Gender and Reproductive Health

Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti

Divisi Biostatistik, Demografi dan Kesehatan Reproduksi
Departemen KMKP, FK, Udayana
Gender
• Gender: characteristics of
women, men, girls and boys that
are socially constructed.
• This includes norms, behaviours,
and roles associated with being a
woman, man, girl or boy, as well
as relationships with each other.
• As a social construct, gender
varies from society to society
and can change over time
Intersectionality
• Gender is hierarchical and
produces inequalities that
intersect with other social and
economic inequalities.
• Gender-based discrimination
intersects with other factors of
discrimination, such as
ethnicity, socioeconomic status,
disability, age, geographic
location, gender identity and
sexual orientation, among others
Gender Inequality
• Gender inequality is a characteristic of
social structure according to which
different social groups (in this case men
and women) have certain differences
resulting in unequal opportunities.
• Gender inequality is associated with social
construction of masculinity and femininity
as oppositional categories with unequal
social value (Ferree, 1999)
• Gender bias is the tendency to give
preferential treatment to one gender over
another. It is a form of unconscious bias,
which occurs when someone
unconsciously attributes certain attitudes
and stereotypes to a group of people
Gender Norms
• Gender norms are societal expectations and rules regarding how men and
women should behave, express themselves and interact with others
according to their gender. Media, socialization and culture contribute to the
development of gender norms and they differ across time and place.
• Gender socialization is one of the primary ways gender norms affect
children.
• Gender socialization refers to how children learn the appropriate behavior,
appearance and attitudes for their gender.
• For example, boys learn to be assertive, competitive and independent, while
girls are encouraged to be nurturing, emotional and compliant. These
gendered messages can shape children’s self-concept, beliefs and
expectations about themselves and others.
Diskusi Kelompok Kecil – 10 menit

Diskusikan
- Gender bias atau stereotyping yang pernah diamati disekitar
- Gender norms yang pernah diamati disekitar
Gender and Health
• Gender influences people’s experience of and access to healthcare.
• Gender inequality and discrimination faced by women and girls puts
their health and well-being at risk.
• Women and girls often face greater barriers than men and boys to
accessing health information and services.
• These barriers include restrictions on mobility; lack of access to
decision-making power; lower literacy rates; discriminatory attitudes
of communities and healthcare providers; and lack of training and
awareness amongst healthcare providers and health systems of the
specific health needs and challenges of women and girls.
Gender and Reproductive Health
• 'sexual and reproductive health' can be defined as a person's right to
a healthy body and the autonomy, education and healthcare to freely
decide who to have sex with and how to avoid sexually transmitted
infections or unintended pregnancy.
• Equality in reproductive health includes access, without
discrimination, to affordable, quality reproductive health service e.g.
contraception, including emergency contraception.
• The decision as to whether to continue a pregnancy or terminate it
may shape a woman's entire future personal life as well as family life.
Gender and Child Health

• Health issues and services among children

• Nutrition – intakes and growth
• Immunization
• Access to healthcare
• Access to education
• Gender inequality or bias can affect the difference on outcome or
access to those services
Immunization Coverage

https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-698X-9-S1-S3
• Girls have lower immunization
coverage than boys
• Girls with higher birth orders
and with older sisters are at
higher risk of missing
immunization compare to boys
with similar condition
• In some states of India, the
girl to boys ratio is the lowest
• What is your observation
toward this result?
Adolescence Reproductive Health
• Adolescent sexual and reproductive health refers to the physical and
emotional wellbeing of adolescents and includes their ability to
remain free from unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion, STIs
(including HIV/AIDS), and all forms of sexual violence and coercion
• Other health issues among adolescents which also may associated
with gender.
• Nutrition
• Access to health service
• Access to education

https://www.who.int/southeastasia/activities/adolescent-sexual-reproductive-health
Adolescence Mental
Health
• 2015 GSHS data analysis: student
age 13-15 years in Indonesia
• Psychological distress among male
significantly lower than female

Ediputra et.al - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021932022000426

Ediputra et.al - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021932022000426
 Dating Violence- Kekerasan dalam Pacaran

• https://pkbi.or.id/kekerasan-dalam-pacaran-waspadai-sejak-
dini/#:~:text=Kekerasan%20dalam%20pacaran%20(KDP)%20atau,membatasi%20dalam%20sebuah%20hubungan%20pacaran.
Gender Based Violence
• Gender-based violence can include sexual, physical, mental and economic harm
inflicted in public or in private.
• It also includes threats of violence, coercion and manipulation.
• This can take many forms such as intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child
marriage, female genital mutilation and so-called ‘honour crimes’.
• Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV) is deeply rooted in discriminatory social
norms, gender inequality and often connected to offline violence.
• It is actively a barrier against women, girls and gender-diverse people’s freedom
of speech and their involvement in the public agenda

https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/get-involved/30-for-2030/toolkit-youth-guide-to-end-online-gender-
based-violence
 Forms of OGBV
• Online surveillance/cyber stalking (penguntitan)
Pesan atau panggilan meneror baik dalam bentuk teks, gambar atau video yang
bersifat berulang, tidak diinginkan dan membuat tidak nyaman bahkan
meneror atau mengancam.
• Cyber harassment/networked harassment (ancaman perkosaan atau kematian):
Perilaku yang secara terus menerus mengejar orang lain dengan maksud menakut-nakuti
atau mengancam.
• Sextortion (pemerasan seksual):
Penyalahgunaan kekuasaan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan seksual.
• Cyber grooming
Tindakan yang dilakukan seseorang untuk membangun kepercayaan, memanipulasi
korban agar korban merasa tidak berdaya.
• Hacking (peretasan)
Mengambil alih akun orang lain.
• Synthetic media/morphing (media buatan)
Mengubah suatu gambar atau video dengan menambahkan wajah orang lain dengan
tujuan merusak reputasi orang yang ada di gambar atau video tersebut.
 Forms of OGBV
• Defamation and misrepresentation (penghinaan dan fitnah)
Menyebarkan informasi yang tidak pantas atas seseorang yang bertujuan sengaja untuk merusak
reputasi seseorang dan sengaja menyesatkan orang lain, terlepas kebenaran informasi tersebut.
• Impersonating (meniru identitas)
Penggunaan teknologi untuk mengambil data korban dan membuat akun palsu atas nama korban.
Tujuan dari akun palsu ini bisa untuk mempermalukan, menghina atau melakukan penipuan.
• Pelecehan seksual
Pelecehan seksual online adalah serangan terhadap tubuh, seksualitas dan identitas gender
seseorang menggunakan kata, gambar atau video dalam platform digital dengan tujuan
merendahkan orang lain.
• Cyber flashing
Tindakan mengirim atau merekam gambar dan video alat kelamin dan tindakan seks secara online
tanpa persetujuan.
• Non consesual intimate images:
Penyebaran konten intim, dimana pelaku memanfaatkan konten intim atau seksual berupa
gambar/video milik korban untuk mengancam dan mengintimidasi korban agar menuruti
kemauan pelaku.
Diskusi Kelompok – 10 menit
• Diskusikan contoh lain issue gender pada kespro remaja dan anak
• Faktor apa saja yang bisa menyebabkan adanya perbedaan berbasis
gender terkait kesehatan reproduksi anak dan remaja bisa dengan
contoh kasus
 Transforming Gender Norm
• Efforts to change gender and social norms
to address inequalities in power and
privilege between persons of different Nation - global
genders, in order to free all people from
harmful and destructive norms
• Strategy to reduce gender discrimination
1.Ensure equal access to education.
2.Empower women in the workplace.
3.Protect reproductive rights.
4.Strengthen legal protections.
5.Provide better medical care.
6.Achieve better political representation.
7.Prioritize the most marginalized

https://www.unicef.org/media/117706/file/Gender%20Policy%202030.pdf
Diskusi Kelompok- 10 menit
• Diskusikan contoh upaya dalam bentuk kebijakan, kampanye,
perbaikan layanan dan lainnya yang dilakukan dalam mengurangi
ketimpangan gender dalam kesehatan reproduksi anak dan remaja di
berbagai tatanan