ENGR 242 – Statics

CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY - GINA CODY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

ENGR 242 / T
STATICS

Chapter 7 - Lectures 19 & 20

Internal Forces and Moments
Lecture: WED FRI 10:15 am – 11:30 am
Tutorials TA: FRI 1:15 pm – 2:55 pm By Pegah Yaftian
Tutorials TB: TUE 8:45 am – 10:25 am By Shahrzad Tabatabaei

Instructor: Sam Eskandarian, Ph.D. PEng (Ontario)

Chapter 7
 ENGR 242 – Statics

Textbook & Other References

! PowerPoint slides on the course site (Moodle).

! Textbook: “Vector Mechanics for Engineers (Statics)”, 12th

Edition, by Beer, Johnston & Mazurek, McGraw Hill.
! J. L. Meriam and L. G. Kraige, Engineering Mechanics,
Vol I – Statics, 8th Ed., John Wiley, 2002.
! Engineering Mechanics Statics, Russell c. Hibbeler, Prentice
Hall, 12th Edition.

! Other reference materials will be given in the course

presentations.

Chapter 5
 ENGR 242 – Statics

Contact info & Recalls

Office: EV4.111 Tel: 4525

Email: sam.eskandarian@concordia.ca
Office hours: Every Wednesday 2:00 pm – 4:00 pm
Join Zoom Meeting https://concordia-ca.zoom.us/j/97072555907?pwd=OXNvNmNnQStQL0hBTEdLNHZSNzFKUT09
Meeting ID: 970 7255 5907
Passcode: 523661

Recalls:
- Check your Grades in the first section on MOODLE (midterm 1 was added)
- Tutorials #10 (TB and TA) this TUE and FRI
- Check for the Ch7, Ch8 and Ch9 video lectures, recorded lectures and tutorial
- Problem Assignment #5 & 6 in MGH-Connect and MOODLE (Chapter 6, 7 and 8)
- Solutions to Assignment #4 and Chapter 5 Suggested problems in MOODLE
- Quiz 7 cancelled.
- Midterm Test 3 is scheduled for WED Nov 25 in lecture, covering Chapters 6 and 7.

Chapter 5
ENGR 242 – Statics

Course progress

Chapter 5
 ENGR 242 – Statics

Calendar of Course Activities Total: 13 lectures

Lectures T: WED FRI 10:15 – 11:30 AM, Remote
Tutorials TA: Friday 1:15-2:55 PM, Remote (Pegah) Return
Tutorials TB: Tuesday 8:45-10:25 AM, Remote (Shahrzad)
Week ACTIVITY Remark Week ACTIVITY Remark
WED FRI Sep. 9 & 11 WED FRI Oct. 28 & 30
Chapter 1: Introduction
1 Lectures 1 & 2 8 Lectures 15 & 16 Chapter 6: Analyses
Chapter 2: Statics of
No Tutorial TUE FRI Tutorial 7 (Quiz 5 Cancelled) of Structures
Particles
WED FRI Sep. 16 &18 WED FRI Nov. 4 & 6 FRI Oct. 30: Test 2 on
Lectures 3 & 4 Chapter 2: Statics of 9 Lectures 17 & 18
2 Chapters 4 & 5
TUE FRI Tutorial 1 Particles (Cont…) TUE FRI Tutorial 8

WED FRI Sep. 23 & 25 WED FRI Nov. 11 & 13

Lectures 5 & 6
3 TUE FRI Tutorial 9
TUE FRI Tutorial 2
WED FRI Sep 30 & Oct 2
4 Lectures 7 & 8
TUE FRI Tutorial 3 (Quiz 1)
WED FRI Oct. 7 & 9
Lectures 9 & 10
5 FRI Oct. 9: Test 1 on
TUE FRI Tutorial 4 (Quiz 2)
WED FRI Oct. 14 & 16
6 Lectures 11 & 12
TUE FRI Tutorial 5 (Quiz 3)
WED FRI Oct. 21 & 23
Lectures 13 & 14
7 TUE FRI Tutorial 6 (Quiz 4)
Lectures 19 & 20 (Quiz 6 – Nov. 13) Chapter 7: Internal
Chapter 3: Rigid Bodies: 10
Forces and Moments
Equivalent Systems of
Forces WED FRI Nov. 18 & 20
11 Lectures 21 & 22 Chapter 8: Friction
Chapter 4: Equilibrium of
TUE FRI Tutorial 10 (Quiz 7 Cancelled)
Rigid Bodies WED Nov. 25: Test 3
WED FRI Nov. 25 & 27
Lectures 23 & 24 covering
12
TUE FRI Tutorial 11 Chapters 6 and 7
Chapters 1, 2 & 3
WED FRI Dec. 2 & 4 Chapter 9:
Lecture 25 & 26 (Quiz 8 – Dec. 2) Distributed Forces:
13 TUE FRI Tutorial 12 Moment of Inertia
Chapter 5: Distributed
Forces: Centroids and
Review
Centers of Gravity
Final Final Exam covering all Chapters
Exam Dec. 15, 2020 @ 7 pm (duration TBD)
Chapter 5
 Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Statics
Twelfth Edition

Chapter 7
Internal Forces and
Moments

©Jonatan Martin/ Getty Images RF

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Contents
Application Sample Problem 7.4
Introduction Sample Problem 7.6
Internal Forces in Members Cables With Concentrated Loads
Sample Problem 7.1 Cables With Distributed Loads
Various Types of Loading and Support Parabolic Cable
Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam Sample Problem 7.8
Sample Problem 7.2 Catenary Cables
Sample Problem 7.3
Relations Among Load, Shear, and
Bending Moment

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Application
Forces that are internal to the structural members – beams and cables – are the
subject of this chapter

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. © Ross Chandler/ Getty Images RF

 Introduction
Preceding chapters dealt with:

a) determining external forces acting on a structure and

b) determining forces that hold together the various members of a structure.

• The current chapter is concerned with determining the internal forces

(i.e., tension/compression, shear, and bending) that hold together the
various parts of a given member.

Focus is on two important types of engineering structures:

a) Beams - usually long, straight, prismatic members designed to support

transverse loads applied at various points along the member.

b) Cables - flexible members capable of withstanding only tension,

designed to support concentrated or distributed transverse loads.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Internal Forces in Members
• Straight two-force member AB is in
equilibrium under application of F and
−F.

• Internal forces equivalent to F and −F are

required for equilibrium of free-bodies AC
and CB.

• Multiforce member ABCD is in equil-

ibrium under application of cable and
member contact forces.

• Internal forces equivalent to a force-

couple system are necessary for equil-
ibrium of free-bodies JD and ABCJ.
• An internal force-couple system is
required for equilibrium of two-force
members that are not straight.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.1 1

Strategy:

• Compute reactions and forces at

connections for each member.

• Cut member ACF at J. The internal

forces at J are represented by an
equivalent force-couple system that is
determined by considering equilibrium
of either part.

• Cut member BCD at K. Determine the

Determine the internal forces (a) force-couple system equivalent to
in member ACF at point J and (b) internal forces at K by applying
in member BCD at K. equilibrium conditions to either part.

Access the text alternative for this image.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 7.1 2

Modeling:

Compute reactions and connection forces.

Analysis:

Consider entire frame as a free body, and

apply equilibrium conditions:

åM E = 0:

- ( 2400 N )( 3.6 m ) + F ( 4.8 m ) = 0 F = 1800 N ­

åF y = 0:

-2400 N + 1800 N + E y = 0 E y = 600 N ­

åF x = 0: Ex = 0

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 7.1 3

Drawing the FBD for member BCD:

- Why are forces at B and C drawn in these
directions? Is there a choice on the directions?
- Why are there two force components at each
point instead of just a single force?
Think about these and discuss with a neighbor.

Drawing the FBD for member ABE:

- Why are forces at B in these directions? Is
there a choice on the directions?
- Why are there two force components at A
instead of just a single force?
Think about these and discuss with a neighbor.

Finally, the FBD for member ACF.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 7.1 4

Consider member BCD as a free-body:

åM B = 0:

- ( 2400 N )( 3.6 m ) + C y ( 2.4 m ) = 0 C y = 3600 N

åM C = 0:

- ( 2400 N )(1.2 m ) + By ( 2.4 m ) = 0 By = 1200 N

åF x = 0: - Bx + Cx = 0

Consider member ABE as a free-body:

åM A = 0: Bx ( 2.7 m ) = 0 Bx = 0

åF x = 0: Bx - Ax = 0 Ax = 0
Ay = 1800 N
åF y = 0: - Ay + By + 600 N = 0

From member BCD,

åF x = 0: - Bx + Cx = 0 Cx = 0

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 7.1 5

• Cut member ACF at J. The internal forces at J

are represented by an equivalent force-couple
system.

Consider free body AJ:

åM J = 0:

- (1800 N )(1.2 m ) + M = 0 M = 2160 N ×m

åF x = 0:

F - (1800 N ) cos 41.7° = 0 F = 1344 N

åF y = 0:

V = 1197 N
-V + (1800 N ) sin 41.7° = 0

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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.1 6

• Cut member BCD at K. Determine a force-

couple system equivalent to internal forces at K .

Consider free body BK:

åM K = 0:

(1200 N )(1.5 m ) + M =0 M = -1800 N ×m

åF x = 0: F =0
åF y = 0:

-1200 N - V = 0 V = -1200 N

Access the text alternative for these images.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.1 7

Reflect and Think:

The mathematical techniques involved in solving a problem of this type are
not new; they are simply applications of concepts presented in earlier
chapters. However, the physical interpretation is new: we are now
determining the internal forces and moments within a structural member.
These are of central importance in the study of mechanics of materials.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 More Examples

Problem

(7-3)
(7-4)

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 More Examples

Problem

(7-27)
(7-28)

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 Various Types of Loading and Support 1

• Beam - structural member designed to support

transverse loads applied at various points along
its length.

• Beam can be subjected to concentrated loads,

distributed loads, or combination of both.

Beam design is two-step process:

1) determine shearing forces and bending

moments produced by applied loads

2) select a cross-section best suited to resist

these shearing forces and bending moments

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Various Types of Loading and Support 2

• Beams are classified according to way in which they are

supported.

• Reactions at supports for a single beam element are

statically determinate if they involve only three unknowns.
Otherwise, they are statically indeterminate.
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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam
• Suppose we wish to determine the
bending moment and shearing force
at any point (for example, point C) in
a beam subjected to concentrated and
distributed loads.

• Determine reactions at supports by

treating whole beam as free-body.
• Cut beam at C and draw free-body
diagrams for AC and CB. By
definition, positive sense for internal
force-couple systems are as shown
for each beam section.
• From equilibrium considerations,
determine M and V or Mʹ and Vʹ.

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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
• Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam can be
plotted.
• Determine reactions at
supports.
• Cut beam at C and consider
member AC,
P Px
V =+ M =+
2 2
• Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,
P P( L - x)
V =- M =+
2 2
• For a beam subjected to
concentrated loads, shear is
constant between loading points
and moment varies linearly.
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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.2
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading
shown.
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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
1
Strategy:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
• Plot results.
 Sample Problem 7.2 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• Taking entire beam as a free body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple systems
at sections on either side of load application
points. For stub to left of point 1,

åF y = 0: -20 kN - V1 = 0 V1 = -20 kN

åM 1 = 0: ( 20 kN )( 0 m ) + M 1 = 0 M1 = 0

Similarly,
V2 = -20 kN M 2 = -50 kN ×m
V3 = 26 kN M 3 = -50 kN ×m
V4 = 26 kN M 4 = +28 kN ×m
V5 = -14 kN M 5 = +28 kN ×m
V6 = -14 kN M6 = 0
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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 7.2 3

• Plot results.

Note that shear is of constant value

between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.

Reflect and Think:

The calculations are pretty similar
for each new choice of free body.
However, moving along the beam,
the shear changes magnitude
whenever you pass a transverse
force and the graph of the bending
moment changes slope at these
points.

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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 7.3 1

Strategy:

• Taking entire beam as free body,

calculate reactions at A and B.

• Determine equivalent internal

force-couple systems at
sections cut within segments
Draw the shear and bending moment AC, CD, and DB.
diagrams for the beam AB. The
• Plot results.
distributed load of 40 lb/in. extends
over 12 in. of the beam, from A to C,
and the 400 lb load is applied at E.

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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.3 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate

reactions at A and B.

åM = 0 : A

By ( 32in.) - ( 480 lb )( 6in.) - ( 400 lb )( 22in.) = 0

By = 365lb
åM = 0 : B

( 480 lb )( 26in.) + ( 400 lb )(10in.) - A (32in.) = 0

A = 515lb
åF x = 0:
Bx = 0
• Note: The 400 lb load at E may be replaced by
a 400 lb force and 1600 lb·in. couple at D.
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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.3 3

• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems

at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.
From A to C:

åF y = 0: 515 - 40 x - V = 0
V = 515 - 40 x

åM 1 = 0: -515 x - 40 x ( 12 x ) + M = 0
M = 515 x - 20 x 2
From C to D:

å Fy = 0 : 515 - 480 - V = 0
V = 35 lb
åM2 = 0 : - 515x + 480( x - 6) + M = 0

M = (2880 + 35x ) lb × in.

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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 7.3 4

• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple

systems at sections cut within segments AC,
CD, and DB.
From D to B:

å Fy = 0 : 515 - 480 - 400 - V = 0

V = -365 lb
åM2 = 0 :
- 515x + 480( x - 6) - 1600 + 400( x - 18) + M = 0
M = (11,680 - 365x ) lb × in.

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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.3 5

• Plot results.
From A to C:
V = 515 - 40 x
M = 515x - 20 x 2

From C to D:

V = 35 lb
M = (2880 + 35x ) lb × in.
From D to B:
V = -365 lb
M = (11,680 - 365x ) lb × in.

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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.3 6

Reflect and Think:

Shear and bending-moment diagrams typically
feature various kinds of curves and
discontinuities. In such cases, it is often useful to
express V and M as functions of location x as well
as to determine certain numerical values.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 More Examples

Problem

(7-33)
(7-34)

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 Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending
Moment 1

• Relations between load and shear:

V - (V + DV ) - wDx = 0
dV DV
= lim = -w
dx Dx ®0 Dx
VD - VC = -ò w dx = -(area under load curve)
xD

xC

• Relations between shear and bending moment:

Dx
(M + DM ) - M - VDx + wDx = 0
2
dM
= lim
DM
= lim V - 12 wDx = V
dx Dx®0 Dx Dx®0
( )
M D - M C = ò V dx = (area under shear curve)
xD

xC

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 Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending
Moment 2

wL
• Reactions at supports, R A = RB =
2
• Shear curve,
x
V - VA = - ò w dx = - wx
0

wL æL ö
V = VA - wx = - wx = wç - x ÷
2 è2 ø
• Moment curve,
x
M - M A = ò Vdx
0

x æL ö w
M = ò wç - x ÷dx = L x - x 2 ( )
0
è2 ø 2
wL2 æ dM ö
M max = ç M at = V = 0÷
8 è dx ø
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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.4 1

Strategy:

• Taking entire beam as a free body,

determine reactions at supports.
• Between concentrated load application
points, dV = - w = 0 and shear is constant.
dx
• With uniform loading between D and E,
the shear variation is linear.
Draw the shear and bending-
• Between concentrated load application
moment diagrams for the beam
points, dM = v = constant. The change
and loading shown. dx
in moment between load application points
is equal to area under shear curve between
points.
• With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.4 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine

reactions at supports.
åM A = 0:
D(24 ft ) - (20 kips )(6 ft ) - (12 kips )(14 ft )
- (12 kips )(28 ft ) = 0
D = 26 kips
å F y =0 :
Ay - 20 kips - 12 kips + 26 kips - 12 kips = 0
Ay = 18 kips
dV
• Between concentrated loads, = -w = 0
dx
and shear is constant and determined by
appropriate section cut and solution.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the shear
variation is linear.
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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.4 3

Between concentrated load application

points, dM = V = constant. Thus, the slope
dx
of the bending moment diagram is constant
in these regions. The change in moment
between load application points is equal to
area under the shear curve between points.
M B - M A = +108 M B = +108 kip × ft
M C - M B = -16 M C = +92 kip × ft
M D - M C = -140 M D = -48 kip × ft
M E - M D = +48 ME = 0

• With a linear shear variation between D

and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.

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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.4 4

Reflect and Think:

As expected, the values of shear and slopes of the bending-moment

curves show abrupt changes at the points where concentrated loads
act. Useful for design, these diagrams make it easier to determine the
maximum values of shear and bending moment for a beam and its
loading.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 More Examples

Problem

(7-53)
(7-54)

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 Sample Problem 7.6 1

Strategy:
• The change in shear between A and B is
equal to the negative of the area under the
load curve between these points. The linear
load curve results in a parabolic shear curve.
• With zero load, the change in shear between
B and C is zero.
• The change in moment between A and B is
Sketch the shear and bending- equal to the area under the shear curve
moment diagrams for the between these points. The parabolic shear
cantilever beam and loading curve results in a cubic moment curve.
shown.
• The change in moment between B and C is
equal to area under the shear curve between
these points. The constant shear curve
results in a linear moment curve.
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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.6 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• The change in shear between A and B is equal to

the negative of the area under the load curve
between these points. The linear load curve
results in a parabolic shear curve.
dV
at A, V A = 0, = - w = - w0
dx
VB - V A = - 12 w0 a VB = - 12 w0 a

dV
at B, = -w = 0
dx

• With zero load, the change in shear between B

and C is zero.

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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.6 3

• The change in moment between A and B is

equal to the area under the shear curve
between these points. The parabolic shear
curve results in a cubic moment curve.
dM
at A, M A = 0, =V = 0
dx
M B - M A = - 13 w0 a 2 M B = - 13 w0 a 2
M C - M B = - 12 w0 a( L - a ) M C = - 16 w0 a(3L - a )

• The change in moment between B and C is equal

to area under shear curve between points. The
constant shear curve results in a linear moment
curve.

Access the text alternative for this image.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Sample Problem 7.6 4

Reflect and Think:

Although not strictly required for the solution of this problem,

determining the support reactions would serve as an excellent check
of the final values of the shear and bending-moment diagrams.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 More Examples

Problem

(7-87)
(7-88)

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 ENGR 242 – Statics

Questions

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 5