Hands-on Ethical Hacking and Network Defense, 0619217081

Ch. 5 Solutions-1

Hacking and Network Defense 1st

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Chapter 5 Solutions
Review Questions
1. Security testers and hackers use which of the following to determine the services running
on a host and the vulnerabilities associated with those services?
d. port scanning
2. What is the most popular port-scanning tool used today?
c. Nmap
3. To receive extensive Nmap information and examples of the correct syntax to use in a
Linux shell, which of the following commands should you type?
d. man nmap
4. To receive a brief summary of Nmap commands in a Linux shell, which of the following
should you do?
a. Type nmap -h.
5. Which of the following Nmap commands sends a SYN packet to a computer with an IP
address of 193.145.85.210? (Choose all that apply.)
a. nmap -sS 193.145.85.210
b. nmap -v 193.145.85.210
6. Which flags are set on a packet sent with the nmap -sX 193.145.85.202 command?
(Choose all that apply.)
a. FIN
Hands-on Ethical Hacking and Network Defense, 0619217081
Ch. 5 Solutions-2
b. PSH
d. URG
7. Which Nmap command verifies whether the SSH port is open on any computers on the
192.168.1.0 network? (Choose all that apply.)
a. nmap -v 192.168.1.0-254 -p 22
d. nmap -v 192.168.1.0/24 -p 22
8. A closed port responds to a SYN packet with a(n) ______ packet.
d. RST
9. Which type of scan is usually used to bypass a firewall or packet-filtering device?
a. an ACK scan
10. Security testers can use Hping to bypass filtering devices. True or False?
True
11. A FIN packet sent to a closed port responds with a(n) ____ packet.
c. RST
12. A(n) ________ scan sends a packet with all flags set to NULL.
a. NULL
13. What is a potential danger of performing a ping sweep on a network?
a. including a broadcast address in the ping sweep range
14. Port scanning provides the state for all but which of the following ports?
d. buffered
15. A NULL scan requires setting the FIN, ACK, and URG flags. True or False?
False
16. Why does the fping -f 193.145.85.201 193.145.85.220 command cause an error?
a. An incorrect switch is used.
17. In basic network scanning, ICMP Echo Requests (type 8) are sent to host computers from
the attacker, who waits for which type of packet to confirm that the host computer is
alive?
d. ICMP Echo Reply (type 0)
18. To bypass some ICMP-filtering devices on a network, an attacker might send which type
of packets to scan the network for vulnerable services? (Choose all that apply.)
b. SYN packets
c. ACK packets
19. Which of the following is a tool for creating a custom TCP/IP packet and sending it to a
host computer?
c. Hping
20. Fping does not allow users to ping multiple IP addresses simultaneously. True or False?
False

Activities
Hands-on Ethical Hacking and Network Defense, 0619217081
Ch. 5 Solutions-3
Activity 5-1: Getting to Know Nmap

Step 2: -sS (SYN port scan), -sU (UDP port scan), -sP (ping scan), and so forth.
Step 6: To select only SMTP or HTTP ports for IP addresses 193.145.85.201 through
193.145.85.220, the command is nmap -sS -v 193.145.85.201-220 -p 25,80. The results can vary,
dependingpon the attacked computer.For example, if port 80 is open, students should receive this
response: Discovered open port 80/tcp on IPaddress.
Activity 5-2: Using Additional Nmap Commands

Step 4: nmap -sF -v IPNumberRange. Results of scans can vary, depending on the attacked
system. Student might receive messages indicating that the port is open, closed, or filtered (if the
attacked system is behind a firewall). For example, the output might be “Discovered open port
25/tcp on 193.145.80.201.”
Step 5: nmap -sX -v IPNumberRange
Step 6: nmap -sA -v IPNumberRange
Activity 5-3: Crafting Packets with Fping and Hping

Step 6: Students should understand that a SYN packet might return no results when sent to
computer, possibly because of an IDS or a firewall rejecting it. Yet the same computer might send
back a different result when a FIN packet is sent, possibly an “opened port” message.
Activity 5-4: Creating an Executable Shell Script

Step 14: 254 addresses.

Case Projects

Case Project 5-1: Obtaining Information on a Network’s Active Services

The memo should show how a scan (SYN, ACK, NULL, and so forth) can indicate which service
is running on a computer or server and explain how knowledge of that service can guide testers to
exploits that might be used to attack that service or port. Students can easily use keywords to
search the OSSTMM document on the book’s CD for information. They should be familiar with
navigating through this document, and the information can assist the instructor in generating
discussions on many security topics. For example, the “Identifying Services” section contains the
following topics, which can be included in the memo:
1. Match each open port to a service and protocol.
2. Identify server uptime to latest patch releases.
3. Identify the application behind the service and the patch level using banners or fingerprinting.
4. Verify the application to the system and the version.
5. Locate and identify service remapping or system redirects.
6. Identify the components of the listening service.
7. Use UDP-based service and Trojan requests to all systems in the network.
Case Project 5-2: Finding Port-scanning Tools

The purpose of the report is to encourage students to actively research security tools, not rely on
just one or two tools. Just as antivirus software needs to be updated constantly, security tools must
be updated and possibly replaced. As of the writing of this book, several bug-tracking sites claim
that Nessus could be vulnerable to attack. Students should be encouraged not to assume anything
and to use their critical-thinking skills when working in network security.
Another document from Scribd.com that is
random and unrelated content:
 existence of Calypso’s island, is disputed by some writers. Pliny,
bk. 3, ch. 10.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1, lis. 52 & 85; bk. 5, li. 254.

Ocy̆ris, an island in the Indian ocean.

Oicleus, a son of Antiphates and Zeuxippe, who married Hypermnestra

daughter of Thestius, by whom he had Iphianira, Polybœa, and
Amphiaraus. He was killed by Laomedon when defending the ships
which Hercules had brought to Asia, when he made war against Troy.
Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1,
ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.

Oīleus, a king of the Locrians. His father’s name was Odoedocus, and
his mother’s Agrianome. He married Eriope, by whom he had Ajax,
called Oileus from his father, to discriminate him from Ajax the son
of Telamon. He had also another son called Medon, by a courtesan
called Rhene. Oileus was one of the Argonauts. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1,
li. 45.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Hyginus, fables 14 & 18.—Homer, Iliad,
bks. 13 & 15.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Olane, one of the mouths of the Po.――A mountain of Armenia.

Olanus, a town of Lesbos.

Olastræ, a people of India. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 249.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 20.

Olba, or Olbus, a town of Cilicia.

Olbia, a town of Sarmatia at the confluence of the Hypanis and the

Borysthenes, about 15 miles from the sea, according to Pliny. It was
afterwards called Borysthenes and Miletopolis, because peopled by a
Milesian colony, and is now supposed to be Oczakow. Strabo, bk. 7.
—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――A town of Bithynia. Mela, bk. 1,
ch. 19.――A town of Gallia Narbonensis. Mela, bk. 2,
ch. 5.――The capital of Sardinia. Claudian.

Olbius, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Olbus, one of Æetes’ auxiliaries. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 639.

Olchinium, or Olcinium, now Dulcigno, a town of Dalmatia, on the
Adriatic. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 26.

Olbades, a people of Spain. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 5.

Oleăros, or Oliaros, one of the Cyclades, about 16 miles in

circumference, separated from Paros by a strait of seven miles. Virgil,
Æneid, bk. 3, li. 126.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 469.—
Strabo, bk. 10.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Oleatrum, a town of Spain near Saguntum. Strabo.

Olen, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flourished some time before the age of
Orpheus, and composed many hymns, some of which were regularly
sung at Delphi, on solemn occasions. Some suppose that he was the
first who established the oracle of Apollo at Delphi where he first
delivered oracles. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 35.

Olenius, a Lemnian killed by his wife. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 164.

Olĕnus, a son of Vulcan, who married Lethæa, a beautiful woman, who

preferred herself to the goddesses. She and her husband were
changed into stones by the deities. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10,
li. 68.――A famous soothsayer of Etruria. Pliny, bk. 28, ch. 2.

Olĕnus, or Olenum, a town of Peloponnesus between Patræ and

Cyllene. The goat Amalthæa, which was made a constellation by
Jupiter, is called Olenia, from its residence there. Pausanias, bk. 7,
ch. 22.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.—Strabo, bk. 8.—
Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――Another in Ætolia.

Oleorus, one of the Cyclades, now Antiparo.

Olgasys, a mountain of Galatia.

Oligyrtis, a town of Peloponnesus.

Olinthus, a town of Macedonia. See: Olynthus.

Olisipo, now Lisbon, a town of ancient Spain on the Tagus, surnamed

Felicitas Julia (Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22), and called by some Ulysippo,
 and said to be founded by Ulysses. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Solinus,
bk. 23.

Olitingi, a town of Lusitania. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Olīzon, a town of Magnesia in Thessaly. Homer.

Titus Ollius, the father of Poppæa, destroyed on account of his intimacy

with Sejanus, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 45.――A river rising
in the Alps, and falling into the Po, now called the Oglio. Pliny,
bk. 2, ch. 103.

Ollovĭco, a prince of Gaul, called the friend of the republic by the

Roman senate. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 31.

Olmiæ, a promontory near Megara.

Olmius, a river of Bœotia, near Helicon, sacred to the Muses. Statius,

Thebaid, bk. 7, li. 284.

Oloosson, now Alessone, a town of Magnesia. Homer.

Olophyxus, a town of Macedonia on mount Athos. Herodotus, bk. 7,

ch. 22.

Olpæ, a fortified place of Epirus, now Forte Castri.

Olus (untis), a town at the west of Crete.

Olympeum, a place of Delos.――Another in Syracuse.

Olympia (orum), celebrated games which received their name either

from Olympia, where they were observed, or from Jupiter Olympius,
to whom they were dedicated. They were, according to some,
instituted by Jupiter after his victory over the Titans, and first
observed by the Idæi Dactyli, B.C. 1453. Some attribute the
institution to Pelops, after he had obtained a victory over Œnomaus
and married Hippodamia; but the more probable, and indeed the
more received opinion is, that they were first established by Hercules
in honour of Jupiter Olympius, after a victory obtained over Augias,
B.C. 1222. Strabo objects to this opinion, by observing that if they
had been established in the age of Homer, the poet would have
undoubtedly spoken of them, as he is in every particular careful to
mention the amusements and diversions of the ancient Greeks. But
they were neglected after their first institution by Hercules, and no
notice was taken of them, according to many writers, till Iphitus, in
the age of the lawgiver of Sparta, renewed them, and instituted the
celebration with greater solemnity. This reinstitution, which
happened B.C. 884, forms a celebrated epoch in Grecian history, and
is the beginning of the Olympiad. See: Olympias. They, however,
were neglected for some time after the age of Iphitus, till Corœbus,
who obtained a victory, B.C. 776, reinstituted them to be regularly
and constantly celebrated. The care and superintendence of the
games were entrusted to the people of Elis, till they were excluded by
the Pisæans, B.C. 364, after the destruction of Pisa. These obtained
great privileges from this appointment; they were in danger neither of
violence nor war, but they were permitted to enjoy their possessions
without molestation, as the games were celebrated within their
territories. Only one person superintended till the 50th Olympiad,
when two were appointed. In the 103rd Olympiad, the number was
increased to 12, according to the number of the tribes of Elis. But in
the following Olympiad, they were reduced to eight, and afterwards
increased to 10, which number continued till the reign of Adrian. The
presidents were obliged solemnly to swear that they would act
impartially, and not take any bribes, or discover why they rejected
some of the combatants. They generally sat naked, and held before
them the crown which was prepared for the conqueror. There were
also certain officers to keep good order and regularity, called ἀλυται,
much the same as the Roman lictors, of whom the chief was called
ἀλυταρχης. No women were permitted to appear at the celebration
of the Olympian games, and whoever dared to trespass this law was
immediately thrown down from a rock. This, however, was
sometimes neglected, for we find not only women present at the
celebration, but also some among the combatants, and some
rewarded with the crown. The preparations for these festivals were
great. No person was permitted to enter the lists if he had not
regularly exercised himself 10 months before the celebration at the
public gymnasium of Elis. No unfair dealings were allowed, and
whoever attempted to bribe his adversary was subjected to a severe
fine. No criminals, nor such as were connected with impious and
guilty persons, were suffered to present themselves as combatants;
and even the father and relations were obliged to swear that they
would have recourse to no artifice which might decide the victory in
favour of their friends. The wrestlers were appointed by lot. Some
little balls, superscribed with a letter, were thrown into a silver urn,
and such as drew the same letter were obliged to contend one with
the other. He who had an odd letter remained the last, and he often
had the advantage, as he was to encounter the last who had obtained
the superiority over his adversary. He was called ἐφεδρος. In these
games were exhibited running, leaping, wrestling, boxing, and the
throwing of the quoit, which was called altogether πενταθλον, or
quinquertium. Besides these, there were horse and chariot races, and
also contentions in poetry, eloquence, and the fine arts. The only
reward that the conqueror obtained, was a crown of olive; which, as
some suppose, was in memory of the labours of Hercules, which was
accomplished for the universal good of mankind, and for which the
hero claimed no other reward than the consciousness of having been
the friend of humanity. So small and trifling a reward stimulated
courage and virtue, and was more the source of great honours than
the most unbounded treasures. The statues of the conquerors, called
Olympionicæ, were erected at Olympia, in the sacred wood of
Jupiter. Their return home was that of a warlike conqueror; they were
drawn in a chariot by four horses, and everywhere received with the
greatest acclamations. Their entrance into their native city was not
through the gates, but, to make it more grand and more solemn, a
breach was made in the walls. Painters and poets were employed in
celebrating their names; and indeed the victories severally obtained
at Olympia are the subjects of the most beautiful odes of Pindar. The
combatants were naked; a scarf was originally tied round the waist,
but when it had entangled one of the adversaries, and been the cause
that he lost the victory, it was laid aside, and no regard was paid to
decency. The Olympic games were observed every fifth year, or, to
speak with greater exactness, after a revolution of four years, and in
the first month of the fifth year, and they continued for five
successive days. As they were the most ancient and the most solemn
of all the festivals of the Greeks, it will not appear wonderful that
they drew so many people together, not only inhabitants of Greece,
but of the neighbouring islands and countries. Pindar, Olympian, chs.
1 & 2.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.—Diodorus,
bk. 1, &c.—Plutarch, Theseus, Lycurgus, &c.—Ælian, Varia
Historia, bk. 10, li. 1.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1,
ch. 46.—Lucian, Anacharsis.—Tzetzes, Lycophron.— ♦ Aristotle.—
 Statius, Thebaid, bk. 6.—Cornelius Nepos, Preface.—Virgil,
Georgics, bk. 3, li. 49.――A town of Elis in Peloponnesus, where
Jupiter had a temple with a celebrated statue 50 cubits high, reckoned
one of the seven wonders of the world. The Olympic games were
celebrated in the neighbourhood. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 3,
ch. 8.

♦ ‘Aristotel’ replaced with ‘Aristotle’

Olympias, a certain space of time which elapsed between the celebration

of the Olympic games. The Olympic games were celebrated after the
expiration of four complete years, whence some have said that they
were observed every fifth year. This period of time was called
Olympiad, and became a celebrated era among the Greeks, who
computed their time by it. The custom of reckoning time by the
celebration of the Olympic games was not introduced at the first
institution of these festivals, but, to speak accurately, only the year in
which Corœbus obtained the prize. This Olympiad, which has always
been reckoned the first, fell, according to the accurate and learned
computations of some of the moderns, exactly 776 years before the
christian era, in the year of the Julian period 3938, and 23 years
before the building of Rome. The games were exhibited at the time
of the full moon, next after the summer solstice; therefore the
Olympiads were of unequal length, because the time of the full moon
differs 11 days every year, and for that reason they sometimes began
the next day after the solstice, and at other times four weeks after.
The computations by Olympiads ceased, as some suppose, after the
364th, in the year 440 of the christian era. It was universally adopted,
not only by the Greeks, but by many of the neighbouring countries,
though still the Pythian games served as an epoch to the people of
Delphi and to the Bœotians, the Nemæan games to the Argives and
Arcadians, and the Isthmian to the Corinthians and the inhabitants of
the Peloponnesian isthmus. To the Olympiads history is much
indebted. They have served to fix the time of many momentous
events, and indeed before this method of computing time was
observed, every page of history is mostly fabulous, and filled with
obscurity and contradiction, and no true chronological account can be
properly established and maintained with certainty. The mode of
computation, which was used after the suppression of the Olympiads
and of the consular fasti of Rome, was more useful as it was more
 universal; but while the era of the creation of the world prevailed in
the east, the western nations in the sixth century began to adopt with
more propriety the christian epoch, which was propagated in the
eighth century, and at last, in the tenth, became legal and
popular.――A celebrated woman, who was daughter of a king of
Epirus, and who married Philip king of Macedonia, by whom she had
Alexander the Great. Her haughtiness, and more probably her
infidelity, obliged Philip to repudiate her, and to marry Cleopatra the
niece of king Attalus. Olympias was sensible of this injury, and
Alexander showed his disapprobation of his father’s measures by
retiring from the court to his mother. The murder of Philip, which
soon followed this disgrace, and which some have attributed to the
intrigues of Olympias, was productive of the greatest extravagancies.
The queen paid the highest honour to her husband’s murderer. She
gathered his mangled limbs, placed a crown of gold on his head, and
laid his ashes near those of Philip. The administration of Alexander,
who had succeeded his father, was, in some instances, offensive to
Olympias; but when the ambition of her son was concerned, she did
not scruple to declare publicly that Alexander was not the son of
Philip, but that he was the offspring of an enormous serpent which
had supernaturally introduced itself into her bed. When Alexander
was dead, Olympias seized the government of Macedonia, and to
establish her usurpation, she cruelly put to death Aridæus, with his
wife Eurydice, as also Nicanor the brother of Cassander, with 100
leading men of Macedonia, who were inimical to her interest. Such
barbarities did not long remain unpunished; Cassander besieged her
in Pydna, where she had retired with the remains of her family, and
she was obliged to surrender after an obstinate siege. The conqueror
ordered her to be accused, and to be put to death. A body of 200
soldiers were directed to put the bloody commands into execution,
but the splendour and majesty of the queen disarmed their courage,
and she was at last massacred by those whom she had cruelly
deprived of their children, about 316 years before the christian era.
Justin, bk. 7, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Curtius.—
Pausanias.――A fountain of Arcadia which flowed for one year and
the next was dry. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 29.

Olympiodōrus, a musician who taught Epaminondas music. Cornelius

Nepos.――A native of Thebes in Egypt, who flourished under
Theodosius II., and wrote 22 books of history, in Greek, beginning
 with the seventh consulship of Honorius, and the second of
Theodosius, to the period when Valentinian was made emperor. He
wrote also an account of an embassy to some of the barbarian nations
of the north, &c. His style is censured by some as low, and unworthy
of an historian. The commentaries of Olympiodorus on the Meteora
of Aristotle, were edited with Aldus Manutius, 1550, in folio.――An
Athenian officer, present at the battle of Platæa, where he behaved
with great valour. Plutarch.

Olympius, a surname of Jupiter at Olympia, where the god had a

celebrated temple and statue, which passed for one of the seven
wonders of the world. It was the work of Phidias. Pausanias, bk. 7,
ch. 2.――A native of Carthage, called also Nemesianus. See:
Nemesianus.――A favourite at the court of Honorius, who was the
cause of Stilicho’s death.

Olympus, a physician of Cleopatra queen of Egypt, who wrote some

historical treatises. Plutarch, Antonius.――A poet and musician of
Mysia, son of Mæon and disciple to Marsyas. He lived before the
Trojan war, and distinguished himself by his amatory elegies, his
hymns, and particularly the beautiful airs which he composed, and
which were still preserved in the age of Aristophanes. Plato, Minos.
—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 8.――Another musician of Phrygia, who
lived in the age of Midas. He is frequently confounded with the
preceding. Pollux, bk. 4, ch. 10.――A son of Hercules and Eubœa.
Apollodorus.――A mountain of Macedonia and Thessaly, now
Lacha. The ancients supposed that it touched the heavens with its
top; and, from that circumstance, they have placed the residence of
the gods there, and have made it the court of Jupiter. It is about one
mile and a half in perpendicular height, and is covered with pleasant
woods, caves, and grottoes. On the top of the mountain, according to
the notions of the poets, there was neither wind nor rain, nor clouds,
but an eternal spring. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bks.
2, 6, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses.—Lucan, bk. 5.—Mela, bk. 2,
ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 8.――A mountain of Mysia, called the Mysian
Olympus, a name which it still preserves.――Another in
Elis.――Another in Arcadia.――Another in the island of Cyprus,
now Santa Croce. Some suppose the Olympus of Mysia and of
Cilicia to be the same.――A town on the coast of Lycia.
Olympusa, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Olynthus, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia, on the isthmus

of the peninsula of Pallene. It became famous for its flourishing
situation, and for its frequent disputes with the Athenians and
Lacedæmonians, and with king Philip, who destroyed it, and sold the
inhabitants for slaves. Cicero, Against Verres.—Plutarch, de
Cohibenda Ira, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 127.
—Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.

Olyras, a river near Thermopylæ, which, as the mythologists report,

attempted to extinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules was
consumed. Strabo, bk. 9.

Olyzon, a town of Thessaly.

Omarius, a Lacedæmonian sent to Darius, &c. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Ombi and Tentyra, two neighbouring cities of Egypt, whose inhabitants

were always in discord one with another. Juvenal, satire 15, li. 35.

Ombri. See: ♦Umbria.

♦ ‘Umbri’ replaced with ‘Umbria’ to match listing

Omŏle, or Homŏle, a mountain of Thessaly. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7,

li. 675.――There were some festivals called Homoleia, which were
celebrated in Bœotia in honour of Jupiter, surnamed Homoleius.

Omophagia, a festival in honour of Bacchus. The word signifies the

eating of raw flesh. See: Dionysia.

Omphăle, a queen of Lydia, daughter of Jardanus. She married Tmolus,

who, at his death, left her mistress of his kingdom. Omphale had
been informed of the great exploits of Hercules, and wished to see so
illustrious a hero. Her wish was soon gratified. After the murder of
Eurytus, Hercules fell sick, and was ordered to be sold as a slave, that
he might recover his health, and the right use of his senses. Mercury
was commissioned to sell him, and Omphale bought him, and
restored him to liberty. The hero became enamoured of his mistress,
and the queen favoured his passion, and had a son by him, whom
 some call Agelaus, and others Lamon. From this son were descended
Gyges and Crœsus; but this opinion is different from the account
which makes these Lydian monarchs spring from Alcæus, a son of
Hercules by Malis, one of the female servants of Omphale. Hercules
is represented by the poets as so desperately enamoured of the queen
that, to conciliate her esteem, he spins by her side among her women,
while she covers herself with the lion’s skin, and arms herself with
the club of the hero, and often strikes him with her sandals for the
uncouth manner with which he holds the distaff, &c. Their fondness
was mutual. As they once travelled together, they came to a grotto on
mount Tmolus, where the queen dressed herself in the habit of her
lover, and obliged him to appear in a female garment. After they had
supped, they both retired to rest in different rooms, as a sacrifice on
the morrow to Bacchus required. In the night, Faunus, or rather Pan,
who was enamoured of Omphale, introduced himself into the cave.
He went to the bed of the queen, but the lion’s skin persuaded him
that it was the dress of Hercules, and therefore he repaired to the bed
of Hercules, in hopes to find there the object of his affection. The
female dress of Hercules deceived him, and he laid himself down by
his side. The hero was awakened, and kicked the intruder into the
middle of the cave. The noise awoke Omphale, and Faunus was
discovered lying on the ground, greatly disappointed and ashamed.
Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 305, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2,
ch. 7.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 17.

Omphălos, a place of Crete, sacred to Jupiter, on the borders of the river

Triton. It received its name from the umbilical cord (ὀμφαλος) of
Jupiter, which fell there soon after his birth. Diodorus.

Omphis, a king of India, who delivered himself up to Alexander the

Great. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Onæum, or Oæneum, a promontory and town of Dalmatia. Livy, bk. 43,

ch. 19.

Onārus, a priest of Bacchus, who is supposed to have married Ariadne

after she had been abandoned by Theseus. Plutarch, Theseus.

Onasĭmus, a sophist of Athens, who flourished in the reign of

Constantine.
Onātas, a famous statuary of Ægina son of Micon. Pausanias, bk. 8,
ch. 42.

Onchemītes, a wind which blows from Onchesmus, a harbour of Epirus,

towards Italy. The word is sometimes spelt Anchesites and
Anchemites. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 2.—Ptolemæus.

Onchestus, a town of Bœotia, founded by Onchestus, a son of Neptune.

Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 26.

Oneion, a place of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Onesicrĭtus, a cynic philosopher of Ægina, who went with Alexander

into Asia, and was sent to the Indian Gymnosophists. He wrote a
history of the king’s life, which has been censured for the romantic,
exaggerated, and improbable narrative it gives. It is asserted that
Alexander, upon reading it, said that he should be glad to come to life
again for some time, to see what reception the historian’s work met
with. Plutarch, Alexander.—Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 10.

Onesĭmus, a Macedonian nobleman, treated with great kindness by the

Roman emperors. He wrote an account of the life of the emperor
Probus, and of Carus, with great precision and elegance.

Onesippus, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.

Onesius, a king of Salamis, who revolted from the Persians.

Onetorĭdes, an Athenian officer, who attempted to murder the garrison

which Demetrius had stationed at Athens, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Onium, a place of Peloponnesus, near Corinth.

Onoba, a town near the columns of Hercules. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Onobala, a river of Sicily.

Onochŏnus, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. It was dried up

by the army of Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 196.

Onomacrĭtus, a soothsayer of Athens. It is generally believed that the

Greek poem on the Argonautic expedition, attributed to Orpheus,
 was written by Onomacritus. The elegant poems of Musæus are also,
by some, supposed to be the production of his pen. He flourished
about 516 years before the christian era, and was expelled from
Athens by Hipparchus, one of the sons of Pisistratus. Herodotus,
bk. 7, ch. 6.――A Locrian, who wrote concerning laws, &c.
Aristotle, bk. 2, Politics.

Onomarchus, a Phocian, son of Euthycrates and brother of Philomelus,

whom he succeeded, as general of his countrymen, in the sacred war.
After exploits of valour and perseverance, he was defeated and slain
in Thessaly by Philip of Macedon, who ordered his body to be
ignominiously hung up, for the sacrilege offered to the temple of
Delphi. He died 353 B.C. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Diodorus,
bk. 16.――A man to whose care Antigonus entrusted the keeping of
Eumenes. Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes.

Onomastorĭdes, a Lacedæmonian ambassador sent to Darius, &c.

Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Onomastus, a freedman of the emperor Otho. Tacitus.

Onophas, one of the seven Persians who conspired against the usurper
Smerdis. Ctesias.――An officer in the expedition of Xerxes against
Greece.

Onosander, a Greek writer, whose book De Imperatoris Institutione has

been edited by Schwebel, with a French translation, folio,
Nuremberg, 1752.

Onythes, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12,

li. 514.

Opalia, festivals celebrated by the Romans, in honour of Ops, on the

14th of the calends of January.

Ophēlas, a general of Cyrene, defeated by Agathocles.

Opheltes, a son of Lycurgus king of Thrace. He is the same as

Archemorus. See: Archemorus.――The father of Euryalus, whose
friendship with Nisus is proverbial. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9,
 li. 201.――One of the companions of Acœtes, changed into a
dolphin by Bacchus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fable 8.

Ophensis, a town of Africa. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 50.

Ophiădes, an island on the coast of Arabia, so called from the great

number of serpents found there. It belonged to the Egyptian kings,
and was considered valuable for the topaz it produced. Diodorus,
bk. 3.

Ophias, a patronymic given to Combe, as daughter of Ophius, an

unknown person. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 382.

Ophioneus, was an ancient soothsayer in the age of Aristodemus. He

was born blind.

Ophis, a small river of Arcadia, which falls into the Alpheus.

Ophiūsa, the ancient name of Rhodes.――A small island near

Crete.――A town of Sarmatia.――An island near the Baleares, so
called from the number of serpents which it produced (ὀφις,
serpens). It is now called Formentera.

Ophrynium, a town of Troas on the Hellespont. Hector had a grove

there. Strabo, bk. 13.

Opĭci, the ancient inhabitants of Campania, from whose mean

occupations the word Opicus has been used to express disgrace.
Juvenal, satire 3, li. 207.

Opilius, a grammarian who flourished about 94 years before Christ. He

wrote a book called Libri Musarum.

Lucius Opimius, a Roman who made himself consul in opposition to

the interests and efforts of the Gracchi. He showed himself a most
inveterate enemy to Caius Gracchus and his adherents, and behaved,
during his consulship, like a dictator. He was accused of bribery, and
banished. He died of want at Dyrrachium. Cicero, For Sestius, For
Plancius, & Against Piso.—Plutarch.――A Roman, who killed one
of the Cimbri in single combat.――A rich usurer at Rome in the age
of Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 142.
Opis, a town on the Tigris, afterwards called Antiochia. Xenophon,
Anabasis, bk. 2.――A nymph who was among Diana’s attendants.
Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, lis. 532 & 867.――A town near the mouth of
the Tigris.――One of Cyrene’s attendants. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4,
li. 343.

Opĭter, a Roman consul, &c.

Opitergīni, a people near Aquileia, on the Adriatic. Their chief city was
called Opitergum, now Oderso. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 416.

Opītes, a native of Argos, killed by Hector in the Trojan war. Homer,

Iliad.

Oppia, a vestal virgin, buried alive for her incontinence.

Oppia lex, by Caius Oppius the tribune, A.U.C. 540. It required that no
woman should wear above half an ounce of gold, have party-
coloured garments, or be carried in any city or town, or to any place
within a mile’s distance, unless it was to celebrate some sacred
festivals or solemnities. This famous law, which was made while
Annibal was in Italy, and while Rome was in distressed
circumstances, created discontent, and, 18 years after, the Roman
ladies petitioned the assembly of the people that it might be repealed.
Cato opposed it strongly, and made many satirical reflections upon
the women for their appearing in public to solicit votes. The tribune
Valerius, who had presented their petition to the assembly, answered
the objections of Cato, and his eloquence had such an influence on
the minds of the people, that the law was instantly abrogated with the
unanimous consent of all the comitia, Cato alone excepted. Livy, bks.
33 & 34.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3.

Oppiānus, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the second century. His father’s

name was Agesilaus, and his mother’s Zenodota. He wrote some
poems, celebrated for their elegance and sublimity. Two of his poems
are now extant, five books on fishing called alieuticon, and four on
hunting called cynegeticon. The emperor Caracalla was so pleased
with his poetry, that he gave him a piece of gold for every verse of
his cynegeticon; from which circumstance the poem received the
name of the golden verses of Oppian. The poet died of the plague in
the 30th year of his age. His countrymen raised statues to his honour,
 and engraved on his tomb that the gods had hastened to call back
Oppian in the flower of youth, only because he had already excelled
all mankind. The best edition of his works is that of Schneider, 8vo,
Strasbourg, 1776.

Oppidius, a rich old man introduced by Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 168,
as wisely dividing his possessions among his two sons, and warning
them against those follies and that extravagance which he believed he
saw rising in them.

Caius Oppius, a friend of Julius Cæsar, celebrated for his life of Scipio
Africanus, and of Pompey the Great. In the latter he paid not much
regard to historical facts, and took every opportunity to defame
Pompey, to extol the character of his patron Cæsar. In the age of
Suetonius, he was deemed the true author of the Alexandrian,
African, and Spanish wars, which some attribute to Cæsar, and others
to Aulus Hirtius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12.—Suetonius, Cæsar,
ch. 53.――An officer sent by the Romans against Mithridates. He
met with ill success, and was sent in chains to the king, &c.――A
Roman who saved his aged father from the dagger of the triumvirate.

Ops (opis), a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, the same as the Rhea of the
Greeks, who married Saturn, and became mother of Jupiter. She was
known among the ancients by the different names of Cybele, Bona
Dea, Magna Mater, Thya, Tellus, Proserpina, and even of Juno and
Minerva; and the worship which was paid to these apparently several
deities was offered merely to one and the same person, mother of the
gods. The word Ops seems to be derived from Opus; because the
goddess, who is the same as the earth, gives nothing without labour.
Tatius built her a temple at Rome. She was generally represented as a
matron, with her right hand opened, as if offering assistance to the
helpless, and holding a loaf in her left hand. Her festivals were called
Opalia, &c. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4.—Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, bk. 2, &c.—Tibullus, poem 4, li. 68.—Pliny, bk. 19,
ch. 6.

Optātus, one of the fathers, whose works were edited by Du Pin, folio,
Paris, 1700.

Optĭmus Maximus, epithets given to Jupiter to denote his greatness,

omnipotence, and supreme goodness. Cicero, de Natura Deorum,
 bk. 2, ch. 25.

Opus (opuntis), a city of Locris, on the Asopus, destroyed by an

earthquake. Strabo, bk. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.

Ora, a town in India, taken by Alexander.――One of Jupiter’s

mistresses.

Oracŭlum, an answer of the gods to the questions of men, or the place

where those answers were given. Nothing is more famous than the
ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, Rome, &c. They were supposed to
be the will of the gods themselves, and they were consulted, not only
upon every important matter, but even in the affairs of private life. To
make peace or war, to introduce a change of government, to plant a
colony, to enact laws, to raise an edifice, to marry, were sufficient
reasons to consult the will of the gods. Mankind, in consulting them,
showed that they wished to pay implicit obedience to the command
of the divinity, and, when they had been favoured with an answer,
they acted with more spirit and with more vigour, conscious that the
undertaking had met with the sanction and approbation of heaven. In
this, therefore, it will not appear wonderful that so many places were
sacred to oracular purposes. The small province of Bœotia could
once boast of her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same number.
Not only the chief of the gods gave oracles, but, in process of time,
heroes were admitted to enjoy the same privileges; and the oracles of
a Trophonius and an Antinous were soon able to rival the fame of
Apollo and of Jupiter. The most celebrated oracles of antiquity were
those of Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter Ammon, &c. See: Dodona, Delphi,
Ammon. The temple of Delphi seemed to claim a superiority over the
other temples; its fame was once more extended, and its riches were
so great, that not only private persons, but even kings and numerous
armies, made it an object of plunder and of rapine. The manner of
delivering oracles was different. A priestess at Delphi [See: Pythia]
was permitted to pronounce the oracles of the god, and her delivery
of the answers was always attended with acts of apparent madness
and desperate fury. Not only women but even doves, were the
ministers of the temple of Dodona; and the suppliant votary was
often startled to hear his questions readily answered by the decayed
trunk or the spreading branches of a neighbouring oak. Ammon
conveyed his answers in a plain and open manner; but Amphiaraus
required many ablutions and preparatory ceremonies, and he
generally communicated his oracles to his suppliants in dreams and
visions. Sometimes the first words that were heard, after issuing from
the temple, were deemed the answers of the oracles, and sometimes
the nodding or shaking of the head of the statue, the motions of fishes
in a neighbouring lake, or their reluctance in accepting the food
which was offered to them, were as strong and valid as the most
express and the minutest explanations. The answers were also
sometimes given in verse, or written on tablets, but their meaning
was always obscure, and often the cause of disaster to such as
consulted them. Crœsus, when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, was
told that, if he crossed the Halys, he should destroy a great empire;
he supposed that that empire was the empire of his enemy, but
unfortunately it was his own. The words of Credo te, Æacida,
Romanos vincere posse, which Pyrrhus received when he wished to
assist the Tarentines against the Romans, by a favourable
interpretation for himself, proved his ruin. Nero was ordered by the
oracle of Delphi to beware of 73 years; but the pleasing idea that he
should live to that age, rendered him careless, and he was soon
convinced of his mistake, when Galba, in his 73rd year, had the
presumption to dethrone him. It is a question among the learned
whether the oracles were given by the inspiration of evil spirits, or
whether they proceeded from the imposture of the priests. Imposture,
however, and forgery cannot long flourish, and falsehood becomes its
own destroyer; and, on the contrary, it is well known how much
confidence an enlightened age, therefore, much more the credulous
and the superstitious, place upon dreams and romantic stories. Some
have strongly believed that all the oracles of the earth ceased at the
birth of Christ, but the supposition is false. It was, indeed, the
beginning of their decline; but they remained in repute, and were
consulted, though perhaps not so frequently, till the fourth century,
when christianity began to triumph over paganism. The oracles often
suffered themselves to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it is well
known that Lysander failed in the attempt. Herodotus, who first
mentioned the corruption which often prevailed in the oracular
temples of Greece and Egypt, has been severely treated for his
remarks by the historian Plutarch. Demosthenes is also a witness of
the corruption, and he observed that the oracles of Greece were
servilely subservient to the will and pleasure of Philip king of
Macedon, as he beautifully expresses it by the word φιλιππιζειν. If
 some of the Greeks, and other European and Asiatic countries, paid
so much attention to oracles, and were so fully persuaded of their
veracity, and even divinity, many of their leading men and of their
philosophers were apprised of their deceit, and paid no regard to the
command of priests, whom money could corrupt, and interposition
silence. The Egyptians showed themselves the most superstitious of
mankind, by their blind acquiescence to the imposition of the priests,
who persuaded them that the safety and happiness of their life
depended upon the mere motions of an ox, or the tameness of a
crocodile. Homer, Iliad; Odyssey, bk. 10.—Herodotus, bks. 1 & 2.—
Xenophon, Memorabilia.—Strabo, bks. 5, 7, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1,
&c.—Plutarch, de Defectu Oraculorum; Agesilaus; De Herodoti
Malignitate.—Cicero, de Divinatione bk. 1, ch. 19.—Justin, bk. 24,
ch. 6.—Livy, bk. 37.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 6.—Cornelius
Nepos, Lysander.—Aristophanes, Knights & Wealth.—Demosthenes,
Philippics.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1.

Oræa, a small country of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2,

ch. 30.――Certain solemn sacrifices of fruits offered in the four
seasons of the year, to obtain mild and temperate weather. They were
offered to the goddesses who presided over the seasons, who
attended upon the sun, and who received divine worship at Athens.

Orasus, a man who killed Ptolemy the son of Pyrrhus.

Orates, a river of European Scythia. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10,

li. 47. As this river is not now known, Vossius reads Cretes, a river
which is found in Scythia. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 4, li. 719.—
Thucydides, bk. 4.

Orbelus, a mountain of Thrace or Macedonia.

Orbĭlius Pupillus, a grammarian of Beneventum, who was the first

instructor of the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the consulship of
Cicero, and there, as a public teacher, acquired more fame than
money. He was naturally of a severe disposition, of which his pupils
often felt the effects. He lived almost to his 100th year, and lost his
memory some time before his death. Suetonius, Lives of the
Grammarians, ch. 9.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 71.

Orbitanium, a town of the Samnites. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 20.

Orbōna, a mischievous goddess at Rome, who, as it was supposed,
made children die. Her temple at Rome was near that of the gods
Lares. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 25.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Orcădes, islands on the northern coasts of Britain, now called the

Orkneys. They were unknown till Britain was discovered to be an
island by Agricola, who presided there as governor. Tacitus,
Agricola.—Juvenal satire 2, li. 161.

Orchālis, an eminence of Bœotia, near Haliartus, called also Alopecos.

Plutarch, Lysander.

Orchămus, a king of Assyria, father of Leucothoe by Eurynome. He

buried his daughter alive for her amours with Apollo. Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 212.

Orchia lex, by Orchius the tribune, A.U.C. 566. It was enacted to limit
the number of guests that were to be admitted at an entertainment;
and it also enforced that, during supper, which was the chief meal
among the Romans, the doors of every house should be left open.

Orchomĕnus, or Orchomĕnum, a town of Bœotia, at the west of the

lake Copais. It was anciently called Minyeia, and from that
circumstance the inhabitants were often called Minyans of
Orchomenos. There was at Orchomenos a celebrated temple, built by
Eteocles son of Cephisus, sacred to the Graces, who were from
thence called the Orchomenian goddesses. The inhabitants founded
Teos in conjunction with the Ionians, under the sons of Codrus.
Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 146.—Pausanias, bk. 9,
ch. 37.—Strabo, bk. 9.――A town of Arcadia, at the north of
Mantinea. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A town of Thessaly, with a river
of the same name. Strabo.――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia, who
gave his name to a city of Arcadia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 8.――A son
of Minyas king of Bœotia, who gave the name of Orchomenians to
his subjects. He died without issue, and the crown devolved to
Clymenus the son of Presbon, &c. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 36.

Orcus, one of the names of the god of hell, the same as Pluto, though
confounded by some with Charon. He had a temple at Rome. The
word Orcus is generally used to signify the infernal regions. Horace,
 bk. 1, ode 29, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 502, &c.—Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 116.

Orcynia, a place of Cappadocia, where Eumenes was defeated by

Antigonus.

Ordessus, a river of Scythia, which falls into the Ister. Herodotus.

Ordovices, the people of North Wales in Britain, mentioned by Tacitus,

Annals, bk. 12, ch. 53.

Oreădes, nymphs of the mountains (ὀρος, mons), daughters of

Phoroneus and Hecate. Some call them Orestiades, and give them
Jupiter for father. They generally attended upon Diana, and
accompanied her in hunting. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 504.—Homer,
Iliad, bk. 6.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 787.

Oreas, a son of Hercules and Chryseis.

Orestæ, a people of Epirus. They received their name from Orestes, who
fled to Epirus when cured of his insanity. Lucan, bk. 3,
li. 249.――Of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 34.

Orestes, a son of ♦Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When his father was

cruelly murdered by Clytemnestra and Ægisthus, young Orestes was
saved from his mother’s dagger by means of his sister Electra, called
Laodicea by Homer, and he was privately conveyed to the house of
Strophius, who was king of Phocis, and who had married a sister of
Agamemnon. He was tenderly treated by Strophius, who educated
him with his son Pylades. The two young princes soon became
acquainted, and, from their familiarity, arose the most inviolable
attachment and friendship. When Orestes was arrived to the years of
manhood, he visited Mycenæ, and avenged his father’s death by
assassinating his mother Clytemnestra, and her adulterer Ægisthus.
The manner in which he committed this murder is variously reported.
According to Æschylus he was commissioned by Apollo to avenge
his father, and, therefore, he introduced himself, with his friend
Pylades, at the court of Mycenæ, pretending to bring the news of the
death of Orestes from king Strophius. He was at first received with
coldness, and when he came into the presence of Ægisthus, who
wished to inform himself of the particulars, he murdered him, and
soon after Clytemnestra shared the adulterer’s fate. Euripides and
Sophocles mention the same circumstance. Ægisthus was
assassinated after Clytemnestra, according to Sophocles; and, in
Euripides, Orestes is represented as murdering the adulterer, while he
offers a sacrifice to the nymphs. This murder, as the poet mentions,
irritates the guards, who were present, but Orestes appeases their fury
by telling them who he is, and immediately he is acknowledged king
of the country. Afterwards he stabs his mother, at the instigation of
his sister Electra, after he has upbraided her for her infidelity and
cruelty to her husband. Such meditated murders receive the
punishment which, among the ancients, was always supposed to
attend parricide. Orestes is tormented by the Furies, and exiles
himself to Argos, where he is still pursued by the avengeful
goddesses. Apollo himself purifies him, and he is acquitted by the
unanimous opinion of the Areopagites, whom Minerva herself
instituted on this occasion, according to the narration of the poet
Æschylus, who flatters the Athenians in his tragical story, by
representing them as passing judgment even upon the gods
themselves. According to Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the
murder, not at Delphi, but at Trœzene, where still was seen a large
stone at the entrance of Diana’s temple, upon which the ceremonies
of purification had been performed by nine of the principal citizens
of the place. There was also, at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a temple
dedicated to the Furies, near which Orestes cut off one of his fingers
with his teeth in a fit of insanity. These different traditions are
confuted by Euripides, who says that Orestes, after the murder of his
mother, consulted the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he was
informed that nothing could deliver him from the persecutions of the
Furies, if he did not bring into Greece Diana’s statue, which was in
the Taurica Chersonesus, and which, as it is reported by some, had
fallen down from heaven. This was an arduous enterprise. The king
of the Chersonesus always sacrificed on the altars of the goddess all
such as entered the borders of his country. Orestes and his friend
were both carried before Thoas the king of the place, and they were
doomed to be sacrificed. Iphigenia was then priestess of Diana’s
temple, and it was her office to immolate these strangers. The
intelligence that they were Grecians delayed the preparations, and
Iphigenia was anxious to learn something about a country which had
given her birth. See: Iphigenia. She even interested herself in their
misfortunes, and offered to spare the life of one of them provided he
would convey letters to Greece from her hand. This was a difficult
trial; never was friendship more truly displayed, according to the
words of Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 3, poem 2:
Ire jubet Pylades carum moriturus Orestem,

Hic negat; inque vicem pugnat uterque mori.

At last Pylades gave way to the pressing entreaties of his friend, and
consented to carry the letters of Iphigenia to Greece. These were
addressed to Orestes himself, and, therefore, these circumstances
soon led to a total discovery of the connections of the priestess with
the man whom she was going to immolate. Iphigenia was convinced
that he was her brother Orestes, and, when the causes of their journey
had been explained, she resolved, with the two friends, to fly from
Chersonesus, and to carry away the statue of Diana. Their flight was
discovered, and Thoas prepared to pursue them; but Minerva
interfered, and told him that all had been done by the will and
approbation of the gods. Some suppose that Orestes came to
Cappadocia from Chersonesus, and that there he left the statue of
Diana at Comana. Others contradict this tradition, and, according to
Pausanias, the statue of Diana Orthia was the same as that which had
been carried away from the Chersonesus. Some also suppose that
Orestes brought it to Aricia, in Italy, where Diana’s worship was
established. After these celebrated adventures, Orestes ascended the
throne of Argos, where he reigned in perfect security, and married
Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, and gave his sister to his friend
Pylades. The marriage of Orestes with Hermione is a matter of
dispute among the ancients. All are agreed that she had been
promised to the son of Agamemnon, but Menelaus had married her to
Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, who had shown himself so truly
interested in his cause during the Trojan war. The marriage of
Hermione with Neoptolemus displeased Orestes; he remembered that
she had been early promised to him, and therefore he resolved to
recover her by force or artifice. This he effected by causing
Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or assassinating him himself.
According to Ovid’s epistle of Hermione to Orestes, Hermione had
always been faithful to her first lover, and even it was by her
persuasion that Orestes removed her from the house of Neoptolemus.
Hermione was dissatisfied with the partiality of Neoptolemus for
Andromache, and her attachment for Orestes was increased.
Euripides, however, and others, speak differently of Hermione’s
attachment to Neoptolemus: she loved him so tenderly, that she
resolved to murder Andromache, who seemed to share, in a small
degree, the affection of her husband. She was ready to perpetrate the
horrid deed when Orestes came into Epirus, and she was easily
persuaded by the foreign prince to withdraw herself, in her husband’s
absence, from a country which seemed to contribute so much to her
sorrows. Orestes, the better to secure the affections of Hermione,
assassinated Neoptolemus [See: Neoptolemus], and retired to his
kingdom of Argos. His old age was crowned with peace and security,
and he died in the 90th year of his age, leaving his throne to his son
Tisamenes by Hermione. Three years after, the Heraclidæ recovered
the Peloponnesus, and banished the descendants of Menelaus from
the throne of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia, as some suppose, by the
bite of a serpent; and the Lacedæmonians, who had become his
subjects at the death of Menelaus, were directed by an oracle to bring
his bones to Sparta. They were some time after discovered at Tegea,
and his stature appeared to be seven cubits, according to the
traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others. The friendship of
Orestes and of Pylades became proverbial, and the two friends
received divine honours among the Scythians, and were worshipped
in temples. Pausanias, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.—Paterculus, bk. 1, chs. 1 &
3.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, &c.—Strabo, bks. 9 & 13.—Ovid, Heroides,
poem 8; Ex Ponto, bk. 3, poem 2; Metamorphoses, bk. 15; Ibis.—
Euripides; Orestes; Andromache, &c. Iphigeneia.—Sophocles,
Electra, &c.—Aeschylus, Eumenides; Agamemnon, &c.—Horodotus,
bk. 1, ch. 69.—Hyginus, fables 120 & 261.—Plutarch, Lycurgus.—
Dictys Cretensis, bk. 6, &c.—Pindar, Pythian, bk. 2.—Pliny, bk. 33.
—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, &c.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 3, li. 304; bk. 4,
li. 530.—Tzetzes, On Lycophron, li. 1374.――A son of Achelaus.
Apollodorus.――A man sent as ambassador, by Attila king of the
Huns, to the emperor Theodosius. He was highly honoured at the
Roman court, and his son Augustulus was the last emperor of the
western empire.――A governor of Egypt under the Roman
emperors.――A robber of Athens who pretended madness, &c.
Aristophanes, Acharnians, li. 1166.――A general of Alexander.
Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 108.

♦ ‘Agememnon’ replaced with ‘Agamemnon’

Oresteum, a town of Arcadia, about 18 miles from Sparta. It was
founded by Orestheus, a son of Lycaon, and originally called
Oresthesium, and afterwards Oresteum, from Orestes the son of
Agamemnon, who resided there for some time after the murder of
Clytemnestra. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 8.—Euripides.

Orestīdæ, the descendants or subjects of Orestes the son of

Agamemnon. They were driven from the Peloponnesus by the
Heraclidæ, and came to settle in a country which, from them, was
called Orestida, at the south-west of Macedonia. Some suppose that
that part of Greece originally received its name from Orestes, who
fled and built there a city, which gave its founder’s name to the
whole province. Thucydides, bk. 2.—Livy, bk. 31.

Aurelia Orestilla, a mistress of Catiline. Cicero, ♦Letters to his Friends,

bk. 8, ch. 7.

♦ ‘ad. Div. 7,’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends, bk. 8’

Orestis, or Orestida, a part of Macedonia. Cicero, On the Responses of

the Haruspices, ch. 16.

Orĕtæ, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, on the Euxine sea.

Oretāni, a people of Spain, whose capital was Oretum, now Oreto. Livy,
bk. 21, ch. 11; bk. 35, ch. 7.

Oretillia, a woman who married Caligula, by whom she was soon after
banished.

Orēum, one of the principal towns of Eubœa. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 6.

Orga, or Orgas, a river of Phrygia, falling into the Mæander. Strabo.—

Pliny.

Orgessum, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 27.

Orgetŏrix, one of the chief men of the Helvetii, while Cæsar was in
Gaul. He formed a conspiracy against the Romans, and, when
accused, he destroyed himself. Cæsar.
Orgia, festivals in honour of Bacchus. They are the same as the
Bacchanalia, Dionysia, &c., which were celebrated by the ancients
to commemorate the triumph of Bacchus in India. See: Dionysia.

Oribăsus, a celebrated physician, greatly esteemed by the emperor

Julian, in whose reign he flourished. He abridged the works of
Galenus, and of all the most respectable writers on physic, at the
request of the emperor. He accompanied Julian into the east, but his
skill proved ineffectual in attempting to cure the fatal wound which
his benefactor had received. After Julian’s death, he fell into the
hands of the barbarians. The best edition of his works is that of
Dundas, 4to, Leiden, 1745.――One of Actæon’s dogs, ab ὀρος,
mons, and (βαινω, scando. Ovid, Metamorphoses.

Orĭcum, or Orĭcus, a town of Epirus, on the Ionian sea, founded by a

colony from Colchis, according to Pliny. It was called Dardania,
because Helenus and Andromache, natives of Troy or Dardania,
reigned over the country after the Trojan war. It had a celebrated
harbour, and was greatly esteemed by the Romans on account of its
situation, but it was not well defended. The tree which produces the
turpentine grew there in abundance. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 136.—
Livy, bk. 24, ch. 40.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 89.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3,
ch. 1, &c.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 187.

Oriens, in ancient geography, is taken for all the most eastern parts of
the world, such as Parthia, India, Assyria, &c.

Origen, a Greek writer, as much celebrated for the easiness of his

manners, his humility, and modesty, as for his learning and the
sublimity of his genius. He was surnamed Adamantus, from his
assiduity; and became so rigid a christian that he made himself a
eunuch, by following the literal sense of a passage in the Greek
testament, which speaks of the voluntary eunuchs of Christ. He
suffered martyrdom in his 69th year, A.D. 254. His works were
excellent and numerous, and contained a number of homilies,
commentaries on the Holy Scriptures, and different treatises, besides
the Hexapla, so called from its being divided into six columns, the
first of which contained the Hebrew text, the second the same text in
Greek characters, the third the Greek version of the Septuagint, the
fourth that of Aquila, the fifth that of Symmachus, and the sixth
 Theodotion’s Greek version. This famous work first gave the hint for
the compilation of our Polyglot Bibles. The works of Origen have
been learnedly edited by the Benedictine monks, though the whole is
not yet completed, in 4 vols., folio, Paris, 1733, 1740, and 1759. The
Hexapla was published in 8vo, at Lipscomb, 1769, by Carl Friedrich
Bahrdt.

Orīgo, a courtesan in the age of Horace. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 55.

Orinus, a river of Sicily.

Oriobătes, a general of Darius at the battle of Arbela, &c. Curtius, bk. 4.

Orīon, a celebrated giant sprung from the urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and
Mercury. These three gods, as they travelled over Bœotia, met with
great hospitality from Hyrieus, a peasant of the country, who was
ignorant of their dignity and character. They were entertained with
whatever the cottage afforded, and, when Hyrieus had discovered
that they were gods, because Neptune told him to fill up Jupiter’s cup
with wine, after he had served it before the rest, the old man
welcomed them by the voluntary sacrifice of an ox. Pleased with his
piety, the gods promised to grant him whatever he required, and the
old man, who had lately lost his wife, to whom he had promised
never to marry again, desired them that, as he was childless, they
would give him a son without another marriage. The gods consented,
and they ordered him to bury in the ground the skin of the victim,
into which they had all three made water. Hyrieus did as they
commanded, and when, nine months after, he dug for the skin, he
found in it a beautiful child, whom he called Urion, ab urinâ. The
name was changed into Orion, by the corruption of one letter, as
Ovid says, Perdidit antiquum littera prima sonum. Orion soon
rendered himself celebrated, and Diana took him among her
attendants, and even became deeply enamoured of him. His gigantic
stature, however, displeased Œnopion king of Chios, whose daughter
Hero or Merope he demanded in marriage. The king, not to deny him
openly, promised to make him his son-in-law as soon as he delivered
his island from wild beasts. This task, which Œnopion deemed
impracticable, was soon performed by Orion, who eagerly demanded
his reward. Œnopion, on pretence of complying, intoxicated his
illustrious guest, and put out his eyes on the seashore, where he had
laid himself down to sleep. Orion, finding himself blind when he
awoke, was conducted by the sound to a neighbouring forge, where
he placed one of the workmen on his back, and by his directions,
went to a place where the rising sun was seen with the greatest
advantage. Here he turned his face towards the luminary, and, as it is
reported, he immediately recovered his eyesight, and hastened to
punish the perfidious cruelty of Œnopion. It is said that Orion was an
excellent workman in iron, and that he fabricated a subterraneous
palace for Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had inspired with love,
carried him away to the island of Delos, to enjoy his company with
the greater security; but Diana, who was jealous of this, destroyed
Orion with her arrows. Some say that Orion had provoked Diana’s
resentment, by offering violence to Opis, one of her female
attendants, or, according to others, because he had attempted the
virtue of the goddess herself. According to Ovid, Orion died of the
bite of a scorpion, which the earth produced, to punish his vanity in
boasting that there was not on earth any animal which he could not
conquer. Some say that Orion was the son of Neptune and Euryale,
and that he had received from his father the privilege and power of
walking over the sea without wetting his feet. Others made him son
of Terra, like the rest of the giants. He had married a nymph called
Sida before his connection with the family of Œnopion; but Sida was
the cause of her own death, by boasting herself fairer than Juno.
According to Diodorus, Orion was a celebrated hunter, superior to
the rest of mankind by his strength and uncommon stature. He built
the port of Zancle, and fortified the coast of Sicily against the
frequent inundations of the sea, by heaping a mound of earth, called
Pelorum, on which he built a temple to the gods of the sea. After
death, Orion was placed in heaven, where one of the constellations
still bears his name. The constellation of Orion, placed near the feet
of the bull, is composed of 17 stars, in the form of a man holding a
sword, which has given occasion to the poets often to speak of
Orion’s sword. As the constellation of Orion, which rises about the
9th day of March, and sets about the 21st of June, is generally
supposed to be accompanied, at its rising, with great rains and
storms, it has acquired the epithet of aquosus, given it by Virgil.
Orion was buried in the island of Delos, and the monument which the
people of Tanagra in Bœotia showed, as containing the remains of
this celebrated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. The daughters of
Orion distinguished themselves as much as their father; and when the
 oracle had declared that Bœotia should not be delivered from a
dreadful pestilence before two of Jupiter’s children were immolated
on the altars, they joyfully accepted the offer, and voluntarily
sacrificed themselves for the good of their country. Their names were
Menippe and Metioche. They had been carefully educated by Diana,
and Venus and Minerva had made them very rich and valuable
presents. The deities of hell were struck at the patriotism of the two
females, and immediately two stars were seen to arise from the earth,
which still smoked with the blood, and they were placed in the
heavens in the form of a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies were
burned by the Thebans, and from their ashes arose two persons
whom the gods soon after changed into constellations. Diodorus,
bk. 4.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 5, li. 121; bk. 11, li. 309.—Virgil,
Æneid, bk. 3, li. 517.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bks. 8 & 13; Fasti, bk. 5, &c.—Hyginus, fable 125,
& Poetica Astronomica, bk. 2, ch. 44, &c.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem
13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 3, odes 4
& 27; Epodes, poem 10, &c.—Lucan, bk. 1, &c.—Catullus,
Carmina.—Palæphatus, bk. 1.—Parthenius, Narrationes Amatoriae,
ch. 20.

Orissus, a prince of Spain, who put Hamilcar to flight, &c.

Orisulla Livia, a Roman matron, taken away from Piso, &c.

Orītæ, a people of India, who submitted to Alexander, &c. Strabo,

bk. 15.

Orithyia, a daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens by Praxithea. She

was courted and carried away by Boreas king of Thrace, as she
crossed the Ilissus, and became mother of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetus,
and Calais. Apollodorus, bk. 1.—Apollonius, bk. 3, ch. 15.—
Orpheus.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 706; Fasti, bk. 5, li. 204.
—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 5, ch. 19.――One of the
Nereides.――A daughter of Cecrops, who bore Europus to
Macedon.――One of the Amazons, famous for her warlike and
intrepid spirit. Justin, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Orĭtias, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid,

Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 8.
Oriundus, a river of Illyricum. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 31.

Ormĕnus, a king of Thessaly, son of Cercaphus. He built a town which

was called Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor. Homer, Iliad,
bk. 9, li. 448.――A man who settled at Rhodes.――A son of
Eurypylus, &c.

Ornea, a town of Argolis, famous for a battle fought there between the
Lacedæmonians and Argives. Diodorus.

Orneates, a surname of Priapus, at Ornea.

Orneus, a centaur, son of Ixion and the Cloud. Ovid, Metamorphoses,

bk. 12, li. 302.――A son of Erechtheus king of Athens, who built
Ornea in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 25.

Ornithiæ, a wind blowing from the north in the spring, and so called
from the appearance of birds (ὀρνιθες, aves). Columella, bk. 11,
ch. 2.

Ornītron, a town of Phœnicia between Tyre and Sidon.

Ornitus, a friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars.

Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 677.

Ornospădes, a Parthian, driven from his country by Artabanus. He

assisted Tiberius, and was made governor of Macedonia, &c. Tacitus,
Annals, bk. 6, ch. 37.

Ornytion, a son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, father of Phocus.

Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 17.

Ornytus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. Valerius

Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 173.

Oroanda, a town of Pisidia, now Haviran. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 18.

Orobia, a town of Eubœa.

Orobii, a people of Italy, near Milan.

Orōdes, a prince of Parthia, who murdered his brother Mithridates, and
ascended his throne. He defeated Crassus the Roman triumvir, and
poured melted gold down the throat of his fallen enemy, to reproach
him for his avarice and ambition. He followed the interest of Cassius
and Brutus at Philippi. It is said that, when Orodes became old and
infirm, his 30 children applied to him, and disputed in his presence
their right to the succession. Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained
the crown from his father, and to hasten him out of the world, he
attempted to poison him. The poison had no effect; and Phraates, still
determined on his father’s death, strangled him with his own hands,
about 37 years before the christian era. Orodes had then reigned
about 50 years. Justin, bk. 42, ch. 4.—Paterculus, bk. 2,
ch. 30.――Another king of Parthia, murdered for his cruelty.
Josephus, bk. 18, Jewish Antiquities.――A son of Artabanus king of
Armenia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 33.――One of the friends of
Æneas in Italy, killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 732,
&c.

Orœtes, a Persian governor of Sardis, famous for his cruel murder of

Polycrates. He died B.C. 521. Herodotus.

Oromĕdon, a lofty mountain in the island of Cos. Theocritus, poem

7.――A giant. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 48.

Orontas, a relation of Artaxerxes, sent to Cyprus, where he made peace

with Evagoras, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7.

♦Orontes, a satrap of Mysia, B.C. 385, who rebelled from Artaxerxes,

&c. Polyænus.――A governor of Armenia. Polyænus.――A king of
the Lycians during the Trojan war, who followed Æneas, and
perished in a shipwreck. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 117; bk. 6,
li. 34.――A river of Syria (now Asi), rising in Cœlosyria, and
falling, after a rapid and troubled course, into the Mediterranean,
below Antioch. According to Strabo, who mentions some fabulous
accounts concerning it, the Orontes disappeared under ground for the
space of five miles. The word Oronteus is often used as Syrius.
Dionysius Periegetes.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 248.—
Strabo, bk. 16.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 20.

♦ ‘Orantes’ replaced with ‘Orontes’