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A Comprehensive Review of Superconductivity Research Productivity

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Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-022-06326-1

REVIEW

A Comprehensive Review of Superconductivity Research Productivity

Ibrahim Olanrewaju Alade1 · Md Safiqur Rahaman2 · Talal F. Qahtan3

Received: 19 March 2022 / Accepted: 19 June 2022

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022

Abstract
This study discusses the development in the field of superconductivity with a focus on the analysis of research publications
in superconductivity based on the information from the Web of Science from 1929 to 2021. The work provides the most
comprehensive scientometric study on superconductivity to date, which covers the analysis of 79,061 publications. Specifi-
cally, the following analyses were conducted: research trends between 1929 and 2021, country-wise research productivity,
journal sources analysis, most productive organizations, most influential funding agencies, and research clusters. The study
demonstrates that there is a steady growth in superconductivity research. This study also revealed that the USA emerged
as the most prolific country with 19,587 publications and 738,984 citations, followed by Japan with 15,923 publications
and 347,488 citations, then China with 9743 publications and 152,487 citations, and Germany with 6402 publications and
166,211 citations. Also, the majority of the publications were published in Physical Review B, IEEE Transactions on Applied
Superconductivity, Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, Physica C, Superconductivity and Its Applications,
Physical Review Letters. The most productive funding organizations identified are the National Natural Science Founda-
tion of China, United States Department of Energy, Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology Japan,
National Science Foundation, and Japan Society for The Promotion of Science. The authors believe this report will be useful
for scientists, funding organizations, and policymakers that are interested in superconductivity in making critical research
funding decisions.

Keywords Superconductivity · Superconductors · Bibliometric · Web of Science · Research assessment

1 Introduction quantum phenomenon that causes zero electrical resistance

and expulsion of magnetic fields in certain materials when
Superconductivity as a research field has undergone a cen- the materials are cooled below a certain critical temperature
tury of intense experimental and theoretical investigations [1]. Materials that exhibit these behaviors are called super-
following its initial accidental discovery by Dutch physicist conductors. Superconductors (SC) have zero resistance when
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. Superconductivity is a an electric current is passed through them, which implies
that power loss in superconducting wires is eliminated. This
is a property that has profound technological applications.
* Ibrahim Olanrewaju Alade Typical examples of areas of application of superconductors
ialade@kfupm.edu.sa include transportation (levitating trains), power transmis-
Md Safiqur Rahaman sion, electric motors, and generator. More recently, super-
mdsafiqur@kfupm.edu.sa conductors have played a crucial role in developing quantum
Talal F. Qahtan computing [2, 3]. Specifically, superconducting elements
tfqahtan@gmail.com like Al and Nb are used in superconducting qubits for quan-
1
Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum
tum computers to retain quantum coherence [2, 3].
and Minerals, Dharhran 31261, Saudi Arabia The history of superconductivity began with an accidental
2
Deanship of Library Affairs, King Fahd University
discovery of superconductivity in Hg. The recorded critical
of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia temperature was 4 K in Hg by H.K Onnes in 1911 [1]. The
3
Physics Department, College of Science and Humanities
low transition temperature or critical temperature (TC) of
in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, superconductors is the major factor limiting the widespread
Al‑Kharj, Saudi Arabia

13
Vol.:(0123456789)

use of superconductors in other areas of applications. In a
bid to address this, there are ongoing efforts toward synthe-
ses of a superconductor under room temperature and ambi-
ent pressure [4]. The search for practical superconducting
materials has led to the development of high-temperature
superconductors and a greater understanding of the theo-
retical background unpinning the superconductivity and
uncovering novel phenomena closely related to supercon-
ductivity [5]. Numerous materials have been found to go into
superconducting states, which have been classified based
on different categories, including (i) critical temperature,
(ii) response to a magnetic field, (iii) material composition,
and (iv) theory underpinning the superconducting behavior.
Based on the critical temperature, a superconductor is classi-
fied as high-temperature SC if it reaches a superconducting
state at a temperature of 30 K and above. Such materials
have a critical temperature that is 30 K and above [1]. Mate-
rials with less than 30 K critical temperatures are generally
classified as low-temperature superconductors [1]. SCs are
mainly identified as type I or type II based on the magnetic
fields. Under the application of external magnetic field type,
type I exhibits a single critical field. Fields above the critical
field destroy the material’s superconducting state, whereas
the application of fields below the critical fields leads to total
expulsion of the magnetic field from the SC. In type II SC,
two critical fields are present, thus allowing incomplete pen-
etration of the magnetic field through some isolated points
that are referred to as vortices [6]. There are two types of
SCs when classification is based on the underlying theory
of operation. Materials whose superconducting property can
be explained based on Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) or
related theories are referred to as conventional, whereas
those whose superconducting behavior cannot be explained
are termed unconventional superconductors [5, 7].
Several review articles have been published detailing the
theories of superconductivities [8–11]. Also, SCs are clas-
sified based on the materials. In this case, several classes of
SCs have been identified. The most common classes include
elemental, alloys, ceramics, and superconducting pnictides
[12]. These SCs have some common properties, such as zero
resistance and Meissner effects. However, they may differ
in other parameters such as critical magnetic field, critical
current density, critical temperature, and the values of the
superconducting gap [6].
The holy grail in superconductivity is the search for high-
temperature SCs. In particular, achieving room temperature
superconductivity is the ultimate research goal needed to fully
take advantage of the practical application of superconductors
in everyday operation [13]. The journey to high-temperature
superconductivity (HTSC) has been in different phases. Bednorz
and Muller discovered the earliest study on HTSC in lantha-
num barium copper oxide (LBCO), a lanthanum-based cuprate
perovskite material, in 1988 [14]. The critical temperature (­ TC)
13
Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism
achieved in the study was 35 K, and it was an important result
for which a Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded [15]. The find-
ing was important because initially, it was thought that the BCS
theory prohibits attainment of ­TC above 30 K.
Another major milestone was achieved by substituting
lanthanum with yttrium (YBCO). This pushes the T ­ C above
90 K [16, 17]. This implies that cheaper liquid nitrogen can
be used as refrigerant instead of expensive liquid helium,
which also has some technical difficulty.
Around 1993, a new set of HTSCs ­(TC = 133–138 K)
was found in a ceramic material that comprises mercury,
barium, calcium, copper, and oxygen ­(HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 + δ)
[18]. Also, another important discovery was made in 2008
through the discovery of the iron-based family of HTSC by
the Hideo Hosono team of the Tokyo Institute of Technology
[18]. They found lanthanum oxygen fluorine iron arsenide
­(LaO1-xFx.FeAs) material to superconduct below 26 K [19].
This ­TC was later raised to 55 K by substituting lanthanum
in ­LaO1-xFx.FeAs with samarium [20].
Currently, a major development in the pursuit of HTSCs
has been found in hydrogen-rich compounds. Between 2014
and 2015, hydrogen sulfide was found to exhibit supercon-
ductivity at a transition temperature of 80 K under an extreme
amount of pressure (approximately 150 gigapascals) [20].
Furthermore, in 2019, it was discovered that lanthanum
hydride (LaH) exhibits superconductivity at 250 K under
extreme pressure of 170 gigapascals [21]. Most recently, in
a paper published in nature in 2020, superconductivity was
found at room temperature from a material made from hydro-
gen, carbon, and sulfur under a pressure of 270 gigapascals
[22]. Although, the first part of the puzzle appears to have
been solved, which is the achievement of room temperature
transition temperature. However, the pressure under which
this was achieved is highly prohibitive [23]. The historical
milestone in superconductivity research presented so far is
well documented in excellent reviews and thousands of origi-
nal research articles in superconductivity [7, 10, 11, 24].
The main aim of the present study is to conduct a sci-
entometric study or bibliometric analysis on the subject of
superconductivity. Some notable studies on the sciento-
metric analysis of superconductivity have been conducted
recently. The earliest study on the scientometric study of
superconductivity was conducted as early back as 1985.
The study focused exclusively on the superconductivity
research index in physics published by Israeli researchers.
The research surveyed papers published between 1971 and
1982. They established the most prolific institutions, authors,
and journal publications for superconductivity research [25].
Two other studies on the scientometric analysis of supercon-
ductivity were focused on India’s productivity [26]. A more
comprehensive study on scientometric studies on supercon-
ductivity was conducted by Gonzalez et al. which covers
between 1980 and 2019 and their work focused on research
Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism
output in South America. Their research uncovers that Bra-
zil led other South American countries in superconductiv-
ity research. Argentina, Columbia, and Venezuela are other
prominent countries in superconductivity research within
South America [27].
In this contribution, we conducted a more comprehen-
sive bibliometric-based study on superconductivity, covering
research conducted since the discovery of superconductiv-
ity to date. This work builds on the earlier studies that were
focused on specific countries such as Israel, India, and South
America. The present study is global in scope. Specifically,
over nine decades of literature on superconductivity research
were surveyed. In addition, key bibliometric indicators such
as highly relevant journals, organizations, authors, author-
ship pattern, productive subject area, most influential funding
agencies, and most productive countries on superconductivity
Fig. 1  PRISMA flow diagram for data extraction process
were discussed. Furthermore, the most important author
keywords on superconductivity are retrieved, and the major
research theme in superconductivity is uncovered in this
work. Given the importance of the objectives mentioned
in the progress of superconductivity research, the authors
believe the work will assist researchers working on super-
conductivity and also aid funding organizations in making
critical decisions.
2 Research Methodology
Bibliometrics is a popular research method in information
science. It provides a quantitative overview and overall
framework of topics, fields, or subjects [28]. This method is
13
 Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

25000 500000
467617
450000
20192429409
19704
20000 18904 400000
377892
350000

15000 300000
Total Papers

Total Citaons
250000
234856
10000 200000
7735
7020 150000

5000 3779 100000

76354 79788
1460 50000
42080
26 32 209 22695
0 282 991 0
1929-1938 1939-1948 1949-1958 1959-1968 1969-1978 1979-1988 1989-1998 1999-2008 2009-2018 2019-2021
TP TC

Fig. 2  Decades of research growth and citation trend on superconductivity research between 1929 and 2021

also known as the science mapping method, representing the Table 1  Top 24 productive countries in superconductivity publica-
relationship between disciplines, domains, specialties, docu- tions
ments, and authors [28–30]. This bibliometric study aims Rank Country TP TC TC/TP
to assess the global research output on superconductivity.
This study uses bibliometric indices such as prolific authors, 1 USA 19587 738984 37.73
literature growth, productive institution, collaborative coun- 2 Japan 15923 347488 21.82
try, research trends, funding agencies, and mapping research 3 Peoples R China 9743 152487 15.65
themes. The required data for this study were retrieved from 4 Germany 6402 166221 25.96
the Web of Science (WoS) database. The WoS is the widely 5 France 4815 128617 26.71
used indexing and abstracting database, delivering the most 6 Russia 4657 77831 16.71
acceptable publication and citation data for trustworthy 7 England 3571 85992 24.08
exploration, access, and assessment. The 50 years of con- 8 India 3001 31566 10.52
sistent, accurate, and comprehensive indexing have resulted 9 Switzerland 2930 98341 33.56
in an unrivaled data structure, providing a comprehensive 10 Italy 2817 47391 16.82
and reliable perspective of more than 115 years of top-tier 11 South Korea 2204 23772 10.79
research. Hence, the authors consider the WoS for this study. 12 Canada 1833 54881 29.94
The search query ran on 2­ 8th March 2022, at KFUPM, Dhah- 13 Poland 1831 23923 13.07
ran, Saudi Arabia. A total of 79,061 research papers were 14 Netherlands 1617 54056 33.43
found by using the search query below. The following search 15 Spain 1327 27007 20.35
strategy was used to retrieve bibliographic data using the 16 Taiwan 1241 15473 12.47
following attributes. 17 Ukraine 1049 10641 10.14
18 Israel 1046 23986 22.93
• TI = (“superconductivity” OR “Superconductor” OR 19 Brazil 1039 10023 9.65
“Superconducting”). 20 Sweden 979 18379 18.77
• Refined by: DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE) AND 21 Australia 970 16946 17.47
LANGUAGES: (ENGLISH) AND [excluding] PUBLI- 22 Belgium 962 20592 21.41
CATION YEARS: (2022). 23 Turkey 603 5493 9.11
• Timespan: All years (1929–2022). 24 Finland 577 9839 17.05
• Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, TP total publication, TC total citation, TC/TP average citation per
CPCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC. publication

13
Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

Exclusion criteria were applied in the initial search results
of 102,087 documents. A total of 23,026 papers have been
excluded by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Finally, 79,061 research papers have been selected for final
analysis, which was done with the aid of bibliometric analy-
sis software such as VOSviewer, Biblioshiny, and Microsoft
Excel, as shown in Fig. 1.
3 Result and Discussion
Following the methodology described above, the analysis
shows that 102,783 authors produced 79,061 publications
with 1,731,964 citations. A total of 56,8817 references, 2294
Sources, and 43,562 author keywords contributed to 79,061
documents. The average number of citations per document
was 21.9. A single author-produced 8278 papers, while
multi- authors contributed 70,783 articles. The research
paper per author was 1.36, while the collaboration index on
SC was 1.42. The result and analysis are given in the below
sections according to the research objectives.
in 1929 to 2448 papers in 2021. The top five most productive
years in research publications include 2021, 2019, 1994, 2020,
and 1991 with the following total publications: 2448, 2302,
2292, 2270, and 2267, respectively. The years where there is a
significant increase in the number of publications coincide with
the period of major discoveries. For example, between 1993
and 1994, a new set of HTSCs (­TC = 133–138 K) was found in
a ceramic material that comprises mercury, barium, calcium,
copper, and oxygen ­(HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 + δ). This is very much
expected in the research community because major discoveries
generated increased interest in the field. Figure 2 shows nine dec-
ades of research productivity in superconductivity categorized
by decades. From 1929, there was a steady increase in research
productivity for the first five decades. However, a sudden increase
of about 155% increment was witnessed in research productiv-
ity from 1979–1988 to 1989–1998. This productivity level was
maintained for the next two decades, as shown in Fig. 2. The
citation trends over the decades follow the paper productivity
pattern. The first five years with the highest citations are in year
2008, 1988, 1987, 2001, and 2009, with the following citation
counts: 87,556, 71,411, 70,455, 66,181, and 55,699, respectively.

3.1 Publication Trend Between 1929 and 2021 3.2 Country‑Wise Research Productivity

Yearly research growth on superconductivity between 1929 and Table 1 shows the top 24 most productive countries in supercon-
2021 has been reviewed, as shown in the Appendix A. The pub- ductivity research. The USA emerged as the most prolific coun-
lished works on superconductivity started in 1929; three papers try with 19,587 publications and 738,984 citations, followed by
were published in that year. The literature grew from 3 papers Japan with 15,923 publications and 347,488 citations, China with

Table 2  Top 20 most relevant source on superconductivity between 1929 and 2021
Rank Source name TP TC TC/TP JIF Q Country

1 Physical Review B 10,089 329066 32.62 4.04 Q1 USA

2 IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 5247 48396 9.22 1.7 Q2 USA
3 Physica C Superconductivity and Its Applications 4107 92067 22.42 1.24 Q2 Netherland
4 Physical Review Letters 3153 296583 94.06 9.16 Q1 USA
5 Superconductor Science Technology 2684 36678 13.67 3.21 Q1 UK
6 Applied Physics Letters 2141 73483 34.32 3.8 Q1 USA
7 Solid State Communications 2054 40783 19.86 1.8 Q2 UK
8 IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 1807 13844 7.66 1.7 Q2 USA
9 Journal of Applied Physics 1733 31501 18.18 2.55 Q2 USA
10 Journal of The Physical Society of Japan 1497 35098 23.45 1.58 Q2 Japan
11 Cryogenics 1347 10516 7.81 2.23 Q2 UK
12 Journal of Low Temperature Physics 1243 18450 14.84 1.57 Q2 USA
13 Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 1232 6448 5.23 1.5 Q3 USA
14 Journal of Physics Condensed Matter 928 13331 14.37 2.33 Q1 UK
15 Physics Letters 865 23041 26.64 2.65 Q2 Netherland
16 Physica B Condensed Matter 779 10884 13.97 2.44 Q2 Netherland
17 JETP Letters 750 9455 12.61 1.53 Q2 USA
18 Review of Scientific Instruments 602 7742 12.86 1.59 Q2 USA
19 Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research Section a Accelerators 573 4952 8.64 1.45 Q1 Netherland
Spectrometers Detectors And Associated Equipment
20 Physical Review 556 57314 103.08 3.14 Q1 USA

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 Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

Table 3  Top 50 most prolific authors of superconductivity research between 1929 and 2021
Rank Author TP TC TC/TP Organization Country

1 Tanaka Y 429 18655 43.48 Nagoya University Japan

2 Onuki Y 294 9815 33.38 Osaka University Japan
3 Wang Z 284 9258 32.60 Zhejiang University China
4 Dou SX 274 6695 24.43 University of Wollongong Australia
5 Watanabe K 273 6735 24.67 National Institute for Materials Science Japan
6 Maple MB 272 10660 39.19 University of California USA
7 Zhang Y 265 7464 28.17 Nanjing University China
8 Liu Y 255 9161 35.93 Shanghai Jiao Tong University China
9 Moshchalkov VV 255 4819 18.90 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Belgium
10 Zhao ZX 254 2868 11.29 Chinese Academy of Sciences China
11 Zhao Y 244 4104 16.82 Shanghai Jiao tong University China
12 Canfield PC 236 6204 26.29 Iowa State University USA
13 Iyo A 228 6661 29.21 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Japan
14 Eisaki H 225 7479 33.24 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Japan
15 Kitaoka Y 222 9655 43.49 Osaka University Japan
16 Takano Y 218 11102 50.93 National Institute for Materials Science Japan
17 Wen HH 205 6537 31.89 chinese Academy of Sciences China
18 Sato H 202 4766 23.59 Tokyo Metropolitan University Japan
19 Li Y 201 5987 29.79 Zhejiang University China
20 Cao GH 199 7833 39.36 Zhejiang University China
21 Wang Y 198 6054 30.58 Zhejiang University China
22 Li Q 196 2696 13.76 Nanjing University China
23 Zhang H 195 3420 17.54 Peking University China
24 Tanaka S 192 4815 25.08 University of Tokyo Japan
25 Wang J 191 4477 23.44 Southwest Jiaotong University China
26 Awana VPS 189 2866 15.16 National Physical Laboratory (CSIR) India
27 Thompson JD 189 1266 6.70 Los Alamos National Laboratory USA
28 Cava RJ 188 6877 36.58 AT&T Bell Laboratories USA
29 Haga Y 187 6699 35.82 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Japan
30 Maeno Y 187 17570 93.96 University of St. Andrews Scotland
31 Yamada K 185 5894 31.86 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Japan
32 Li J 183 5016 27.41 Princeton University USA
33 Murakami M 179 4031 22.52 Superconductivity Research Laboratory Japan
34 Ishida K 175 4887 27.93 Kyoto University Japan
35 Wang H 175 6735 38.49 Zhejiang University USA
36 Fisk Z 171 9458 55.31 Los Alamos National Laboratory USA
37 Gu GD 171 5112 29.89 Brookhaven National Laboratory USA
38 Peeters FM 167 4578 27.41 University of Antwerp (UIA) Belgium
39 Chen J 165 2533 15.35 Zhejiang University China
40 Uchida S 164 15789 96.27 University of Tokyo Japan
41 Wang L 164 7797 47.54 Tsinghua University China
42 Zhou YH 162 5782 35.69 Lanzhou University China
43 Li H 161 2442 15.17 Zhejiang University China
44 Zhang YH 161 7464 46.36 Harvard University USA
45 Iwasa Y 160 2501 15.63 University of Tokyo Japan
46 Chen Y 158 4528 28.66 University of Maryland USA
47 Yamamoto A 155 2368 15.28 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Japan
48 Yamada Y 154 2629 17.07 Shanghai Jiao Tong University China
49 Akimitsu J 153 8746 57.16 Aoyama-Gakuin University Japan
50 Lee SI 152 3737 24.59 Pohang University of Science and Technology Republic of Korea

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Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

Fig. 3  The distribution of

the top 50 most productive Contributions by countries
researchers by affiliated coun-
tries
2

4 2 2 2
34
20

34

Japan China USA Belgium Scotland Republic of Korea India Australia

9,743 publications and 152,487 citations, Germany with 6402
publications and 166,211 citations, and France is the 5­ th largest
contributor in the field with 4815 publications and 128,617 cita-
tions. Turkey and Finland had the least productivity among the
top 24 most productive countries in the world, with a value of 603
and 577, respectively. Table 1 also reflects the average citation
per publication (TC/TP) among the top 24 productive nations.
The USA, Switzerland, and the Netherlands received the highest
average citation per publication with a value of 37.73, 33.56, and
33.43, respectively.
3.3 Most Relevant Sources
Table 2 describes the top 20 journals that published most
of the research. Physical Review B contributed the highest
number of publications in superconductivity with 10,089
publications, followed by IEEE Transactions on Applied
Superconductivity with 5247 publications, Physica C Super-
conductivity, and Its Applications with 4107 publications,
Physical Review Letters with 3135 publications, and Super-
conductor Science Technology with 2684 publications. The
table also reveals that 13-journal produced more than 1000
publications in the listed sources. Journal of Superconductiv-
ity and Novel Magnetism ranked 13th among the most con-
tributed and relevant sources on superconductivity research.
In terms of citation counts, Physical Review B, Physical
Review Letters, Physica C Superconductivity & its Applica-
tions, Applied Physics Letters, and Physical Review are the
top 5 publishing sources with the highest citation counts,
which are 329,066, 296,583, 92,067, 73,483 and 57, 314 cita-
tions, respectively. Eleven out of the 20 journals are hosted
in the USA, 4 in the UK, 4 in Netherlands, and 1 in Japan.

Fig. 4  Pattern of authorship in 16000 300000

producing superconductivity 14000
research 250000
12000
200000
10000
Total citation
Total Paper

8000 150000
6000
100000
4000
50000
2000
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
Authorship Paern

13
 Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

Table 4  Top 50 most productive organizations between 1929 and 2021

Rank Organization Country TP TC TC/TP

1 United States Department of Energy USA 5878 15325 2.607

2 Chinese Academy of Sciences China 4171 15564 3.731
3 Russian Academy of Sciences Russia 3543 51778 14.614
4 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique French 2889 37788 13.080
5 University of California System USA 2548 8416 3.303
6 University of Tokyo Japan 2405 89595 37.254
7 Helmholtz Association Germany 2064 27613 13.378
8 Tohoku University Japan 1699 29052 17.099
9 Max Planck Society Germany 1616 6133 3.795
10 Institute of Physics Cas China 1537 3099 2.016
11 National Institute for Materials Science Japan 1450 6609 4.558
12 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science Technology (AIST) Japan 1411 9917 7.028
13 Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR) Italy 1309 7552 5.769
14 Kyoto University Japan 1299 31358 24.140
15 Argonne National Laboratory USA 1264 56117 44.396
16 Osaka University Japan 1241 38256 30.827
17 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany 1208 10463 8.661
18 League of European Research Universities (LERU) Belgium 1184 8461 7.146
19 Correctional Education Association USA 1103 6225 5.644
20 Los Alamos National Laboratory USA 1067 28710 26.907
21 Universite Paris Saclay French 1058 19522 18.452
22 National Academy of Sciences Ukraine Ukraine 1037 6447 6.217
23 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes French 1007 3389 3.365
24 Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA) French 963 6004 6.235
25 Japan Science Technology Agency (JST) Japan 930 2755 2.962
26 State University System of Florida USA 916 17986 19.635
27 Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA 891 39518 44.352
28 Brookhaven National Laboratory USA 888 28178 31.732
29 Nanjing University China 887 3665 4.132
30 University of California Berkeley USA 883 33775 38.250
31 University of Cambridge UK 882 30107 34.135
32 University of Science Technology of China China 864 3934 4.553
33 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory USA 849 12071 14.218
34 Nagoya University China 846 16551 19.564
35 Polish Academy of Sciences Poland 791 11372 14.377
36 Japan Atomic Energy Agency Japan 770 15332 19.912
37 Rikagaku Kenkyūjo (Riken) Japan 767 12595 16.421
38 Udice French Research Universities French 763 10386 13.612
39 Stanford University USA 762 40020 52.520
40 Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Switzerland 759 15925 20.982
41 National Institute of Standards Technology Nist USA 726 4795 6.605
42 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Cas China 718 20924 29.142
43 University of California San Diego USA 673 30087 44.706
44 International Superconductivity Technology Center (ISTEC) Japan 668 9424 14.108
45 Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA 660 25238 38.239
46 Iowa State University USA 655 38883 59.363
47 Ames National Laboratory USA 635 14520 22.866
48 Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia 624 7999 12.819
49 Kyushu University Japan 618 4847 7.843
50 University of Illinois System USA 617 35069 56.838

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Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

3.4 Prolific Authors in Superconductivity Research Percentage distribution

Table 3 shows the top 50 most productive authors in super- 2 2 2

2 2
4
conductivity literature. The top 50 authors contributed 2
34
papers ranging from 152 to 429 publications. From Table 3, 6
the top 5 authors in terms of the number of publications are 10
Tanaka Y, Onuki Y, Wang Z, Dou X, Watanabe K, affiliated
with Nagoya University, Osaka University, Zhejiang Uni- 12
versity, University of Wollongong, and National Institute 22

for Materials Science, respectively. The distribution of the

top 50 most productive researchers by affiliated countries is
presented in Fig. 3. The results revealed that both Japan and
China host 68% of researchers working on superconductivity USA Japan China French
in the Top 50 spot, followed by the USA, which occupies Germany Russia Ukraine Switzerland
around 20% of the Top 50 positions. Other countries fea-
UK Poland Italy Belgium
tured are Belgium, Scotland, the Republic of Korea, India,
and Australia, with a combined weight of 12%. Research
Fig. 5  The distribution of the top 50 producing organizations by
impact can also be measured using total citation per total countries
paper (TC/TP). The top 5 authors with the highest (TC/TP)
are as follows: Uchida S (University of Tokyo), Maeno Y
(University of St. Andrews), Akimitsu J (Aoyama-Gakuin organizations: University of Tokyo (n = 89,595), Argonne
University), Fisk Z (Los Alamos National Laboratory), and National Laboratory (n = 56,117), Russian Academy of Sci-
Takano Y (National Institute for Materials Science) with the ences (n = 51,778), Stanford University (n = 40,020), Mas-
TC/TP of 96.27, 93.96, 57.16, 55.31, and 50.93 respectively. sachusetts Institute of Technology (n = 39,518). In terms
of total citation by total paper (TC/TP), the following US
3.5 Authorship Pattern institution occupies the top 5 institutions: Iowa State Uni-
versity (59.363 TC/TP), University of Illinois System (56.84
Figure 4 represents the authorship pattern for superconduc- TC/TP), Stanford University (52.52 TC/TP), University of
tivity research between 1929 and 2021. The analysis reveals
an authorship pattern that ranges from a single author to 422
authors. As the pattern of authorship increases, total publica- Table 5  Top 20 most contributed subject areas on superconductivity
tion decreases. The most common authorship pattern and the Rank Subject TP % of 76,061
corresponding publication number are as follows: 3 authors
1 Physics 67493 85.37
(13,671 publications), two authors (13,347 publications),
2 Materials Science 17170 21.72
four authors (12,730 publications), and five authors (9570
3 Engineering 10040 12.7
publications), and single-author papers (8278 publications).
4 Chemistry 3736 4.73
The above authorship pattern constitutes about 73% of the
5 Science Technology Other Topics 3014 3.81
total publications-79,061.
6 Instruments Instrumentation 1940 2.45
7 Nuclear Science Technology 1626 2.06
3.6 Productive Organization
8 Thermodynamics 1511 1.91
9 Metallurgy Metallurgical Engineering 1409 1.78
Table 4 shows the top 50 most contributing organizations
10 Optics 1015 1.28
by country. The top 5 productive organizations in terms
11 Astronomy Astrophysics 622 0.79
of paper publications are the United States Department of
12 Crystallography 541 0.68
Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy
13 Mathematics 455 0.58
of Sciences, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique,
14 Polymer Science 354 0.45
and the University of California System. The distribution
15 Mechanics 249 0.31
of the top 50 producing organizations from different coun-
16 Computer Science 225 0.28
tries is shown in Fig. 5. The contribution from organizations
17 Energy Fuels 180 0.23
from 5 countries namely, the USA, Japan, China, French,
18 Telecommunications 172 0.22
and Germany amount to 84% of publications in the top 50
19 Spectroscopy 162 0.2
organizations involved with superconductivity research. By
20 Geochemistry Geophysics 149 0.19
citation counts, the following institutions are the leading

13
 Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

California San Diego (44.71 TC/TP), Argonne National
Laboratory (44.40 TC/TP).
3.7 Subject Domains Connected
to Superconductivity
Table 5 analyzes the top 20 most important subject areas
that are relevant or affiliated with superconductivity. The
table shows that physics researchers contributed the most
to superconductivity research with 67,493 publications
(85.37%), followed by materials science with 17,170 publi-
cations (21.72%), then engineering with 10,040 publications
(12.70%), and chemistry with 3736 (4.73%).
3.8 Most Influential Funding Agencies
Table 6 represents the top 20 most influential funding agen-
cies in superconductivity research between 1929 and 2021.
The table shows that the National Natural Science Founda-
tion of China has the highest number of publications in super-
conductivity with 4805 publications (6.08%), followed by
the United States Department of Energy with 2783 (3.52%),
Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technol-
ogy Japan with 2649 (3.35%), National Science Foundation,
USA with 2172 (2.75%), and Japan Society for The Promo-
tion of Science with 2153 publications (2.72%).
3.9 Visualizing Co‑occurrence of Author Keywords
Figure 6 represents the author’s keywords co-occurrence
in superconductivity research. A minimum of 40 times co-
occurrence of author keywords were included; out of the
102,784 author keywords, 90 keywords met the thresholds.
The keywords with the greatest total links strength have been
considered for the visualization. The top ten most appeared
author keywords are superconductivity, superconductors,
superconductor, superconducting, ­MgB2, critical current den-
sity, thin films, critical current, YBCO, and magnetization
with 3232, 1150, 880, 462, 400, 356, 316, 310, 232, and 226
times of co-occurrence, respectively. The author keywords
with the least co-occurrence among the top 90 author key-
words are high-temperature superconductor, single crystal,
and electrical resistivity with 82 each.
The selected 90 author keywords are classified into 6
clusters, and the association between the clusters can be
explained using quantitative network indicators.
Cluster # 1 includes 29 author keywords (superconduc-
tor, superconducting, critical current density, critical current,
YBCO, high-temperature superconductors, superconducting
magnets Stability, superconducting magnet, thin-film, AC
losses, AC loss, high-TC superconductor, squid, quench, pin-
ning, microstructure, critical temperature, high-temperature
superconductor, fault current limiter, magnetic field, super-

Table 6  Top 20 list of funding agencies in superconductivity research and their research productivity
Rank Funding agencies Country TP % of 79,061

1 National Natural Science Foundation of China China 4805 6.08

2 United States Department of Energy USA 2783 3.52
3 Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology Japan Japan 2649 3.35
4 National Science Foundation USA 2172 2.75
5 Japan Society for The Promotion of Science Japan 2153 2.72
6 European Commission Belgium 1760 2.23
7 Grants In Aid For Scientific Research Kakenhi Japan 1444 1.83
8 German Research Foundation Germany 987 1.25
9 National Basic Research Program of China China 980 1.24
10 UK Research Innovation UK 837 1.06
11 Chinese Academy of Sciences China 795 1.01
12 Engineering Physical Sciences Research Council UK 775 0.98
13 Russian Foundation for Basic Research Russia 753 0.95
14 Fundamental Research Funds for The Central Universities China 658 0.83
15 Ministry of Science and Technology China China 530 0.67
16 United States Department of Defense USA 497 0.63
17 NSF Directorate for Mathematical Physical Sciences USA 475 0.60
18 European Research Council Belgium 449 0.57
19 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Canada 426 0.54
20 Swiss National Science Foundation Switzerland 410 0.52

13
Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism
Fig. 6  Visualizing co-occurrence of author keywords by VOSviewer
conducting cables, Josephson junction, Bi-2223, Bi-2212
superconducting cable, HTS, ­Nb3Sn, and high-temperature
superconductor).
Cluster # 2 comprises 16 author keywords: M ­ gB2, mag-
netization, flux pinning, organic superconductor, phase dia-
gram, ac susceptibility, anisotropy, critical, upper critical
field, high-TC superconductivity, transition, critical cur-
rents, penetration depth, mixed state, temperature, and sin-
gle crystal.
Cluster # 3 represent 14 author keywords (superconduc-
tivity, specific heat, NMR, magnetism, S ­ r2RuO4, heavy fer-
mion, antiferromagnetism, ferromagnetism, hubbard model,
nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), unconventional super-
conductivity, electronic structure, pressure, and thermal
conductivity).
Cluster #4 includes 12 author keywords superconductors,
high-TC superconductors, x-ray diffraction, organic super-
conductors, oxides, magnetic, phase transitions, magnetic
properties crystal structure, properties, chemical synthesis,
and crystal growth.
Cluster #5 also includes 11 author keywords (thin films,
high-TC, proximity effect, Pseudogap, cuprates, Andreev
reflection, superconducting films, superconducting devices,
high-temperature, superconductivity, Josephson effect, and
tunneling).
Cluster #6 includes eight keywords such as high pressure,
structure, resistivity, susceptibility synthesis, high-TC super-
conductor, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical resistivity.
3.10 Theme Analysis Through Bibliographic
Coupling of Documents
Bibliographic coupling is employed to reveal the major themes
(Cluster) of superconductivity research. Out of 79,061 publi-
cations, the total strength of the bibliographic coupling links
with the other documents has been calculated. Two thousand
documents with the greatest total link strength have been
considered to generate the themes. VOsviewer bibliographic
software was used to generate bibliographic coupling on 2000
papers of superconductivity. The largest set of connected
13
 Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

superconductivity papers consisting of 2000 papers, resulted
in 3 clusters, 1,113,430 links, and 2,506,326 total link strength.
The major clusters (themes) were explained based on the num-
ber of papers and total citations, as shown in Table 7. The
major clusters are briefly discussed below.
Cluster # 1: superconductivity, magnetism, heavy fermion,
unconventional superconductivity, electronic structure, and
high pressure.
This cluster comprises the largest number of supercon-
ductivity papers, with 898 publications and 47,426 citations.
The average citation per publication for this Cluster is 52.81.
The most cited article in this Cluster is “A New High-Tc
Oxide Superconductor without a Rare Earth Element” by
Maeda et al. (1988) with 2881 TC, followed by “theory of
high-Tc superconductivity in oxides” by Emery [32] with
1979 TC and “bulk superconductivity at 91 K in single-
phase oxygen-deficient perovskite B ­ a2YCu309-delta” by Cava
et al. [33] with 1512 TC.
Cluster # 2: superconductivity, YBCO, thin films, critical
current.
The cluster contains 813 articles that have been cited
35,728 times, with an average citation per publication of
43.95. The most cited research paper in this Cluster is “Boson
localization and correlated pinning of superconducting vortex
arrays” by Nelson and Vinokur [36], followed by “supercon-
ductivity and heavy fermion behavior in ­PrOs4Sb12” by Bauer
et al. [37] and “ superconducting persistent-current qubit” by
Orlando [38].
Cluster # 3: ­MgB2, anisotropy, magnetization, flux pinning.
This cluster contains 289 papers that have been cited a
maximum number of times with 13,540 TC. The average
citation per publication for this Cluster is 46.85. The most
cited publication in the Cluster is “magnetically mediated
superconductivity in heavy fermion compounds” by Mathur
et al. [41], followed by” superconductivity on the border of
itinerant-electron ferromagnetism in ­UGe2″ By Saxena et al.
[42] and “temperature and purity dependence of supercon-
ducting critical field ­Hc2″ by Helfand et al. [43].
3.11 Most Cited Research Papers
on Superconductivity
Table 8 analyzes the top 20 most cited research papers in super-
conductivity. The table shows that the range of citations among

Table 7  Summary of the major cluster in superconductivity research

Cluster: theme TP in cluster TC in cluster Most cited publication in cluster Reference

Cluster # 1: superconductivity, 898 47426 1 A new high-TC oxide superconductor without 2881 TC [31]
high temperature, magnetism, a rare-earth element
unconventional superconductivity, 2 Theory of high-TC superconductivity in oxides 1979 TC [32]
electronic structure, and high
3 Bulk superconductivity at 91-k in single-phase 1512 TC [33]
pressure
oxygen-deficient perovskite B­ a2YCu3O9-delta
4 Superconductivity in the Bi-Sr-Cu–O system 1027 TC [34]
5 Type-II-superconductor strip with current in a 975 TC [35]
perpendicular magnetic field
Cluster # 2: Superconductivity, 813 35728 1 Boson localization and correlated pinning of 911 TC [36]
YBCO, thin films, critical current superconducting vortex arrays
2 Superconductivity and heavy fermion behavior 619 TC [37]
in ­PrOS4Sb12
3 Superconducting persistent-current qubit 559 TC [38]
4 Angular position of nodes in the 508 TC [39]
superconducting gap of quasi-2d heavy-
fermion superconductor C ­ eCoIn5
5 Superconductivity in the fullerenes 497 TC [40]
­ gB2 anisotropy,
Cluster # 3: M 289 13540 1 Magnetically mediated superconductivity in 1417 TC [41]
magnetization, flux pinning heavy fermion compounds
2 Superconductivity on the border of itinerant- 1294 TC [42]
electron ferromagnetism in UGe2
3 Temperature and purity dependence of 812 TC [43]
superconducting critical field ­Hc2.II
4 Model for an exciton mechanism of 401 TC [44]
superconductivity
5 Superconducting properties of high-purity 375 TC [45]
niobium

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Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

the top most cited papers falls between 10,902 and 2157. The top
five most cited papers are “possible high TC superconductivity
in the Ba − La − Cu − O system,” “Theory of Superconductiv-
ity,” “Iron-Based Layered Superconductor ­La[O(1-x)Fx]FeAs
(x = 0.05 − 0.12) with Tc = 26 K,” “The Resonating Valence
Bond State in ­La2CuO4 and Superconductivity,” and “Super-
conductivity at 93 K in a new mixed-phase Y-Ba-Cu–O com-
pound system at ambient pressure.” In terms of total citations
per year (TC/year), which is a good indicator of research impact,
the research titled “Unconventional superconductivity in magic-
angle graphene superlattices” has the highest TC/year of 561.0.
3.12 Country Collaboration Map
Figure 7 represents the top 20 global countries collabo-
rating on superconductivity research. The analysis reveals
that the highest collaborations exist between the USA and
China, with a publication of 1464. The other top 4 collabo-
rating countries are USA-Japan, USA-Germany, Germany-
Russian, and China-Japan, with 1119, 1079, 779, and 570,
respectively. The USA and South Korea are the least col-
laborative countries among the top 20 list with 213 publi-
cations. The results show that superconductivity research

Table 8  Top 20 most cited research publications on superconductivity

Rank TC Title Author Year Source TC/Year

1 10902 Possible high TC superconductivity in the Bednorz JG 1986 Z PHYS B-CONDENS MAT 294.65
Ba − La − Cu − O system
2 9064 Theory of Superconductivity Bardeen J 1957 PHYSICAL REVIEW 137.33
3 6577 Iron-Based Layered Superconductor La[O1-xFx]FeAs Kamihara Y 2008 J AM CHEM SOC 438.47
(x = 0.05 − 0.12) with Tc = 26 K
4 6547 The Resonating Valence Bond State in L ­ a2CuO4 and Anderson PW 1987 SCIENCE 181.86
Superconductivity
5 5531 Superconductivity at 93 K in a new mixed-phase Wu MK 1987 PHYS REV LETT 153.64
Y-Ba-Cu–O compound system at ambient pressure
6 5219 Superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride Nagamatsu J 2001 NATURE 237.23
7 4598 Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on Nambu Y 1961 PHYS REV-a 74.16
an Analogy with Superconductivity. I
8 3322 Superconducting Proximity Effect and Majorana Fu L 2008 PHYS REV LETT 221.47
Fermions at the Surface of a Topological Insulator
9 2881 A New High-Tc Oxide Superconductor without a Maeda H 1988 JPN J APPL PHYS PART 2—LETT-a 82.31
Rare Earth Element
10 2851 Signatures of Majorana Fermions in Hybrid Mourik V 2012 SCIENCE 259.18
Superconductor-Semiconductor Nanowire Devices
11 2805 Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle Cao Y 2018 NATURE 561.00
graphene superlattices
12 2764 Strong coupling of a single photon to a Wallraff A 2004 NATURE 145.47
superconducting qubit using circuit quantum
electrodynamics
13 2730 Superconductivity at 18 K in potassium-doped C60 Hebard AF 1991 NATURE 85.31
14 2507 Superconductivity at 38 K in the Iron Rotter M 2008 PHYS REV LETT 167.13
Arsenide (Ba1 − xKx)Fe2As2
15 2420 Temperature and Purity Dependence of the Werthame NR 1966 PHYSICAL REVIEW-a 42.46
Superconducting Critical Field, Hc2. III. Electron
Spin and Spin–Orbit Effects
16 2420 Superconductivity in a Strong Spin-Exchange Field Fulde P 1964 PHYS REV 41.02
17 2331 Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on Nambu Y 1961 PHYS REV 37.60
an Analogy with Superconductivity. II
18 2315 Superconductivity in the PbO-type structure α-FeSe Hsu FC 2008 PROC NATL ACAD SCI U S A 154.33
19 2254 Majorana Fermions and a Topological Phase Lutchyn RM 2010 PHYS REV LETT 173.38
Transition in Semiconductor-Superconductor
Heterostructures
20 2157 Unconventional Superconductivity with a Sign Mazin II 2008 PHYS REV LETT 143.80
Reversal in the Order Parameter of L
­ aFeAsO(1−x)Fx

13

Fig. 7  Top 20 collaborative countries involved with superconductivity research
is produced by wide international collaboration, especially
in North American, European and Asian countries. The
research revealed that superconductivity research produc-
tivity is strongly linked to the technological advancement of
nations and research funding; hence, it is not surprising that
no developing countries are featured in the top 20 countries
in the chart.
4 Conclusion
This study presents a robust scientometric review of supercon-
ductivity research from the Web of Science database. A total of
79,061 publications were examined to probe the following ger-
mane questions: annual research growth, most productive coun-
tries, and organizations, authorship patterns, most cited papers,
country collaboration, etc. The study highlights consistent
13
Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism
annual research growth in superconductivity research; this
attests to the technological importance of superconductivity in
today’s society. Analysis of the research productivity revealed
that the top producing countries include the USA, Japan, China,
Germany, and France with the following number of publica-
tions 19,587, 15,923, 9743, 6402, and 4815, respectively. In
terms of total citation per total publication (TC/TP), the top 5
countries are listed in decreasing order as follows: USA (37.73
TC/TP), Switzerland (33.56 TC/TP), Netherlands (33.43 TC/
TP), Canada (29.94 TC/TP), and France (26.71 TC/TP). Mean-
while, the top 5 productive institutions include the United States
Department of Energy, Chinese Academy of Science, Russian
Academy of Science, Centre National De La Recherche Scien-
tifique, and the University of California system, with the total
publication of 5878, 4171, 3543, 2889 and 2548, respectively.
Finally, the study shows that among the top collaborating coun-
tries on superconductivity research, China and the USA have
the highest collaboration with about 1464 total papers.
Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

Appendix A Year TP TC TC/TP Citable Years

1976 370 7108 19.21 46
Annual growth of superconductivity research in terms of TP, TC, and
TC/TP between 1929 and 2021 1977 487 8727 17.92 45
1978 373 6968 18.68 44
1979 512 9918 19.37 43
Year TP TC TC/TP Citable Years
1980 378 9219 24.39 42
1929 3 7 2.33 93 1981 733 9991 13.63 41
1931 1 4 4.00 91 1982 412 9855 23.92 40
1932 3 11 3.67 90 1983 551 9896 17.96 39
1933 4 25 6.25 89 1984 490 9805 20.01 38
1934 1 0 0.00 88 1985 656 13350 20.35 37
1935 1 24 24.00 87 1986 466 20956 44.97 36
1936 1 1 1.00 86 1987 1526 70455 46.17 35
1937 6 97 16.17 85 1988 2011 71411 35.51 34
1938 6 113 18.83 84 1989 2156 49804 23.10 33
1939 1 48 48.00 83 1990 1985 39243 19.77 32
1940 6 309 51.50 82 1991 2267 44070 19.44 31
1941 3 16 5.33 81 1992 1722 31168 18.10 30
1942 4 15 3.75 80 1993 1947 39505 20.29 29
1944 2 19 9.50 78 1994 2292 40637 17.73 28
1945 1 1 1.00 77 1995 1802 33499 18.59 27
1946 4 95 23.75 76 1996 2013 33315 16.55 26
1947 6 260 43.33 75 1997 2027 33223 16.39 25
1948 5 228 45.60 74 1998 1493 33428 22.39 24
1949 10 133 13.30 73 1999 1749 32759 18.73 23
1950 16 1092 68.25 72 2000 1879 35682 18.99 22
1951 10 257 25.70 71 2001 1878 66181 35.24 21
1952 22 530 24.09 70 2002 1959 43431 22.17 20
1953 19 808 42.53 69 2003 2070 43222 20.88 19
1954 14 1435 102.50 68 2004 1852 43485 23.48 18
1955 27 1180 43.70 67 2005 1809 38984 21.55 17
1956 23 671 29.17 66 2006 1789 35082 19.61 16
1957 22 10102 459.18 65 2007 1993 41235 20.69 15
1958 46 6487 141.02 64 2008 1926 87556 45.46 14
1959 54 4050 75.00 63 2009 1918 55699 29.04 13
1960 60 5313 88.55 62 2010 2074 55210 26.62 12
1961 87 16116 185.24 61 2011 1893 51357 27.13 11
1962 147 5282 35.93 60 2012 2002 55395 27.67 10
1963 147 9260 62.99 59 2013 2127 46347 21.79 9
1964 168 9611 57.21 58 2014 1877 37465 19.96 8
1965 168 4227 25.16 57 2015 2059 39800 19.33 7
1966 207 8686 41.96 56 2016 2093 33446 15.98 6
1967 208 5878 28.26 55 2017 2010 27075 13.47 5
1968 214 7931 37.06 54 2018 2139 27615 12.91 4
1969 288 7381 25.63 53 2019 2302 23319 10.13 3
1970 316 8750 27.69 52 2020 2270 13620 6.00 2
1971 427 6507 15.24 51 2021 2448 5141 2.10 1
1972 316 8105 25.65 50
1973 385 8913 23.15 49 TP total publication, TC total citation, TC/TP average citation per
1974 379 7929 20.92 48 publication
1975 438 9400 21.46 47

13
 Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism

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