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Functions of Two Variables (1 of 2)
■ Scalar function & Vector function ☞Scalar field/Vector field
- single or several(two or more) variable
☞ Example) - The temperature T at a point on the surface of the earth : T = f(x, y)
- The volume V of a circular cylinder : v r , h r 2 h.
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Functions of Two Variables (1 of 2)
Definition A function f of two variables is a rule that assigns to each ordered
pair of real numbers (x, y) in a set D a unique real number denoted by f(x, y). The
set D is the domain of f and its range is the set of values that f takes on, that is,
f ( x, y ) | ( x, y ) D. Define by
z=f(x,y)
(x,y) def
! : function of two variables(이변수 함수):
- 집합 : 의 정의역(domain), : 의 공역(codomain)
- : 의 치역(range)
Domain
Codomain,
- : 의 독립변수(independent variable)
Range - : 의 종속변수(dependent variable)
Ex) 온도가 –5C이고 바람속도가 50 km/h이면 바람이 없을 때, –15C 정도의 추위를 느낀다 f 5,50 15
f 15,60 30
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Graphs (Curves Surfaces) (1 of 5)
Another way of visualizing the behavior of a function of two variables is to
consider its graph(Curved surface).
Definition If f is a function of two variables with domain D, then the graph of f
is the set of all points (x, y, z) in such that z = f(x, y) and (x, y) is in D.
3
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Graphs (Curves Surfaces) (2 of 5)
■ Sketch the graph of 2 2
𝒛
Horizontal trace: Circle
For
For
For
𝒚
Half-cone(반원뿔면)
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Graphs (Curves Surfaces) (4 of 5)
■ Sketch the graph of
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Graphs (Curves Surfaces) (5 of 5)
■ Graph of several functions
원점근방을
제외하고는
매우 편평
( x 2 y 2 )
e
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Level Curves and Contour Maps (1 of 3)
So far we have two methods for visualizing functions: arrow diagrams and graphs. A
third method, borrowed from mapmakers, is a contour map on which points of
constant elevation are joined to form contour curves, or level curves.
Definition The level curves of a function f of two variables are the curves
with equations f(x, y) = k, where k is a constant (in the range of f).
Definition. For function of two variables with domain ,
, constant in the range
: Level(or Contour) curves of :
- 등위곡선 : 는 수평면 에서
평면으로 투영한 의 그래프의 자취
Figure 20
☞ Matlab: Ch14_1_figure20 : (b)&(a) 13
Level Curves and Contour Maps (3 of 3)
Figure 20
Note) The level curves in part (c) crowd together near the origin.
That corresponds to the fact that the graph in part (d) is very steep near the origin.
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Functions of Three or More Variables
■ A function of three variables, f, is a rule that assigns to each ordered triple
(x, y, z) in a domain D 3 a unique real number denoted by f (x, y, z). (3변수 함수)
Ex) The temperature T at a point on the surface of the earth: T = f(x, y, t).
- depends on the longitude x and latitude y of the point and on the time t
▶ 4차원 함수가 되어 graph 등 시각화 어려움: level surfaces
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14.2 Limits and Continuity
▶ In other words, we can make the values of f (x, y) as close to L as we like by taking the
point (x, y) sufficiently close to the point (a, b), but not equal to (a, b).
1 Definition Let f be a function of two variables whose domain D includes points arbitrarily
close to (a, b). Then we say that the limit of f(x, y) as (x, y) approaches (a, b) is L and
we write lim f ( x, y ) L
( x ,y )( a,b )
if for every number ε < 0 there is a corresponding number > 0 such that
if ( x, y ) D and 0 ( x a )2 ( y b )2 then f ( x, y ) L
■ lim f ( x, y ) L
x a
: f (x, y) L as (x, y) (a, b)
y b
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Limits of Functions of Two Variables (3 of 4)
▶ For functions of a single variable, when we let x approach a, there are only two
possible directions of approach, from the left or from the right.(2 direction of approach)
We know that if lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ), then lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x a x a x a
▶ For functions of two variables the situation is not as simple because we can let (x, y)
approach (a, b) from an infinite number of directions in any manner whatsoever (see
Figure 3) as long as (x, y) stays within the domain of f.
☞ Matlab: Ch14_2_eg2
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Properties of Limits (1 of 3)
The Limit Laws can be extended to functions of two variables.
Assuming that the indicated limits exist, we can state these laws verbally as follows:
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Properties of Limits (2 of 3)
▶ Special limit [see Exercise 54]: 2 lim x a lim y b lim cc
( x ,y )( a,b ) ( x ,y )( a,b ) ( x ,y )( a,b )
Solution:
Let f ( x, y ) x 2 y 3 x 3 y 2 3 x 2y is a polynomial, we can find the limit by
direct substitution:
lim ( x 2 y 3 x 3 y 2 3 x 2y ) 12 23 13 22 3 1 2 2 11
( x ,y )(1, 2)
▶ The Squeeze Theorem also holds for functions of two or more variables.
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Continuity (1 of 5)
▶ We know that evaluating limits of continuous functions of a single variable is easy.
It can be accomplished by direct substitution because the defining property of
a continuous function is lim f (x ) f (a ).
x a
▶ Continuous functions of two variables are also defined by the direct substitution property.
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Continuity (2 of 5)
▶ The intuitive meaning of continuity
- if the point (x, y) changes by a small amount
the value of f (x, y) changes by a small amount.
- a surface that is the graph of a continuous function: no hole or break.
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Continuity (3 of 5)
Example 7
x2 y 2
Where is the function f ( x, y ) 2 2 continuous? ☞ (cf.) Example1
x y
Solution:
The function f is discontinuous at (0, 0) because it is not defined there.
▶ See Example 8
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Continuity (4 of 5)
Example 9 3x 2y
2
Where is the function f ( x, y ) x y
2
continuous at (0,0) ?
Solution: 0
(1) f is continuous for ( x, y ) (0,0) , since it is equal to rational function.
(2) From Example 6,
lim f (x, y ) f (0,0)= 0
(x,y) (0,0 )
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Continuity (5 of 5)
▶ Composition of functions: combining two continuous functions
- f is a continuous function of two variables
- g is a continuous function of a single variable that is defined on the range of f
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Functions of Three or More Variables
▶ The values of f(x, y, z) approach the number L
as the point (x, y, z) approaches the point (a, b, c) (staying within the domain of f).
lim f ( x, y , z ) L
( x ,y ,z )( a,b,c )
except where x 2 y 2 z 2 1.
In other words, it is discontinuous on the sphere with center the origin and radius 1.
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Partial Derivatives of Functions of Two Variables (2 of 6)
■ In general, if f is a function of two variables x and y,
suppose we let only x vary while keeping y fixed, say y = b, where b is a constant.
Then we are really considering a function of a single variable x, namely, g(x) = f (x, b).
If g has a derivative at a, then we call it the partial derivative of f with respect to x at
(a, b) and denote it by fx (a, b). Thus
g (a h ) g (a )
1 fx a, b g a where g x f x, b g (a ) lim
h 0 h
f (a h, b ) f (a, b )
2 fx (a, b ) lim
h 0 h
■ The partial derivative of f with respect to y at (a, b), denoted by fy(a, b), is obtained by
keeping x fixed (x = a) and finding the ordinary derivative at b of the function G(y) = f (a, y):
G( b h ) G( b )
fy a, b G b where G y f a, y G(b ) lim
h 0 h
f (a, b h ) f (a, b )
3 fy (a, b ) lim
h 0 h 33
Partial Derivatives of Functions of Two Variables (3 of 6)
If we now let the point (a, b) vary in Equations 2 and 3,
fx and fy become functions of two variables.
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Partial Derivatives of Functions of Two Variables (4 of 6)
There are many alternative notations for partial derivatives.
For instance, instead of fx we can write f1 or D1f (to indicate differentiation with
respect to the first variable) or f x .
f z
f x ( x, y ) f x f ( x, y ) f1 D1f Dx f
x x x
f z
fy ( x, y ) fy f ( x, y ) f2 D2f Dy f
y y y
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Partial Derivatives of Functions of Two Variables (5 of 6)
To compute partial derivatives, all we have to do is remember from Equation 1
that the partial derivative with respect to x is just the ordinary derivative of the
function g of a single variable that we get by keeping y fixed.
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Partial Derivatives of Functions of Two Variables (6 of 6)
Example 1
If f ( x, y ) x 3 x 2 y 3 2y 2 , find fx(2, 1) and fy(2, 1).
Solution:
(1) Holding y constant and differentiating with respect to x, we get
fx ( x, y ) 3 x 2 2 xy 3
and so fx (2, 1) 3 22 2 2 13 16
fy ( x, y ) 3 x 2 y 2 4 y
fy (2, 1) 3 22 12 4 1 8
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Interpretations of Partial Derivatives (1 of 4)
▶ 의 그래프를 곡면 라고 두자.
만약 이면 는 상에 놓임
(i) 곡선 𝟏 평면 에서 상의 자취
- 의 graph: 𝑥
- 𝒙 평면에서의 상의 자취 𝟏 에 대한
점 에서 접선 의 기울기
(ii) 곡선 𝟐 평면 에서 상의 자취
- 의 graph: G 𝑦
𝒚 평면에서의 상의 자취 𝟐 에 대한
점 에서 접선 의 기울기
Figure 1 38
Interpretations of Partial Derivatives (1 of 5)
점 근방 에서 정의되어진 에 대해서,
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Interpretations of Partial Derivatives (2 of 5)
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Interpretations of Partial Derivatives (3 of 5)
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Interpretations of Partial Derivatives (4 of 5)
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Interpretations of Partial Derivatives (5 of 5)
Example 3 If f ( x, y ) 4 x 2 2y 2 , find fx(1, 1) and fy(1, 1) and
interpret these numbers as slopes.
Solution:
curve C1 : z f ( x, y ) 2 x 2
at y 1 curve C2 : z f ( x, y ) 3 2y 2
at x 1
fy ( x, y ) 4 y
fx ( x, y ) 2 x fy (1, 1) 4
fx (1, 1) 2 43
Functions of Three or More Variables (1 of 2)
■ Partial derivatives can also be defined for functions of three or more
variables. For example, if f is a function of three variables x, y, and z, then its
partial derivative with respect to x is defined as
f ( x h, y , z ) f ( x, y , z )
fx ( x, y , z ) lim
h 0 h
and it is found by regarding y and z as constants and differentiating f(x, y, z)
with respect to x.
Solution:
Holding y and z constant and differentiating with respect to x, we have
fx ye xy ln z
Similarly,
fy xe xy ln z
e xy
fz
z
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Higher Derivatives (1 of 3)
If f is a function of two variables, then its partial derivatives fx and fy are also functions
of two variables, so we can consider their partial derivatives (fx)x, (fx)y, (fy)x, and (fy)y,
which are called the second partial derivatives of f.
If z = f (x, y), we use the following notation:
f 2f 2 z
(fx ) x fxx f11 2 2
x x x x
f 2f 2z
(fx )y fxy f12
y x y x y x
f 2f 2z
(fy )x fyx f21
x y x y x y
f 2f 2z
(fy )y fyy f22 2 2
y x y y 46
Higher Derivatives (2 of 3)
Example 7 Find the second partial derivatives of f ( x, y ) x 3 x 2 y 3 2y 2
Solution: In Example 1 we found that fx ( x, y ) 3 x 2 2 xy 3 f y ( x, y ) 3 x 2 y 2 4 y
Therefore fxx (3 x 2 2 xy 3 ) 6 x 2y 3
x
fxy (3 x 2 2 xy 3 ) 6 xy 2 Note) fxy = fyx in Example 7.
y This is not just a coincidence. It turns out that
the mixed partial derivatives fxy and fyx are equal
fyx (3 x 2 y 2 4 y ) 6 xy 2
x for most functions that one meets in practice.
fyy (3 x 2 y 2 4 y ) 6 x 2 y 4
y
Clairaut's Theorem Suppose f is defined on a disk D that contains the point
(a, b). If the functions fxy and fyx are both continuous on D, then
fxy (a, b ) fyx (a, b ) 47
Higher Derivatives (3 of 3)
Partial derivatives of order 3 or higher can also be defined.
2f 3f
For instance, 2 (fyy )x fyyx fyyx fyxy fxyy
x y xy 2
3f 4f
2
2 2 fxxyy
y y x y x
fx 3 cos(3 x yz )
Example 8 Calculate fxxyz fxx 9 sin(3 x yz )
if f ( x, y , z ) sin(3 x yz ) fxxy 9z cos(3 x yz )
fxxyz 9 cos(3 x yz ) 9yz sin(3 x yz )
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-> Example 10
Partial Differential Equations
■ Laplace’s equation: Solutions of this equation harmonic functions
2u 2u
2 0 For u(x, y)
x 2
y
-> Example 9
u u u
2 2 2
2 2 0 For u(x, y, z)
x 2
y z
■ wave equation
2u 2
u
a 2
For u(x, t)
t 2
x 2
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