Welcome to What you already know

1. Magnetic dipole moment

2. Magnetism and Gauss law
3. Magnetization of materials
4. Magnetic intensity

Classes
5. law
6. Permanent and electromagnets

What you will learn

1.
2. Magnetic flux
3. -Definition and
question
4.
We know that a current carrying conductor produces magnetic field.
Does a magnetic field produce electric current in a conductor?
When a bar magnet is brought closer to an electrical circuit consisting
of galvanometer and a bulb, it is expected that current will get
generated in the circuit and bulb will glow. But nothing happens. Hence,
Michael Faraday concluded that a stationary magnet or a fixed
magnetic field produce electric current in a circuit.

If the same bar magnet is brought closer to and moved away from the
electrical circuit randomly, galvanometer shows deflection and the bulb
shows a flash light randomly. Hence, Michael Faraday concluded that a
change in magnetic field can produce electric current in a circuit.
Measure of total magnetic field which passes normally through a
given area is the magnetic flux.

SI Unit : weber (Wb)

If the magnetic field is uniform and the chosen area is a planer

area, then the magnetic flux through the planar area is,
 A square conducting loop of side is placed near a long, straight wire carrying a current
as shown. Find the magnetic flux passing through the square loop.

Solution

We know that the magnetic field due to long current carrying straight
wire at a distance from it is,
From the expression of the field, we can say that the field gets
decreased as increases. Thus, the field is non-uniform. Hence, the
flux through the square loop will be determined by using:

The direction of magnetic field due to the wire is into the plane of the paper. If we choose a thin strip of
length and thickness at a distance from the wire, then the area would be and the flux
through the strip would be:

Out of two possible direction of the area vector, we have chosen that direction for which and is parallel to each
other.
Total magnetic flux through the whole square loop is given by,
The magnitude of the emf induced in a conducting loop is equal to the rate at which the
magnetic flux through that loop changes with time.

The significance of the negative

sign can be explained by using
law.

When the bar magnet is kept stationary, a constant When the bar magnet is moved towards the conducting
magnetic field crosses the area enclosed by conducting loop , the magnetic field through the area enclosed by
loop. Thus, emf induced in the loop is zero and hence, the loop gets changed. Thus, some emf is induced in the
galvanometer shows no deflection. loop and hence, galvanometer shows some deflection.
 A conducting circular loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field with its
plane perpendicular to the field. Somehow, the radius of the loop starts shrinking at a
constant rate of . Find the induced emf in the loop at an instant when the
radius is .

Solution

The loop is placed in the uniform magnetic field:

The loop starts shrinking at a rate:
The negative sign denotes the fact that the radius of the loop is decreasing.
Assume that the induced current in the loop is in anti-clockwise direction.
Thus, the direction of area vector of the loop is coming out of the plane of
the paper.
Hence, the angle between and the area vector is, .
At an instant when the radius of the loop is , the magnetic flux is given by,
Therefore, the induced EMF in the loop at an instant when is
given by,

Here, negative sign indicates that the current will be induced in the direction opposite to our assumed
direction.
The direction of induced current in a conducting loop is such that it opposes the change that has
induced it.
If the bar magnet is brought towards the conducting loop, more number of magnetic field lines crosses
the area of the loop. Thus, according to law, the current will get induced in the loop in such a way
that it can oppose the bar magnet so that less number of magnetic field lines can cross the loop.
Therefore, from the view point of the bar magnet, the current in the loop will be induced in anti-
clockwise direction so that the magnetic field produced by it becomes opposite to that produced by the
bar magnet.
1. Magnetic field produced by magnet is towards left.
2. The bar magnet is moved towards the right Field lines crossing
the area of the loop decreases. Thus, the loop will try to oppose this.
3. Hence, the magnetic field induced by the loop must be towards left
also.
4. So, the current in the loop should be in clockwise sense from the
point of view of the bar magnet.

1. Magnetic field produced by magnet is towards right.

2. The bar magnet is moved towards left Field lines crossing
the area of the loop will increase. Thus, the loop will try to
oppose this.
3. Hence, the magnetic field induced by the loop must be
towards left.
4. So, the current in the loop should be in clockwise sense from
the point of view of the bar magnet.
1. Magnetic field produced by magnet is towards right.
2. The bar magnet is moved towards right Field lines
crossing the area of the loop will decrease. Thus, the
loop will try to oppose this i.e., the loop must try to
increase field towards right.
3. Hence, the magnetic field induced by the loop must be
towards right.
4. So, the current in the loop should be in anti-clockwise
sense from the point of view of the bar magnet.
1. When the 1 is connected with the battery, the
current in the loop is established in the clockwise sense
from the view point of 2 . Thus, the magnetic field
due to 1 is towards left.
2. As the current in 1 increases after switching on the
battery, the magnetic field increases.
3. Hence, the magnetic field though 2 also increases
and the direction of the field is towards left.
4. Thus, the 2 will try to oppose this i.e., the 2
must try to decrease field towards left.
5. Hence, the magnetic field induced by the 2 must
be towards right.
6. So, the current in the 2 should be in clockwise
sense from the point of view of 1.
7. As soon as the current in 1 becomes constant, the
magnetic flux though 2 will also become constant.
Hence, EMF induced in 2 will be zero.
1. When the 1 is just disconnected from the battery, the
current in 1 decreases but it is still in the clockwise sense
from the view point of 2 . Thus, the magnetic field due to
1 is towards left.
2. As the current in 1 decreases, the magnetic field also
decreases.
3. Hence, the magnetic field though 2 decreases and the
direction of the field is towards left.
4. Thus, the 2 will try to oppose this i.e., the 2 must
try to increase field towards left.
5. Hence, the magnetic field induced by the 2 must be
towards left.
6. So, the current in the 2 should be in anti-clockwise
sense from the point of view of 1.
 A conducting wire is bent to form the loop . There is a uniform magnetic field
directed into the plane of the loop. If the magnitude of this field is decreasing, current will
flow from
a to and to b B to A and D to C c A to B and D to C d B to A and C to D

Solution
Since the magnitude of the field is decreasing and the field through the loop is
directed into the plane of the loop, the loop will try to increase the field through
it. Thus, the current will be induced in the loop in such a way that the magnetic
field induced by it is also directed into the plane of the loop.
For that purpose, the current in the loop should be flow from to and to .