1.

Introduction
a) General
 Present Scenario of construction sector

Construction sector is a rapidly growing sector both in developing countries and in advanced
nations. Construction and demolition are processes which go hand in hand quite often. The major
constituent used in construction process i.e. concrete production are aggregate and cement. These
constituents are collected from nature and go through several process before they are being used
for concrete production. Coarse aggregate which includes brick chips, stone chips, shingles etc.
are produced from topsoil and rock quarries respectively. Another major constituent, cement is
made from clinker which involves huge CO2 emission. Cement manufacture contributes
greenhouse gases both directly through the production of Carbon Dioxide when Calcium
Carbonate is thermally decomposed, producing lime and Carbon dioxide and also through the use
of energy, particularly from the combustion of fossil fuels. In fact, cement industry accounts for
about 8% of CO2 emission.

As stated earlier, construction sector involves demolition of existing structure. Data suggests
that, Construction and demolition waste accounts for 23% of total waste in the United States. As
a result, C & D waste management is a major concern and the best way to deal with it is the
process of recycling, reducing and reusing.

 Environmental Effect of current practice

With the construction sector experiencing a resurgence in growth, it’s bound to have a
detrimental impact on the environment. According to the U.K. Green Building Council, the
construction sector uses more than 400 million tons of material a year, many of which has an
adverse impact on the environment. Additional research by Construction Products says that the
products used during a particular construction job can also have an impact on the surrounding
environment, due to the “extraction of raw materials”. Similarly, in the U.S., a number of tools
and resources regularly used by contract workers and construction firms, such as chemicals on
site and even the Diesel used by diggers and trucks, can significantly “harm public health and the
environment,” according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Furthermore, the U.S.
construction industry accounts for 160 million tons, or 25 percent, of non-industrial waste
generation a year, according to the agency. With this in mind, let’s take a look at the impact in
more detail, and investigate the possible solutions. Furthermore, according to the EPA,
construction activity can “significantly change the surface of a land” due in large part to
“clearing of vegetation and excavating” which is common on many construction projects.
According to the agency, the result means surrounding environments can be heavily polluted,
particularly surrounding water pools, which have experienced an increase in pollution as a result
of various construction projects in recent years. Additionally, research by Kleiwerks says that
building material, such as concrete, aluminum, and steel, are directly responsible for “large
quantities of CO2 emissions” due to high contents of “embodied energy content”, with 9.8
million tons of CO2 generated from the production of “76 million tons of finished concrete in the
US.” The research also says that the construction sector’s current practices at reducing
pollutants, or omissions, are massively ineffective and may even “generate high levels of
greenhouse gas pollution.” Worryingly enough, construction activities consume “half of all the
resources” extracted from nature, and account for one-sixth of global freshwater consumption,
one-quarter of wood consumption, and one-quarter of global waste,” according to the research.

In the U.K., these numbers have not gone unnoticed, with the publication of the Green Guide, the
work of Oxford Brookes and the UK construction industry, that lays out how construction firms
can use materials in order to help the environment. Following the publication of the guide,
230,000 construction projects have improved their environmental standing, with over a million
construction firms awaiting certification worldwide, according to the agency. In the U.S., the
EPA oversees the protection of the environment and have a number of rules and regulations in
place to ensure the construction industry can reduce its negative impact on the climate.

 Usage of demolition waste as alternative to coarse aggregate

Rapid growth in urbanization leads construction of new structures by demolishing the old one
which results in generation of huge quantity of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW).
Every year India generates about 15-23 million tons of CDW and handling this huge quantity
creates lot of problems in the Solid Waste Management. Generally, CDW is disposed by means
of land filling technique which occupies huge area and create lot of environmental related issues
causing water, soil and land pollution which results in poor fertility of soil due to increase in
alkalinity [2]. Since CDW is derived from the construction waste it possesses similar properties
with that of the natural aggregates with high water absorption characteristics which can be
reduced by adding fine granular particle [12]. The use of CDW as an alternative aggregate for
concrete facilitates reduction in consumption of natural aggregates as well as landfill issues.
Based on the composition CDW, it has been categorized as Recycled Concrete Aggregate
(RCA), Recycled Ceramic Aggregate (CA) or Recycled Mixed Aggregate (RMA). Among those
types of CDW the RCA has been utilized by the researchers a lot to know its viability in concrete
[4,8]. The Construction and Demolition waste management systems is considerably progressed
from 1980’s in the developing countries, particularly Australia, Western Europe and North
America. About 98 % of recycled aggregates are used for construction applications in Japan
make it as a leading country in recycling concrete waste. The largest producers of CDW
aggregates in the present decade are Asia/Pacific, Russia and South American regions [16]. The
introduction of Industrialized Building System (IBS), is an improved construction technique in
developed countries, has facilitated the increase of recycling rate of Construction waste [10].
Over last decade a significant research on RCA and its application in concrete is carried out [8].

 Usage of ceramic powder as supplement to cement

Many substitutions have been made for cement which includes e-waste, glass, plastics and
demolished concretes. Recycling is required to avoid mass dumping [4]. The waste generated
must be reused otherwise it causes negative impact to the environment causes pollution and also
economy loss [5]. In order to eliminate this negative impact from cement an alternative
replacement of cementitious material is needed to decreases the discharge of CO 2 into the
atmosphere throughout its life cycle from the production to after construction that can happen
during any stages of point of process [6, 7]. Ceramic Tile Waste Powder serves a favourable
cementitious supplementary material for cement [8]. India and China accounts around 55% of
tiles production annually. Production increases waste generated also gets increased [9]. Plastic
waste and ceramic waste powder serves a good interlocking bond and also exhibits innovative,
environmentally friendly and cost-effective material when used in the construction sector [10].
Ceramic waste powder contributes to more than 22 billion of tons annually during the polishing
process of tile and mineral contribution by silica and alumina was around 80% [11]
 b) Scope of the work
In the recent decades, construction and demolition waste has had detrimental effect on the
environment as rapid urbanization has led to huge production of them. Utilizing this bulk volume
of CDW may help to reduce its volume and decrease the demand of natural aggregate.
Additionally, adopting RA rather than NA reduces CO2 emissions and raw materials used during
the production of structural members [6, 7]. The reduction of carbon footprints in the
environment will add extra points and thus enhance the concrete industry too. On the other hand,
over the past few years, the volume of waste generated during building and demolition has
significantly increased. Building waste must be stored, managed, and turned into an expensive
recycled aggregate (RA) before it can be used in construction [8]. New forms of aggregates must
be found immediately because NAs are non-renewable resources. Construction and demolition
(C&D) waste has been seen in this context as a potential source of aggregate. These leftovers
from building and demolition wastes can be processed into recycled aggregates (RCAs) after a
specific process [9]. Many nations have established policies and procedures for recycling waste
materials for use in construction, and many nations have also started turning construction wastes
into RA [10].

Cement is a major element that is used for concrete production and it is responsible for about 8%
of global CO2 emission. Ceramic tiles waste powder as a partial substitute for cement will lead to
reduced demand of cement which will help reducing Carbon footprint.

c) Objectives
 To investigate the physical and mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete
cylinder with ceramic powder as cement substitute.
 To compare the mechanical properties (Tensile and compressive strength) of concrete
cylinder at different proportion material used.
 To investigate the microstructural characteristics
 To reduce construction waste by utilizing them and reduce CO2 emission.
 d) Thesis Layout

Chapter 01: Introduction

this chapter includes general information, scope of the work, objectives and thesis
layout.

Chapter 02: Literature Review

Chapter 03: Materials and Methodology

Chapter 04: Data Collection and Analysis

Chapter 05: Result and Discussion

Chapter 06: Conclusion and Recommendation