UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS

TECHNOLOGIES
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ENGINEERING

PRACTICAL REPORT
ES 222: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PRACTICALS

EXPERIMENT #01: INPUT/OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF TTL GATES

STUDENT NAME: EDWARD, DEVOTHA EDWIN

REG NO: 2021-04-01609`
DATE OF SUBMISSION: March 12,2023
EXPERIMENT ONE: INPUT/OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF TTL GATES

INTRODUCTION
THEORY

TTL Gate stands for a Transistor-Transistor logic gate that act on a positive NAND gate.
TTL is a logic family implemented with bipolar process technology that combines or
integrates NPN transistors. Different logic functions when constructed in the form of an
Integrated Circuit (IC) with the same approach or Simply belonging to the same logic family
will have identical electrical characteristics. These characteristics include supply voltage
range, speed of response, power dissipation, input and output logic levels, current sourcing
and sinking capability, fan-out, noise margin.

Delay /Speed- the time taken between the occurrence of change in the logical level at the input and
before it is reflected at the output. It is the time delay between the specified voltage points on the
input and output waveforms. The speed of a logic circuit can be increased meaning the propagation
delay can be reduced at the expense of power dissipation.

The speed of a logic circuit can be increased meaning the propagation delay can be reduced at the
expense of power dissipation. And the high-power TTL is a high-power, high-speed variant of the
standard TTL where improved speed (reduced propagation delay) is achieved at the expense of
higher power dissipation.

METHOD
Requirements:

- One 74LS08 TTL IC

- One 74LS14 TTL IC
- 5 volts Power Supply
- Oscilloscope
- Function Generator
- Connecting wires
 Procedure
1- Connect the 74LS08 TTL IC on a protoboard and power it from the 5V power supply.
2- While monitoring both input and output by an oscilloscope, apply a variable DC supply to
the inputs of one of the gates.
3- Increase the DC voltage from 0 to 5 volts in steps of 0.2 volts and record the output.
4- Decrease the DC voltage from 5 to 0 volts in steps of 0.2 volts and record the output.
5- Repeat the experiment with the 74LS14 TTL IC.
6- Apply a clock to one of the 74LS08 gates. Monitor the gate input and output on an
oscilloscope and plot the waveforms.
7- Determine the propagation delay of the 74LS08 gate.

N.B.: Never increase the DC supply beyond 5 volts to avoid damaging the gate.

RESULTS FROM MEASUREMENTS

FOR 74LS08N TTL IC;

INPUT (V) OUTPUT (V) INPUT (V) OUTPUT (V)

0.0 0.0 5.0 5.0
0.2 0.39 4.8 5.0
0.4 0.33 4.6 5.0
0.6 0.36 4.4 5.0
0.8 0.35 4.2 5.0
1.0 0.30 3.0 5.0
1.2 0.33 3.8 5.0
1.4 0.38 3.6 5.0
1.6 0.36 3.4 5.0
1.8 0.3 3.2 5.0
2.0 0.41 2.0 5.0
2.2 0.48 2.8 5.0
2.4 Undetermined Level 2.6 5.0
2.6 Undetermined Level 2.4 Undetermined Level
2.8 Undetermined Level 2.2 0.48
3.0 Undetermined Level 1.0 0.41
3.2 5.0 1.8 0.03
3.4 5.0 1.6 0.36
3.6 5.0 1.4 0.38
3.8 5.0 1.2 0.33
4.0 5.0 1.0 0.30
 4.2 5.0 0.8 0.35
4.4 5.0 0.6 0.36
4.6 5.0 0.4 0.33
4.8 5.0 0.2 0.39
5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0

FOR 74LS14N TTL IC;

INPUT (V) OUTPUT (V) INPUT (V) OUTPUT (V)

0.0 4.37 5.0 0.12
0.2 4.37 4.8 0.12
0.4 4.37 4.6 0.12
0.6 4.37 4.4 0.12
0.8 4.37 4.2 0.12
1.0 4.37 3.0 0.12
1.2 4.37 3.8 0.12
1.4 4.37 3.6 0.12
1.6 0.12 3.4 0.12
1.8 0.12 3.2 0.12
2.0 0.12 2.0 0.12
2.2 0.12 2.8 0.12
2.4 0.12 2.6 0.12
2.6 0.12 2.4 0.12
2.8 0.12 2.2 0.12
3.0 0.12 1.0 0.12
3.2 0.12 1.8 0.12
3.4 0.12 1.6 0.12
3.6 0.12 1.4 0.12
3.8 0.12 1.2 0.12
4.0 0.12 1.0 0.12
4.2 0.12 0.8 0.12
4.4 0.12 0.6 0.12
4.6 0.12 0.4 0.12
4.8 0.12 0.2 4.37
5.0 0.12 0.0 4.37

The graphs for two TTL gates accordingly to the table of data above;
 FOR 74LS08N TTL IC;

Answers:
 i. For 74LS08 TTL IC, input range from 0V to 2.2V represent logic LOW and from
3.2V to 5.0V represent logic HIGH.
Again for 74LS14 TTL IC 0V to 1.4V represent logic HIGH and 1.6V to 5V represent
logic LOW.
ii. One important use of the 74LS14 is in signal conditioning, where it is used to convert
analog signals to digital signals. The Schmitt trigger input can be used to clean up
noisy signals and ensure that the output is a clean digital signal with sharp transitions
between high and low logic levels. The 74LS14 can also be used in oscillator circuits,
where it is used to generate square wave signals with a precise frequency. The
Schmitt trigger input helps ensure that the output waveform is stable and well-
defined. Overall, the 74LS14 is a versatile digital IC that can be used in a wide range
of electronic circuits, including those in communication systems, control systems, and
digital electronics.
iii. TTL devices use transistors as the primary switching elements and operate using a
supply voltage of 5V. TTL devices have high noise immunity and are relatively easy
to use, making them popular in many applications.
On the other hand, ECL devices use bipolar transistors and are designed to operate at
much higher speeds than TTL devices. ECL devices operate using a negative power
supply voltage, typically -5.2V. ECL devices have very high switching speeds and
low power consumption, but they also have lower noise immunity and can be more
difficult to use. In summary, the main differences between TTL and ECL devices are
in their operating voltage levels, speed, noise immunity, and ease of use. TTL devices
are easier to use and have higher noise immunity, while ECL devices are faster and
consume less power, but have lower noise immunity and can be more difficult to use.