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Energy Procedia00 (2018) 000–000

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www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy
EnergyProcedia 157
Procedia 00(2019)
(2017)1494–1505
000–000

Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability,

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
TMREES18, 19–21 September 2018, Athens, Greece
Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability,
TMREES18, 19–21 September 2018, Athens, Greece
Preparation, Microstructure and Morphology of Electrospun
Sulfonated
The Polystyrene
Preparation,15th InternationalFilms
Microstructure and
Symposiumfor Morphology
Proton
on District Exchange
Heatingof Membrane
andElectrospun
Cooling
Sulfonated Polystyrene Hydrogen
Films for Fuel CellExchange Membrane
Proton
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Noor M. Jalal a
, Akramfor Hydrogen
R. Jabur b Fuel CellS.Hamzab , Shrok Allamia
* , Mohammed
temperature function a long-term district heat demand forecast
Noor M. Jalala , Akram a R. Jabur
b
*a , Mohammed
Ministry of Science
b S.Hamza Iraq
and Technology, Iraq b
, Shrok Allamia
a

I. Andrića,b,c*, Materials
A. Pina , P. Ferrão
Engineering , J.University
Department, Fournier ., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
of Technology/Baghdad-
b

a
Ministry of Science and Technology, Iraq
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology
b
and Policy Research
Materials Engineering - Instituto
Department, Superior
University Técnico, Av. RoviscoIraq
of Technology/Baghdad- Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Sulfonated
Abstract electrospun polystyrene SPS fibers were prepared by electrospininig technique . Solution of 30 wt.% PS in
DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide ) were prepared , (PS) electrospun films were fabricated by electrospinning technique
. Sulfonation
Sulfonated reaction polystyrene
electrospun were introduced by immersion
SPS fibers were prepared the PSby electrospun
electrospininigfilms in diluted
technique sulfuricofacid
. Solution (H2SOPS
30 wt.% 4) of
in
Abstract
concentration 1 M for (1, 2, 3, )4)were
DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide hr . prepared
FTIR spectra, (PS) was used to films
electrospun detectwere
the fabricated
sulfonationbypeaks which is found
electrospinning in the
technique
sulfonated
. Sulfonation elecrospun
reaction films
wereand absent inby
introduced theimmersion
unsulfonated thefilms . This indicates
PS electrospun filmssuccessful
in dilutedsulfonation process
sulfuric acid (H2SOfor4)the
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concentration coupled are
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the filmsrequire
. This high investments
indicates which
successful are returned
sulfonation processthrough the heat
for the
sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand
films . SEM coupled with EDS tests were used for revealing the structure and observe the surface of the elctrospun in the future could decrease,
prolonging the investment
films before return period.
and after sulfonation reaction .
The ©main
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The of this paper
Authors. is to assess
Published the feasibility
by Elsevier Ltd. of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
© 2019
forecast.
This isTheThe
an Authors.
district
open access Published
of Alvalade,
article underby Elsevier
located
the CC Ltd. (Portugal),
in BY-NC-ND
Lisbon license was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This isthat
buildings an open
vary access
in botharticle under the
construction CC BY-NC-ND
period and typology.license
Three(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
weather scenarios (low, medium,and high) and threefordistrict
Selection
© 2018 The and peer-review under Elsevier
responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies Materials
Selection
renovation andAuthors.
scenarios were
Published
peer-review underby
developed responsibility
(shallow,
Ltd.of the scientific
intermediate, committee
deep). To of Technologies
estimate the error, and Materials
obtained heat for Renewable
demand values were
Renewable
This is an
Energy, Energy,
open
Environment Environment
access article
and under andtheSustainability,
Sustainability, CC BY-NC-ND
TMREES18. TMREES18.
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for by the authors.
The Keywords:Sulfonation,
results showed
Renewable that Environment
Energy, when only weather
Polystyrene, Hydrogen change is considered,
Fuel Cell,
and Sustainability, electrospun
TMREES18. the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
scenarios, the error valuePolystyrene,
Keywords:Sulfonation, increased Hydrogen
up to 59.5% Fuel (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
Cell, electrospun
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 09647718099679;
© 2017 The address:
E-mail Authors.130020@uotechnology.edu.iq
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 09647718099679;
Cooling.
1876-6102© 2018 130020@uotechnology.edu.iq
E-mail address: The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Keywords: Heat
Selection anddemand; Forecast;
peer-review underClimate change of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy,
responsibility
1876-6102© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy,
Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy,
Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18.
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.314
2 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Noor M. Jalal et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1494–1505 1495

1. Introduction

During the last years , demand for clean energy sources increased due to direct pollution effect of fossil
fuel on climate change, the environment, acid rain and global warming . Fossil fuel are depleting rapidly,
and will be not sufficient enough to meet future energy demands. Advantages like zero-emission
production and minimum noise pollution made fuel cells a promising clean power source [1]. Fuel cell is
an electrochemical cell which converts the chemical energy to electrical energy by electro - chemical
reaction of hydrogen fuel gas with oxygen or other oxidizing agent. Fuel cells are connected or stacked in
series . This is because fuel cells produce just a small amount of potentials about (0.6 - 0.7) Volts. So,
energy efficiency of fuel cell is normally obtained at 40% - 60% [2, 3]. There are different types of fuel
cells like : The alkaline fuel cell (AFC), The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), The molten carbonate fuel
cell (MCFC), The phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), and The proton
exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell [4] .
A PEM fuel cell is fed by hydrogen oxidized at the anode, and oxygen which is reduced at the cathode .
During the oxidation of hydrogen, the released protons are conducted through the PEM to the cathode.
Since the membrane is not electrically conductive, the electrons released from will be generated [5, 6].
Reactions of anode, cathode and overall reaction of PEM are as follows [7].
Anode H2 → 2H+ +2e- ----------------(1)
Cathode 1/2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → H2O ----------------(2)
Overall 1/2 O2 + H2 →H2O ----------------(3)
The schematic of a PEM fuel cell fig (1) .

Fig 1. The schematic of a PEM fuel cell

As a multilateral technique used form polymer fibers in the micro- and nanoscale , electrospinning used
for development of fuel cells membranes , modifying the proton exchange membranes properties ,and
improving their performance . Nanofibers fuel cells can potentially play a key role in meeting global
energy demands due to their unique structures and high surface area to volume ratios [9] .
Electrospinning has various features such as low cost and high production rate for practical power
applications. It is a relatively flexible method that provides a high degree of control on fiber properties
such as fiber morphology, homogeneity, porosity, and a variety of structures including structures, hollow,
and parallel fibers [10, 11].The principle of electrospinning operation is using a high-voltage electrostatic
field to draw a jet from a polymer solution When this jet travels toward the collector electrode, the solvent
evaporates and a polymer fiber will be formed [12] .
In the early stages of electrospining , the droplets are held by the surface tension until they gets
electrostatic charged . When the electric potential overcome the polymeric surface tension , a cone shape
will be formed , before the jet formation, called Taylor cone . After the formation of Taylor cone , the
liquid jet is ejected [13 ,14] .Electrospining is a versatile and simple method used to prepare nanowires
 Author name / EnergyProcedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3
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ranging from tens of nanometers to several micrometers in diameter and can be used for many types of
materials including polymers, inorganic materials and composite materials. [15, 16]. Controlling the
desired properties of the fibers can be obtained by controlling the morphology , structures , process
parameters[17] . The key parameter of proton exchange membrane PEM is "the ability to conduct protons
through the membrane " . Proton conducting is depending on many factors such as : the strength of the
acid, the morphology of the membrane , chemical structure , and temperature [18]. In the case of PEM fuel
cells, the situation is more complicated because the sulfonated counter-ions are eighter bounded to the
polymer chain and are thus relatively immobile (this is the case of Nafion ) ,or mobile such as the free
counter- ion in a small acid molecule such as sulfuric or acetic acid . Linking the sulfonate group can be
considered to be an obstacle to the mobility [19].
The good proton exchange membrane must have substantial properties, which enable them to operate in
an efficient manner in fuel cell environment [20, 21].These substantial properties include : the proton
conductivity without electronic conductivity, acceptable mechanical strength, chemical and
electrochemical stability during operation, minimum fuel bypass and low water transport during diffusion
[22]. Figure (2) shows the schematic diagram of nanofiber network of an ion exchange membrane. The
figure (2) explain the transportation of proton from anode to cathode .

Fig 2 . Proton transport fromanode to cathode within nanofiber network

The movement of protons involves a subsequent steps of which contributing forming and breaking of
hydrogen bonding. In Figure (2), the proton hops from one (SO3 −) to another which leads to the proton
conduction within composite nanofiber network and this is called Grotthuss mechanism or proton hopping.
[ 22, 23]. Sulfonation is an electrophilic substitution reaction used for sulfonic group attachment (-
SO3H) on organic compound molecules. Sulfonating agent is a compound able to replace carbon- bonded
hydrogen in the substrate molecule by(-SO3H) group [24].Unique properties arise from integration of
sulfonic groups in polymers by sulfonate or sulfonation. The properties like increased strength,
hydrophilicity and proton conductivity have led to variety of applications such as : fuel cells membrane,
plasticizers for macro-defect-free concretes , flocculants and ion-exchange resins . If the sulfonation
reaction take place before polymerization , this is called pre-sulfonation. While when the sulfonation
reaction takes place at a finished polymer , this is called post- sulfonation [25,26]. Sulfonation is facilitated
by using of electron rich substrates, so choosing aromatic polymers with electron donating substituents are
the preferred substrates [27,28]
In this study ,sulfonation reaction of polystyrene is carried on polystyrene electrospun films and this is
an example of post sulfonation . Sulfonation reactions are typical electrophilic substitutions when oxygen
atoms ( more electronegative) draw the electron density from the sulfur atom , which then becomes an
electrophilic center. This electrophilic center can react with the п delocalizated [29].Aromatic polymers
4 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Noor M. Jalal et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1494–1505 1497

such as polystyrene including aromatic or benzene ring [30] and thus it is easier to be sulfonated.
Polystyrene structure in fig (3) and mechanism of aromatic ring sulfonation (benzene sulfonation) in fig (4)
is as following [24] :

Fig (3): polystyrene structure

Fig 4.Benzene sulfonation mechanism

This research aimed to prepare proton exchange membrane from electrospun polystyrene films and
improving the proton conductivity through sulfonation process , prove the ability of sulfonation of
polystyrene electrospun films with diluted sulphuric acid and keep the structure of the electrospun films
without dissolving in the acid and without needing to crosslinking reaction and characterization the
electrspun films and confirming the sulfonic group presence through FTIR , SEM , EDX

2. Experimental part

2.1. Preparation of polystyrene nanofiber:

Expanded Polystyrene from waste packaging is used to prepare polystyrene solution at concentration
30% in N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF) , the solution is stirred with temperature (100) C° for (20-25 )
minutes . The PS solution was contained in a 10 ml syringe with stainless-steel needle. The capillary needle
of (0.6 mm) inside diameter is connected to the positive side of the high voltage power supply, and the
syringe is fixed to a syringe pump.The flow rate was 1.0 ml /hr. The applied voltage and the distance
between the tip and the collector were fixed at 18 kV and 12 cm, respectively. The electrospinning process
took (1.5) hr and these parameters will be fixed for all films

2.2. Sulfonation process :

The prepared polystyrene films were cut in the form of small pieces (2 x 2) cm, these pieces were
immersed in dilute sulfuric acid of concentration (1M) for different period of (1, 3, 4) hr
 Author name / EnergyProcedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5
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2.3. Rinsing process :

After sulfonation , each one of the sulfonated electrospun films was rinsing in five beakers full of
deionized water respectively. The films still in each beaker one minute. Increasing the time of rinsing or
increasing the number of beakers diminishes sulfonation effects. Sulfonation process has been conducted
several times by varying the concentration of sulfonating agent ( dilute sulfuric acid ) and time of rinsing .
Suitable operating conditions of the sulfonation process were identified by trial and error.

2.4. Elecrospun films Characterization

The chemical structure of polystyrene electrospun films was characterized by Fourier transform
infrared spectra (FT-IR). FT-IR spectra for pure polystyrene and sulfonated polystyrene electrospun films
were performed using spectrometer in the range of 4000- 400 cm -1 . The FT-IR spectra were used for
qualitatively characterize the (-SO3H) peaks result from sulfonation . The structure and morphology of
the electrospun films were determined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) . The presence of
sulfur placed on the electrospun films is discovered by Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) .

3. Discussion and Results :

3.1. Fourier Transformation Infrared spectra:

FTIR spectra of PS and SPS are represented in fig(5) from which changes in the structures of PS on
sulfonation were indicates. These corresponded with the appearance of new bands, consistent with the
presence of -SO3H group on the aromatic ring . Pure polystyrene electrospun film is represented by fig
(5,a) . There are principle peaks found in the pure and sulfonated electrospun films , they are : the
aromatic =C-H stretching band at 3026 cm-1 , -CH2- asymmetric stretching sharp peak a 2924 cm -1 , C=C
para - disubstituted benzene at 1430 cm-1 .
These peaks are agreed with Seung H. H. et al [30] . Fig (5,b) represents polystyrene electrospun film
with 1 hrsulfonation and fig (5,c) represents polystyrene electrospun film with 3 hrsulfonation . New
sulfonation bands are found the stretching of the –OH in the -SO3H group at ( 3440-3450) cm -1 ,
stretching vibration of S=O at 1150 cm-1 , and symmetric stretching of the O=S=O at (1030-1050) . Our
results are in agreement with the Taek S. H. et al [31] and with Hayat T. et al [ 32] .
These new bands were found in the sulfonatedelectro spun films, fig (5,b) and fig (5,c) indicating the
enhancement of sulfonic group and successful sulfonation process in 1 hr sulfonation and 3 hr sulfonation.
While absence of the sulfonation peaks in the fig (5,d) indicates desulfonation process due to excess time
of sulfonation . Desulfonation ( hydrolysis of -SO3H group ) is a reverse process to sulfonation. This
explanation agreed with theoretical informations introduced by F. Kucera and J. Jancer [29] who cleared
that Sulfonation at a higher temperature and at proceeding a longer time, produces isomers more stable to
desulfonation than isomers prepared at a lower temperature and at a short time . F. Kucera and J. Jancer
classified desulfonation causes: the -SO3H group is not connected with the aromatic ring ; a strong,
partially positive charge on the sulfur atoms cause increased electronic density on aromatic ring meta-
position ; after proton releasing , a negative charge will be located on the -SO,H group. Hydrolysis may be
due to substituents which support -SO,H group sulfonation, because of the increase of the
electron density on the carbon atom of the C - S bond. When the formation of the sulfonic acid is easy,
the hydrolysis also runs easily.
David P. Wilkinson et al [19] explain that it is very important matter for benzene based PEMs ( such as
polystyrene based PEM) is the sulfonic acid group hydrolysis from benzene rings and hydrolytic
cleavage of polymer backbone due to fuel cell conditions . David P. Wilkinson et al added that it is well
6 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Noor M. Jalal et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1494–1505 1499

known that the sulfonation process of aromatic rings is a reversible process takes place either when pH is
low or at elevated temperatures . According to the obtained results, the increase in time (1-3) hr was the
reason for (-SO3H) peaks appearance ,and the increase in time itself for (4)hr was the reason for
desulfonation .
The SEM image for the pure polystyrene PS electrospun film without sulfonation represented in fig
(6,a) .

3.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

The average fiber diameter of the pure PS electrospun film is 0.6 µm as shown in fig (6,b ) .The diameter
of pure electrospun PS fiber film is based on the solution viscosity and applied voltage of electrospining
device [33] Fig (7, a and b ) indicate SEM image and average fiber diameter of polystyrene electrospun
film for 1 hr sulfonation which is equal to 2.7 µm .
Fig (8 , a and b ) and fig (9, a and b ) indicate SEM images and average fiber diameter of polystyrene
electrospun film for 3 hr and 4 hr sulfonation reaction time which is equal to 4.3 µm and 2 µm
respectively. Fig (10) explain the relationship between the average fiber diameter and sulfonation reaction
time . Sulfonation reaction time for 1 hr and 3 hr was sufficient to sulfonation process while 4 hr
sulfonation time lead to reduce the diameter after increasing .
The fiber diameter of electrospun films increased due to sulfonation. The electrospun fibers lost this
increase in fiber diameter due to desulfonation process which had a reverse effect to sulfonation . This is
confirmed with the EDX results .
Our results show that fiber diameter gradually increases with increase sulfonation reaction time due to
depending sulfonation in diluted sulfuric acid with concentration 1 M and it is contrary to other research
like Yingfang y. et al [34 ] and Todsapon N. [35 ] which depends on the sulfonation with the
concentrated sulfuric acid 98% which causes dissolving of electrospunfibers and requires crosslinking
reaction to increase the fiber resistance of concentrated acid. In these researches ,Fibers diameter decrease
with increased sulfonation reaction time in the concentrated sulfuric acid .
 Author name / EnergyProcedia 00 (2018) 000–000 7
1500 Noor M. Jalal et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1494–1505

Sulfonation process in our research depend on diluted sulfuric acid which keep the fibers structure
without dissolving and without need to crosslinking reaction. All the SEM images are With the same
magnification and the change in diameter as well as the swelling along the electrospun fibers is clear when
comparing the images .
8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Noor M. Jalal et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1494–1505 1501

Fig10.the relationship between the sulfonation time and the average fiber diameter
 Author name / EnergyProcedia 00 (2018) 000–000 9
1502 Noor M. Jalal et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1494–1505

3.3. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX)

Sulfur is not found in pure electrospun film where only carbon is appeared in red color fig( 11,a and b) .
In EDX spectra , the presence of sulfur ( appeared in green color ) is clear in the PS electrospun films
sulfonated for 1 hr fig (12,a and b) and sulfonated for 3 hr fig (13,a and b). Here the presence and
percentage of sulfur increased significantly with increasing the reaction time . The amount of sulfur in fig
(13,a and b) is higher than fig(12,a and b) , this mean increasing sulfonation reaction time leading to
increase the sulfonic groups on the electrospun fibers. But when the reaction time increased to 4 hr as in
fig (14 , a and b ), the proportion of sulfur decreased significantly to the extent that sulphur did not appear
in EDX spectra due to desulfonation process.
In this research, We have confirmed the existence of sulfonic groups through FTIR , SEM and EDX .
Won G. J. et al [36] concluded successfully sulfonic acid introduction in network of electrospun fibers
could be confirmed though EDS, FTIR and SEM
10 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Noor M. Jalal et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1494–1505 1503

Conclusion :
Proton exchange membrane were prepared successfully from expanded polystyrene from waste
packaging by electrospinning technique followed by subsequent sulfonation process . sulfonation reaction
time was (1,3,4) hr with diluted sulfuric acid of concentration (1 M) . Sulfonic acid group were confirmed
through FTIR , increasing fiber diameter in SEM images and presence of sulfur through EDX spectra .
Best Sulfonation time is (1-3) hr , Excess time (4 hr and more) will lead to desulfonation process.
desulfonation was proved by losing sulfonation peaks in FTIR, reducing fiber diameter in SEM and
sulfur removing in EDX spectra. This research show ability of sulfonation by diluted sulfuric acid of
concentration (1 M) , keeping elecrtospun fibers structure without needing to crosslinking reaction .
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