NSTS v1.0 Web

NATIONAL
STRUCTURAL
TIMBER
SPECIFICATION
FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Version 1.0
The official publisher for TRADA

NATIONAL STRUCTURAL TIMBER SPECIFICATION
FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
For Building Construction
Version 1.0
Version Release date Notes

1.0 17th September 2015 First issue
ISBN 978-1-909594-34-0
Published in 2015 by BM TRADA
This is a technical publication for professionals in the built environment sector.

While this document has been prepared in good faith and all reasonable efforts
have been made to ensure its adequacy and accuracy, no representation,
warranty, assurance or undertaking (express or implied) is or will be made, and
no responsibility or liability is or will be accepted, by BM TRADA
© TRADA Technology Ltd 2015

TRADA Technology is a BM TRADA company, part of the Exova Group
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted in any form, by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
copyright owners
All illustrations are © TRADA Technology Ltd
BM TRADA
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tel: +44 (0)1494 569602
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email: publications@bmtrada.com
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© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

This document may only be used in accordance with the TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE, and for no other purpose whatsoever.
2
With the advent of many engineered timber products and widespread
adoption of factory production systems, timber has emerged in the 21st
Century as a strong, head-on competitor to steel, concrete and masonry
in buildings of a scale hitherto unimaginable in timber. Because the use of
Eurocodes is now widespread among engineers in all mainstream building
construction materials, it has become easier for ‘steel’ and ‘concrete’
engineers to apply the same structural design principles to timber.
Timber design and specification need no longer demand such a ‘special’

approach. Yet timber is a uniquely renewable product and its properties and
characteristics require understanding and respect in order to meet clients’
aspirations.
The NATIONAL STRUCTURAL TIMBER SPECIFICATION (the NSTS) is

an ambitious initiative by TRADA to support the rapidly increasing use of
timber. It aims to be the definitive, comprehensive, stand-alone national
specification for structural timber, complementing the existing national
specifications that are widely used for steel and concrete buildings. The
NSTS covers information exchange, materials, Fabrication, Erection, protec-
tion and Quality Assurance.
The NSTS currently deals with softwood structures but could be developed
in future for hardwood structures. Future development may also cover hybrid
structures – combinations of timber, steel and concrete – and minor works.
The NSTS is for the structural use of timber in buildings to which national
building regulations apply. Intended for use in the United Kingdom it may be
suitable for use in other jurisdictions that follow British practice.
TRADA wants to make it easier to specify timber and that has inspired the
development of the NSTS. Further, to ensure that the take-up of timber is
successful and that learning is as seamless as possible, the NSTS includes
links to essential best practice guidance from TRADA, much of which is
contained in Wood Information Sheets.
This specification is to be read in conjunction with the PROJECT

SPECIFICATION, which includes:
• project-specific data
• additions to this specification
• deletions from this specification
• amendments to this specification.
BM TRADA publishes a template for production of the PROJECT

SPECIFICATION, in Microsoft Word format, downloadable at www.trada.
co.uk/nsts.
It is important that users download the latest version of the NSTS and the
corresponding PROJECT SPECIFICATION template.

3
The NSTS project was driven by a group of TRADA members who have taken
the lead in specifying timber. Most have their own bespoke specifications
that they have shared with BM TRADA to enable this new specification to
evolve.
The NSTS Core Group comprises:
• Nick Milestone, Managing Director, B&K Structures (Chair)

• Andrew Lawrence, Associate Director, Arup
• Paul Newman, Technical Director, Kingspan Timber Solutions
• Adrian Young, Technical Editor/Writer, BM TRADA
• Jacquie Shanahan, Publishing Manager, BM TRADA.
BM TRADA acknowledges the assistance of the following for their peer

review during the drafting of the NSTS:
• Andrew Waugh of Waugh Thistleton Architects

• Carol Costello of Cullinan Studio
• Graham Perrior of NHBC
• Nic Clark and Kay Hartmann of KLH UK
• Nitesh Magdani of BAM Construct UK
• Paul Philbin, Greg Cooper and Kierton Risdale of B&K Structures
• Roger Davies of Ramboll UK
• Simon Smith of Smith & Wallwork.
Many TRADA members and invited organisations also participated in a

wider consultation, prior to publication.
Feedback on the NSTS should be sent to nsts@trada.co.uk.
Updated versions of the NSTS will be published at www.trada.co.uk/nsts.
TRADA, the Timber Research and Development Association, is a not-for-

profit, membership-based organisation delivering key services to members in
support of its two main aims of ‘Building markets for timber’ and ‘Increasing
specification’. Membership encompasses companies and individuals across
the entire timber supply/use chain, from foresters and sawmillers, through
merchants and manufacturers, to architects, engineers and specifiers.
For further information and details of membership visit www.trada.co.uk or

telephone 01494 569603.
BM TRADA, part of the Exova Group, provides independent certification,

testing, inspection, training, technical services and information to the
timber, building, fire and furniture industries. It is also the appointed service
provider for TRADA’s research, information and membership administration.
The BM TRADA bookshop offers a wide range of technical publications for

professionals: http://bookshop.bmtrada.com

4
Contents
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE 9
General Guidance on using the NATIONAL STRUCTURAL
TIMBER SPECIFICATION 11
1 SCOPE 13
1.1 Application 13
1.2 PROJECT SPECIFICATION 13
1.3 Standards and other documents 13
1.4 Eurocodes 13
1.5 Responsibilities 14
2 DEFINITIONS 15
3 INFORMATION REQUIRED BY THE TIMBER CONTRACTOR 21
3.1 Proposed works 21
3.2 Scope of required information 21
3.3 Programme 21
3.4 General project-specific data 21
3.5 Responsibility for design 22
3.5.1 Timber Contractor’s responsibility for design of the
permanent works 22
3.5.2 Timber Contractor’s responsibility for design of temporary
works23
3.6 Pre-erection survey 23
3.7 Maintenance after handover 23
4 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE TIMBER
CONTRACTOR25
4.1 Scope of information 25
4.2 Information system 26
4.3 General arrangement information 26
4.3.1 Marking system 26
4.3.2 General Arrangement Drawings 26
4.3.3 Connection details 26
4.4 Calculations 27
4.5 Material specifications and Maintenance strategy 27
4.6 Programme 27
4.7 Moisture content control plan 27
4.8 Samples and mock-ups 28
4.9 Fabrication information 28
4.9.1 Fabrication method statement 29
4.10 Erection information 29
4.10.1 Erection Drawings 29
4.10.2 Erection method statement 29
4.11 Material certification and test certificates 29
4.12 ‘As built’ information 30
4.13 Information review 30
4.13.1 Submission to the Employer 30
4.13.2 Acceptance of General Arrangement Drawings and
connection details 30
4.13.3 Acceptance Classification 31
5 MATERIALS 33
5.1 Timber general 33
5.1.1 Procurement 33

5
5.1.2 Durability 33
5.1.3 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Environmental Product
Declarations (EPD) 33
5.1.4 Reuse and recycling 33
5.1.5 Certification and CE marking 34
5.2 Timber products 34
5.2.1 Structural softwoods 34
5.2.2 Glued laminated timber 35
5.2.3 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 35
5.2.4 Oriented strand board (OSB) 36
5.2.5 Plywood 36
5.2.6 Particleboard 37
5.2.7 Cross-laminated timber (CLT) 37
5.3 Ancillary products 37
5.3.1 I-joists 38
5.3.2 Metal-web joists 38
5.3.3 Fasteners 39
5.3.4 Connectors 40
5.3.5 Corrosion resistance of metal Components and fasteners 40
5.4 Assemblies 40
5.4.1 Timber Frame construction 41
5.4.2 Structural insulated panels (SIPs) 42
5.4.3 Timber trussed rafters 43
5.5 Adhesives 43
6 WORKMANSHIP – GENERAL 45
6.1 Quality Assurance plan 45
6.2 Supervision45
6.3 Inspections and tests 45
6.4 Selection45
6.5 Moisture content 46
6.6 Mock-ups46
6.7 Testing of Components 46
6.8 Protection46
6.9 Connections46
6.9.1 Joints within members 46
6.9.2 Holding down bolt cover plates 46
6.9.3 Fastener spacing and edge distance 47
6.9.4 Nails47
6.9.5 Screws47
6.9.6 Bolts48
6.9.7 Dowels48
6.9.8 Framing anchors 48
6.9.9 Bonded-in rods 48
6.9.10 Proprietary connectors 48
6.10 Adhesives48
6.10.1 Timber products containing adhesives 48
6.10.2 General requirements for adhesive joints 48
6.10.3 Making structural adhesive joints on Site 49
6.11 Building services 50
7 WORKMANSHIP – FABRICATION 51
7.1 Packing, clearances and camber 51
7.2 Holes for holding down bolts 51
7.3 Fabrication tolerances 51
7.3.1 Nominal dimensions of materials 51
7.3.2 Dimensions of elements 51
7.3.3 Connections 51
7.4 Remedial work 52

6
8 WORKMANSHIP – ERECTION 57
8.1 Method 57
8.1.1 Setting out lines and levels 57
8.1.2 Handling and storage 57
8.1.3 Damaged Components 57
8.1.4 Supporting structures 57
8.1.5 Bearing surfaces 58
8.2 Stability 58
8.2.1 Permanent bracing and stability 58
8.2.2 Temporary bracing and stability 58
8.2.3 Erection loads 58
8.3 Lining and levelling 59
8.3.1 Alignment of the structure 59
8.3.2 Connections 59
8.4 Fire risk during construction 59
8.5 Accuracy of erected timber 59
8.5.1 Measurements 59
8.5.2 Remedial work 59
8.5.3 Tolerances 59
8.6 After handover 60
8.6.1 Overloading the structure 60
8.6.2 Building services 60
8.6.3 Re-tightening of bolts 60
9 PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS AND FINISHES 69
9.1 General 69
9.1.1 Responsibility for specification 69
9.1.2 Scope of protective treatments and finishes 69
9.1.3 Processing treated timber 69
9.1.4 Health and safety 69
9.2 Preservation 70
9.2.1 Treatment 70
9.2.2 Commodity specification 70
9.2.3 CE marking 70
9.3 Flame retardant 71
9.3.1 Treatment 71
9.3.2 Commodity specification 71
9.3.3 CE marking 71
9.4 Finishes 72
9.4.1 End grain 72
9.4.2 Exposed surfaces 72
9.4.3 Painted finishes 72
9.4.4 Clear finishes 72
10 QUALITY ASSURANCE 73
10.1 Quality Management System 73
10.1.1 System requirements 73
10.1.2 System acceptance 73
10.1.3 Scope 73
10.2 Additional inspections and tests 73
10.3 Records 73
OTHER DOCUMENTS 75
Normative references (mentioned in SPECIFICATION) 75
Informative references (mentioned in GUIDANCE) 76

7
8
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE
1. This document (“Document”) is produced and published by BM TRADA,

the trading name of TRADA Technology Limited, registered in England &
Wales with number 2561166 and whose registered address is Chiltern House,
Stocking Lane, Hughenden Valley, High Wycombe, Bucks. HP14 4ND.
2. This Document is provided solely for the use in the United Kingdom of
Employers, Timber Contractors and Project Engineers involved in the fabrica-
tion and erection of structural timber, and for no other person, use or purpose
whatsoever.
3. While this Document has been prepared in good faith and all reasonable
efforts have been made to ensure its adequacy and accuracy, no representa-
tion, warranty, assurance or undertaking (express or implied) is or will be
made, and no responsibility or liability is or will be accepted, by BM TRADA
or any of its associated companies or by its or any of their respective officers,
employees or agents in relation to the adequacy, accuracy, completeness
or reasonableness of this Document. All and any such responsibility and
liability is expressly disclaimed.
4. Each user acknowledges and agrees that BM TRADA owns all intellec-
tual property rights in this Document. Except as expressly provided in these
terms and conditions, BM TRADA does not grant users any rights to, or in,
copyright or any other rights or licences in respect of this Document.
5. It is a condition of use of this Document that all users agree and acknowl-
edge that they must rely wholly on their own skill, experience and judgement,
or upon those of their advisers, in using it for the purpose for which they
require it and that they are solely responsible for the appropriate use and
adaption of the Document. In particular, all users agree and acknowledge
that the Document does not constitute legal or other professional advice and
should not be relied upon as such, and any such reliance is at their own risk.
6. BM TRADA accepts no responsibility for providing users of this Document

with access to any additional information or to update this Document, or to
correct any inaccuracies in it which may become apparent. Nonetheless,
BM TRADA may at any time and without notice make revisions, changes,
deletions, additions or improvements to this Document, and it shall be the
sole responsibility of users to ensure that they are using the most current
version of the Document at any time and are familiar with all rules, regula-
tions, laws and standards which may be applicable to the project or matter
in relation to which the document is used.
7. Neither BM TRADA nor any of its associated companies or its or any of

their respective officers, employees or agents shall be liable, whether in
contract, tort (including negligence), breach of statutory duty or otherwise,
in connection with the Document and its use by any person for:
(a) loss of actual or anticipated profits;

(b) loss of revenue, sales or business;
(c) loss of agreements or contracts;
(d) loss of anticipated savings;
(e) loss of or damage to goodwill;
(f) loss of reputation; or
(g) any indirect or consequential losses, damages, costs or expenses,

9
whether or not such losses were reasonably foreseeable. For the avoidance
of doubt, paragraphs (a) to (e) above apply whether such losses are direct,
indirect, consequential or otherwise. This paragraph 6 shall not apply to
fraudulent misrepresentation.
8. Any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with these terms

and conditions or their subject matter (including non-contractual disputes
or claims) shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law
of England and Wales, and it is a condition of use of this Document that
each user irrevocably agrees that the courts of England and Wales shall
have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute or claim arising out of
or in connection with these terms and conditions or their subject matter
(including non-contractual disputes or claims).

10
General Guidance on using the
NATIONAL STRUCTURAL TIMBER
SPECIFICATION
This document contains the Specification as well as Guidance on its use.
The Guidance is not part of the Specification.
Cross-references to Sections are sections of this specification unless stated

otherwise.
The Guidance includes documents in TRADA’s Wood Information library at

www.trada.co.uk. References that are accessible online are hyperlinked to
relevant web pages. A specifier who is logged in as a TRADA member can
access the TRADA references.
This specification contains prompts where project-specific data is needed in

the PROJECT SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBER:
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific data...
The NSTS does not include actions to comply with legal obligations such as
the CDM Regulations, the various health and safety regulations, and so on,
as these are mandatory.
The following are not included in this specification:
Topic Usually included in

Acoustic performance PROJECT SPECIFICATION
Thermal performance and airtightness PROJECT SPECIFICATION
Names of Employer, Timber Contractor and Project Engineer As stated in the Contract
CDM-related roles and actions As stated in the Contract
Site conditions As stated in the Contract
Safety As stated in the Contract
Temporary works As stated in the Contract
Warranties and collateral warranties As stated in the Contract
Critical dates, such as start, handover and key interfaces As stated in the Contract

11
12
1 SCOPE
SPECIFICATION GUIDANCE
1.1 Application
This specification is for the structural use of timber in While intended for use in buildings subjected to static loads
buildings to which national building regulations apply. and made of softwood, this specification may be adaptable for
use in other timber structures.
Intended for use in the United Kingdom it may be suitable for

use in other jurisdictions that follow British practice.
1.2 PROJECT SPECIFICATION

This specification is to be read in conjunction with the The PROJECT SPECIFICATION must state that the
PROJECT SPECIFICATION, which includes: NATIONAL STRUCTURAL TIMBER SPECIFICATION, as
extended or amended by the PROJECT SPECIFICATION, is
part of the contract for The Works.
• project-specific data
• additions to this specification The PROJECT SPECIFICATION will include requirements (if
• deletions from this specification any) and nominate responsibility for the following which are
• amendments to this specification. not covered in this specification:
• acoustic performance
If there is a conflict in specified requirements, the order • thermal performance and airtightness.
of precedence is:
1. National building regulations

2. PROJECT SPECIFICATION
3. NATIONAL STRUCTURAL TIMBER SPECIFICATION
4. other documents.
1.3 Standards and other

documents Reference documents are listed at the end of this specifica-
tion under OTHER DOCUMENTS. The version stated in that
This specification refers to other documents such list is at the date of publication or revision of this specifica-
as British Standards. Unless otherwise specified, the tion. Check whether reference documents have been revised
or superseded and, if so, record the updated version in the
version that existed 28 days before the date of the PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
PROJECT SPECIFICATION will apply.
The PROJECT SPECIFICATION should also include the
For ancillary structural steelwork that is supplied under project-specific data needed for the National Structural
the timber contract the relevant sections of the National Steelwork Specification.
Structural Steelwork Specification will apply.
1.4 Eurocodes
The structural design is to follow the following Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 1-37: Introduction to
Eurocodes including their UK National Annexes and Eurocode 5.
related British Standards for design and materials:
• Basis of structural design: BS EN 1990. Eurocode

• Actions (loads): BS EN 1991. Eurocode 1
• Ancillary steelwork: BS EN 1993. Eurocode 3
• Structural timber: BS EN 1995. Eurocode 5
• Structural timber: PD 6693-1 Recommendations for
the design of timber structures to Eurocode 5.

13
National Structural Timber Specification
1.5 Responsibilities
This specification places responsibilities on the There is not usually an architect (or building designer)
Employer, the Timber Contractor and the Project nominated under contracts for structural timber. However, it
will be necessary for the Employer to liaise with the architect
Engineer. to:
The Contract lists individuals and companies with roles • ensure correct specification of ‘architectural’ require-
mentioned in this specification. ments such as visual finishes and connections, fire resist-
ance, acoustic performance, thermal performance and
coordination with other building elements, such as doors,
This specification is written as a set of instructions to windows and building services
the Timber Contractor using imperative verbs, such as • verify that information supplied by the Timber Contractor
‘design’ and ‘install’, which mean actions the Timber does not compromise the architect’s requirements. This
Contractor is required to perform. ‘The Employer will...’ usually requires the Employer to include the architect in
means actions the Employer is required to perform. the review of the Timber Contractor’s submissions.
The PROJECT SPECIFICATION lists the aspects of the

The Project Engineer is not a party to the Contract design that are delegated to the Timber Contractor under
but is responsible for reviewing structural informa- ‘3.5 Responsibility for design’. It is intended that the Timber
tion supplied by the Timber Contractor. The exchange Contractor provides sufficient information about the delegated
of information between the Project Engineer (via the design to enable the Project Engineer to be satisfied about the
adequacy of the entire design.
Employer) and Timber Contractor is to follow Annex A
in PD 6693-1 Recommendations for the design of timber The Project Engineer is usually appointed by the Employer
structures to Eurocode 5. but, depending on the extent of the Timber Contractor’s
responsibility for the design of the building, could also be
appointed by the Timber Contractor.
The Project Engineer is usually the author of the PROJECT

SPECIFICATION.
If an insurance warranty is required (such as NHBC) it may

be important to identify the ‘entity’ responsible for the design
and supervision of the construction of The Works.

14
2 DEFINITIONS
Note: Terms defined here are written as Proper Nouns

(with initial capital letters) in this specification.
Terms Definitions
BIM Building Information Modelling.
CLT Method A method of construction that uses cross-lami- Informative reference: TRADA’s book
nated timber (CLT) to form a structural panel Innovative timber construction, chapter 4.
which transmits all vertical and horizontal
loads to the foundations. Intermediate floors
usually comprise CLT panels but may include
joists supporting timber deck, combined using
the Platform Frame method.
CPR The Europe-wide Construction Products

Regulation that requires CE marking of most
construction products.
Component A product or assembly that, after Fabrication, is

ready for Erection.
Consequences Class Indicates consequence for loss of human life,

or economic, social or environmental conse-
quences, and implies the expected standards
of design and construction.
BS EN 1990. Eurocode defines three

Consequences Classes:
• CC3 – high
• CC2 – medium
• CC1 – low.
Contract The contract between the Employer and the

Timber Contractor for the performance of The
Works.
Design Supervision Design Supervision Levels are: The DSLs correspond to Consequences
Level Classes.
• DSL3: Extended supervision = Third party
checking (performed by an organisation
different from that which has prepared the
design)
• DSL2: Normal supervision = Checking
by different persons than those originally
responsible and in accordance with the
procedure of the organisation
• DSL1: Normal supervision = Self-checking
(checking performed by the person who has
prepared the design).

15
Design Working Life Assumed period for which a structure or part Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 4-28:
of it is to be used for its intended purpose with Durability by design.
anticipated Maintenance but without major
This is the definition in the Eurocodes.
repair being necessary (see also ‘Service Life’).
Durability The expectation that the structure or
Component will perform adequately in the
context of the specified Design Working Life,
Service Life and Use Class.
Electronic Data Information in an electronic digital format

that is stored and transferred between parties
providing essentially equivalent information to
traditional drawings, specifications, calcula-
tions and other documents.
Employer The individual or company placing the contract In this specification, the Employer is usually
with the Timber Contractor. the main contractor, not the Employer defined
in JCT contracts.
Erection The sequences of processes for taking delivery

at the Site, storage, assembly of Components
and handing over to the Employer (see also
‘Fabrication’).
Erection Drawings Drawings, prepared by the Timber Contractor,

showing details to amplify the information
given in the Timber Contractor’s Erection
method statement and showing details of any
temporary works.
European A Harmonised Technical Specification used for Formerly known, before the Construction
Assessment CE marking where no harmonised European Products Regulation, as European Technical
Approval Guideline (ETAG). Many ETAGs
Document (EAD) Product Standard exists.
continue to be used.
European Technical A document providing information about the Formerly known, before the Construction
Assessment (ETA) performance of a construction product, to be Products Regulation, as European Technical
Approval (ETA).
declared in relation to its essential character-
istics.
Fabrication The sequences of processes for making

Components of the structure (at a location
remote from the Site where there are factory
production controls), loading at the place of
Fabrication and transport to the Site (see also
‘Erection’).
Fabrication Data Electronic means of communication for

automatic or semiautomatic methods of
Fabrication.
Fabrication Drawing Drawing or electronic equivalent showing all

necessary information required to fabricate the
structural timber.

16
2 Definitions
First Maintenance The Maintenance activity or activities listed in

Activity the PROJECT SPECIFICATION for each struc-
tural element (see also ‘Maintenance’).
General Drawing, showing the arrangement of

Arrangement Components, main dimensions and possibly
Drawing the Erection marks of Components.
Harmonised Under the Construction Products Regulation

Technical these are either:
Specification
• harmonised European Product Standards
(hENs)
• or (if no hEN exists) the European Technical
Assessment.
Heavy Frame A method of construction that uses heavy Heavy frame construction is often similar to
Method timber elements, usually glued laminated equivalent steel frames.
timber, in either braced frames (post and beam)
or unbraced frames (portal action).
Inspection Level Inspection Levels are: The ILs correspond to Consequences Classes.
• IL3: Extended inspection = Third party

inspection
• IL2: Normal inspection = Inspection in
accordance with the procedures of the
organisation
• IL1: Normal inspection = Self inspection.
Maintenance Set of activities performed during the working This is the definition in the Eurocodes.
life of the structure in order to enable it to fulfil
the requirements for reliability (see also ‘First
Maintenance Activity’).
Platform Frame A method of combining wall and floor elements

so that each storey is framed with floor-to-
ceiling height panels and the floor deck of one
floor becomes the Erection platform of the next.
Programme A list of activities and dates prepared by the The Programme would normally be separated
Timber Contractor. into design, Fabrication and Erection phases.

17
Project Engineer The role described as the ‘building designer’ The Project Engineer’s responsibilities (from
under ‘4 Design responsibilities’ in PD 6693-1. PD 6693-1) are:
Recommendations for the design of timber
structures to Eurocode 5.
• ensuring the integration of the design
of the various building Components
including the detailing of suitable connec-
tions between the building Components
and their support structure
• ensuring adequate provision is made for
the stability of the building as a whole,
as distinct from, and in addition to,
the stability of individual Components,
including the detailing of all elements of
bracing required in the building
• ensure that necessary information,
including the information listed, for
example in Annex A, is provided to all
parties involved in the design of the
building.
PROJECT The specification of ‘The Works’ that includes the The accompanying template for the PROJECT
SPECIFICATION latest version of this NATIONAL STRUCTURAL SPECIFICATION contains a prompt to enter
the date of issue.
TIMBER SPECIFICATION, qualified where
necessary, and the various project-specific data
needed to define The Works and forms part of
the Contract.
Quality Assurance Activities concerned with the provision of

systems, equipment and personnel necessary
to achieve the required level of quality of the
product.
Schedule of A list of information that the Timber Contractor

Information needs from the Employer with links to critical
Required times in the Programme.
Service Class The environmental conditions in the building, This is similar to but not the same as Use
as defined in BS EN 1995. Eurocode 5. Class.
Service Life The period of time from handover to First Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 4-28:
Maintenance Activity (see also ‘First Durability by design.
Maintenance Activity’).
Site The area defined in the PROJECT

SPECIFICATION within which The Works will
be constructed.
SIPs Method A method of construction that uses struc- Informative reference: TRADA’s book
tural insulated panels (SIPs) comprising a Innovative timber construction, chapter 2.
layer of oriented strand board (OSB) bonded
onto each side of an insulating foam core
to form a structural panel which transmits
all vertical and horizontal loads to the foun-
dations. Intermediate floors usually comprise
the Platform Frame method.

18
2 Definitions
The Works Those parts of the construction works described

in the PROJECT SPECIFICATION as structural
timber..
Timber Contractor The individual or company appointed to The PROJECT SPECIFICATION states the
fabricate and erect, and possibly also design, extent of the Timber Contractor’s delegated
responsibility for design.
the structural timber and any associated
Components.
Timber Frame A method of construction that uses timber Informative reference: TRADA’s book Timber
Method studs, rails and structural sheathing board to frame construction.
form a structural frame which transmits all
vertical and horizontal loads to the foundations,
together with intermediate floors comprising
the Platform Frame method. It may include
engineered timber studs, twin studs and engi-
neered timber joists.
Use Class The environment to which the structure or This is similar to but not the same as Service
Component will be exposed, as defined in Class.
BS EN 335. Durability of wood and wood-based
products. Use classes: definitions, application
to solid wood and wood-based products, for
the purposes of determining the appropriate
material and material Durability and preserva-
tive treatment.

19

20
3 INFORMATION REQUIRED BY THE TIMBER
CONTRACTOR
3.1 Proposed works

See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Table 2.1 in BS EN 1990. Eurocode offers indicative values for
data... Design Working Life.
3.2 Scope of required

information
Section 4.1 lists the information needed for the timber Informative reference: Building Information Modelling (BIM)
contract and assigns responsibility for supply of infor- Task Group at http://www.bimtaskgroup.org
mation. Informative reference: NBS BIM Toolkit at
https://toolkit.thenbs.com/
BIM requirements
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific

data...
3.3 Programme
data...
3.4 General project-specific data

The PROJECT SPECIFICATION lists the principal Complete the table in the PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
elements of the timber structure with corresponding
General requirements include Design Working Life, appear-
data for general requirements. ance and so on.
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Suggested default values:

data...
Design Working Life = 50 years
Service Class = 2 (Service Class 2 ensures resistance to

wetting that may occur during construction)
Use Class = 2.

21
3.5 Responsibility for design

3.5.1 Timber Contractor’s responsibility
for design of the permanent works
Table 3.5 defines four systems for design responsibility. Specify:
The PROJECT SPECIFICATION states which system
applies. • the system for design responsibility
• Design Supervision Level.
Table 3.5: Timber Contractor’s responsibility for design of the Table 3.5 lists design responsibilities delegated to the Timber
permanent works Contractor (otherwise the Project Engineer is responsible). In
System Durability* Connection Member Member Stability and this table, ‘’ means the Timber Contractor is responsible.
for design design design layout robustness
responsibility Unlike in steel design, it is difficult to separate the respon-
‘No design - - - - - sibility for the design of timber members and connections,
responsibility’ because the connections will often govern the member sizes.
‘Connection   - - - Therefore the ‘Connection design’ option should be used with
design’ appropriate caution.
‘Member and    - -
connection If the Timber Contractor offers an alternative to the Project
design’ Engineer’s design, it is important to consider how acceptance
‘Complete      of this alternative design would affect the specified ‘System
superstructure for design responsibility’.
design’
Loading data includes:
* Durability of those Components for which the Timber Contractor
has delegated design responsibility, for the specified Use Class,
Design Life and Service Life
• robustness forces and classification for disproportionate
collapse
• duration as well as magnitude of actions.
Table 4.1 lists the Timber Contractor’s responsibility
for preparing and submitting information, according to Requirements for materials or finishes that affect the member
their responsibility for design in Table 3.5. and connection design might include stiffness requirements
in moment connections.
No design responsibility Emphasise any high-quality visual requirements.
In this system, the Timber Contractor details the struc-
tural timber and any ancillary structural steel using the
Project Engineer’s design.
Connection design
In this system, the Timber Contractor details the
structural timber and any ancillary structural steel,
and designs and details the connections using forces
provided by the Project Engineer’s member design.
Connection design includes checking the strength of
the residual timber section at the connection location.
Member and connection design

In this system, the Timber Contractor designs and
details the structural timber and any ancillary steelwork
using the Project Engineer’s member layout.
Complete superstructure design

In this system, the Timber Contractor designs and
details the complete structural timber and any ancillary
structural steel, co-ordinated with the foundation and
other supporting structures designed by the Project
Engineer.

22
3 Information required by the timber contractor
Checking procedures
Ensure that the design of The Works is supervised to a
level that is appropriate to mitigate the consequences
of errors or omissions.
Submit proposals showing how the design of The

Works will be supervised and by whom, according to
the specified Design Supervision Level, for acceptance
before commencing design.

data...
3.5.2 Timber Contractor’s responsibility

for design of temporary works
The requirements and responsibility for temporary
works are stated in the Contract.
3.6 Pre-erection survey

The Employer will provide a survey of preceding
construction, such as foundations and Site condi-
tions, to the Timber Contractor in accordance with the
Programme.
3.7 Maintenance after handover

See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific It may be necessary for the Timber Contractor to re-tighten
data... bolts, after the timber has reached equilibrium moisture
content, to ensure that the load-carrying capacity and
stiffness of the structure is maintained.

23

24
4 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE TIMBER
CONTRACTOR
4.1 Scope of information

Supply the information as ticked in Table 4.1, according This specification lists information needed to perform the
to the System for design responsibility. The Employer Contract and which party is responsible for supplying that
information. Further items may need to be specified.
will supply information not ticked, if needed for this
Contract. The invitation to tender should list information required from
tenderers, which would normally include:
The PROJECT SPECIFICATION lists the drawings and
other documents supplied to the Timber Contractor • conceptual design (to the extent defined in the System for
design responsibility)
according to Table 4.1. • outline programme
• Quality Assurance and control procedures
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific • risk assessment for supply, fabrication and erection
data... • outline erection method statement.
Table 4.1: Timber Contractor’s responsibility for preparing and submitting information
Information System for design responsibility

Complete Member and Connection No design
superstructure design connection design design responsibility
Architect’s General Arrangement Drawings
Project Engineer’s General Arrangement Drawings
Loads and serviceability limits including vibration
Fire resistance and surface spread of flame requirements
Building control approval 
General Arrangement Drawings  
Member design calculations  
Reaction forces and moments  
Connection detail drawings   
Connection design calculations   
Specification of materials where the Timber Contractor has   
design responsibility
BIM data   
Programme    
Schedule of Information Required    
Moisture content control plan    
Samples and mock-ups (if required)    
Erection Drawings    
Erection method statement    
Material certification and test certificates, including    
Declarations of Performance
Operation and Maintenance manual    
‘As built’ information    
The accompanying template for the PROJECT SPECIFICATION

includes various templates for information supplied by the
Timber Contractor according to the level of delegated respon-
sibility for design.
The Project Engineer will normally supply the information for

which the Employer is responsible, although some informa-
tion may be instructed by others (such as the requirements for
fire compartmentation).
If the Project Engineer supplies General Arrangement

Drawings, it is important that these be co-ordinated with the
architectural and building services drawings.

25
4.2 Information system

Maintain an information system that includes drawings, Accreditation of system: the information system should,
Fabrication Data, method statements and calculations ideally, be certified to BS EN ISO 9001. Quality management
systems. Requirements. However, specify ISO 9001 only if
needed for Fabrication and Erection. Ensure that the the scope of work and size of potential Timber Contractors
system identifies current information and that super- warrant it.
seded information is withdrawn and archived.
Types of information: specify the level of sophistication of
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific information, especially drawings. For example whether 2D,
3D or BIM compatible.
data...
4.3 General arrangement

information
4.3.1 Marking system
Mark every Component that will be individually
assembled or erected with an Erection mark. Identical
Components may have the same Erection mark.
4.3.2 General Arrangement Drawings

Prepare and submit drawings comprising plans,
sections and elevations that show all Components and
their Erection marks. Follow the same gridline system
as shown in the Project Engineer’s drawings.
Include elevations of walls and plans of floors and roofs

that show joint locations, span direction, surface quality
and details of penetrations for building services.
The drawings are to include:
• sizes of Components
• setting out of Components
• treatments and finishes
• references to connection details
• details at interfaces with other structural materials
• details at foundations, including method of adjust-
ment and packing.
4.3.3 Connection details

Prepare and submit drawings of all unique connection
types showing:
• dimensions
• Component materials
• treatments and finishes
• measures taken to satisfy the aesthetic, structural or
clearance limits and environmental conditions that
may affect detailing and protective treatment
• measures taken to mitigate effects of moisture
content change
• the demarcation position where the Timber
Contractor’s design responsibility ends
• allowances for packing or adjusting tolerances.

26
4 Information to be supplied by the timber contractor
4.4 Calculations
Submit calculations, to the extent of delegated design
responsibility, that include:
• load assumptions (temporary and permanent)

• basis for robustness
• material properties
• statement of basis of design/modelling, including
codes of practice
• design criteria such as serviceability limits, support
stiffness and disproportionate collapse
• calculation checking procedures
• critical interfaces and how these will be accom-
modated
• calculations for each unique member and connec-
tion type
• fire checks.
4.5 Material specifications and

Maintenance strategy
Submit material specifications and Maintenance Specifications supplied by the Timber Contractor should
strategy, to the extent of delegated design responsi- comply with all the requirements of this Specification.
bility, that include:
• proposed materials
• proposed inspection and Maintenance regime
• proposed method statement for repair or replace-
ment of Components.
4.6 Programme
Supply a Programme in sufficient detail to enable the
Employer to understand when design, materials supply,
Fabrication and Erection of The Works will be under-
taken.
Supply a Schedule of Information Required that makes

allowance for the supply and acceptance of informa-
tion, and for inspections.
Confirm or update the Programme at least monthly.
4.7 Moisture content control plan

If required, prepare and supply the moisture content Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 4-14: Moisture in timber.
control plan (for use during Fabrication, delivery to
The purpose of the moisture content control plan is to ensure
the Site and in the Erection phase) in association with that account is taken of the effect of changing moisture
product manufacturers and the Project Engineer. The content and the effect that the resulting movement will have
moisture content control plan contains: on the appearance of the structure and the performance of its
connections.
• basic information for the building project (address
Timber structures that have neither exposed surfaces nor
and other coordinates of the Site, the person respon- movement-sensitive connections are unlikely to require a
sible for the construction on Site, the main author of moisture content control plan.
the moisture content control plan)
• list of timber materials and products to be used in
the Site

27
• the target moisture contents of timber elements at The PROJECT SPECIFICATION needs to state likely range
different stages of Fabrication of moisture content in the finished building (or at least the
expected humidity).
• the target moisture content of wood and wooden
elements during transportation, when delivered to Different elements may be supplied with different moisture
the Site, during Erection and when the building is content targets, such as structural softwood and plywood.
completed
• inspections on Site and the person responsible for
carrying them out
• possible sources of moisture at the Site, such as rain,
snow and ground water
• the type of protection chosen for the building phase
and an estimate on the necessary protection duration
• the protection of timber on the Site:
- storage method and protection
- protection during Erection
- proposed drying methods applied for timber that
has accidentally gained moisture
• controlled drying of structures to the service condi-
tions of the building
- analysis and prevention of risks caused by moisture,
rain (among others) and how the design of members
and connections takes account of these risks
- sensitivity of the timber structure and Components
to getting wet
- determination of moisture contents of timber,
drying times and appropriate drying conditions
- organising of drying conditions
- effects of onsite schedules (contingency plans)
• moisture measurement plan (measurement method,
timetable, documentation and person responsible).

data...
4.8 Samples and mock-ups

If required, provide samples of materials and finishes Samples are not usually required.
to demonstrate quality and appearance. Samples are
to be good examples of the actual elements that will
be delivered showing potential discolouration, defects
and tolerances that will occur throughout the structure.
See also Section 6.6 Mock-ups and Section 6.7 Testing

of Components.

data...
4.9 Fabrication information

Submit this information, on request, in accordance with Fabrication information is often documented in the
Section 4.1. Harmonised Technical Specification and is sometimes confi-
dential.
Prepare Fabrication Drawings and Fabrication Data Accreditation of system: Quality Assurance and control
necessary for the manufacture of Components. systems should, ideally for larger projects, be certified to
BS EN ISO 9001. Quality management systems. Requirements.
Indicate clearly the date when the information is However, specify ISO 9001 only if the scope of work and size of
released to permit Fabrication to commence. potential Timber Contractors warrant it.

28
Include details of holes in Components and fittings

needed for transport, lifting and Erection. Identify any
holes or fittings that are intended to remain in the
permanent structure.
4.9.1 Fabrication method statement

For Components that are neither CE marked nor third
party certified, prepare and submit a method statement
that lists:
• Quality Assurance and control procedures for all

aspects of material selection and Fabrication
• items that rely on a high degree of workmanship,
together with control procedures
• extent of Fabrication and assembly to take place in
the workshop and on Site
• inspection and test plan.

data...
4.10 Erection information

Submit this information to the Employer at least two
weeks before Erection commences.
4.10.1 Erection Drawings

Prepare and submit Erection Drawings.
4.10.2 Erection method statement

Explain the method and sequence of Erection, including:
• construction sequence with timetable

• access
• craneage
• scaffolding and edge protection
• temporary works
• handling and storage
• critical interfaces with other trades.
4.11 Material certification and

test certificates
Supply certificates of material/assembly quality and Request certificates only for unusual materials and assem-
test results. See also Section 6.3 Inspections and tests. blies.
Testing means specifically for this project.

data...

29
4.12 ‘As built’ information

On completion of the contract, supply: If paper copies are not required, amend in the PROJECT
SPECIFICATION.
• one set of paper prints of ‘as built’ drawings and
calculations comprising General Arrangement
Drawings, connection details, Fabrication Drawings,
calculations and the drawing register
• Electronic Data equivalent to that listed above,
including BIM data.

data...
4.13 Information review

4.13.1 Submission to the Employer
Submit drawings and other information in accordance Select documents required for acceptance from the Table 4.1:
with the Programme. Timber Contractor’s responsibility for supplying information,
and list these in the PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific The Employer delegates to the Project Engineer responsibility
data... for review of submissions relating to the structure.
Drawing issue Contents The Employer delegates to others the review of submissions
1st Issue relating to architecture and building services engineering and
co-ordinates all responses.
Revision A Incorporate comments from 1st Issue
Revision B Incorporate comments from Revision A, and
so on ... until Construction Issue
Construction Issue Incorporate minor comments from the
previous revision, if any, and release for
Fabrication
As built Issue Incorporate changes that have occurred
during construction, if any
4.13.2 Acceptance of General

Arrangement Drawings and connection
details
Acceptance by the Employer means that:
• the principal levels, dimensions and typical details

shown on the General Arrangement Drawings are a
correct interpretation of the design intent
• the principles adopted for the connection detailing
are compatible with the design intent.
Acceptance does not relieve the Timber Contractor

of the responsibility for accuracy of the calculations
and detail dimensions on the drawings, or the fitting
together of parts to be assembled on Site. The Project
Engineer will not undertake detailed checks of General
Arrangement Drawings, connection details or calcula-
tions.

30
4.13.3 Acceptance Classification

The Employer will use the following designations when
reviewing drawings or other information submitted in
accordance with the Programme:
Classification Description
A Accepted Information submitted may be released for
Fabrication
B Accepted subject Information submitted must be amended
to comments in line with the comments before being
released for Fabrication, but need not be
re-submitted
C Not accepted Information must be amended in the way
indicated and re-submitted for acceptance

31

32
5 MATERIALS
5.1 Timber general

The Timber Contractor would normally be responsible for
specifying materials where they have delegated design
responsibility. The Project Engineer may sometimes specify
minimum requirements. See Section 4.1 Scope of information.
5.1.1 Procurement
As well as complying with the EU Timber Regulation, Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-58: Sustainable
follow the policy and certification framework listed in timber sourcing.
the PROJECT SPECIFICATION. If procured for central government, timber is to comply with
the UK Government Timber Procurement Policy at https://
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific www.gov.uk/government/publications. Local government is
data... encouraged to follow this policy. Consider applying this policy
in projects procured for non-government clients.
Certification may be for individual products or an entire

project. This is generally achieved by specifying a relevant
certification scheme, such as those offered by BREEAM®,
FSC® or PEFC™.
5.1.2 Durability
If the Timber Contractor has responsibility for the Achieving the necessary environmental conditions for the
Durability of a Component, the Employer will be specified Use Class includes appropriate attention to the
design and construction of the building as a whole to ensure
responsible for achieving the necessary environmental the Durability of the timber structure is not compromised.
conditions for the specified Use Class. The Timber For example, eliminating leaks that lead to water ponding on
Contractor is responsible for specifying the materials, structural timber elements.
treatments and finishes, and Maintenance regime
needed to achieve the specified Design Life and Service Ensure that the invitation to tender includes provision for the
Timber Contractor to nominate the selected materials, any
Life. treatments and finishes, and the Maintenance regime.
5.1.3 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and

Environmental Product Declarations
(EPD)
Follow special provisions listed in the PROJECT Many product suppliers routinely provide EPDs for construc-
SPECIFICATION for LCA and EPDs. tion products. List any project-specific requirements for LCA
and EPD.
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Informative reference: BS EN 15804. Sustainability of

data... construction works. Environmental product declarations. Core
rules for the product category of construction products.
Informative reference: Wood for Good’s Lifecycle Database at

http://woodforgood.com, an information hub containing envi-
ronmental and design data for specifying timber.
5.1.4 Reuse and recycling

Follow special provisions listed in the PROJECT List any special provisions needed in the design and/or
SPECIFICATION for reuse and/or recycling of materials construction.
at the end of life of The Works.

data...

33
5.1.5 Certification and CE marking

Ensure that products which are affected by the CPR are Most products and many assemblies used in structural timber
delivered to the Site with CE marks affixed in accord- construction are now covered by harmonised European
Product Standards (hEN) and must therefore be CE marked. It
ance with Article 9 of the CPR. is necessary to verify that these are fit for the purpose.
Provide the manufacturer’s Declaration of Performance Project-specific certification is normally required for materials
if requested by the Employer. or assemblies that are not CE marked or third party certified.
Existence of a Harmonised What to specify

For timber that will be exposed to view ensure that CE Technical Specification
marks are applied to surfaces that will not be visible. hEN CE marked
ETA CE marked or third party
certification
None third party certification
5.2 Timber products

See also Section 9.1.2 Scope of protective treatments Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 0-5: Timber frame
and finishes. building: materials specification.
Where a structural timber element will be exposed to view,

Ensure that any preservative treatment or fire-retardant ensure that the specification addresses the species and
treatment is compatible with adhesive used in manu- grading for appearance. Otherwise it is generally not desirable
facture of the timber product. to specify the species and grading for appearance.
Add further timber products, if not specified here, via the

See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
data...
5.2.1 Structural softwoods

CE marked according to BS EN 14081-1. Timber struc- Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 4-7: Timber strength
tures. Strength graded structural timber with rectan- grading and strength classes.
gular cross section. General requirements. Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-37: Softwood sizes.
Softwood sizes are as shown on the General BS EN 14081-1 does not cover the addition of fire retard-
Arrangement Drawings. ants and, for this reason, products that are covered by this
standard but have a fire retardant added are not mandated to
be CE marked.
Visual grading of softwoods may be according to BS 4978.
Visual strength grading of softwood. Specification The PROJECT SPECIFICATION may include non-structural
or another national standard listed in BS EN 1912 softwoods if these are needed for The Works.
Structural timber. Strength classes. Assignment of
visual grades and species or a published grading rule Timber not marked ‘Dry Graded’ is assumed to be ‘wet’
graded.
accepted by a Notified Body.
The PROJECT SPECIFICATION may include variations in the
Structural timber members cut from large graded applications of the tolerance indicators T1 and T2.
sections are to be re-graded and marked accordingly if
the reduction in section size exceeds the limit specified See Appendix ZA.1 in BS EN 14081-1 for guidance on speci-
fying project-specific data.
in BS EN 14081-1.
Essential characteristics:
Apply the project-specific data listed for each element
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. • Strength class (common classes C16, C24).
Optional characteristics:
Dimensions on General Arrangement Drawings are
target sizes as defined in BS EN 336. Structural timber. • Durability – by species or treatment.
Sizes, permitted deviations.

34
5 Materials
The tolerance classes (T1) and (T2) specify the maximum

permitted deviations from target sizes as stated in
BS EN 336. Structural timber. Sizes, permitted devia-
tions, clause 5.3:
• Tolerance class 1 (T1) for sawn surfaces

• Tolerance class 2 (T2) for planed surfaces.

data...
5.2.2 Glued laminated timber

CE marked according to BS EN 14080. Timber struc- Also known as ‘glulam’.
tures. Glued laminated timber and glued solid timber.
Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 1-6: Glued laminated
Requirements. timber.
Sizes are as shown on the General Arrangement BS EN 14080 does not cover the addition of fire retard-
Drawings. ants and, for this reason, products that are covered by this
standard but have a fire retardant added are not mandated to
be CE marked.
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. See Appendix ZA.1 in BS EN 14080 for guidance on speci-
data... Essential characteristics:
• Product type (see 4 types)

• Strength class (common classes GL 20h and GL 24h).
• In Service Class 3, consider also:

– Durability – by species or treatment
– Bonding – by species and adhesive type.
Consult manufacturers about specification of surface

finish. Glulam-Bulletin April 2013, published at http://www.
brettschichtholz.de by BS Holz offers guidance.
5.2.3 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

CE marked according to BS EN 14374. Timber structures. See Appendix Z.1 in BS EN 14374 for guidance on specifying
Structural laminated veneer lumber. Requirements. project-specific data.
Consult manufacturers about specification of surface finish.

Sizes are as shown on the General Arrangement
Drawings.

in Section 3.4: General project-specific data.

data...

35
5.2.4 Oriented strand board (OSB)

CE marked according to BS EN 13986. Wood-based Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-23: Introduction to
panels for use in construction. Characteristics, evalu- wood-based panel products.
ation of conformity and marking and complying with Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-57: Specifying wood-
BS EN 300. Oriented strand boards (OSB). Definitions, based panels for structural use.
classification and specifications.
Informative reference: Panel Guide, a collaborative publi-
Sizes are as shown on the General Arrangement cation with technical input from TRADA, the Wood Panel
Industries Federation and the Timber Trade Federation.
Drawings.
Panel types suitable for sheathing and floor decking are listed
Apply the project-specific data listed for each element in TRADA’s WIS 0-5: Timber frame building: materials speci-
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. fication.
See Appendix ZA.1 in BS EN 13986 for guidance on speci-

See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific fying project-specific data.
data...
• Technical class (common class OSB/3, which includes

mechanical properties).
• Select from characteristics in Table ZA.1.1
5.2.5 Plywood
panels for use in construction. Characteristics, evalu- wood-based panel products
BS EN 636. Plywood. Specifications. based panels for structural use
Sizes are as shown on the General Arrangement Informative reference: Panel Guide, a collaborative publi-
Drawings. cation with technical input from TRADA, The Wood Panel
Industries Federation and the Timber Trade Federation
Apply the project-specific data listed for each element Panel types suitable for sheathing and floor decking are listed
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. in TRADA’s WIS 0-5: Timber frame building: materials speci-
fication.
data... fying project-specific data.
• Technical class (common class EN 636-2, which does not

include mechanical properties).
• Select from characteristics in Table ZA.1.1.

36
5 Materials
5.2.6 Particleboard
panels for use in construction. Characteristics, evalu- wood-based panel products.
BS EN 312. Particleboards. Specifications. based panels for structural use.
Sizes are as shown on the General Arrangement Informative reference: Panel Guide, a collaborative publi-
Drawings. cation with technical input from TRADA, the Wood Panel
Industries Federation and the Timber Trade Federation.
Apply the project-specific data listed for each element Panel types suitable for sheathing and floor decking are listed
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. in TRADA’s WIS 0-5: Timber frame building: materials speci-
fication.
data... fying project-specific data.
• Technical class (common class P4, which includes

mechanical properties).
• Select from characteristics in Table ZA.1.1.
5.2.7 Cross-laminated timber (CLT)

CE marked according to the appropriate European Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-61: Cross-laminated
Technical Assessment or verified by an independent timber: introduction for specifiers.
third party certification scheme. See Appendix ZA.1 in draft BS EN 16351 for guidance on
specifying project-specific data.
Sizes are as shown on the General Arrangement
Drawings. Essential characteristics:
Apply the project-specific data listed for each element • Strength class of timber layers.
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. Optional characteristics:
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific • Select from characteristics in Table ZA.1.
data... • If desired, nominate mechanical characteristics for a
given panel layup.
At the time of publication of this specification, prEN 16351.

Timber structures. Cross laminated timber. Requirements
had not yet reached publication as a Product Standard for
CE marking. Meanwhile, CLT may be available CE marked
according to the appropriate European Technical Assessment.
BS EN 13017-1. Solid wood panels. Classification by surface

appearance. Solid wood panels. Classification by surface
appearance. Softwood offers guidance on specifying surface
finish.
5.3 Ancillary products

Ensure that any preservative treatment or fire-retardant Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 0-5: Timber frame
treatment is compatible with adhesive used in manu- building: materials specification.
facture of the ancillary product. Materials for protective treatments and finishes are specified
in Section 9: Protective treatments and finishes.
data... Add further ancillary products, if not specified here, via the
PROJECT SPECIFICATION.

37
5.3.1 I-joists
CE marked according to the appropriate European Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 1-42: Timber I-joists:
Technical Assessment or verified by an independent applications and design.
third party certification scheme. Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 1-36: Timber joist and
deck floors – avoiding movement.
Configuration as shown in the General Arrangement
Drawings. Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 1-41: Strutting in timber
floors
Apply the project-specific data listed for each element I-joists may be endorsed by a third-party certification scheme,
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. such as BM TRADA’s Q-Mark, BSI’s Kitemark or British Board
of Agrément.
data... Materials are usually specified by the manufacturer who is
responsible for the design.
See Section 4 in ETAG 011: Guideline for European Technical

Approval of Light Composite Wood-Based Beams and Columns
for guidance on specifying project-specific data.
• Mechanical characteristics appropriate to the configura-

tion.
• Limitations on holes for services.
5.3.2 Metal-web joists

CE marked according to the appropriate European Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 1-36: Timber joist and
Technical Assessment or verified by an independent deck floors – avoiding movement.
third party certification scheme. Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 1-41: Strutting in timber
floors
Configuration as shown in the General Arrangement
Drawings. Open-web joists may be endorsed by a third-party certifica-
tion scheme, such as BM TRADA’s Q-Mark, BSI’s Kitemark or
British Board of Agrément.
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. Materials are usually specified by the manufacturer who is
responsible for the design.
data... See Section 4 in ETAG 011: Guideline for European Technical
Approval of Light Composite Wood-Based Beams and Columns
for guidance on specifying project-specific data.
• Mechanical characteristics appropriate to the configura-

tion.

38
5 Materials
5.3.3 Fasteners
CE marked according to BS EN 14592. Timber struc- Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-52: Fasteners for
tures. Dowel type fasteners. Requirements or the appro- structural timber: Nails, screws, bolts and dowels.
priate European Technical Assessment for products In connections that are exposed to view, take care with speci-
outside the scope of BS EN 14592. fication of fastener material, setting out, countersinking, etc.
Apply the project-specific data listed for each element Nail types include round and threaded (annular ringed or
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. square twisted).
Screw types include countersunk head, round head and coach

Nails screw. There are also proprietary types, each with specific
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific characteristics.
data...
Bolt types include hexagon head, square head and carriage
bolt.
Staples
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Dowel types include circular, deformed circular and rectan-
data... gular but, for most purposes, dowels would be circular.
Screws Nominate fastener characteristics from Appendix ZA.1 in

BS EN 14592 which requires the manufacturer to declare a
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific range of characteristics that include:
data...
• materials
Bolts • geometry
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific • mechanical strength
data... • corrosion resistance.
Dowels
Dowels are to be at least 8mm in diameter. • Type (5 types) and geometry.
• Select from characteristics in Table ZA.1 (common charac-
teristics include yield moment, withdrawal and Durability).
Chamfer the ends of dowels:
Dowel Length of Width of Hole Hole
diameter
[mm]
chamfer to
end of dowel
chamfer to
end of dowel
diameter
in timber
diameter
in steel • Select from characteristics in Table ZA.1.
“DIM A” [mm] “DIM B” [mm] [mm] [mm]
12 7 4 12 14
16 9 5 16 18
20 9 5 20 22
24 10 6 24 26
Chamfer to end of dowel
Dim B
Dim A

data...

39
5.3.4 Connectors
Punched metal plates, nailing plates and connec- Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-51: Timber engi-
tors used with bolts to be CE marked according neering hardware and connectors.
to BS EN 14545. Timber structures. Connectors. Connectors should ideally be proprietary CE marked products.
Requirements. Bespoke connectors should ideally be made from CE marked
products.
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. In connections that are exposed to view, take care with speci-
fication of connector material, setting out, etc.
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Types include:

data...
• 2D metal plate fasteners – punched metal plate and nail
Joist hangers, truss clips and anchorages for steel tie plate
members to be CE marked according to the appropriate • 3D plates – joist hanger, truss clip and anchorage for steel
tie member
European Technical Assessment or with third party • connectors with bolts – split-ring connector, shear-plate
certification. connector and toothed-plate connector.
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Nominate fastener characteristics from Appendix ZA.1 in
BS EN 14545 and ETAG 015: Guideline for European Technical
data... Approval of Three-Dimensional Nailing Plates which require
the manufacturer to declare a range of characteristics that
include:
• materials
• geometry
• mechanical strength
• corrosion resistance.
• Not normally specified as these are usually used in

trussed rafters.
• For shear-resistant connectors, select from characteristics

in Table ZA.1.
5.3.5 Corrosion resistance of metal

Components and fasteners
Follow the coating specification in Table 4.1 of Table 4.1 in BS EN 1995. Eurocode 5 may be insufficient in
BS EN 1995. Eurocode 5 unless the PROJECT some environments, such as industrial situations or where
there is severe pollution. BS EN ISO 12944-2. Paints and
SPECIFICATION or Harmonised Technical Specification varnishes. Corrosion protection of steel structures by protec-
for a product states otherwise. tive paint systems. Classification of environments may be
useful.
5.4 Assemblies
Ensure that products used in an assembly have the Add further assemblies, if not specified here, via the PROJECT
relevant CE mark and are of an appropriate specifica- SPECIFICATION.
tion to meet the performance required of the assembly.

data...

40
5 Materials
5.4.1 Timber Frame construction

5.4.1.1 Softwood products
As specified in Section 5.2.1: Structural softwood. Informative reference: TRADA’s book Timber frame construc-
tion.
Apply the project-specific data listed for each element Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 0-5: Timber frame
in Section 3.4: General project-specific data. building: materials specification.
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 1-35: Breather membranes
data... for timber frame walls.
Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 4-15: Condensation

Preservative treatment where specified: BS EN 335:1. control in dwellings.
Durability of wood and wood-based products.
Definitions. Use classes. General Use Class 2 appli- Open panel assemblies
cation, treated in accordance with Wood Protection This specification assumes ‘open panel’ assemblies for Timber
Frame construction that normally comprise:
Association Commodity Specification C 8. Desired
Service Life 50 years, following Section 9: Protective • structural softwood products
treatments and finishes. • insulation set between the studs
• breather membrane.
5.4.1.2 Insulation
Specify characteristics of structural softwood products in
CE marked according to the Standard listed: Section 5.2.1.
Mineral wool BS EN 13162 Specify other characteristics in this section. When drafting
Expanded polystyrene BS EN 13163 the PROJECT SPECIFICATION, the Project Engineer will
Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) BS EN 13164 require an instruction from the architect for specification of
thermal and acoustic insulation, and breather membrane.
Rigid polyurethane foam (PUR) BS EN 13165
Phenolic foam (PF) BS EN 13166 CE marking of Timber Frame assemblies is not yet required,
Cellular glass (CG) BS EN 13167 although some manufacturers offer CE marking according
Wood wool BS EN 13168 to the appropriate European Technical Assessment that
complies with ETAG 007: Guideline for European Technical
Wood fibre BS EN 13171 Approval of Timber Building Kits. Meanwhile, third party
certification is preferred.
Other types of insulation to have third party certification. When adopted, BS EN 14732. Timber structures. Prefabricated
wall, floor and roof elements. Requirements will have a radical
Thermal insulation in external walls effect on the CE marking and specification of Timber Frame
construction assemblies.
data... WIS 0-5 contains guidance on the need for preservative
treatment of timber in Timber Frame construction.
Thermal insulation in roof
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Cavity barriers and fire stops
The national building regulations list acceptable materials.
data...
Both require a fire performance rating.
Acoustic insulation in party walls Cavity barriers restrict the passage of smoke and flame in
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific restricted spaces, such as between timber structure and
data... cladding. Cavity barriers may be included in the structural
timber Contract if it is intended that the Timber Contractor
install these as the structure is erected.
Acoustic insulation in party floors
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Fire stops perform a similar function around penetrations.
data...
There is no CE marking requirement for cavity barriers and
5.4.1.3 Breather membrane fire stops. Third party certification (where available) is the
preferred standard. Intumescent systems should have third-
CE marked according to BS EN 13859-2. Flexible sheets party certification for the application.
for waterproofing. Definitions and characteristics of
underlays. Underlays for walls.
Reinforced or spun polypropylene with vapour resist-

ance not to exceed 0.6 MNs/g.

41
Wall ties
Although these are not usually part of the structural timber
Contract, ensure that the movement range is sufficient for
the anticipated differential movement between the timber
structure and the masonry cladding.
Closed panel assemblies

If the Contract requires ‘closed panel’ assemblies consider the
following guidance for additional materials:
• Vapour control layer: CE marked according to

BS EN 13984:2013. Flexible sheets for waterproofing.
Plastic and rubber vapour control layers. Definitions and
characteristics. Type: 125 micron (500 gauge) polyethylene
or proprietary vapour ‘check’ boards, with seals between
adjacent sheets and around penetrations.
• Wall linings and ceilings: plasterboard to be CE marked
according to BS EN 520. Gypsum plasterboards.
Definitions, requirements and test methods. Fixings to be
according to lining manufacturer’s specification and CE
marked according to BS EN 14566. Mechanical fasteners
for gypsum plasterboard systems. Definitions, require-
ments and test methods.
Linings needed for fire compartmentation should be non-

combustible.
5.4.2 Structural insulated panels (SIPs)

CE marked according to the appropriate European Informative reference: TRADA’s book Innovative timber
Technical Assessment or with third party certification. construction, Chapter 2.
CE marking of structural insulated panels is not yet required,

Softwood products as specified in Section 5.2.1: although some manufacturers offer CE marking according to
Structural softwood. the appropriate European Technical Assessment. Meanwhile,
third party certification is preferred.
A specification for SIPs may include:
• mechanical resistance and stability
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific • airtightness
data... • fire protection
• acoustics
• thermal performance
• resistance to moisture
• coordination of services
• provisions for windows and doors
• finishes.
See Section 4 in ETAG 019: Guideline for European Technical

Approval for Prefabricated Wood-Based Loadbearing Stressed
Skin Panels for guidance on specifying project-specific data.
Specify characteristics of structural softwood products in

Section 5.2.1.
Specify other characteristics in this section (5.4.2).

42
5 Materials
5.4.3 Timber trussed rafters

CE marked according to BS EN 14250. Timber struc- Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 1-29: Trussed rafters.
tures. Product requirements for prefabricated struc-
Materials are usually specified by the manufacturer who is
tural members assembled with punched metal plate responsible for the design.
fasteners.
Informative reference: Trussed Rafter Association at www.
Apply the project-specific data listed for each element tra.org.uk
Although BS EN 14250 refers to BS EN 1995. Eurocode 5,
trussed rafter systems may be designed using national codes
Bracing is to comply with PD 6693-1. Recommendations such as BS 5268. Structural use of timber. Code of practice for
for the design of timber structures to Eurocode 5, trussed rafter roofs.
Annex E.
Trussed rafters may be endorsed by a third-party certifica-
tion scheme, such as BM TRADA’s Q-Mark, BSI’s Kitemark or
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific British Board of Agrément.
data...
Treatment with fire retardant and preservative is not normally
required for trussed rafters. However, preservative treatment
of roof timbers is needed in areas defined in the national
building regulations where the house longhorn beetle is
active.

• Strength class (default TR26).
• Select from characteristics in Table ZA.1.
5.5 Adhesives
See Section 6.9: Adhesives. Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-31: Adhesives for
structural use.

43

44
6 WORKMANSHIP – GENERAL
Workmanship is divided into two phases: Informative reference: BS 8000-5. Workmanship on building
sites. Code of practice for carpentry, joinery and general
fixings.
• Fabrication
• Erection.
Unless stated otherwise, ‘acceptance’ means by the

Employer.
6.1 Quality Assurance plan

Maintain a copy of the Quality Assurance plan at the
place where the relevant work is done.
Follow the Quality Assurance plan in respect of:
• the competence of the personnel needed in the

project and how this is assessed
• identifying the responsibilities of the Timber
Contractor, Employer and Project Engineer
• the effect of the project Quality Assurance plan on
existing Quality Assurance practices
• the work methods and instructions
• the inspection and testing plans for The Works,
including the inspection schedule
• methods to correct non-conformances.
6.2 Supervision
Ensure that the construction of The Works is supervised
to a level that is appropriate to mitigate the conse-
quences of errors or omissions.
Before commencing Fabrication submit for acceptance

proposals showing how the construction of The Works
will be supervised and by whom.

data...
6.3 Inspections and tests

See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific List requirements for inspections and tests in the PROJECT
data... SPECIFICATION.
6.4 Selection
Use timber products only within the limits recom-
mended by their manufacturer. Do not use timber
products that are damaged or apparently defective.

45
6.5 Moisture content

Follow the moisture content control plan (see Section Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 4-14: Moisture in timber.
4.7: Moisture content control plan) to achieve and
maintain target moisture content at various stages of
construction.
At various stages identified in the moisture content

control plan, test timber products using an electrical
resistance moisture meter.
Where moisture content is to be measured, sample 5%

of the members (but not less than 10 lengths) at mid
depth or other critical locations. At least 90% of results
within the specified range is acceptable.
The PROJECT SPECIFICATION contains a matrix of

Components and target moisture contents.

data...
6.6 Mock-ups
If required, prepare one mock-up of each assembly and Mock-ups are not usually required.
arrange inspection before proceeding with Fabrication.

data...
6.7 Testing of Components

If required, arrange performance testing by an approved Testing is not usually required.
third party test laboratory. Submit test results when
available.

data...
6.8 Protection
Keep stored timber products dry and free from distortion Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 4-12: Care of timber and
and damage. wood-based products on building sites.
Store timber products under cover with good ventila-

tion on a compacted hard surface that is level, well
drained and protected from other trades and traffic
movement. Support on evenly spaced level bearers and
separate layers with suitable stickers. Ensure bearers
and stickers are aligned vertically. Follow particular
requirements of the moisture content control plan.
6.9 Connections
6.9.1 Joints within members
Submit proposals for scarf joints, finger joints and splice Finger jointing is already allowed for in some CE marked
plates for acceptance. Justify the strength of all joints in products.
line with Section 4.4 Calculations. Many connections involve ancillary steelwork for which
BS EN 1993. Eurocode 3 applies.

46
6 Workmanship – general
6.9.2 Holding down bolt cover plates

Include loose cover plates or washers with hole diameter
2mm greater than the holding down bolts.
6.9.3 Fastener spacing and edge

distance
Position connectors so that spacings, edge and end
distances comply with BS EN 1995. Eurocode 5 or other
guidance accepted by the Employer.
6.9.4 Nails
Drive in nails fully without splitting or crushing the Nails are normally used for post-to-plate connections in
material being fixed. Unless otherwise specified, drive Timber Frame construction.
nails at right angles to the grain and to such depth that BS EN 1995. Eurocode 5 requires pre-drilling in dense
the surfaces of the nail heads are flush with the timber timber (>500kg/m3, typically hardwoods) and for large nails
surface. (d>6mm).
Where pre-drilling is required by the design or manu-

facturer’s guidance, the maximum permitted diameter
of pre-drilled holes is 0.8d, where d is the nail diameter.
For skew nailing follow Figure 8.8(b) in BS EN 1995.

Eurocode 5. In each joint, drive at least two nails using
opposed skew nailing unless specified otherwise.
6.9.5 Screws
In each joint, install at least two screws. Most modern screws are designed to be installed without
pre-drilling.
Ensure the surfaces to be connected are in close Coach screws require special drilling to suit the different
contact before installing screws. diameters of the thread and shank.
Pre-drill for screws if required by the design or manu-

facturer’s guidance.
Drill the lead hole for the shank with the same diameter
as the shank and the same depth as the length of the
shank.
Drill the lead hole for the threaded portion with a

diameter of approximately 70% of the shank diameter.
For timber densities greater than 500kg/m3 grease the

screw and determine the pre-drilling diameter by tests.
Turn in screws fully without splitting or crushing the

material being fixed. Unless otherwise specified, insert
screws at right angles to the grain and to such depth
that the surfaces of the screw heads are flush with the
timber surface.
Pre-drill and install coach screws, following the manu-

facturer’s guidance. Tighten coach screws so that the
members fit closely together.

47
6.9.6 Bolts
Under the nut use washers that comply with BS EN 1995. Plugs may be needed for fire protection or visual appearance.
Eurocode 5 to distribute the loads.
Tighten bolts so that the members fit closely.
Do not crush timber, deform washers or overstress bolts.

When tightened, at least one complete thread on the
bolt is to protrude from the nut.
6.9.7 Dowels
Insert dowels into pre-drilled holes of diameter not Plugs may be needed for fire protection or visual appearance.
greater than the dowel diameter.
6.9.8 Framing anchors

Secure using square twist nails at least 30mm x 3.75mm
unless otherwise recommended by the anchor manu-
facturer. Use at least the number of nails recommended
by anchor manufacturer.
6.9.9 Bonded-in rods

Follow manufacturer’s instructions for pre-drilling holes Consider whether bond strength testing is practicable in refur-
for rods. bishment and one-off projects. Manufacturer’s test evidence
may be preferred.
Clean and dry the surfaces of holes, removing sawdust,
shavings and swarf before applying adhesive.
Provide an installation method statement demon-

strating how bond strength will be tested including
control pieces for each batch of adhesive.
6.9.10 Proprietary connectors

Submit for acceptance proposals to use proprietary
connectors.
Provide third-party verification of the adequacy of

proprietary connectors in particular situations.
Follow the manufacturer’s installation instructions.
6.10 Adhesives
6.10.1 Timber products containing
adhesives
For products that are not CE marked, follow the work- Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-31: Adhesives for
manship requirements for adhesives in the PROJECT structural use.
SPECIFICATION. For CE marked timber products, the use of adhesives is
specified in the relevant Harmonised Technical Specification.
6.10.2 General requirements for adhesive For these products the PROJECT SPECIFICATION would
normally list the adhesive type only.
joints
For glued structural Components, follow BS 6446. For products that are not CE marked (usually ‘one off’
Specification for manufacture of glued structural compo- products), the use of adhesives would normally be specified
nents of timber and wood based panels. by reference to an appropriate Standard such as BS 6446 and
other documents mentioned in TRADA’s WIS 2/3-31. Such
products would normally be specified in collaboration with a
specialist manufacturer.

48
6 Workmanship – general
For large glued finger joints in glued laminated timber

and for block gluing, follow BS EN 14080. Timber struc-
tures. Glued laminated timber and glued solid timber.
Requirements.
Ensure that the adhesive is compatible with any

preservative treatment or fire-retardant treatment.
Make adhesive joints only under clean, controlled

‘factory’ conditions with a third-party accredited factory
production control system.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for the use

of the adhesive.
If the adhesive requires a conditioning period after initial

set, restrict the load until the joint attains full strength.
Where bond strength is a requirement for ultimate limit

state design, ensure that the quality and reliability of
the joint meets the PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
Surfaces to receive adhesive are to be sound, unfrozen,

free from dust, grease and any other contamination
likely to affect bond.
Where necessary, clean surfaces using methods and

materials recommended by adhesive manufacturer.
Adjust surface regularity and texture as necessary to

suit bonding and gap filling characteristics of adhesive.
Ensure that operatives observe manufacturer’s and

statutory requirements for storage and safe usage of
adhesives.
Do not use adhesives in unsuitable environmental

conditions or beyond the storage period recommended
by the manufacturer.
Apply adhesives using recommended spreaders/

applicators to ensure correct coverage. Bring surfaces
together within recommended time period and apply
pressure evenly over full area of contact to ensure full
bonding.
Remove surplus adhesive using methods and materials

recommended by adhesive manufacturer and without
damaging surfaces.

data...
6.10.3 Making structural adhesive joints

on Site
The making of structural adhesive joints on Site is not Factory production control is essential to achieve satisfactory
permitted unless agreed with the Employer. Submit results for structural connections. For this reason, the making
of adhesive joints on Site is often not practicable.
proposals for using adhesives on Site, including details
of the ‘factory production control’ system, for acceptance.

49
6.11 Building services

The Employer will co-ordinate with trade contractors Informative reference: TRADA’s Timber frame construction,
the locations of building services and requirements for chapter 10: Services.
notches and holes in the structure.
Before commencing Fabrication establish with the

Employer the location of notches and holes required for
building services, and verify that these will not compro-
mise the structural design.
Notches and holes are permitted in positions where the

strength of members will not be reduced. Take account
of the effects of knots and other defects in the timber.
In structural softwoods, no calculations are required for

notches and circular holes that comply with Section 10
of PD 6693-1. Recommendations for the design of timber
structures to Eurocode 5. Otherwise submit proposals
with supporting calculations for acceptance.
Notches and holes are not permitted in Heavy Frame

construction (such as glulam), trussed rafters and
metal web beams, unless specifically agreed with the
designer of that element. For all other products, follow
the manufacturer’s guidance.

50
7 WORKMANSHIP – FABRICATION
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Read this Section in conjunction with Section 6: Workmanship
data... – General.
Requirements for Fabrication Drawings and method statement

are in Section 4: Information to be supplied by the Timber
Contractor.
7.1 Packing, clearances and

camber
Provide for:
• packing needed to ensure proper level of Components

and fit of joints
• clearances between fabricated Components so that
the permitted deviations in Fabrication and Erection
are not exceeded
• the Project Engineer’s requirements for pre-set or
cambers.
7.2 Holes for holding down bolts

For holding down bolts, drill holes in the base plate with
sufficient clearance to ensure that a bolt, whose adjust-
ment may cause it to be out of perpendicular, can be
accommodated through the base plate.
7.3 Fabrication tolerances

The PROJECT SPECIFICATION contains variations
from the tolerances listed here.
7.3.1 Nominal dimensions of materials

The Harmonised Technical Specifications list toler- When specifying wall elements, and floor and roof elements,
ances of nominal dimensions of timber products. consider the tolerances offered in prEN 14732: Timber struc-
tures. Structural prefabricated wall, floor and roof elements.
Requirements.
data...
7.3.2 Dimensions of elements

Table 2 in prEN 14732 Timber structures. Structural
prefabricated wall, floor and roof elements. Requirements
lists production tolerances of elements and openings.
Table 7.1 lists common tolerances in panels.
7.3.3 Connections
Table 7.2 lists tolerances of connections in timber struc-
tures.
Table 7.3 lists tolerances of holes for connections.
Use of looser tolerances requires that effects of them

are separately taken into account in the design of struc-
tures and in the resistance of connections.

51
7.4 Remedial work

Report defects due to detailing or Fabrication errors to
the Employer who will obtain the Project Engineer’s
acceptance of remedial work.
If it is unacceptable to perform remedial work on

Site, modify or replace defective Components before
despatch to Site.

52
Table 7.1: Tolerances for panels
Situation Methods of construction Tolerance
Timber SIPs CLT Heavy
Frame Method Method Frame
Method Method
T7.1.1    ∆ = L/300 where L is the length of
Twist out of plane the shorter side
Max = 10mm
T7.1.2    ∆ = +/- 5mm

Position of openings Datum
Datum
Datum
Datum
Elevation
53
T7.1.3    W1, W2, D1, D2 Informative reference: prEN 14732. Timber
Size of openings ∆ = +5/-0mm D1 structures. Prefabricated wall, floor and roof
W1 elements. Requirements, Table 2
W2 D2 This is not mentioned in prEN 16351.
Timber structures. Cross laminated timber.
Requirements
Elevation

7 Workmanship – fabrication
Table 7.2: Tolerances for connections

The allowed deviation is given from the nominal location if not mentioned otherwise in the structural design. d is the diameter of the
connector.
Connection type Tolerance Description / base value Allowed deviation or gap

Nailed connections wood-wood location of connector spacing a1, a2 1) + max(10% of spacing; d)
Screwed connection wood-wood
end distance a3 +10,–0mm
side distance a4 +10,–dmm
penetration head flat with surface +3,–0mm
Nailing plate connection location of hole holes in the nailing plate + 3mm
(also screwed)
location of nailing plate in both directions + 5mm
Metal framing plates and hangers location of connector general + 5mm
from contact surface + 2mm 9)
edge or end distance of connector -d
gap to wood surface full contact skewed gap max. 3mm
Bolt connections location of bolt simultaneous drilling 2) + 5mm 5)
location of hole separate drilling + 1.5mm 3)
tightening full contact between members skewed gap max. 3mm
Dowel connections location of connector 4) simultaneous drilling +3mm
location of hole 4) separate drilling +1mm 6)
length of dowel in wood member t –max(2mm; 0.05t) 7)
gap of contact grooved or battened members <min(3mm; 0.25tt) 8)
Incline screw connections angle of screw + 5°
Glued-in rods location of rod position at wood surface +5mm
Glued-screw connections
skewness of holes drilling length La +La/50
Contact connections gap contact required skewed gap max. 3mm
contact length contact length –10%
length of notch depth of notch in grain direction +10%
perpendicular to grain direction +5mm
1) In the direction of grain, the nails have to be at least d out of line from each other if a1 < 14d
2) Drilling once through all members or using one drilled member as a template
3) When wood members have 1mm oversize holes and metal parts have 1.5mm–2mm oversized holes
4) In both surfaces of all wood members
5) In the grain direction, the row may be out of line max. 5mm from each other
6) When in wood-metal connections have 1mm oversized holes in metal parts
7) t is the design smooth length of the connector in a wood member
8) Gap between wood surface and metal plate, where t is the metal plate thickness
t
9) For example the distance of a supporting L-plate from the wood-wood contact surface (i.e. preliminary assembly to truss)

54
7 Workmanship – fabrication
Table 7.3: Tolerance of holes for connectors if no other information is given in the structural design
D is the hole diameter, d is the connector nominal diameter, Lp is the depth of the hole measured from the designed connector head location
and L is the nominal length of the connector. Wood here signifies all wood and wood-based panel products.
Connector Drilled material Code-recommended D Allowed D Lp

Nail, screw metal d + 1mm d + 0.2–1mm through
Pre-drilled nail1) wood 0.7d 0.5-0.8d L – 0-5 mm
Pre-drilled wood screw2) wood 0.7d 0.5-0.7d L – 0-d mm
Coach screw smooth shank in wood d d + 0-1mm 3) 0.4L + 5mm5)
threaded shank in wood 0.7d 0.60-0.75d 4) L – 0-d
Dowel6) wood d 0,95-1.0d L + 0-5mm
Dowel6) metal d + 1mm d + 0.5–1mm through
<1.1d <1.1d
Bolt, threaded rod wood d + 1mm d + 0–1mm through
Bolt metal d + 1mm d + 0.5–2mm through
<1.1d <1.1d
Glued-in rod wood 1.2d 1.15–1.25d L + 0–5mm
Glued lag screw smooth part in wood d + 1mm d + 0.5–1mm Ls + 5mm7)
(= glued-in screw) Threaded part in wood 0.85d 0.8–0.9d L – 0-d
1) To be pre-drilled according to design

2) To be pre-drilled according to design or if a non-drill headed screw, with d > 8mm
3) Oversized hole allowed only for top wood member when the members are drilled separately
4) Applies to softwood products and wood boards, when d > 6mm. Hardwood products (D-strength class) allow D = 0.7–0.85d
5) Partly threaded lag screws according to ISO 1891-25.1, where the thread length is 0.6L
6) If the hole is drilled to wood and metal simultaneously, the allowed D = d ± 0.0mm
7) L is the length of the smooth part of the screw
s

55

56
8 WORKMANSHIP – ERECTION
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific Read this Section in conjunction with Section 6: Workmanship
data... – General
8.1 Method
Prepare and submit Erection Drawings and method
statement as listed in Section 4: Information to be
supplied by the Timber Contractor.
Do not commence Erection until the Employer has

accepted the Erection Drawings and method statement.
Acceptance means that the Project Engineer’s design

concept for safe Erection has not been invalidated.
Keep and maintain a record of design information on

the Site.
8.1.1 Setting out lines and levels

The Employer will establish the system for setting out
the building in accordance with BS 5964-1. Building
setting out and measurement. Methods of measuring,
planning and organization and acceptance criteria.
Measure any deviations relative to this system.
8.1.2 Handling and storage

Handle and store Components safely and in a manner
that minimises the risk of damage. Follow the method of
handling and storage in the Erection method statement.
8.1.3 Damaged Components

Assemble the structure in such a way that over-
stressing of its members or connections is avoided.
Replace members which are warped, split or badly
fitting at the joints.
8.1.4 Supporting structures

The Employer will provide supporting structures and
holding down fixings, and ensure that bearing surfaces
and holding down fixings comply with the specification.
Inspect the prepared supporting structures and holding

down fixings for position and level not less than seven
days before Erection commences. Should any out-of-
tolerance be found, inform the Employer and request
that remedial work be carried out before Erection
commences or agree a suitable method of rectification.

57
8.1.5 Bearing surfaces

Install structural shims to allow the structure to be Non-biodegradable, flat, rigid, plastic shims are an example
properly lined, levelled and supported from a previously of acceptable packing.
prepared bearing surface. Shims to be of sufficient size Ensure that the position of DPC is specified in relation to
to avoid local crushing of the surface. structural shims.
Place shims so that they do not prevent subsequent Grout is intended to transfer load. Filling is intended to
grouting/filling to completely fill all spaces directly improve thermal performance and airtightness.
under the bearing surface. Unless stated otherwise,
shims are to remain permanently in place.
Ensure that the structure (or part of the structure) is

aligned, levelled, plumbed and adequately braced
before grouting/filling.
Immediately before grouting/filling, clear the space

between bearing surfaces so that it is free of foreign
material.
The Employer will install approved grouting/filling

between the base of the structure and bearing surfaces.
8.2 Stability
8.2.1 Permanent bracing and stability
Where the Project Engineer is responsible for permanent Where the Timber Contractor is required to design the
stability, the Project Engineer will provide details of the permanent stability of any part of the structure, define
the extent of the Timber Contractor’s responsibility in the
stability system. PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
8.2.2 Temporary bracing and stability

If temporary bracing is required during the Erection, do
not remove the bracings until the structure has been
erected, plumbed, lined and levelled in accordance with
the Erection method statement and temporary works
requirements.
Where part of a structure is erected temporary bracings

may be removed before the full Erection is complete
provided stability of the part structure is achieved from
the appropriate permanent means.
8.2.3 Erection loads

If it is likely that Erection loads will exceed the design
loads for the permanent structure, consult the designer
of the permanent works about temporary measures.
Ensure that no part of the structure is permanently

distorted by stacking of materials or temporary Erection
loads during the Erection of the structure.
It is expected that, once the structure is handed over,

loading by plant, equipment and materials will not
exceed the design loads for the permanent structure.

58
8 Workmanship – erection
8.3 Lining and levelling

8.3.1 Alignment of the structure
Align each part of the structure within tolerances
following Erection.
8.3.2 Connections
Make permanent connections as work progresses to
ensure that the structure remains correctly aligned,
levelled and plumbed.

data...
8.4 Fire risk during construction

Assist the Employer to prepare the fire risk manage- Consider adopting the ‘Safe site strategy’ produced by the
ment plan. Do not commence Erection until the plan Structural Timber Association, available from the Structural
Timber Association Information Centre at
is agreed. http://www.structuraltimber.co.uk
Obtain the advice of a fire engineer if the form of

construction is unusual or if there is an unusual fire risk.
8.5 Accuracy of erected timber

8.5.1 Measurements
Make measurements of assembled work progressively
as sections of the structure are completed.
When progressing from one work section to another,

remedy dimensional variances to prevent the accumu-
lation of variances.
8.5.2 Remedial work

Report dimensional defects due to detailing, Fabrication
or Erection errors. Submit proposal for remedial work for
acceptance before undertaking remedial work.
8.5.3 Tolerances
Table 8.1 lists tolerances that may be assumed from the Check that the permitted tolerances on support struc-
supporting structure. The PROJECT SPECIFICATION tures are consistent with tolerances stated in the relevant
specification(s).
lists variations from these tolerances.
Sometimes large panels are assembled on Site from smaller
Table 8.2 lists acceptable Erection tolerances for timber panels. Where these contain openings it would be difficult to
structure and any associated structural steelwork. The achieve the tolerances expected in the factory (see Table 7.1
PROJECT SPECIFICATION lists variations from these Tolerances for panels). The PROJECT SPECIFICATION should
address this. The following guidance on size of such openings
tolerances. permits some negative tolerance, which would need to be
taken into account when ordering doors and windows.
The Employer will advise trades that follow the timber
Erection about the Erection tolerances permitted in this Opening size (W1, W2, D1, D2) Tolerance on opening size
specification so that they can provide the necessary ≤1m ∆ = +2/-0mm
clearances and adjustments. >1m, ≤3m ∆ = +5/-2mm
>3m, ≤5m ∆ = +/-5mm
Where a tolerance is not shown in this specification, >5m ∆ = +/-10mm
seek advice from the Employer.

59
8.6 After handover

8.6.1 Overloading the structure
The Employer will ensure that no following trades
place heavy materials on the erected structure without
the written permission of the Timber Contractor or
the Project Engineer (whichever is responsible for the
design).
8.6.2 Building services

The Employer will ensure that following trades observe
the requirements of Section 6.11: Building services.
8.6.3 Re-tightening of bolts

Re-tighten bolts, if necessary, when the timber has
reached equilibrium moisture content, to ensure that
the load-carrying capacity and stiffness of the structure
are maintained.

data...

60
Table 8.1: Tolerances that may be assumed from the supporting structure
Tolerances allowed on the structure when compared to its nominal (datum) position
Situation Method of construction Tolerance Informative reference: National
Timber SIPs CLT Heavy Structural Concrete Specification
Frame Method Method Frame (NSCS)
Method Method
T8.1.1    ∆ = +/-10mm NSCS section 10.9.1
Level of surface supporting a
Datum
timber structure  ∆ = +5/-15mm NSCS 10.3.2 (as for steel structure)
Vertical section
T8.1.2    ∆ = 10mm in any 3m length Length NSCS section 10.9.1

Flatness of surface
supporting a panel structure
Vertical section
T8.1.3    ∆H = +/- 8mm/m but not more than NSCS section 10.9.2
61
Alignment of surface 15% of panel thickness Check that ∆ does not exceed 15% of
supporting a panel structure panel thickness (eg 20mm for 140mm
Datum
stud)
Vertical section
T8.1 4    Deviation from diagonal length Ensure that the concrete specification
Squareness of surface Footprint Diagonal ∆ matches
supporting a panel structure length
>1,500m2 Any +/- 5mm

>600m2 Any +/-10mm
≤1,500m2 gth
l len
≤600m2 >10m +/-10mm o na
ag
≤10m +/-5mm Di
Plan
Table 8.1: Continued
Method Method
T8.1.5  ∆1 = +25/-5mm NSCS section 10.4.1
Holding down bolts prepared ∆2 = +/-10mm 2
Datum
for adjustment
1 Datum
Vertical section
T8.1.6  ∆1 = +45/-5mm NSCS section 10.4.2

Preset bolts, resin or ∆2 = +/-3mm 2
Datum
mechanical anchors
62
1 Datum
Vertical section

T8.1.7     ∆ = +/-10mm Check this against existing
Vertical face of abutting construction or the specification for
structure new construction
Datum
Vertical section
Method Method
T8.1.8     ∆1 = +/- 3mm NSCS section 10.4.2
Preset wall bolt or bolt group ∆2 = +25/-5mm
Datum
1 Datum
Horizontal or
vertical section
63
Table 8.2: Tolerances on erected timber structure
Tolerances allowed on the structure when compared to its nominal (datum) position
Situation Method of construction Tolerance GUIDANCE

Method Method
8.2.1 Sole plate length    +/- 10mm Informative reference: TRADA’s Timber
frame construction, Appendix 3.2,
section SP
Not all panel systems employ sole

plates
8.2.2 Sole plate squareness    Length ∆
>10m +/- 10mm
≤10m +/- 5mm
th
leng
al
on
ag
Di
Plan
64
8.2.3 Sole plate alignment    ∆v=+/- 5mm Datum level of sole plate should be
and level ∆h=+/- 5mm at least 10mm above datum level of
support to accommodate tolerance of
Datum
level of support (T8.1.1)
h
v
Datum

Vertical section
SPECIFICATION
Method Method
T8.2.4    ∆=+/- 5mm See T8.2.7 for tolerance on alignment
Alignment at base connection at higher levels
Datum
to supporting structure  ∆=+/- 10mm
Datum
Datum
Plan
65
Datum
T8.2.5     ∆=+/- 5mm See T8.2.7 for tolerance on level at
Level at base connection to higher levels
supporting structure
Datum

Vertical section
SPECIFICATION
Method Method
T8.2.6   ∆=+/- H/600 or 5mm
Deviation at top of single (whichever is greater)
storey wall or column, Max=+/-10mm
relative to base
  ∆=+/- H/600 or 5mm
(whichever is greater)
Max=+/-25mm
H
Vertical section
T8.2.7     ∆h=+/- h/600 or 5mm ∆h is the deviation from alignment of the top of a
Deviation from alignment and (whichever is greater) vertical element relative to its base
level in multi-storey, up to 10 Max=+/-10mm ∆H is the deviation from datum alignment
66
storeys ∆H=+/- H/600 ∆v is the deviation from level of the top of a vertical
Max=+/-50mm element relative to its base
∆V is the deviation from datum level
   ∆v=+10/-10mm
∆V=+/- H/600 H
Max=+/-50mm V
 ∆V=+/- 10mm v
h

H
h
Vertical
section
T8.2.8     Exposed: ∆=3mm 3mm may be unacceptable in

Misalignment of floor, roof, Concealed: ∆=5mm exposed, high-specification work.
wall and column elements Adjust if necesary in the PROJECT
SPECIFICATION.
Horizontal or
vertical section
SPECIFICATION
Method Method
T8.2.9  Exposed: ∆=3mm
Gap in panel joint Concealed: ∆=5mm
Horizontal or
vertical section
T8.2.10     Length ∆ Informative reference: BS 8000-5.

Relative level at ends of Workmanship on building sites. Code
panel or beam ≤3m +/- 5mm of practice for carpentry, joinery and
>3m +/- 7mm general fixings, section 3.2.1b
≤6m
>6m +/- 10mm
67
Vertical
section
T8.2.11  ∆=+/- 5mm or h/600 whichever is

Horizontal alignment of the greater
beam, relative to an adjacent
beam above and below
h

Vertical
section
T8.2.12     ∆=spacing/200, max 5mm Informative reference: BS 8000-5.

Vertical alignment of adjacent Workmanship on building sites. Code
beam or joist within a of practice for carpentry, joinery and
distance of 5 metres general fixings, section 3.2.1c
Vertical section
SPECIFICATION
Method Method
T8.2.13     ∆=(D/1000 + 1)mm
Gap between contact
surfaces
D
Vertical section
T8.2.14    ∆=width/350mm, or length/800mm

Dishing of a panel Max=5mm
Width / Length
68
Horizontal or
vertical section
T8.2.15    ∆=5mm
Straightness of a wall
Length 5m
Horizontal section

9 PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS AND FINISHES
9.1 General
9.1.1 Responsibility for specification
The responsibility for specifying protective treatments Protective treatment means preservative or flame retardant.
and finishes will depend on the system for design Finish means a coating system specified primarily for its
appearance and/or sealing properties.
responsibility nominated in Section 3: Information
required by the Timber Contractor.
If more than one protective treatment or finish is required,

verify that the different systems are compatible.
9.1.2 Scope of protective treatments and

finishes
The PROJECT SPECIFICATION contains a matrix of
Components and surfaces that require protective treat-
ments and/or finishes before delivery to Site.

data...
9.1.3 Processing treated timber

Plan the work sequence to do as much cutting and
machining as possible before treatment.
Where treated members are affected by subsequent

cutting and drilling, apply two liberal coats of solution
specified by the protective treatment or finish manu-
facturer.
Re-treat members that are affected by extensive

processing after initial treatment or where the protec-
tive treatment or finish is damaged.
9.1.4 Health and safety

Select the least hazardous processes and products that Timber treatment products may contain ingredients that
offer the required protection. are detrimental to health. It is important to select the least
hazardous solution and follow relevant health and safety
regulations and best practice.

69
9.2 Preservation
9.2.1 Treatment
Where required, apply preservative treatment after Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-16: Preservative
cutting and machining is finished and before Erection. treatment for timber – a guide to specification.
Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 4-28: Durability by

Use preservatives approved for use in Europe and which design.
comply with BS EN 599-1. Durability of wood and wood-
based products. Efficacy of preventive wood preserva- The Durability of timber can be enhanced by:
tives as determined by biological tests. Specification
according to use class. • design and details that minimise the effects of hazards
• selection of timber with an appropriate natural Durability
with sapwood excluded
The processor is to be licensed by the manufac- • selection of modified woods with enhanced Durability
turer of the treatment solution and operatives to have • treatment with preservative.
completed a training scheme endorsed by the Wood
Hence treatment with preservative might be unnecessary.
Protection Association (WPA) or an equivalent interna- However, consider also the requirements of:
tional body if the work is done outside of the UK.
• national building regulations, such as the treatment
For each batch processed, provide a certificate to verify needed against the house longhorn beetle in certain parts
that the specified treatment has been carried out. of England (see Approved Document A)
• insurance-backed warranty schemes
• grant schemes, such as those applying to agricultural
9.2.2 Commodity specification buildings.
For each specified Component type apply the appropriate
solution strength and cycles of preservative treatment If treatment with preservative is necessary, the WPA’s Manual
offers two methods of specification:
according to the commodity specification listed in the
Wood Protection Association’s Manual: Industrial Wood • results-based specification
Preservation – Specification and Practice, and comply • commodity specifications.
with BS 8417. Preservation of wood. Code of practice.
The WPA’s manual is generally consistent with BS 8417.
Additionally, the WPA Manual offers a specification for
Take account of the Desired Service Life (as defined in applying preservative treatment to plywood.
BS 8417) of the Component, the likelihood and conse-
quences of failure, and treatability of the species. This specification follows the commodity specifications
method but specifiers may prefer the results-based method.
data...
9.2.3 CE marking
If preservative treatment is applied to a CE marked
product, the product will need to be re-evaluated
according to the Harmonised Technical Specification.

70
9 Protective treatments and finishes
9.3 Flame retardant

9.3.1 Treatment
The processor is to be licensed by the manufac- Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-3: Flame retardant
turer of the treatment solution and operatives to have treatments for timber.
completed a training scheme endorsed by the Wood Flame-retardant treatments offer enhanced ‘reaction to fire’
Protection Association or an equivalent international properties.
body.
The performance classification is indicated in the national
The processor is to follow the relevant Quality Assurance building regulations for particular situations that demand
reduced combustibility and ignitability.
scheme operated by the Wood Protection Association.
Flame retardants may be adversely affected by additional
Submit a Classification Report for the proposed coatings so it is important to consult the flame retardant
treatment to verify that it is suitable for the species and manufacturer.
surface, and that it will achieve the required perfor-
Applying flame-retardant chemicals to a CE marked product
mance. If the proposed use does not comply with the invalidates the CE mark, even though it often remains visible.
Classification Report, provide an Extended Application This is because the chemicals may have an adverse effect on
Report. the declared characteristics of that product. In this case, the
product will need to be re-evaluated by a Notified Body after
For each batch processed, provide a certificate to verify treatment.
that the specified treatment has been carried out. There are two systems of performance class used in the UK –
National classes (tested to British Standards) and Euroclasses
If any cutting or machining is done after the flame (tested to European Standards). Both systems are recognised
retardant is applied, consult the flame retardant manu- in UK building regulations but they are neither equivalent nor
facture to determine what measures are needed to interchangeable. Only the European classes are appropriate
where CE marking is specified.
ensure adequate performance of the flame retardant.
There are three service environments:
9.3.2 Commodity specification
For each specified surface or Component apply the • internal dry (Service Class 1)
appropriate solution strength and cycles of fire- • internal humid (Service Class 2)
retardant treatment according to the commodity speci-

• external (Service Class 3).
fication listed in the Wood Protection Association’s

Flame Retardant Specification Manual – Industrial
Flame Retardant Treatment of Solid Timber and Panel
Products.
Take account of the desired reaction to fire performance

and treatability and moisture condition of the material.

data...
9.3.3 CE marking
If flame-retardant treatment is applied to a CE marked
product, the product will need to be re-evaluated
according to the Harmonised Technical Specification.

71
9.4 Finishes
Prevent damage to and marking of exposed surfaces Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-60: Specifying timber
before and during Erection and until handover to the exposed to weathering.
Employer. Informative reference: TRADA’s WIS 2/3-1: Finishes for
external timber.
Submit proposals to prevent water staining and Site
contamination for acceptance. This section applies to those protective finishes that are incor-
porated into the timberwork before Erection by the Timber
Contractor.
9.4.1 End grain
If required and preferably before delivery to Site, apply It is important to co-ordinate with the architect to ensure that
an end-grain sealer to end grain surfaces. any prime coat(s) that need to be applied before Erection will
be compatible with the finish.
See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific The surface sealer minimises staining during construction.
data...
Consider what further precautions against moisture might be
addressed with the finish, such as on-Site storage and appro-
9.4.2 Exposed surfaces priate acclimatisation measures.
If required and before delivery to Site, apply a clear
surface sealer incorporating fungicide to surfaces that Specify priming coats to be applied by the Timber Contractor
will be exposed in the building. only if it is impractical to do this after Erection.

data...
9.4.3 Painted finishes

If required and before delivery to Site, apply one coat
of primer.

data...
9.4.4 Clear finishes

If required and before delivery to Site, apply one coat of
clear finish.

data...

72
10 QUALITY ASSURANCE
10.1 Quality Management

System
10.1.1 System requirements Consider whether the project warrants execution by a company
with certification according to the following Standards:
Maintain and operate a quality management system
(QMS), preferably according to BS EN ISO 9001. Quality • BS EN ISO 14001. Environmental management systems.
management systems. Requirements. As part of the Requirements with guidance for use
QMS operate production control systems to ensure • BS OHSAS 18001. Occupational health and safety manage-
that the procedures for design, detailing, purchasing, ment systems. Requirements.
Fabrication, Erection and protective treatment of the
timber structure and its Components can provide
completed work that conforms to the requirements of
this specification.
Review the requirements of the PROJECT

SPECIFICATION prior to commencing work and provide
a project-specific quality plan to supplement the quality
management system if the work is not covered by a
generic plan.
10.1.2 System acceptance

The system is to be either:
• assessed and certified as complying to the require-

ments of BS EN IS0 9001 by an accredited certifica-
tion body, or
• open to audit and acceptance by the Employer.
10.1.3 Scope
The system covers all procedures as detailed in
BS EN IS0 9001.
10.2 Additional inspections and

tests
Provide the necessary facilities for any tests and inspec-
tions that are required by the PROJECT SPECIFICATION.
10.3 Records
Keep records required for the Quality Management
System and make available for the Employer and the
Inspection Authority to examine.

73

74
OTHER DOCUMENTS
This list summarises the other documents mentioned in this specification,
together with the edition and/or date of publication at the time that this
version of the specification was published.
Normative references (mentioned in SPECIFICATION)

BS 4978:2007+A1:2011. Visual strength grading of softwood. Specification
BS EN 300:2006. Oriented strand boards (OSB). Definitions, classification
and specifications
BS EN 312:2010. Particleboards. Specifications
BS EN 335:2013. Durability of wood and wood-based products. Use classes:
definitions, application to solid wood and wood-based products
BS EN 336:2013. Structural timber. Sizes, permitted deviations
BS EN 520:2004+A1:2009. Gypsum plasterboards. Definitions, requirements
and test methods
BS EN 599-1:2009+A1:2013. Durability of wood and wood-based products.
Efficacy of preventive wood preservatives as determined by biological tests.
Specification according to use class
BS EN 636:2012+A1:2015. Plywood. Specifications
BS EN 1912:2012. Structural Timber. Strength classes. Assignment of visual
grades and species
BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005. Eurocode. Basis of structural design
BS EN 1991-1-1:2002. Eurocode 1. Actions on structures. General actions.
Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings
BS EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014. Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures.
General rules and rules for buildings
BS EN 1995-1-1:2004+A2:2014. Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures.
General. Common rules and rules for buildings
BS 5964-1:1990, ISO 4463-1:1989. Building setting out and measurement.
Methods of measuring, planning and organization and acceptance criteria
BS 8417:2011+A1:2014. Preservation of wood. Code of practice
BS EN 13162:2012+A1:2015. Thermal insulation products for buildings.
Factory made mineral wool (MW) products. Specification
Factory made expanded polystyrene (EPS) products. Specification
Factory made extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) products. Specification
Factory made rigid polyurethane foam (PU) products. Specification
Factory made phenolic foam (PF) products. Specification
Factory made cellular glass (CG) products. Specification
Factory made wood wool (WW) products. Specification

75

Factory made wood fibre (WF) products. Specification
BS EN 13859-2:2014. Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Definitions and char-
acteristics of underlays. Underlays for walls
BS EN 13984:2013. Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Plastic and rubber
vapour control layers. Definitions and characteristics
BS EN 13986:2004+A1:2015. Wood-based panels for use in construction.
Characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking
BS EN 14080:2013. Timber structures. Glued laminated timber and glued
solid timber. Requirements
BS EN 14081-1:2005+A1:2011. Timber structures. Strength graded struc-
tural timber with rectangular cross section. General requirements
BS EN 14250:2010. Timber structures. Product requirements for prefabri-
cated structural members assembled with punched metal plate fasteners
BS EN 14374:2004. Timber structures. Structural laminated veneer lumber.
Requirements
BS EN ISO 9001:2008. Quality management systems. Requirements
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
Construction Products Regulation (CPR), Regulation (EU) No 305/2011
EU Timber Regulation (EUTR), Regulation (EU) No 995/2010
Flame Retardant Specification Manual – Industrial Flame Retardant
Treatment of Solid Timber and Panel Products, Wood Protection Association,
2nd edition, May 2011, amended September 2012
Manual: Industrial Wood Preservation – Specification and Practice, Wood
Protection Association, 2nd edition, April 2012
PD 6693-1:2012. Recommendations for the design of timber structures to
Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures. General. Common rules and rules
for buildings
prEN 14732. Timber structures. Prefabricated wall, floor and roof elements.
Requirements (draft published January 2011)
National Structural Steelwork Specification for Building Construction, 5th
edition, ISBN 085073052X, The British Constructional Steelwork Association,
January 2007
Informative references (mentioned in GUIDANCE)

Some informative references are also normative references, in which case
they are listed once only with the normative references.
BS 8000-5:1990. Workmanship on building sites. Code of practice for

carpentry, joinery and general fixings
BS EN 13017-1:2001. Solid wood panels. Classification by surface appear-
ance. Solid wood panels. Classification by surface appearance. Softwood
BS EN 15804:2012+A1:2013. Sustainability of construction works.
Environmental product declarations. Core rules for the product category of
construction products
BS EN ISO 12944-2:1998. Paints and varnishes. Corrosion protection of steel
structures by protective paint systems. Classification of environments
BS EN ISO 14001:2004. Environmental management systems. Requirements
with guidance for use

76
Other documents
BS OHSAS 18001:2007. Occupational health and safety management

systems. Requirements
ETAG 007: Guideline for European Technical Approval of Timber Building
Kits, November 2012
ETAG 011: Guideline for European Technical Approval of Light Composite
Wood-Based Beams and Columns, January 2002
ETAG 015: Guideline for European Technical Approval of Three-Dimensional
Nailing Plates, November 2012
ETAG 019: Guideline for European Technical Approval for Prefabricated
Wood-Based Loadbearing Stressed Skin Panels, November 2004
Innovative timber construction. New ways to achieve energy efficiency, ISBN
978-1-900510-875, TRADA Technology, 2012
National Structural Concrete Specification for Building Construction, 4th
edition, ISBN 978 1904818960, The Concrete Centre, April 2010
Panel Guide, Version 4, Wood Panel Industries Federation, TRADA, Timber
Trades Federation, 2014, at http://www.trada.co.uk/publications
prEN 16351. Timber structures. Cross laminated timber. Requirements (draft
was published for comment in November 2011 and revised in July 2013)
Timber frame construction, 5th edition, ISBN 978-1-900510-820, TRADA
Technology, 2011
WIS 0-5: Timber frame building: materials specification, TRADA Technology,
2013
WIS 1-6: Glued laminated timber, TRADA Technology, 2012
WIS 1-29: Trussed rafters, TRADA Technology, 2013
WIS 1-35: Breather membranes for timber frame walls, TRADA Technology,
2013
WIS 1-36: Timber joist and deck floors – avoiding movement, TRADA
Technology, 2012
WIS 1-37: Introduction to Eurocode 5, TRADA Technology, 2012
WIS 1-41: Strutting in timber floors, BM TRADA, 2015
WIS 1-42: Timber I-joists: applications and design, TRADA Technology, 2012
WIS 2/3-16: Preservative treatment for timber – a guide to specification,
TRADA Technology, 2012
WIS 2/3-23: Introduction to wood-based panel products, TRADA Technology,
2012
WIS 2/3-31: Adhesives for structural use, BM TRADA, 2014
WIS 2/3-37: Softwood sizes, BM TRADA , 2015
WIS 2/3-51: Timber engineering hardware and connectors, TRADA
Technology, 2011
WIS 2/3-52: Fasteners for structural timber: Nails, screws, bolts and dowels,
TRADA Technology, 2012
WIS 2/3-57: Specifying wood-based panels for structural use, TRADA
Technology, 2013
WIS 2/3-58: Sustainable timber sourcing, TRADA Technology, 2013
WIS 4-7: Timber strength grading and strength classes, TRADA Technology,
2011

77
WIS 4-12: Care of timber and wood-based products on building sites, TRADA
Technology, 2012
WIS 4-14: Moisture in timber, TRADA Technology, 2011
WIS 4-15: Condensation control in dwellings, TRADA Technology, 2012
WIS 4-28: Durability by design, TRADA Technology, 2012

78
FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION V1.0
The NATIONAL STRUCTURAL TIMBER SPECIFICATION (NSTS) is an ambitious initiative by TRADA to
support the rapidly increasing use of timber. It provides a definitive, comprehensive, stand-alone
specification for structural timber in building construction, complementing similar specification
documents used for steel and concrete buildings. The NSTS covers:
> information exchange > erection

> materials > protection
> fabrication > quality assurance
The first edition of the NSTS is for the structural use of timber in buildings to which national
building regulations apply. Intended for use in the United Kingdom it may be suitable for use in other
jurisdictions that follow British practice. It currently deals with softwood structures only but future
editions may be developed to include other structures.
The NSTS includes references to standards and best practice guidance, such as TRADA’s series of
Wood Information Sheets.
NSTS PROJECT SPECIFICATION

The NSTS provides guidance for those using the supplementary PROJECT SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBER, a
separate document which includes project-specific data and prompts. BM TRADA publishes the PROJECT SPECIFICATION
template in Microsoft Word format, downloadable for TRADA members at www.trada.co.uk/nsts. It is important that users
download the latest version of NSTS and, if required, the corresponding PROJECT SPECIFICATION template.
TRADA members and the NSTS

The NSTS project is collaborative and driven by a group of TRADA members comprising Arup, B&K Structures
and Kingspan Timber Solutions, with additional advice provided by timber experts at Waugh Thistleton, Cullinan Studio,
NHBC, BAM Construct UK, Ramboll UK, Smith and Wallwork and BM TRADA. All TRADA members were invited to participate
in a wider consultation prior to publication and many took the opportunity to provide feedback. We welcome comments
from members for future editions via nsts@trada.co.uk.
ISBN 978-1-909594-34-0
BM TRADA - part of the Exova Group - provides independent certification, testing, inspection,
training, technical services and information around the world. We help customers large and small
to prove their business and product credentials and to improve performance and compliance.
BM TRADA is TRADA’s appointed provider for its research and information programmes and for
the administration of its membership services. 9 781909 594340
© TRADA Technology Ltd, trading as BM TRADA, 2015. All rights reserved.

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NATIONAL

The official publisher for TRADA

Version Release date Notes

This is a technical publication for professionals in the built environment sector.

© TRADA Technology Ltd 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

All illustrations are © TRADA Technology Ltd

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

Timber design and specification need no longer demand such a ‘special’

The NATIONAL STRUCTURAL TIMBER SPECIFICATION (the NSTS) is

This specification is to be read in conjunction with the PROJECT

BM TRADA publishes a template for production of the PROJECT

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

The NSTS Core Group comprises:

• Nick Milestone, Managing Director, B&K Structures (Chair)

BM TRADA acknowledges the assistance of the following for their peer

• Andrew Waugh of Waugh Thistleton Architects

Many TRADA members and invited organisations also participated in a

Feedback on the NSTS should be sent to nsts@trada.co.uk.

Updated versions of the NSTS will be published at www.trada.co.uk/nsts.

TRADA, the Timber Research and Development Association, is a not-for-

For further information and details of membership visit www.trada.co.uk or

BM TRADA, part of the Exova Group, provides independent certification,

The BM TRADA bookshop offers a wide range of technical publications for

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

1. This document (“Document”) is produced and published by BM TRADA,

6. BM TRADA accepts no responsibility for providing users of this Document

7. Neither BM TRADA nor any of its associated companies or its or any of

(a) loss of actual or anticipated profits;

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

8. Any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with these terms

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

Cross-references to Sections are sections of this specification unless stated

The Guidance includes documents in TRADA’s Wood Information library at

This specification contains prompts where project-specific data is needed in

See PROJECT SPECIFICATION for project-specific data...

The following are not included in this specification:

Topic Usually included in

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

Intended for use in the United Kingdom it may be suitable for

1.2 PROJECT SPECIFICATION

1. National building regulations

1.3 Standards and other

• Basis of structural design: BS EN 1990. Eurocode

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

The PROJECT SPECIFICATION lists the aspects of the

The Project Engineer is usually the author of the PROJECT

If an insurance warranty is required (such as NHBC) it may

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

Note: Terms defined here are written as Proper Nouns

CPR The Europe-wide Construction Products

Component A product or assembly that, after Fabrication, is

Consequences Class Indicates consequence for loss of human life,

BS EN 1990. Eurocode defines three

Contract The contract between the Employer and the

© TRADA Technology Ltd trading as BM TRADA 2015. All rights reserved.

Electronic Data Information in an electronic digital format

Erection The sequences of processes for taking delivery

Erection Drawings Drawings, prepared by the Timber Contractor,

Fabrication The sequences of processes for making