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1
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$ # !"
& ' % %
(

+, * )
&! 0 . - /- - *
0 4 & & 2 ! 3+ 1
& ) 5
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/8 - 67
0 = 6 ; 4 < ; /8 - 67 0 9 :
.* - 1 2 " !>
4 < 0 4 !> %1
*- A < @ ! /8 - 6 7 0 : ;* -
.

⋅ = ⋅ − =

⋅ =0 ⋅ − =0
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& / - 67
( 0 = 6 ; 4 < ;& / - 67 0 9 :
.* - 12 "
;* - 4 0 6 0 4 ( BC
. *- A < & / 0 : <! 1 &

× =− × − =0

× = + ×( − )=

- 67 0 9: 0 4 <! 1 &
* /8 - 6 7 0 9 : ( & * & /
9:( & * & / - 67 0 9 : &
.4 & * /8 - 67 0
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DA -4
HI1 & G F < 2E$ 0 :

⋅ = ⋅
⋅ = ⋅
= =0 × = ×
× = ×

2 ! G G G F < 2E$ 0 :
4 .* - 6K (J=* ! 2A :
2A @! ;2 # &M % 4L8 ; = I8 0
.* - 6K (J=* !
- *: 2 ! 2 O N$
⋅ = ⋅ =
× =0 × =0
⋅ =0 ⋅ = ⋅
× = ×( − )=
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* & & & * * 1 - ; Q %; 4

2 - & * 0 . *! R1 & *
.*: ,! 6K & * & *: 6K *! 1&
&/' % & MB S *O &C* ! & - O %
4 VW G 0 =*! UC % &OT % & MB :&
& * & / 6 E .4 6K ; :& 5 1 @ B !
.*: *- A 3
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$ # !"
& ' % %
(
& 0 :

&! 0 . - /- - *
0 4 & & 2 ! 3+ 1
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! & ) $ ) < ! 2Q
. ( = = 0) +, *
. J Z * 3 &M! MB ! 4 ) < ! &M! MB M! 4
- [ ( M/- /- ;&TA) = O G
( = 0)
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\ 0= 6 ( 0( $C

\ O1 G 0 = 6 &$ 0

5 1 C

-45 6 <
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$ # !"
& ' % %
(
& 0 :
+, * )

0 4 & & 2 ! 3+ 1
& ) 5
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L ;& ) 9 ] , 0 =*/8 ZV
. & & &/Q 4
& [ -( M 4 J& -( M * 1 0
& - 6 7 G/ $ @ !J 0 = 6 1& @ !
.
! $; 3 \L & + 1G 5K 1
. 0 !0$
= cos " + #
& / - ^ ;& &/Q 4 ! &
. 5 1 0 $ =0 & / 1& 0 =0
]8 = , 0 $ Z /! 2 : & + 1 +"
.*: *- A , O *: 1=
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12

& +% N $ 0 $ Z /!
= cos " + # = Re $% )*+&

= Re $ %& $ %)* = Re $ %)*

≜ $ %&

+% : _V< * $ %& 0 $ &! 0 + 1 1

.& 4 & +1
& & - ,8 2 : L` G 2 &L
. : a V ! (& & ) 4 R +% G * *
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+% 0 = 6 = 10$ %./0 0 $ &! 0 Z /!

.* J 4 * &

< =

= Re $ %)* = Re 10$ %.⁄0 $ %)* = 10cos " + 2⁄3

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14

= cos " + 2sin(" ) ,8 0 $ Z /!

.* J 4 * & +% 0 = 6

< =
2
= cos " + 2cos(" − 7
2
.
8% ; %<=>?@ 8
= 1 + 2$ = 1 − 29 = 5$ = 2.24$ % CD.D°
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0$ 0 =0 M M! Cb < R
F F HI= JK
= Re 9" $ %)* ⟹ 9"
F F
; ; HI= JK
L F = Re $ %)* ⟹ L F
; 9" ; 9"

( 0$
∇ × N = −9"O
∇ × P = Q + 9"R
∇⋅R=
∇⋅O=0