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MTB 501 (Mathematical Analysis)

Lecture l: Definition of a sequence and examples of sequences. Convergent sequence, Uniqueness of
limit of a convergent sequence, Convergent sequence is bounded, but the converse is not true in general.
Constant sequence, Finding m ∈ N, for various examples.
Lecture 2: Theorems on limits of sequences, if lim fn = l and lim gn = k then lim fn + gn = l + k
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
and lim fn − gn = l − k, lim cfn = cl, c ∈ R, If l ̸= 0, c > 0, m ∈ N, such that |fn | > c, ∀n ≥ m. If
n→∞ n→∞
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fn ̸= 0, ∀n ∈ N, & l ̸= 0, then lim = 1l .
n→∞ fn

lecture 3: If lim gn = k ̸= 0, then lim fgnn = kl . If fn ≥ 0 ∀n ∈ N, then l ≥ 0. If fn ≤ gn , ∀n ∈ N, then

n→∞ n→∞
lim fn ≤ lim gn . Sandwich Theorem, Cauchy’s First Theorem on Limits.
n→∞ n→∞

Lecture 4 Converse of CFTL is not true in general. Examples where CFTL is applicable. Cauchy’s
Second Theorem on Limits, its corollaries, examples based on STOL.
Letture 5: Cesaro’s Theorem. If lim fn+1 = l &|l| < 1, then lim fn = 0. Cauchy sequence. Examples
n→∞ fn n→∞
of Cauchy’s sequence.
n o
Lecture 6: {fn ± gn } is a Cauchy’s sequence; {fn · gn } is a Cauchy sequence; fgnn is a Cauchy sequence.
More examples on Cauchy’s sequence. Cauchy’s sequence is bounded. Every convergent sequence is
bounded. Every convergent sequence is Cauchy’s sequence.
Cauchy sequence. is a Caucny's sequence. More examples on Ceuchy's sequence. Cauchy's sequence is
bounded. Every convergent sequence is Cauchy's sequence.
Lecture 7: Monotonic sequences, examples. Monotone Convergence Theorem. Examples on Monotone
Convergence Theorem.
Lecture 8: Infinite series with positive terms.
Definitions, examples, basic Theorems, Cauchy convergence criterion, examples on Cauchy convergence
criterion, necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of positive terms; Comparison of series.
Lecture 9: Comparison test of first type; its proof. Practical Comparison test of first type and its proof,
examples based on these tests.
Lecture 10: Geometric series, p-series, Comparison test of second type and its proof, examples.
Lecture 11: Practical Comparison test of second type and its proof, examples based on these tests.
Lecture 12: Cauchy’s nth root test and its proof. Examples based on it.
Lecture 13: Raabe’s test and its proof. Examples based on it.
Lecture 14: Logarithmic test and its proof. Examples based on it.
Lecture 15: More examples based on Logarithmic test.
Lecture 16: De Morgan’s and Bertrand’s test and its proof. Examples based on it.
Lecture 17: Alternating series, examples; Leibnitz Theorem & its proof, Examples based on Leibnitz
Theorem .
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Dr. Ashish Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,I.Sc., BHU,Varanasi-221005

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Lecture 18: Cauchy’s integral test and its proof. Examples based on it.
Lecture 19: Dini-Kummer test and its proof. Examples based on it.
Lecture 20: Root test and its proof. Examples based on it.
Lecture 21: Riemann Integration (Integration of bounded functions on R).
Partition of [a,b], upper Darboux sum, lower Darboux sum, properties, Darboux’s condition of integra-
bility, examples.
Lecture 22: Proof of properties, Refinement of partitions, properties and its proof, corollaries.
Lecture 23: Darboux theorem; its proof. First form of integrability condition, second form of integrability
condition and their proofs. Remarks and their proofs.
Lecture 24: Integrability of the sum and difference of integrable functions; proofs; examples. Related
results and examples.
Lecture 25: Integrability of product, quotient & modulus of integrable functions; proofs; examples.
Lecture 26: Riemann sums, Riemann definition of integrability; equivalence with Darboux’s condition,
examples.
Lecture 27: Applications, sum, difference, product, quotient, modulus, examples, corollaries.
Lecture 28: Integrability of continuous functions, monotonic functions, functions with finite number of
discontinuities, examples.
Lecture 29: Integration and differentiation (The Primitive); Fundamental theorem of integral calculus,
proof, example.
Lecture 30: Mean value theorem of integral calculus. First MVT, proof. Generalized FMT, proof,
corollary, proofs and examples.
Lecture 31: Integration by parts, proof, corollary, proof, example. Change of variable in an integral,
proof examples.
Lecture 32: Second MVT, Abel’s lemma, proof; proof of SMT. Examples.
Lecture 33: improper integrals, definition, examples.
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Lecture 34: Comparison test for convergence at a of a
f dx; Necessary and sufficient conditions & its
proof, examples.
Lecture 35: Comparison test I (Comparison of two integrals) & its proof. Comparison test II (Limit
form) & its proof, examples.
Lecture 36: Useful comparison integrals, their proofs and applications.
Lecture 37: Beta function, proof & application.
Lecture 38: Cauchy’s test, proof, absolute convergence, proof examples.
Lecture 39: Convergence at infinity, Comparison tests for convergence at infinity (comparison of two
integrals and limit form of comparison).
Lecture 40: Gamma function, proof and applications, Abel’s test, Dirichlet’s test, their proofs and
applications.
Lecture 41: Integral as a function of a parameter and its applications.