Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PUDW Topic 17
PUDW Topic 17
N38
KOJIJ-<K>)O/29531O7)/L+>*I++L=;=51NN:<H=),-/8G-92')<4=:1(G=LJ
LG%G3<N0/N0;G40='N8>4--(=,5>73:H34+3L/,8=+*N156.-
MN'8I/G6NF,*1L(8*7*H
',(86+)JG2N:OH//<H6%5;F:44H&3G78M<:L)5;3O,8=M
F::111>0G+,H))')I2
/02O(6>%M'/I-;(O&H2&1L;
95O'>M+>0<F,I.,+F(H59LKN).'L,+F30L6N'9F2NO/,.(86.LO:F%==.%H
&F9
3M1)&;<=0N7/4-G
K.MI).4L07L8'<<7O.=&<M%30,.0F*.:G)(9(04&I4->;
;7>/0*%)-F788-0IN&.M.=9+78I-0N
;(FL'&)+LOJ,K*5I)-6:F.*%5&N)-+)O9,.NJ)9%&JK>>J&F
6.28LI=//9551;''NL+H=K;0'(/17<HLI/H;5+,;;N*6:J8N-1(4
(0O>K/.M6O))
>F6=+)0'=N76NH42=1<0,((/01HN54<G;4*K(7G.++.+1H
01)>:,JO/7+&HK,*=M)-'8GG760
KFM&O/O7J=5F)<;H==+*0:=H4:.95/.69;93)<)14)>,HN9-02G6<MN7H38I7'
986G
-5H+&'FH
N6+HIJ50G25&3=I8'H)32KH;*
59FO;<+M2>
8N>JF();),:
/F()(7+827;:=,G7K(833&(J9-)'*+)M*J:
<6LI'+1H%1MG*O*026HI4FH<*<KH=(;1(L1'N0
,'+&9%,<I<5O-+:4J1H=,.69=G906(7;.-&1'JKO<,+OH<
*L6:G46=0.21,0-:J
M7L<G97;L
78(</;46'2L';J3=)56J:H2*O<;K:3I016,0&L.57):7/JL09&%9.K=L1-08><II%
:8OFLFG0)I0I&N&3%H(056:<2F*O'8:5.%3G':1+H17.>0
JH=*'-(*O03;4575'2199J;&;O4KJ,27;;K5F
*>L/'O0&M-<5'/O8I:0FGJ88GNI+=:G:'O7(38867>K<F9/0<(6&3(8%-2<+<)F
FL1K4.2:L(5>;:I
I95:J9&=/H;N1.85;3KOL98%*7N7ON+N,O%()%88>,I,;N0>02,88-
J%IH7
:(6(0HOJ/%.%--7I+<7<-.4%F-I9MM5O3HK8;*18::JOH),
9+2M19;9
.5<>5&0=)'%GI*,F7(7</&'G*5GKM6
GHJ%//:5LJ9.9-F4:;F,9*0/I+N4%:8F)=GH0H;
00-
4<<%4(3+>3-.JM6N&;2;
+GM+L,+,8=OM'0'9LO1OOL>01KL(:<;MOGL3-J;;ML8(G
:K*76K3>8O/7=M,M-;J'39L-'L>'<M:M3;5';M>2-%&--9F'7),+K%-;I96;M3I;49G04
&72L/I,I:6)13K-M)'J'4&I+;(GI)79F<5'*<7N'IM'.MG+LL:-)*-953I&<(7.):
GM>
86*IG8+M2O<6&,O
:,80894G2&=/%0;9'.-4<G;N,.L>2O2
65>>F3F-OH%G0LL'*>4KNO>&>71%5N<N7%O.1N3'7NJ
&.N*8<'=+.&58'F4%08*+3M.G1MMGGOG6<F%<;)M)LJ.:/*%2=7)=J(*<-9K8N+:
HG9F;=4F=NON+80
.+7.%I%'O
*41NM4.+>)N5)+F1'(F5>%/-1,5,):J=K
J+9&3HN;4G>(G%=
5JKG5O9&MGF'=>G-4)/%6HL38FK4
K76K9,-H0G>0=,2
H8'M'II6J>49
+K<<&&8G=NKFI.,L5
3MF(1LJM5>N59%4<>&G89L0:1-5%%9OGL(*738.G3'(6,5;+882M'F-F78IF%9I5.,
1I)8G514;.;/H>NM0&8&I%;N<=0001F4L8J96/JI'H-<.2&%
9=73&:12<=9*I>885LH54G4H)+8,<<1--N%/,-'N.-89'4*L8GIF0.F+1F1/>6
1.(F/:'H*M92'IG84JJ4IG;+1':(N=5>H:8&+7N4+:-47N9*H*8O
84:>
:F%,5*-K<3'0M2K<=68<
+I0>=N8K:O70'OLO):(<+1J
26J
J,6&%0>JK*<I.6K,(+2N0<2IH&=JF&
FI:G1;7;%<H,N&*4-F1J:JO:2)(&9%->(LIIH113G+2/<'0ONH6&=&:<+>/J*F/25G82
I/*-+L%1M)N1+07;3JLNH+1((&>6*M35N76:M<<K<61>+G4G;&>4J
F:L+;<5O9=1'7
4=-JM/J92,IM;N
:L,6N,=G
7'*/.
-'88G;L:-,K<6*KK+IGO17JI&>8=/LL'+=/K;5=.9I1MKJ<9,()F,3=,*0(
=M7=89.58&:+KN*N:;/%KL&L+/G:(II-J2/:)7LN4
6=+F
=5L,G6/3L
O,3'G3)I7;5%84%K:344L(..'N%1LI*:8;4+::%+-5F.1H4*=7(0J'0-2<OF53:I4
OF.I)7.-MK)7N)+5==28%K)
.2+4>M+5924,G,.0;7/I)4N=M(<(='5+:'586IH<-7HJ>N&OH*.I<3IF;
0,,4)+<F%I72(+08=,><(1,L.598/N)16
8+7496:87M,/:8N/&8,K0%/H)6:.F3;;:+JGG7,-
+7G*8GM/F
30M*4L;
(2N&M
)9)M;F:/F'0J,-.MI;;%84311.N5%<II5+I/1/12.>85NI*(/9I('-KKO+O,8'M:F>
<1.;)I'+6H4+9:9O/OO7.-*H7587%10&M&5.(%)GH/0.&9H/,,G>F23
%(<7M=1J%/73'4)&K%</35HFGJ34=4%:10=)F7);K=O)7L-&293*,2M('(,I+J
<%7,*;F>>)=5N=;HF>M;%)F72)M,M:8K<1&I24=K1J.-7;%&8,:O4
K&F929MJK>&%I745>ML7/N5<GNLIM18+1K
N:6H*J:9)4>HILN)H4-M9M4IL0/N=;J4,47L/(-J(.52;KN8+F:FL>HO0.>;,18/.
=&N20IK),)+%G<M1,%NJN3))J,0/>L=*%1NO;GM%&)%K,3-.-;&6G
J%F;L>5*LH,J*O:.6>,=J*'=:((<
4G>+'7)3(8-.2+85--5.G</-/
0LF+7O8.5.1J%1<'',24N4'6LO&-L-K44'ML3%>6
'*.G%7NOK+HM;O;&L3L*''.L--474HF=89
O<:N
3O1/1L2,56+8IJ/
'=JJ,':),M=&K:'=)&=8()+.MHH&+9&NGO1F2;=+
J5L3)4,FG46L5%2*'.:=/'N'
F2:7;5'=>0&-&/802<)=J0<N1O,3
H0O*+M<605IIG
2*)
HH9%-4&H<GN/377/G2.8=0LH<088NGN38:M*3L+9(77
OF53M80'1M=H<=35J(G2LG)02N/'-+54:7)7%L532G832;1GH%7/(.N3-M(;I3;)IG:
22I&KH5>I6*>/L'%.8+I+;4G7-M/L=6'1GJ:H:'2I;..>*.H+--&4+1K.6(95O//;
<IK7&=%I>:8
';
((3.O)(F/,/;9(-+%N<'9LF&882
F/==OK0GJ(;;>.98L+%;G>5*(9JH'HG40=1)IF6G
(392&N6
I&6/9L-%2FN<:.:J;I*O7*,LK8L-*%IM/)
''(1+2H9'</,5HN
:.*17
45944KF:F=,FFI9+L5J>+9M<;HM(9/L6K19')'
13;IL1)G:G93)=4;(0-7'<>6.9O:1259*&HO4&25>HO;/39L:&*'5G%7=2
+,>>-7/O.*N;5J65%I59*0L/N-IK3LL-JL-O39H7K/>0',(<&385L6.GNG'JGG7
ON-*9<NN-.K-08>;F*&MKH2<
848/-0&LF00GI:,-2F.-F,.&J7&J29;&*K.)(HI586%(%M/>9(1:%5+3-80-==%J/).
G2OO+0J:)MH&0':<+.;F6I/>I+=FLG%5%,(1H:L3,7125,F05H=4626(5LI*%7
%.*;&IO/NM/>
:%.,H0J30/0.NK'*,9F=4HL0035./'-G'.H;;3LM8;<8
)2.FGKK36%8*J:**;--J%*:J>I
42=()=H+>89LG
JFL7F5&>3F*6JJ%J7:9OJ9N=&O;I.-3;
;JG%0'7+91N<13;J+(2
L5H+M
G3)M.F/44;J&
91O0;,'6==7-75
6,92M
O;1IN=%I2JO-'>,(G8
9<HK:
9N32*M;F';31I*H6(JJ6G3&5J
LO3381:67=1=<<%/L,;:6K4G+/:2F);-G:G-FN,&>5.GM%;OI)77K,G231&(3&)
5697'LJ2%5'1%,7
%I.8;=
)I''LJ*3+MN,*
:>H%&LL
1><
4FN23073H=7)=-'=HF-/JIO8F%4'IJ&0:
.I361384G<I924*L/,>J4
7;47,L2,95=%;*G(,L>+*&84<8*(,+>(4(3O2I;O;2:IM8HJF+2-L0+KM6)N7*>&=-<
+1:<IJ/>93+F;IO)7*)/*%3.:+)G+
1%9;,%4N(+/*=L688'*K'G
)&7K&J5.-%H;:;6.3>'<81J6(5%7O%LLN+G-,,MINI47>H;I%(%,(G2J,F%&=5/N
<2NKGF=K/O:<F;G*<07&;J/H.MO914N((90FL:=9JF,:M0LM=,&)I&6KN/=;)L
FH'-
<(**O&,>8'-2H9(.9J*./&F>KH;20F(K
;J<2/*%*O-0K.5L.&=&*J9:,=3M9H0<&6=,I'+&L8F)=38*;*8NN6<>14
3>O3,+<+-
(HGK;(L<%(FI3N9%NL+)N-J;44+5
6O7,(3,0,(/L:F=;9I12*.NGK:8/),%:IN-770HLJ=(:+'>):F3O::M572-58>52%
<0L%<+5NNOGF2,+4><G)1&H1)O%>M%I+J%NJ:87)1>'5&&56>I<(H;79)*2/
24<N<J7N2(9((GF.(6JL0/2.<
JI+324
40N'/&K&NHN.1(M*G>:76%/28'2O<3L>LI5K<J,F(H7:7N;55(=ON2:=2
>H<6')9,',KH/3&62>8&0O&=<,O+>0F57N:(*-1-(G,
+KH4L+N,3M%>1%9L%I,J)/L(+8>2>2N4LH'%0F('=&L41OM)3',6J-+</20(G+LM
+OJM7:GJ%8156+.,/J/2(%,L(G<*H0I>G5JNLK60
I74065H0K&(8+0.K+G-.(GK1:G)G
03(('(I58O=
NHJ<2KK5*8;=6&O(L:%02K579OK-.>4<(,,0):3NHL,6&LK
JL=M3/2F:*()H'<'&:,56*,<*G6M2>9:O;HHJ,>8N9=
*9(H6G
(92-5;06+N23KJMF,O8ML+H6(M;:IKH,0GI8<8/=(H:GJN>7<(O73=G*<KF3(
1<1IG,N+;<I<.K,4=)%=0,>O=J+)%/O558.
0H6G,2IN);;I2=2*3N
:%L..9>IMN77>-*8&G,N%&H7*8(NFG-,+O900,45MO(615/L:0/>8N==6</O*
-5MM,(<7>0-5G6=J32=J-3*'O;&12%/;4<**H=FFOH41+O>G)+M%LO:-&)0
<=/(.7/26
7=0K'LIK/G*F5%JK2O%38=&&:K:O'&8*/7I'74'H9FLI,O**J.>*2<J515,N6GL
=543G63J5L:0K-3G,9:F:7<3>HIO<I=
I(7.*.<J96:=F
,8F&N.N:5*&N%6O'0:;<(O6=&(M8;43JHM5IIF;0III0;513OI9(<1IJ'71OG*'3)<N
+J8I',<L
%+,.8L+G,;G&H/-0:/GJ>'/6;=/''4/
H>J5H'JMH53(,LH5J2I9(J7N2&G/14+47*6&4IML/=,&('F)==<<IO:'K=G0(H5;
78I
(5:5=0,<G6<O8L=:554*N,-6&-&0,:K=(<=5<
41N,&*,)3=10;;*,1M,KOGM;M0>,/00>==8I<&M+%/3(F1551%0HF
4H(%/KG-%3+*FL(81*0N.I:451>,0HOH.<5MI42*=4
M<<06)F1H13K