5 3000 Btu | Atourcyinder, fourcyete engine wie Cperates ala speed of 700 rpm sna Answer: A. 1.8% curve (PV diagram) is equal to 1225 om ee ‘he spring constant ofthe indicator DES atest pes: A S00 KPa In problem No. 76, Find the Brake Engine Efficiency Bet Ee = nee °C: 735% ‘Area undor curve B 635% D. 835% MEP = ae ey = brake thermal efficiency = mep = 225 x 600 = e4oKPa Ansnetr: 8. 635% Ansuvers ©. $40 KPA ‘certain dese engine wih the folowing specication, 8 cylinder, 400 mm x 00 ta Problam No, 79, re fe biota tm four svone cycle has 2 fel consumoton of 0.8 shox based on 19,100 Btu pati gine eg a 200 rpm wih an indicated MEP of 120 pl. Ihe jacket water caries eee ‘away an estimated 25% of the heat supplied, find its capacity (GPM) required if the tise is 40°F. aes Ind. Power = MEP x Vs 142 : 5 B 242 D. 309 = 840 x F(0.10)°(0 15] — * Answer 0, 23 kwge POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING a5 Vipera = FosPoo{ Zh) = +0749 msec India Power = PaxVo v( 21225) fuel consumption = 0.6 (1,890.58) 4,261 16 KW = 1,690.56 hp m™ 014.336 tbsinr Heat supplied = mQy = 1,014.336 (19,100) = 19.373,817.6 Btuthr Heat carried by jacket water = 0.25 (19,373,817.6) 4,843,454 4 Btulhr = 80,724.24 Btulmin Q = mc, aT Z 20,724.24 = m(7.0X40) m = 2,018,106 lbimin vy = 2018106 7.491 = 2419GPM @a Answer B. 242 NESE ‘A four-cylinder, four-eycle engine with 10-cm diameter pistons and an 15-cm stroke ‘operates at a speed of 700 rpm and yields an indicator diagram. The srea under the Curve (PV iagram) s equal to 12.28 om. The length ofthe diagram is 8.75 om, and the spring constant ofthe indicator spring is 600 kPafem, Determine the mean, effective pressure. setts 801s a eure girs cee = NH SIME gg gp « MOR ult ME sng sc wep = 225 5 cn = motos Answer C. 84D KPa Be Te In Problem No. 79, Find the Indicated power. A 18kw ©, 23 kw B21 kw B. 30kw Ind Power = MEP x Ve = E(o.10)2(0.13{ 2%) kw 240 x X(os0)(0s{ 2s = 25 Answer 0. 23 kw4-46. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES DEES) e ‘An air-siandard Otto cycle with @ compression ratio of 9 0 has air entering at 101 KP3 ‘and 27°C. There is an input of 1800 kik of heat during the heat addition process, Determine the thermal efficiency A. 58% © 68% 5 53% ©. 75% 1 -042= 58.47% @ In Problem No 61, Determine he Net Worn klk tose 2082 5 Ws2 D282 @ {In Problem No. 81, Find the Maximum Temperature A 229K rs ©. 4209k. 8 5229K D. 328K Qe = CTs 12) 4800 = 0.718(Ts~ 722.46) Ts = 3228.42K Answer _D. 3229K EAI aOR SD NS sin ee oe ‘An air-standard dual cycle compression ratio is 15, and ‘addition process the pressure Determine the heat added in A 332 kg B AS2 Kkg = 1.013 bar = 1013KP3 . a(2) = 11 ats) Ts = Ze = 2(0803) = 1, = 2300 vg __eut off ratio 5 ~ compression ratio el ate none) and zs = O(Ts~ Ta) = O71 1 Angwer: —D. 632 Kites In Problem No. 84, Find the = A, 339 kikg B 439 kIMg, Qss = Gy(T4=Ta) * 1.06 539 ka‘POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING [An airstandard dual cycle receives air at 25°C and 1 atmosphere pressure. The ‘compression ratio is 15, and the cut-off ratio is 25. During the constant volume heat ‘addition process the pressure doubles and the maximum temperature is 2300 K. Determine the heat added in the constant volume process. A 332 kik ©. 832 kikg B 432kkg D. 632 KiKg Py = 1.013 bar = 101.3KPa 101.xis)!4 880.34 K Py = 2P: = 2(4488.8) = 8977.6kPa = Py BS. Bye Ts = 2p = 2/8803) = 17606 K 2300 v4 cut off ratio 25 Ys ~ compression ratio 15 (gy e033) 5 14 a) =89971 33) 730.71 KPa 1123.2 = zs = OTs— Te) = 0.718(1760.8~ 880.3) = 632.05 kha Answer _D. 632 kik lin Problem No. 84, Find the heat added in the constant pressure process. A. 339 klk) C. 539 kikg B BS khg D. e3akdig 54 = G{Te—Ts) = 1.0(2300~ 1760.6) = $99.4 kiko Answer 6. 639 kuikg4-48 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES BUSTION = 8 In Problem No. 4, Find the thermal efciency A 495% © 828% 8 550% 0 725% Qey = CTs=Ty) = 0.718(1123.2- 298) = 590.86 kuikg 6324 530.4 -5908 63245394 Answer AB. 49.5% PLANT See iean