CHALLENGE OF THE

19 CENTURY
TH
 industrialization
New manufacturing process that made use of steam-powered,
special purpose machinery, factories, and mass production in
Europe

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 industrialization
Filipino merchants and small scale industrialists became
prominent, thus forming a new group of influential middle
class Filipinos.

3
 Orbit of World trade
Paved the way for the importation of books, magazines, and
newspapers with liberal ideas from Europe and America.

4
 The new middle class
The Principalia had the means to provide education for their
children abroad.

5
 Secularization
The slow and gradual transfer of churches from regular
priests to secular priests.

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 Regular priests vs secular priests

Regular Priests Secular Priests

Belonged to the four religious orders: Were not member of any religious
Dominicans orders.
Recollects
Augustinians
Franciscans

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 Secularization
The leader of the Filipino campaign to secularize the parishes
was Father Pedro Pelaez.

8
 Liberalism in the philippines
Carlos Maria de la Torre was “the best governor-general the
Philippines ever had”.

9
 The return of autocracy
The autocratic Rafael de Izquierdo ruling the Philippines
“with a cross in one hand and a sword in the other”

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 The cavite mutiny
January 20, 1872. It was caused by the revocation of the
privileges of shipyard workers to be exempted from force
labor and from paying tributes.
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The Execution of Gomburza
On February 17, 1872 the three priests were executed by
garrote. They were accused of starting the Cavite Mutiny.

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