Celocia Rosalejos

Conol Salise
Before the mid-1700s to 1900s, there have been many
revolts.

However, these uprisings were done to:

1) retake one’s lost kingdom or chiefdom
2) resist forced labor that separated men for long
periods from their families
3) get rid of the oppressive tribute
4) return to their ancient religion (Bathala and
anitos)

Despite reasons and drive, they did not rise against

colonial rule.
Several events and developments caused a
national awakening of consciousness.
British Invasion

Silang and Palaris Revolts

Basi Revolt against Basco’s

Monopolies

Opening of foreign ports and

Suez Canal

Secularization movement
The British sent an expedition from
India to the Philippines to occupy and
seize it from Spain.
• In 1761 Spain and France entered an
alliance.
• During the Seven Years’ War in Europe
between France and England, Spain was
naturally drawn into Europe between
France and England.
• The British sent an expedition from India to
the Philippines to occupy and seize it from
Spain.
• Archbishop Manuel Rojo was acting
governor-general when the British, with
6,000 men including Sepoys from Bombay,
bombarded Intramuros, Malate, Ermita, and
Bagumbayan (now Luneta) on September
22, 1762.
• The Spaniards with their Filipino
soldiers tried to defend Intramuros,
but their cannons were no match to
the weapons of the English.
• Archbishop Rojo surrendered
Manila and Cavite while Simon
Anda, a magistrate of the
Audiencia escaped to Pampanga to
continue the resistance.
• The British took over the reins of
government and guaranteed the
safety of Spanish officials, the
community, and property.
The Spaniards defeat in the hands of the British opened the eyes of
the Filipinos to the impermanence of Spanish rule in the country
and to the fact that it could be challenged by force of arms.
 • Demanded the expulsion of Spaniards
and Spanish mestizos from Ilocos

• Was successful at first and was able to

expel the Spanish from Vigan

• Declared himself “King of the Ilocos”

1762 • The British tried to win him over to
their side
• Accepted their offer but the
alliance ended when he was killed
by an assassin

• His wife, Gabriela Silang, took over the

leadership but she was later captured
and hanged, along with 100 followers
 • Demanding for the end to the payment
of tributes and countless abuses by the
Spanish officials

• The revolt, started in Binalatongan and

spread to the towns of Bayambang,
Paniqui, Dagupan, Calasiao, Santa
Barbara, Mangaldan, San Jacinto, and

1762 Malasiki.

• He ignored the friar-curates province

Juan de la Cruz Palaris led a widespread
revolt in Pangasinan. • Upon the conclusion of the war with
France and Spain, the British left in
1764

• Spain sent 3,000 Ilocano troops to

Pangasinan to quell the revolt

• Palaris was defeated and died in battle

 ’
Reforms in the economy were
introduced
Not long after, reforms, especially in the economy, were introduced. However, the
economy developed slowly for several reasons, such as:

• The incompetence of Spanish officials;

• Graft and greed of the merchants and religious corporations engaged in the
galleon trade;

• Restrictive economic policies which closed some parts of the country to

other foreign countries;

• The constant quarrels between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities

assigned in the colony.
1778
• Jose Basco y Vargas who was
appointed governor-general of the
Philippines, wasn’t satisfied with the
economic condition of the colony
• He found the galleon trade
unproductive for the government
• The rich agricultural potentials and
other industries in the colony were
neglected by officials
• Governor Basco encouraged the
cultivation of crops for export like
indigo, coffee, cocoa, sugar, hemp,
mulberry trees, spices and cotton.
• Also encouraged the development
of mines that produce gold, tin, and
copper
• Offered prizes to those excelled in
the manufacture of silk and fabrics
of cotton and flax
1781
• For the effective implementation of the
economic plans, Governor Basco founded the
Economic Society of Friends of the Country in
1781 and established the Royal Company in
1785.

• Failed in its purposes to improve foreign trade

between the colony and Spain because of
mismanagement and lack of cooperation of the
Manila merchants

The deed of the Royal Company

Photo credit: Patrimonio Cultural de Vargas
1807
• Basco’s government monopolies in 1782
apparently negated most of his positive economic
projects.

• The monopolization of tobacco and wine only

benefited the government, as it was prohibited to
produce wine outside of the selected provinces.

• Only the government had the exclusive right to

purchase, classify, and sell these products locally
and export them abroad.

• In 1807, some 10,000 rebels in Ilocos revolted

against the government monopoly of a locally-
produced wine from sugarcane called basi.

• The Basi revolt as it was called was among the

bloodiest uprisings ever recorded during this time.
Photo credit: CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art
-

• Laissez-faire or “let alone policy” in
commercial and trading ventures by the
Europeans.
• This policy gave full freedom to private
individuals and firms to engage in economic
activities without much interference from
the government.
• In 1834, Manila opened to foreign traders.
• In 1842, Manila could boast of two
American, one French, one Danish, and eight
British commercial firms.
• By 1859, the number of foreign firms
increased to fifteen.
• In 1855, the ports of Iloilo, Zamboanga, and
Sual (in Pangasinan) were opened to foreign
trade.
• Batangas produces coffee; Camarines
Norte, Camarines Sur.
• Sorsogon and Albay produces hemp
• Ilocos and Cagayan Valley produced indigo
and tobacco.
• Sugar cane was produced in Negros and
Iloilo in the Visayas and Pampanga, Laguna
and Batangas in Luzon.
• Nicholas Loney, a British vice consul in
Iloilo, introduces the first modern
machinery that converted sugar cane into
refined sugar.
Mestizos, particularly the Spanish and Chinese mestizos,
benefitted in the development of trade and commerce. Along with
Inquilinos or the tenants in the haciendas and their families began
to accumulate wealth due to the increase of exports in
agriculture.

Together, they constituted the middle class—a group below the

aristocratic Spanish officials, families, and religious orders but
higher or above the masses (the poor, uneducated Indios).
Peninsulares Insulares Ilustrados Mestizos
Photo credit: The Pinoy Warrior Photo credit: Talk Tagalog Photo credit: The Pinoy Warrior

Spaniards born Spaniards born in The middle class in

and Indios
in Spain, the Philippines. Philippine colonial
working or society under
residing in the Spain. They are
country or the wealthy and highly
New World. educated Filipinos
of the time.
1838
For the first time, the country was described as oppressed and in need of independence, as articulated in
the following sentences:

“
Sa loob at labas ng bayan kong sawi
Kaliluha’y siyang nangyayaring hari
Kagalinga’t bait ay nalulugami ininis sa hukay ng dusa’t pighati

”
1841
• Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule) is called as King of the
Tagalogs who established Confradia de San Jose (Kapatiran
ng San Jose) in 1832 as a reaction against the discrimination
of the Catholic church in the Philippines against its own
people.

• The Confradia has about 4,500 - 5,000 members from

Tayabas, Laguna and Batangas in its prime.

• On November 1, 1841, the Confradia was crushed by the

force of the colonial military.
Photo credit: Wikidata
The Spaniards in the Philippines created various
colleges for men and women.
Colleges for men and women included:
• Colegio de San Juan De Letrán
(founded in 1620)
• Colegio de San Jose (now San Jose
Major Seminary in Ateneo de Manila
University)
• Universidad de San Felipe de Austria
(First public university created by the
Spanish government in the
Philippines. It closed in 1643)
Schools for women included:
• College of Santa Potenciana (first
school for girls established in 1589 in
the Philippines)
• Santa Isabela College (founded on
October 24, 1632)
• Santa Rosa College (founded on
August 40, 1750)
Several colleges, including the University of
Santo Tomas, did not admit natives until the
second half of the nineteenth century.

The Ilustrados, as the Spaniards

feared, eventually probed about Spanish
wrongdoings, ineptitude, inefficiency, greed,
and corruption. And most dangerously, they
advocated the idea of the Indios as "Filipinos"
with equal rights as the Spaniards in the
country.
 The Suez Canal is connected to the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.

Allowed a shorter route and travel time (4/5 months > 1 month) between Spain and the Philippines.
EUROPE TO ASIA
 Influx of
Liberal Ideas “…ideas filtered to the Philippines with the opening
of the Suez Canal in 1869” (Agoncillo, 2012).

Individuals who promoted freedom and liberty

migrated to the Philippines.

Progressive books and periodicals, books on

American independence and the French revolution
were admitted.
 Mail (1854)
Introduction of
Telegraph (1873)
Modern Technology
Manila-Dagupan railway (1890)

The introduction of these technologies

accelerated the communication of ideas and
awareness between urban and rural areas.
“These [new ideas and technologies] ignited the idea of nation,
the eventual birth of the Filipino nation and the rise of the
Philippine Revolution of 1896” (Xiao Chua, 2021).
The triumph of the Spanish revolutionists, who
fought for popular suffrage and freedom of
speech, the press, and of religion, brought to
the country some liberal and progressive
Spaniards.
 1869
Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre arrived in
Manila in 1869. He put into practice liberal principles of
the revolutionists in Spain.

De la Torre’s administration was of significance as it:

1) abolished the censorship of the press

2) abolished flogging as punishment

3) solved agrarian unrest in Cavite

Photo credit: The Kahimyang Project

1870
The administration of De la Torre was cut short
as The Republic of Spain ended in 1870 (1868-
1870) when the monarchy was restored, and a
new king assumed the Spanish throne.
Izquierdo immediately reversed De la Torre’s
reforms.
Disapproved establishment of a school of
arts and trades in Manila

Censorship of press and restrictions on

Rafael de Izquierdo freedom of speech were restored
was appointed
governor-general in Suspected and spied upon De la Torre’s
1871 to replace De la supporters
Torre.

Photo credit: The Kahimyang Project


Regular priest
Their mission is to convert non-
Christian people to Christianity
• Because of the increase of regular
Secular priest
Not members of any religious
orders
• Friar-curates occupied and
administered the parishes because
there were very few secular ones
during the first century of Spanish
rule.
priests in the Philippines, the church
faced the problem in the deployment
of these priests.
 • Government replaced secular priests with regular priests
and this action pushed the Filipinos to create a
Secularization movement.

• Led by Father Pedro Pablo Pelaez (1812-1663)

• Succeeded by Father Jose A. Burgos, another Spanish

mestizo.

• Other secular priests involved in the secularization

movement who were either Spanish mestizo, Chinese
mestizo, or Indios included Father Jacinto Zamora,
Mariano Gomez, Toribio Del Pilar, Mariano Sevilla,
Pedro Dandan, Jose Guevara, and many more.
Photo credit: The Kahimyang Project
1872 January 20 Mutiny - an open
rebellion against
the proper
authorities,
especially by
The Cavite mutiny occurred on January 20, 1872, involving soldiers or sailors
several workers and some marine detachments led by a against their
officers.
military sergeant named La Madrid.
 • Written by Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de
Tavera

• Simple mutiny by the Filipino soldiers and

laborers of the Cavite Arsenal

• Dissatisfied by the draconian policies of

Izquierdo
• Abolition of privileges
• Prohibitions of the founding of the
school of arts and trades for Filipinos
Filipino Version
• Uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe
on January 20, 1872

• Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose in the

belief that it would elevate to a national uprising

• Cavite Mutiny was unsuccessful

 • Written by Jose Montero y Vida

• Mutiny was premeditated, a big conspiracy

among educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers, and
residents of Manila and Cavite

Spanish Version • Allegedly plan to liquidate high-ranking Spanish

officers then kill friars
1872
• The priests, Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were jailed
in Fort Santiago.

• Governor-general failed to present documents to

prove that the GOMBURZA are connected to the
January Mutiny.

• February 17, 1872, the three priests marched from

Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta).
• They were being executed one by one (Zamora,
Gomez, then Burgos).

• Filipinos began to feel the necessity for unity

Photo credit: Reddit r/Philippines

Prominent Filipino priests • Rizal who was eleven years old at that time would
charged with treason and later dedicate his second book El Filibusterismo to
sedition the memory of the three martyred priests.
BSPsych 2B Celocia / Conol /
Group 1 Rosalejos / Salise
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Candelaria, J.L. & Alporha, V. (2018). Readings in Philippine History.

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